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Tuzimski T, Petruczynik A. New trends in the practical use of isoquinoline alkaloids as potential drugs applicated in infectious and non-infectious diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115704. [PMID: 37862968 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last years, traditional natural products have been the center of attention for the scientific community and exploration of their therapeutic abilities is proceeding permanently. Isoquinoline alkaloids have always attracted scientific interest due to either their positive or negative effects on human organism. The present review describes research on isoquinoline alkaloids isolated from different plant species. Alkaloids are one of the most important classes of plant derived compounds among these isoquinoline alkaloids possess varied biological activities such as anticancer, antineurodegenerative diseases, antidiabetic, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, and many others. The use of plants against different disorders is entrenched in traditional medicine around the globe. Recent progress in modern therapeutics has stimulated the use of natural products worldwide for various ailments and diseases. The review provides a collection of information on the capabilities of some isoquinoline alkaloids, its potential for the treatment of various diseases and is designed to be a guide for future research on different biologically active isoquinoline alkaloids and plant species containing them. The authors are aware that they were not able to cover the whole area of the topic related to biological activity of isoquinoline alkaloids. This review is intended to suggest directions for further research and can also help other researchers in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Tuzimski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Anna Petruczynik
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
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Jana A, Naga R, Saha S, Banerjee DR. 3D QSAR pharmacophore based lead identification of G9a lysine methyltransferase towards epigenetic therapeutics. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:8635-8653. [PMID: 36264111 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2135600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The G9a, Lysine Methyltransferase that methylates the histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9) of the nucleosome, is an excellent epigenetic target having no clinically passed inhibitor currently owing to adverse in vivo ADMET toxicities. In this work, we have carried out detailed computational investigations to find novel and safer lead against the target using advanced 3 D QSAR pharmacophore screening of databases containing more than 400000 entrees of natural compounds. The screening was conducted at different levels at increasing stringencies by employing pharmacophore mapping, druglikenesses and interaction profiles of the selected to identify potential hit compounds. The potential hits were further screened by advanced flexible docking, ADME and toxicity analysis to eight hit compounds. Based on the comparative analysis of the hits with the reference inhibitor, we identified one lead inhibitor against the G9a, having better binding efficacy and a safer ADMET profile than the reference inhibitor. Finally, the results were further verified using robust molecular dynamics simulation and MM-GBSA binding energy calculation. The natural compounds are generally considered benign due to their long human uses and this is the first attempt of in silico screening of a large natural compound library against G9a to our best knowledge. Therefore, the finding of this study may add value towards the development of epigenetic therapeutics against the G9a.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhisek Jana
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of technology Durgapur, Durgapur, India
| | - Rahul Naga
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of technology Durgapur, Durgapur, India
| | - Sougata Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of technology Durgapur, Durgapur, India
| | - Deb Ranjan Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of technology Durgapur, Durgapur, India
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Jan S, Dar MI, Shankar G, Wani R, Sandey J, Balgotra S, Mudassir S, Dar MJ, Sawant SD, Akhter Y, Syed SH. Discovery of SDS-347 as a specific peptide competitive inhibitor of G9a with promising anti-cancer potential. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023:130399. [PMID: 37295690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND G9a is a histone H3K9 methyltransferase enzyme found highly upregulated in many cancers. H3 binds to the rigid I-SET domain and the cofactor, S-adenosyl methionine, binds to the flexible post-SET domain of G9a. Inhibition of G9a is known to inhibit the growth of cancer cell-lines. METHODS Recombinant G9a and H3 were used to develop radioisotope-based inhibitor screening assay. The identified inhibitor was evaluated for isoform selectivity. The mode of enzymatic inhibition was studied by enzymatic assays and bioinformatics. Anti-proliferative activity of the inhibitor was studied in cancer cell lines by utilizing MTT assay. The mechanism of cell death was studied by western blotting and microscopy. RESULTS We developed a robust G9a inhibitor screening assay that led to the discovery of SDS-347 as a potent G9a inhibitor with IC50 of 3.06 μM. It was shown to reduce the levels of H3K9me2 in cell-based assay. The inhibitor was found to be peptide competitive and highly specific as it did not show any significant inhibition of other histone methyltransferases and DNA methyltransferase. Docking studies showed that SDS-347 could form direct bonding interaction with Asp1088 of the peptide-binding site. SDS-347 showed anti-proliferative effect against various cancer cell lines especially the K562 cells. Our data suggested that SDS-347 mediated antiproliferative action via ROS generation, induction of autophagy and apoptosis. CONCLUSION Overall, the findings of the current study include development of a new G9a inhibitor screening assay and identification of SDS-347, as a novel, peptide competitive and highly specific G9a inhibitor with promising anticancer potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraya Jan
- CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Mohd I Dar
- CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Gauri Shankar
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rubiada Wani
- CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Jagjeet Sandey
- CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Shilpi Balgotra
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Syed Mudassir
- High Content Imaging Facility, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, India
| | - Mohd J Dar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Sanghapal D Sawant
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sajad H Syed
- CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Bellver-Sanchis A, Singh Choudhary B, Companys-Alemany J, Sukanya, Ávila-López PA, Martínez Rodríguez AL, Brea Floriani JM, Malik R, Pallàs M, Pérez B, Griñán-Ferré C. Structure-Based Virtual Screening and in vitro and in vivo Analyses Revealed Potent Methyltransferase G9a Inhibitors as Prospective Anti-Alzheimer's Agents. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200002. [PMID: 35413149 PMCID: PMC9401600 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
G9a is a lysine methyltransferase able to di-methylate lysine 9 of histone H3, promoting the repression of genes involved in learning and memory. Novel strategies based on synthesizing epigenetic drugs could regulate gene expression through histone post-translational modifications and effectively treat neurodegenerative diseases, like Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, potential G9a inhibitors were identified using a structure-based virtual screening against G9a, followed by in vitro and in vivo screenings. First, screening methods with the AD transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans strain CL2006, showed that the toxicity/function range was safe and recovered age-dependent paralysis. Likewise, we demonstrated that the best candidates direct target G9a by reducing H3 K9me2 in the CL2006 strain. Further characterization of these compounds involved the assessment of the blood-brain barrier-permeability and impact on amyloid-β aggregation, showing promising results. Thus, we present a G9a inhibitor candidate, F, with a novel and potent structure, providing both leads in G9a inhibitor design and demonstrating their participation in reducing AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Bellver-Sanchis
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat de Barcelona (NeuroUB), Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bhanwar Singh Choudhary
- Department of Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindari, Ajmer, 305817, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat University, Mehsana, Gujarat, 384012, India
| | - Júlia Companys-Alemany
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat de Barcelona (NeuroUB), Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sukanya
- Department of Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindari, Ajmer, 305817, India
| | - Pedro A Ávila-López
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Antón Leandro Martínez Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Brea Floriani
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ruchi Malik
- Department of Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindari, Ajmer, 305817, India
| | - Mercè Pallàs
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat de Barcelona (NeuroUB), Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belén Pérez
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutic and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Griñán-Ferré
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat de Barcelona (NeuroUB), Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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Jin Y, Liu T, Luo H, Liu Y, Liu D. Targeting Epigenetic Regulatory Enzymes for Cancer Therapeutics: Novel Small-Molecule Epidrug Development. Front Oncol 2022; 12:848221. [PMID: 35419278 PMCID: PMC8995554 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.848221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the epigenetic enzyme-mediated transcription of oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes is closely associated with the occurrence, progression, and prognosis of tumors. Based on the reversibility of epigenetic mechanisms, small-molecule compounds that target epigenetic regulation have become promising therapeutics. These compounds target epigenetic regulatory enzymes, including DNA methylases, histone modifiers (methylation and acetylation), enzymes that specifically recognize post-translational modifications, chromatin-remodeling enzymes, and post-transcriptional regulators. Few compounds have been used in clinical trials and exhibit certain therapeutic effects. Herein, we summarize the classification and therapeutic roles of compounds that target epigenetic regulatory enzymes in cancer treatment. Finally, we highlight how the natural compounds berberine and ginsenosides can target epigenetic regulatory enzymes to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Tianjia Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Haoming Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Da Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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EHMT2/G9a as an Epigenetic Target in Pediatric and Adult Brain Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011292. [PMID: 34681949 PMCID: PMC8539543 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms, including post-translational modifications of DNA and histones that influence chromatin structure, regulate gene expression during normal development and are also involved in carcinogenesis and cancer progression. The histone methyltransferase G9a (euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase 2, EHMT2), which mostly mediates mono- and dimethylation by histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9), influences gene expression involved in embryonic development and tissue differentiation. Overexpression of G9a has been observed in several cancer types, and different classes of G9a inhibitors have been developed as potential anticancer agents. Here, we review the emerging evidence suggesting the involvement of changes in G9a activity in brain tumors, namely glioblastoma (GBM), the main type of primary malignant brain cancer in adults, and medulloblastoma (MB), the most common type of malignant brain cancer in children. We also discuss the role of G9a in neuroblastoma (NB) and the drug development of G9a inhibitors.
