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Gonzalez C, Morawska A, Haslam DM. The Impact of Message Content and Format on Initial Parental Engagement in a Parenting Intervention: An Experimental Study. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-022-10305-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Engagement strategies are commonly used to enhance parents’ involvement in parenting interventions. However, few strategies have been evaluated to determine their effectiveness at increasing initial engagement. This study tested the effectiveness of message content (benefits vs. costs) and format (video vs. written) of engagement strategies on the initial engagement (i.e., recruitment, enrolment, and first attendance) of parents to parenting interventions.
Methods
Participants were 692 parents of children aged 2 to 12 years old. Parents were randomly allocated to one of four experimental conditions, which tested the combination of message (benefits vs. costs) and format (video vs. written). Recruitment, enrolment, and first attendance were measured as part of parent’s initial engagement to a self-directed parenting intervention.
Results
Neither message content nor format had an effect on recruitment, enrolment, or first attendance. However, parents who saw the costs content were significantly more likely to review the intervention workbook compared to parents who saw the message about the benefits of the intervention.
Conclusions
Brief testimonials have the potential to early engage parents when the message is positive, independently of its format. Future research should further explore the effects of different messages as well as other engagement strategies used to engage parents.
Trial Registration
Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12618001282279, prospectively registered 30/07/2018.
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Hatley-Cotter A, Saad G, Brestan-Knight E. Treatment Readiness among Primarily Latine Families Seeking Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) in an Urban Setting. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084784. [PMID: 35457656 PMCID: PMC9032165 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Given the high prevalence of childhood mental health problems and their long-lasting negative consequences if left untreated, it is important to investigate factors that affect family engagement in psychological interventions such as Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), including caregiver treatment readiness and readiness for change (RFC). Specifically, Latine families experience greater mental health disparities and have unique cultural factors that affect engagement. The current project examined caregiver pretreatment readiness among primarily Latine Spanish- and English-speaking families. (2) Methods: Participants were 100 caregivers (96% female) of young children ages 2 to 7 who sought PCIT services from a community mental health center in Washington, D.C. Families completed written and observational assessment measures at pretreatment and throughout PCIT, which were used for the current study. (3) Results: Caregivers reported high readiness and importance of treatment at intake, with higher RFC among Spanish-speaking caregivers. Regardless of language, caregivers who reported more frequent and problematic child misbehavior and who were from a multi-caregiver household tended to report more RFC and treatment importance at intake. Pretreatment RFC also predicted family completion of the first phase of PCIT although there was a high attrition rate for the sample as only 18% of families completed treatment. (4) Conclusions: These findings provide insight into the implementation of standard PCIT among Spanish- and English speaking families and highlight the benefits of assessing pretreatment caregiver readiness to inform clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Hatley-Cotter
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, 226 Thach Ave, Auburn, AL 36849, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-614-722-4700
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Rosas YG, Sigal M, Park A, Barnett ML. Predicting a Rapid Transition to Telehealth-Delivered Parent-Child Interaction Therapy Amid COVID-19: A Mixed Methods Study. GLOBAL IMPLEMENTATION RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 2:293-304. [PMID: 36105665 PMCID: PMC9462633 DOI: 10.1007/s43477-022-00057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The sudden onset of COVID-19 forced mental health therapists to rapidly transition to telehealth services. While some therapists and organizations were able to achieve an expeditious transition, others struggled. Using the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, and Sustainment (EPIS) framework, which outlines key phases that guide the implementation process, the current mixed methods study examined what factors predicted the transition to internet-based Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (iPCIT), a telehealth-delivered evidence-based practice (EBP). We investigated two areas related to the transition: (1) if PCIT therapists transitioned to provide iPCIT and (2) if they made this transition quickly. In Fall 2019, 324 therapists completed a survey about implementing PCIT. After stay-at-home orders, 223 of those therapists completed a follow-up survey about their transition to telehealth, organizational characteristics, their caseloads, and telehealth training. The majority of therapists (82%) transitioned to provide iPCIT, with 48% making the transition in less than a week. Open-ended responses indicated that therapists who did not transition-faced challenges related to limited client resources, a lack of training, and organizational delays. Qualitative findings informed predictors for two logistic regression models that are statistical models that predict the probability of an event occurring, with criterion variables (1) whether therapists transitioned to provide iPCIT and (2) whether they transitioned in less than a week. Results showed that caseload in Fall 2019 and receipt of iPCIT training were associated with iPCIT transition. Organizational setting, resiliency, and baseline caseload predicted rapid transition to iPCIT. Implications regarding supporting the implementation of telehealth delivery of EBPs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yessica Green Rosas
- grid.133342.40000 0004 1936 9676Department of Counseling, Clinical, and School Psychology, Gevirtz Graduate School of Education, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9490 USA
| | - Marika Sigal
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Alayna Park
- grid.170202.60000 0004 1936 8008Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR USA
| | - Miya L. Barnett
- grid.133342.40000 0004 1936 9676Department of Counseling, Clinical, and School Psychology, Gevirtz Graduate School of Education, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9490 USA
