1
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Carta M, Lukin S, Delogu F, Halasz I. A kinetic study of mechanically activated atom exchange: the effect of milling frequency and ball mass. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:16438-16443. [PMID: 38808410 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp06147g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the mechanochemical reaction of hydrogen isotope exchange between solid benzoic acid and liquid heavy water. The systematic change of milling conditions revealed that the reaction rate scales with the milling frequency and the mass of the milling balls. The ball size being always the same, faster reactions stem from the use of higher milling frequencies and heavier balls. The kinetic curves are described by a kinetic model that accounts for the statistical, deformational and chemical factors involved in mechanochemical transformations. The results indicate that the reaction is driven by the generation of a new interface area caused by the deformation of the solid reactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carta
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, CSGI research unit, University of Cagliari, via Marengo 2, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Stipe Lukin
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Francesco Delogu
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, CSGI research unit, University of Cagliari, via Marengo 2, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Ivan Halasz
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia.
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2
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Alić J, Lončarić I, Etter M, Rubčić M, Štefanić Z, Šekutor M, Užarević K, Stolar T. Direct in situ measurement of polymorphic transition temperatures under thermo-mechanochemical conditions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:4840-4844. [PMID: 38276968 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04364a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
For the first time, we directly measured the onset and completion temperatures of polymorphic transitions under thermo-mechanochemical conditions by simultaneous in situ synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction and temperature monitoring. We determined the thermo-mechanochemical polymorphic transition temperature in 1-adamantyl-1-diamantyl ether to be 31 °C lower than the transition temperature determined by DSC. Our findings highlight the uniqueness of thermo-mechanochemical conditions, with potential applications in polymorph screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Alić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivor Lončarić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Martin Etter
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22 607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mirta Rubčić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zoran Štefanić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Marina Šekutor
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | | | - Tomislav Stolar
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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3
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Uner B, Macit Celebi MS. Anti-obesity effects of chlorogenic acid and caffeine- lipid nanoparticles through PPAR-γ/C/EBP-ɑ pathways. Int J Obes (Lond) 2023; 47:1108-1119. [PMID: 37596386 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-023-01365-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is considered one of the most crucial health problems of the century. Therefore, reducing obesity is critically important. Caffeine (CF) and chlorogenic acid (CLA), which are substantial components in green bean coffee which maximize thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. In our study, we have prepared CF, CLA, and CF + CLA loaded-solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) since the SLNs are cost-effective, tissue-localized, and highly stable. The central composite design model was preferred to select the optimized formulation. UHPLC was used for quantification related to the CF and CLA amounts. The high-pressure homogenization (HPH) method was used while SLN formulations were prepared in the presence of poloxamer® 407 (surfactant) and Compritol® 888 ATO (solid lipid). The nanoparticles were characterized, followed by the utilization of 3T3-F442A cell lines for the evaluation of the adipogenesis activity of the formulations. Then, rt-PCR and ELISA studies of adipogenic markers were conducted. After optimal formulations were selected with an average of 110.2 ± 0.1 nm, CF (1 mM) + CLA (0.5 mM)-loaded SLN formulation has been proven significantly effective by using PPAR-γ/C/EBP-a pathways. In a nutshell, our study has shown that CF + CLA loaded-SLN has been affected 45.8% times more than regular extracted coffee (p < 0.05) on the adipocyte cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Uner
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, University of Health Science and Pharmacy in St Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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4
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Scheurrell K, B Martins IC, Murray C, Emmerling F. Exploring the role of solvent polarity in mechanochemical Knoevenagel condensation: in situ investigation and isolation of reaction intermediates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:23637-23644. [PMID: 37650575 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02883f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry has proven to be a highly effective method for the synthesis of organic compounds. We studied the kinetics of the catalyst-free Knoevenagel reaction between 4-nitrobenzaldehyde and malononitrile, activated and driven by ball milling. The reaction was investigated in the absence of solvents (neat grinding) and in the presence of solvents with different polarities (liquid-assisted grinding). The reaction was monitored using time-resolved in situ Raman spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Our results indicate a direct relationship between solvent polarity and reaction kinetics, with higher solvent polarity leading to faster product (2-(4-nitrobenzylidone)malononitrile) formation. For the first time, we were able to isolate and determine the structure of an intermediate 2-(hydroxy(4-nitrophenyl)methyl)malononitrile based on PXRD data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Scheurrell
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Inês C B Martins
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Claire Murray
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Boldyreva E. Spiers Memorial Lecture: Mechanochemistry, tribochemistry, mechanical alloying - retrospect, achievements and challenges. Faraday Discuss 2023; 241:9-62. [PMID: 36519434 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00149g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents a view on the achievements, challenges and prospects of mechanochemistry. The extensive reference list can serve as a good entry point to a plethora of mechanochemical literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Boldyreva
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS & Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.