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Jan S, Dar MI, Wani R, Sandey J, Mushtaq I, Lateef S, Syed SH. Targeting EHMT2/ G9a for cancer therapy: Progress and perspective. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 893:173827. [PMID: 33347828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase-2, also known as G9a, is a ubiquitously expressed SET domain-containing histone lysine methyltransferase linked with both facultative and constitutive heterochromatin formation and transcriptional repression. It is an essential developmental gene and reported to play role in embryonic development, establishment of proviral silencing in ES cells, tumor cell growth, metastasis, T-cell immune response, cocaine induced neural plasticity and cognition and adaptive behavior. It is mainly responsible for carrying out mono, di and tri methylation of histone H3K9 in euchromatin. G9a levels are elevated in many cancers and its selective inhibition is known to reduce the cell growth and induce autophagy, apoptosis and senescence. We carried out a thorough search of online literature databases including Pubmed, Scopus, Journal websites, Clinical trials etc to gather the maximum possible information related to the G9a. The main messages from the cited papers are presented in a systematic manner. Chemical structures were drawn by Chemdraw software. In this review, we shed light on current understanding of structure and biological activity of G9a, the molecular events directing its targeting to genomic regions and its post-translational modification. Finally, we discuss the current strategies to target G9a in different cancers and evaluate the available compounds and agents used to inhibit G9a functions. The review provides the present status and future directions of research in targeting G9a and provides the basis to persuade the development of novel strategies to target G9a -related effects in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraya Jan
- CSIR, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, 190005, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Mohd Ishaq Dar
- CSIR, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, 190005, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Rubiada Wani
- CSIR, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, 190005, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Jagjeet Sandey
- CSIR, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, 190005, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Iqra Mushtaq
- CSIR, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, 190005, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sammar Lateef
- CSIR, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, 190005, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sajad Hussain Syed
- CSIR, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, 190005, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Chen J, Park HJ. Computer-Aided Discovery of Massonianoside B as a Novel Selective DOT1L Inhibitor. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:873-881. [PMID: 30951287 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein methyltransferases (PMTs) are involved in numerous biological processes and have been studied as a promising target class in the field of oncology and other diseases. Disruptor of telomeric silencing 1-like (DOT1L), a histone H3 lysine 79 (H3K79) methyltransferase, plays an important role in the progressions of mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL)-rearranged leukemias and has been validated as a potential therapeutic target. Here we report the discovery and characterization of a novel DOT1L inhibitor, massonianoside B (MA), by pharmacophore-based in silico screening and biological studies. MA is a structurally unique natural product inhibitor of DOT1L with an IC50 value of 399 nM. The compound displays high selectivity for DOT1L over other S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-dependent PMTs. Treatment of MLL-rearranged leukemia cells with MA gives a dose-dependent reduction in cellular levels of histone lysine 79 mono- and dimethylation without affecting the methylation of other histone sites. Moreover, MA selectively inhibits proliferation and causes apoptosis in MLL-rearranged leukemia cells and downregulates the expression of MLL fusion target genes, including HOXA9 and MEIS1. Molecular docking analysis revealed that MA may bind to the SAM-binding site of DOT1L. We identified MA as not only a novel DOT1L inhibitor with antileukemic activity but also a DOT1L-targeted molecular probe that may serve as a useful chemical tool for investigating the role of DOT1L in biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, South Korea
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Vidoni C, Ferraresi A, Secomandi E, Vallino L, Dhanasekaran DN, Isidoro C. Epigenetic targeting of autophagy for cancer prevention and treatment by natural compounds. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 66:34-44. [PMID: 31054926 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the undeniable progress made in the last decades, cancer continues to challenge the scientists engaged in searching for an effective treatment for its prevention and cure. One of the malignant hallmarks that characterize cancer cell biology is the altered metabolism of sugars and amino acids. Autophagy is a pathway allowing the macromolecular turnover via recycling of the substrates resulting from the lysosomal degradation of damaged or redundant cell molecules and organelles. As such, autophagy guarantees the proteome quality control and cell homeostasis. Data from in vitro, in animals and in patients researches show that dysregulation of autophagy favors carcinogenesis and cancer progression, making this process an ineluctable target of cancer therapy. The autophagy process is regulated at genetic, epigenetic and post-translational levels. Targeting autophagy with epigenetic modifiers could represent a valuable strategy to prevent or treat cancer. A wealth of natural products from terrestrial and marine living organisms possess anti-cancer activity. Here, we review the experimental proofs demonstrating the ability of natural compounds to regulate autophagy in cancer via epigenetics. The hope is that in the near future this knowledge could translate into effective intervention to prevent and cure cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Vidoni
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ferraresi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Eleonora Secomandi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Letizia Vallino
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Danny N Dhanasekaran
- Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Ciro Isidoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy.
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