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O’Byrne R, Thompson R, Friedmann JS, Lumley MN. Parent Engagement with an Online, School-Based, Character Strengths Promotion Program. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 7:355-377. [PMID: 35971433 PMCID: PMC9366792 DOI: 10.1007/s41042-022-00072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Schools are increasingly bolstering student character strengths to promote academic success and well-being. Schools' character-promotion efforts would benefit from involving students' caregivers. Online resources may be an accessible way to engage students' families, but further research is needed to maximize accessibility and engagement. A brief character strengths program was developed and integrated within online accounts accessed by parents of kindergarten students. Content analysis of parent focus groups (N = 14, 86% women) indicated that access to and engagement with the program was improved by several factors, including visuals, intuitive navigation, strength-based content, and school-based recruitment. Content analysis of caregivers' (N = 54, 91% women, M age = 36.52, SD age = 4.40) responses to the program's reflection questions indicated that parents prefer highly applicable content, particularly information about noticing and developing character strengths in their child. Finally, exploratory descriptive statistics indicated that single parents, fathers, and parents of racial minority children were less likely to engage with the program which alludes to the additional barriers faced by these socio-demographic groups. The results provide specific suggestions for involving parents in school-based character promotion efforts, as well as highlight the importance of additional research to better understand the needs of diverse families. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41042-022-00072-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan O’Byrne
- grid.34429.380000 0004 1936 8198Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, N1G 2W1 Guelph, ON Canada
| | - Rochelle Thompson
- grid.34429.380000 0004 1936 8198Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, N1G 2W1 Guelph, ON Canada
| | - Jordan S. Friedmann
- grid.34429.380000 0004 1936 8198Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, N1G 2W1 Guelph, ON Canada
| | - Margaret N. Lumley
- grid.34429.380000 0004 1936 8198Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, N1G 2W1 Guelph, ON Canada
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Barnett ML, Klein CC, Gonzalez JC, Sanchez BE, Rosas YG, Corcoran F. How do Lay Health Worker Engage Caregivers? A Qualitative Study to Enhance Equity in Evidence-Based Parenting Programs. EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN CHILD AND ADOLESCENT MENTAL HEALTH 2021; 8:221-235. [PMID: 37323826 PMCID: PMC10266647 DOI: 10.1080/23794925.2021.1993111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Engaging caregivers in their children's mental health treatment is critical for delivering high quality, evidence-based care, particularly for young children with externalizing behaviors. Lay health workers (LHWs), including peer providers and promotoras de salud, have been identified as important workforces in addressing structural and stigma-related barriers to engagement in mental health services. Importantly, research has suggested that LHWs may be integral in efforts to address engagement disparities in evidence-based behavioral parent training programs (BPTs) for Latinx caregivers. The purpose of the study was to understand how different LHW workforces engage caregivers within their usual services, in order to inform strategies that improve access to and engagement in BPTs. Qualitative interviews were conducted with two different LHW workforces: volunteer LHWs (i.e., promotoras de salud) (n = 14), who were part of a community-embedded network, and paid LHWs (i.e., parent support partners, home visitors) (n = 9) embedded within children's mental health agencies. Participants were predominately Latinx (79%) and female (96%). Qualitative analyses revealed three primary themes related to engagement strategies used by LHWs to address barriers to care: 1.) Building Trust, 2.) Empowerment, 3.) Increasing Access. Although the majority of themes and sub-themes were consistent across the two LHW workforces, agency-embedded LHWs often discussed having the means to provide resources through their organizations, whereas community-embedded LHWs discussed acting as a bridge to services by providing information and conducting outreach. Findings have implications for partnering with different workforces of LHWs to increase equity in access to BPTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miya L Barnett
- Department of Counseling, Clinical and School Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Corinna C Klein
- Department of Counseling, Clinical and School Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Juan Carlos Gonzalez
- Department of Counseling, Clinical and School Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Berta Erika Sanchez
- Department of Counseling, Clinical and School Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Yessica Green Rosas
- Department of Counseling, Clinical and School Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Frederique Corcoran
- Department of Counseling, Clinical and School Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA
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Comparing Traditional and Ebook-Augmented Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT): A Randomized Control Trial of Pocket PCIT. Behav Ther 2021; 52:1311-1324. [PMID: 34656188 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Disruptive behavior in young children is one of the most common referrals to behavioral health providers. While numerous effective parenting programs, such as parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT), exist for improving children's behaviors, challenges with treatment engagement and retention limit the intended positive impact on child and caregiver outcomes, particularly for racial and ethnic minority families. In an effort to address barriers contributing to poor engagement and retention in traditional PCIT service delivery and among ethnic and racial minority families, a multimedia PCIT ebook was developed and evaluated. In a sample of the general public that utilized the ebook, users were found to be more engaged in viewing embedded videos within the ebook that were related to expert skill explanations and skill demonstrations than caregiver testimonies. A randomized controlled trial was also conducted to evaluate the extent that the ebook + PCIT improved treatment engagement, retention, parenting skills, skill acquisition efficiency, and child behavior above and beyond traditional PCIT. Participating families were randomly assigned to either the traditional PCIT (n = 71) or ebook + PCIT (n = 107) group using an online random number generator. Forty-nine caregivers (traditional PCIT n = 24, ebook + PCIT n = 25) were excluded from analyses because they were lost to follow-up during the intervention. Families in both the traditional PCIT and ebook + PCIT groups demonstrated generally equivalent positive outcomes in treatment engagement (i.e., attendance, treatment length, completion rate) and caregiver skill acquisition efficiency at midtreatment, posttreatment, and 3-month follow-up. The addition of the ebook to PCIT also reduced child disruptive behavior at midtreatment, above and beyond traditional PCIT, but not at posttreatment or follow-up. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed.