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6
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Casti F, Mocci R, Porcheddu A. From amines to (form)amides: a simple and successful mechanochemical approach. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1210-1216. [PMID: 36158174 PMCID: PMC9490066 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Two easily accessible routes for preparing an array of formylated and acetylated amines under mechanochemical conditions are presented. The two methodologies exhibit complementary features as they enable the derivatization of aliphatic and aromatic amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Casti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Rita Mocci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Porcheddu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
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7
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Michalchuk AAL, Emmerling F. Time-Resolved In Situ Monitoring of Mechanochemical Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117270. [PMID: 35128778 PMCID: PMC9400867 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemical transformations offer environmentally benign synthesis routes, whilst enhancing both the speed and selectivity of reactions. In this regard, mechanochemistry promises to transform the way in which chemistry is done in both academia and industry but is greatly hindered by a current lack of mechanistic understanding. The continued development and use of time-resolved in situ (TRIS) approaches to monitor mechanochemical reactions provides a new dimension to elucidate these fascinating transformations. We here discuss recent trends in method development that have pushed the boundaries of mechanochemical research. New features of mechanochemical reactions obtained by TRIS techniques are subsequently discussed, which sheds light on how different TRIS approaches have been used. Emphasis is placed on the strength of combining complementary techniques. Finally, we outline our views on the potential of TRIS methods in mechanochemical research, towards establishing a new, environmentally benign paradigm in the chemical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A. L. Michalchuk
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and TestingRichard-Willstätter-Strasse1112489BerlinGermany
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and TestingRichard-Willstätter-Strasse1112489BerlinGermany
- Department of ChemistryHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Strasse 212489BerlinGermany
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8
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Lapshin O, Ivanova O. Macrokinetic mechanosynthesis model comprising multidirectional factors characterizing the effect of mechanical treatment on the combustion of activated mixtures. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Michalchuk AAL, Emmerling F. Zeitaufgelöste In‐Situ‐Untersuchungen von mechanochemischen Reaktionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam A. L. Michalchuk
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11 12489 Berlin Deutschland
- Department of Chemistry Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
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10
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Belenguer AM, Michalchuk AAL, Lampronti GI, Sanders JKM. Using Solid Catalysts in Disulfide-Based Dynamic Combinatorial Solution- and Mechanochemistry. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102416. [PMID: 34863026 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It was shown for the first time that solid amines can act as catalysts for disulfide-based dynamic combinatorial chemistry (DCC) by ball mill grinding. The mechanochemical equilibrium for the two disulfide reactions studied was reached within 1-3 h using ten different amine catalysts. This contrasts with the weeks to months to achieve solution equilibrium for most solid amine catalysts at 2 %mol mol-1 concentration in a 2 mMolar disulfide dynamic combinatorial library in a suitable solvent. The final mechanochemical equilibrium was independent of the catalyst used but varied with other ball mill grinding factors such as the presence of traces of solvent. The different efficiencies of the amines tested were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Belenguer
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Adam A L Michalchuk
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Giulio I Lampronti
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy K M Sanders
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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11
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Glycerol Valorization towards a Benzoxazine Derivative through a Milling and Microwave Sequential Strategy. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030632. [PMID: 35163895 PMCID: PMC8838984 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycerol and aminophenol intermolecular condensation has been investigated through a milling and microwave-assisted sequential strategy, towards the synthesis of a benzoxaxine derivative. Mechanochemical activation prior to the microwave-assisted process could improve the probability of contact between the reagents, and greatly favors the higher conversion of aminophenol. At the same time, following a mechanochemical–microwave sequential approach could tune the selectivity towards the formation of a benzoxazine derivative, which could find application in a wide range of biomedical areas.
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12
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Abstract
Direct mechanocatalysis (DM) describes solvent-free catalytic reactions that are initiated by mechanical forces in mechanochemical reactors such as ball mills. The distinctive feature of DM is that the milling materials, e.g. the milling balls themselves are the catalyst of the reaction. In this article we follow the historical evolution of this novel concept and give a guide to this emerging, powerful synthesis tool. Within this perspective we seek to highlight the impact of the relevant milling parameters, the nature of the catalyst and potential additives, the scope of reactions that are currently accessible by this method, and the thus far raised hypotheses on the underlying mechanisms of direct mechanochemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhmi Hwang
- Professur für Anorganische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Sven Grätz
- Professur für Anorganische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Lars Borchardt
- Professur für Anorganische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
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13
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Adassooriya NM, Mahanta SP, Thakuria R. Mechanochemistry as an Emerging Tool for Preparation of Sustained Release Urea Cocrystals as a Nitrogen Source. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01713f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As the global community facing serious challenges such as increasing population and shrinking cultivation land that will raise an issue regarding sufficient food demand; a 70–100% expansion in global food...
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14
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Chatziadi A, Skořepová E, Kohout M, Ridvan L, Šoóš M. Exploring the polymorphism of sofosbuvir via mechanochemistry: effect of milling jar geometry and material. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01561c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the influence of polypropylene jar properties on the polymorphic transformations of sofosbuvir during milling experiments is investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyro Chatziadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Skořepová
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kohout
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Luděk Ridvan
- Zentiva, k.s, U Kabelovny 130, 10237, Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Šoóš
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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15
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Michalchuk AAL, Boldyreva EV, Belenguer AM, Emmerling F, Boldyrev VV. Tribochemistry, Mechanical Alloying, Mechanochemistry: What is in a Name? Front Chem 2021; 9:685789. [PMID: 34164379 PMCID: PMC8216082 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.685789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the decades, the application of mechanical force to influence chemical reactions has been called by various names: mechanochemistry, tribochemistry, mechanical alloying, to name but a few. The evolution of these terms has largely mirrored the understanding of the field. But what is meant by these terms, why have they evolved, and does it really matter how a process is called? Which parameters should be defined to describe unambiguously the experimental conditions such that others can reproduce the results, or to allow a meaningful comparison between processes explored under different conditions? Can the information on the process be encoded in a clear, concise, and self-explanatory way? We address these questions in this Opinion contribution, which we hope will spark timely and constructive discussion across the international mechanochemical community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena V. Boldyreva
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ana M. Belenguer
- Yusef Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Vladimir V. Boldyrev
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Voevodski Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
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16
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Wilke M, Gawryluk DJ, Casati N. Metastability and Seeding Effects in the Mechanochemical Hybrid Lead(II) Iodide Formation. Chemistry 2021; 27:5944-5955. [PMID: 33319376 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism for the mechanochemical synthesis of (C(NH2 )3 )3 PbI5 3 and (C(NH2 )3 )4 PbI6 4 and their conversion into each other is presented. We investigated the synthesis of 3 at different frequencies and energies using in situ powder X-ray diffraction. By splitting the reaction into single parts we could prove that the formation of 3 is simply dependent on the energy and mixing speed. The nucleation of 4 instead is slightly negative dependent on the energy but dependent on the mixing speed, while its growth is mostly independent of any influence. We were able to influence the reaction pathways by seeding the mixture with a small amount of powdery 4. The formation of 4 is very likely an auto-catalytic process. 3 instead is metastable. It can be stabilized by energy, which beside mechanochemistry can also be achieved by temperature. The results showcases the complex nature of mechanochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Wilke
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation-Condensed Matter, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Dariusz Jakub Gawryluk
- Laboratory for Multiscale Materials Experiments, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Casati