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Barnett ML, Sigal M, Green Rosas Y, Corcoran F, Rastogi M, Jent JF. Therapist Experiences and Attitudes About Implementing Internet-Delivered Parent-Child Interaction Therapy During COVID-19. COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL PRACTICE 2021; 28:630-641. [PMID: 33994769 PMCID: PMC8112899 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpra.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
It has been widely recognized that access to mental health treatment is imperative to address current and long-term stressors for children and parents during COVID-19. Internet-delivered Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (iPCIT, previously referred to as I-PCIT) is a strong model for remote service delivery during social distancing restrictions due to its empirical base. However, this treatment modality was not widely implemented before COVID-19, likely due to barriers to providing telehealth services. This mixed methods study conducted a follow-up survey to gather therapist experiences (N = 223) in delivering iPCIT during COVID-19, including qualitative data on the benefits and challenges to delivering iPCIT. The vast majority of therapists (82%) indicated that they transitioned to deliver PCIT via telehealth in response to COVID-19. PCIT caseloads decreased slightly from the first survey to the COVID-19 follow-up survey, but the racial and ethnic composition of caseloads were not significantly different between the two surveys. Of the 183 therapists who transitioned to deliver PCIT via telehealth, 82% expressed interest in continuing to provide iPCIT following the COVID-19 pandemic. Reported benefits of iPCIT included decreased barriers to access and the ability to practice skills within the naturalistic home environment. Challenges to iPCIT were primarily issues with technology as well as other logistical barriers, which could limit engagement for some families. Findings from this study may be beneficial in improving future implementation of iPCIT during and post-COVID-19.
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Crane ME, Atkins MS, Becker SJ, Purtle J, Olino TM, Kendall PC. The effect of caregiver key opinion leaders on increasing caregiver demand for evidence-based practices to treat youth anxiety: protocol for a randomized control trial. Implement Sci Commun 2021; 2:107. [PMID: 34556182 PMCID: PMC8460198 DOI: 10.1186/s43058-021-00213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research has identified cognitive behavioral therapy with exposures (CBT) as an effective treatment for youth anxiety. Despite implementation efforts, few anxious youth receive CBT. Direct-to-consumer marketing offers a different approach to address the unmet need for youth receiving effective treatments. Involving a local caregiver key opinion leader in direct-to-consumer initiatives may be an effective strategy to increase caregiver demand for CBT. Research indicates that key opinion leaders improve health promotion campaigns, but key opinion leaders have not been studied in the context of increasing caregiver demand for evidence-based treatments. Method Project CHAT (Caregivers Hearing about Anxiety Treatments) will test the role of key opinion leader participation in conducting outreach presentations to increase caregiver desire to seek CBT for their youth’s anxiety. Caregiver attendees (N = 180) will be cluster randomized by school to receive one of two different approaches for presentations on CBT for youth anxiety. Both approaches will involve community outreach presentations providing information on recognizing youth anxiety, strategies caregivers can use to decrease youth anxiety, and how to seek CBT for youth anxiety. The researcher-only condition will be co-facilitated by two researchers. In the key opinion leader condition, a caregiver key opinion leader from each local community will be involved in tailoring the content of the presentation to the context of the community, co-facilitating the presentation with a researcher, and endorsing strategies in the presentation that they have found to be helpful. In line with the theory of planned behavior, caregiver attendees will complete measures assessing their knowledge of, attitudes towards, perceived subjective norms about, and intention to seek CBT pre- and post-presentation; they will indicate whether they sought CBT for their youth at 3-month follow-up. Results will be analyzed using a mixed method approach to assess the effectiveness of a key opinion leader to increase caregiver demand for CBT. Discussion This study will be the first to examine the potential of key opinion leaders to increase caregiver demand for CBT. If proven effective, the use of key opinion leaders could serve as a scalable dissemination strategy to increase the reach of evidence-based treatments. Trial registration This trial was registered on clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04929262) on June 18, 2021. At the time of trial registration, pre/post-presentation data had been collected from 17 participants; thus, it was retrospectively registered. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43058-021-00213-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E Crane
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Weiss Hall, 1701 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
| | - Marc S Atkins
- Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois, Chicago, 1747 West Roosevelt Road, Suite 155, Chicago, IL, 60608, USA
| | - Sara J Becker
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Jonathan Purtle
- Department of Health Management and Policy, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Nesbitt Hall, Room 351, 3215 Market St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Thomas M Olino