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation-Condensed Matter, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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17
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Lapshin OV, Boldyreva EV, Boldyrev VV. Role of Mixing and Milling in Mechanochemical Synthesis (Review). RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023621030116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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18
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Design of horizontal ball mills for improving the rate of mechanochemical degradation of DDTs. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Schiffmann JG, Emmerling F, Martins ICB, Van Wüllen L. In-situ reaction monitoring of a mechanochemical ball mill reaction with solid state NMR. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2020; 109:101687. [PMID: 32905877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2020.101687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present an approach towards the in situ solid state NMR monitoring of mechanochemical reactions in a ball mill. A miniaturized vibration ball mill is integrated into the measuring coil of a home-built solid state NMR probe, allowing for static solid state NMR measurements during the mechanochemical reaction within the vessel. The setup allows to quantitatively follow the product evolution of a prototypical mechanochemical reaction, the formation of zinc phenylphosphonate from zinc acetate and phenylphosphonic acid. MAS NMR investigations on the final reaction mixture confirmed a reaction yield of 89% in a typical example. Thus, NMR spectroscopy may in the future provide complementary information about reaction mechanisms of mechanochemical reactions and team up with other analytical methods which have been employed to follow reactions in situ, such as Raman spectroscopy or X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Gerrit Schiffmann
- Universität Augsburg, Institut für Physik, Universitätsstraße 1, 86159, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- BAM Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Inês C B Martins
- BAM Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leo Van Wüllen
- Universität Augsburg, Institut für Physik, Universitätsstraße 1, 86159, Augsburg, Germany.
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20
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Exploration of the heat generation within the intensified vibratory mill. Int J Pharm 2020; 587:119644. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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21
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Germann LS, Arhangelskis M, Etter M, Dinnebier RE, Friščić T. Challenging the Ostwald rule of stages in mechanochemical cocrystallisation. Chem Sci 2020; 11:10092-10100. [PMID: 34094270 PMCID: PMC8162427 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03629c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanochemistry provides an efficient, but still poorly understood route to synthesize and screen for polymorphs of organic solids. We present a hitherto unexplored effect of the milling assembly on the polymorphic outcome of mechanochemical cocrystallisation, tentatively related to the efficiency of mechanical energy transfer to the milled sample. Previous work on mechanochemical cocrystallisation has established that introducing liquid or polymer additives to milling systems can be used to direct polymorphic behavior, leading to extensive studies how the amount and nature of grinding additive affect reaction outcome and polymorphism. Here, focusing on a model pharmaceutical cocrystal of nicotinamide and adipic acid, we demonstrate that changes to the choice of milling media (i.e. number and material of milling balls) and/or the choice of milling assembly (i.e. jar material) can be used to direct polymorphism of mechanochemical cocrystallisation, enabling the selective synthesis, and even reversible and repeatable interconversion of cocrystal polymorphs. While real-time mechanistic studies of mechanochemical transformations of metal–organic materials have previously suggested that reactions follow a path described by Ostwald's rule of stages, i.e. from metastable to increasingly more stable product structures, the herein presented systematic study presents an exception to that rule, revealing that modification of energy input in the mechanochemical system, combined with a small energy difference between polymorphs, permits the selective synthesis of either the more stable room temperature form, or the new metastable high-temperature form, of the target cocrystal. The choice of milling assembly (jar and ball material, number and size of balls) can be used to direct polymorphism in mechanochemical cocrystallisation, enabling the selective synthesis, and even reversible interconversion of cocrystal polymorphs.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzia S Germann
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany.,Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal Canada
| | - Mihails Arhangelskis
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal Canada .,Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw 1 Pasteura Street 02-109 Warsaw Poland
| | - Martin Etter
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY) Notkestraße 85 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - Robert E Dinnebier
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal Canada
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22
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Manin AN, Drozd KV, Surov AO, Churakov AV, Volkova TV, Perlovich GL. Identification of a previously unreported co-crystal form of acetazolamide: a combination of multiple experimental and virtual screening methods. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:20867-20879. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02700f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate an approach of trying multiple methods in a more comprehensive search for co-crystals of acetazolamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex N. Manin
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry RAS
- 153045 Ivanovo
- Russia
| | - Ksenia V. Drozd
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry RAS
- 153045 Ivanovo
- Russia
| | - Artem O. Surov
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry RAS
- 153045 Ivanovo
- Russia
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23
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Michalchuk AAL, Tumanov IA, Boldyreva EV. Ball size or ball mass – what matters in organic mechanochemical synthesis? CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce02109k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effects of milling ball mass, size and material are isolated for a model mechanochemical co-crystallisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A. L. Michalchuk
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk
- Russian Federation
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry
- University of Edinburgh
| | - Ivan A. Tumanov
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk
- Russian Federation
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis
- Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - Elena V. Boldyreva
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk
- Russian Federation
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis
- Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
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24
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Belenguer AM, Cruz-Cabeza AJ, Lampronti GI, Sanders JKM. On the prevalence of smooth polymorphs at the nanoscale: implications for pharmaceuticals. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce02098a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ball mill neat grinding leads to smoother whereas liquid assisted grinding leads to rougher pharmaceutical forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Belenguer
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB2 1EW
- UK
| | - Aurora J. Cruz-Cabeza
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
- Astra Zeneca
| | - Giulio I. Lampronti
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB2 1EW
- UK
- Department of Earth Sciences
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25
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Belenguer AM, Lampronti GI, De Mitri N, Driver M, Hunter CA, Sanders JKM. Understanding the Influence of Surface Solvation and Structure on Polymorph Stability: A Combined Mechanochemical and Theoretical Approach. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:17051-17059. [PMID: 30371073 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We explore the effect of solvent concentration on the thermodynamic stability of two polymorphs of a 1:1 cocrystal of theophylline and benzamide subjected to ball-mill liquid assisted grinding (LAG) and we investigate how this can be related to surface solvent solvation phenomena. In this system, most stable bulk polymorph form II converts to metastable bulk polymorph form I upon neat grinding (NG), while form I can fully or partially transform into form II under LAG conditions, depending on the amount of solvent used. Careful and strict experimental procedures were designed to achieve polymorph equilibrium under ball-mill LAG conditions for 16 different solvents. This allowed us to determine 16 equilibrium polymorph concentration curves as a function of solvent concentration. Ex-situ powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) was used to monitor the polymorph concentration and crystallite size. The surface site interactions point (SSIP) description of noncovalent interactions was used in conjunction with the SSIMPLE method for calculating solvation energies to determine which functional groups are more or less exposed on the polymorph crystal surfaces. Our results demonstrate that (i) ball-mill LAG equilibrium curves can be successfully achieved experimentally for a cocrystal system; (ii) the equilibrium curves vary from solvent to solvent in onset values and slopes, thus confirming the generality of the interconversion phenomenon that we interpret here in terms of cooperativity; (iii) the concentration required for a switch in polymorphic outcome is dependent on the nature of the solvent; (iv) the SSIP results indicate that the theophylline π-system face is more exposed on the surface of form I while the theophylline N-methyl groups are more exposed in form II; and (v) for some solvents, form II has a significantly smaller crystal size at equilibrium than form I in the investigated solvent concentration range. Therefore, the free energy of the 1:1 cocrystal of theophylline and benzamide polymorphs studied here must be affected by surface solvation under ball-mill LAG conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Belenguer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , U.K
| | - Giulio I Lampronti
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , U.K.,Department of Earth Sciences , University of Cambridge , Downing Street , Cambridge CB2 3EQ , U.K
| | - Nicola De Mitri
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , U.K
| | - Mark Driver
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , U.K
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , U.K
| | - Jeremy K M Sanders
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , U.K
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