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Weiss Hall, 1701 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Philip C Kendall
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Weiss Hall, 1701 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
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Crane ME, Helseth SA, Scott K, Becker SJ. Adolescent Behavioral Health Problems are Associated with Parent Perceptions of Evidence-Based Therapy and Preferences when Seeking Therapeutic Support. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 52:130-136. [PMID: 34149154 DOI: 10.1037/pro0000361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Informational materials from psychological associations often encourage parents to seek out "evidence-based therapies" (EBTs) to address their child's behavioral health concerns. This study examined whether parents concerned about their adolescents' substance use had distinct preferences for EBT principles and marketing language based on their adolescent's specific behavioral health problems. Parents (N = 411; 86% female; 88% non-Hispanic White) of adolescents (age 12-19 years) completed an online direct-to-consumer (DTC) marketing survey as part of a larger multi-phase study. Parents reported their adolescents had high rates of current externalizing (66%), internalizing (51%), substance-related (39%), and legal (25%) problems. Parents answered questions about their perceived definition of EBT, whether they valued underlying EBT principles (i.e., reliance on a proven approach vs. a varied approach), their preferred terms for describing EBT, and factors they considered when choosing a therapist. Most parents defined EBT correctly, regardless of their adolescent's behavioral health problems. Parents of adolescents with internalizing or legal problems were less likely to value EBT principles, with legal problems emerging as the more important multivariate predictor. Additionally, parents of adolescents with substance-related or legal problems had distinct preferences for the terms used to describe EBTs. Finally, parents of adolescents with externalizing problems had distinct preferences for factors they considered when choosing a therapist. Psychologists and psychological associations seeking to disseminate information about EBTs to parents can utilize these DTC marketing-informed results to tailor outreach strategies based on adolescent behavioral health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah A Helseth
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Kelli Scott
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Sara J Becker
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, United States
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Barnett ML, Brookman-Frazee L, Yu SH, Lind T, Lui JHL, Timmer S, Boys D, Urquiza A, Innes-Gomberg D, Quick-Abdullah D, Lau AS. Train-to-Sustain: Predictors of Sustainment in a Large-Scale Implementation of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy. EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN CHILD AND ADOLESCENT MENTAL HEALTH 2021; 6:262-276. [PMID: 34239983 PMCID: PMC8259890 DOI: 10.1080/23794925.2020.1855613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Sustainment of evidence-based practices is necessary to ensure their public health impact. The current study examined predictors of sustainment of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) within a large-scale system-driven implementation effort in Los Angeles County. Data were drawn from PCIT training data and county administrative claims between January 2013 and March 2018. Participants included 241 therapists from 61 programs. Two sustainment outcomes were examined at the therapist- and program-levels: 1) PCIT claim volume and 2) PCIT claim discontinuation (discontinuation of claims during study period; survival time of claiming in months). Predictors included therapist- and program-level caseload, training, and workforce characteristics. On average, therapists and programs continued claiming to PCIT for 17.7 and 32.3 months, respectively. Across the sustainment outcomes, there were both shared and unshared significant predictors. For therapists, case-mix fit (higher proportions of young child clients with externalizing disorders) and participation in additional PCIT training activities significantly predicted claims volume. Furthermore, additional training activity participation was associated with lower likelihood of therapist PCIT claim discontinuation in the follow-up period. Programs with therapists eligible to be internal trainers were significantly less likely to discontinue PCIT claiming. Findings suggest that PCIT sustainment may be facilitated by implementation strategies including targeted outreach to ensure eligible families in therapist caseloads, facilitating therapist engagement in advanced trainings, and building internal infrastructure through train-the-trainer programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miya L Barnett
- University of California, Santa Barbara, Department of Counseling, Clinical, & School Psychology
| | - Lauren Brookman-Frazee
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychiatry
- Child and Adolescent Services Research Center
| | - Stephanie H Yu
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychology
| | - Teresa Lind
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychiatry
- Child and Adolescent Services Research Center
| | - Joyce H L Lui
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychology
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Anna S Lau
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychology
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