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Gadre M, Kasturi M, Agarwal P, Vasanthan KS. Decellularization and Their Significance for Tissue Regeneration in the Era of 3D Bioprinting. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:7375-7392. [PMID: 38405516 PMCID: PMC10883024 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional bioprinting is an emerging technology that has high potential application in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Increasing advancement and improvement in the decellularization process have led to an increase in the demand for using a decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) to fabricate tissue engineered products. Decellularization is the process of retaining the extracellular matrix (ECM) while the cellular components are completely removed to harvest the ECM for the regeneration of various tissues and across different sources. Post decellularization of tissues and organs, they act as natural biomaterials to provide the biochemical and structural support to establish cell communication. Selection of an effective method for decellularization is crucial, and various factors like tissue density, geometric organization, and ECM composition affect the regenerative potential which has an impact on the end product. The dECM is a versatile material which is added as an important ingredient to formulate the bioink component for constructing tissue and organs for various significant studies. Bioink consisting of dECM from various sources is used to generate tissue-specific bioink that is unique and to mimic different biometric microenvironments. At present, there are many different techniques applied for decellularization, and the process is not standardized and regulated due to broad application. This review aims to provide an overview of different decellularization procedures, and we also emphasize the different dECM-derived bioinks present in the current global market and the major clinical outcomes. We have also highlighted an overview of benefits and limitations of different decellularization methods and various characteristic validations of decellularization and dECM-derived bioinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrunmayi Gadre
- Manipal
Centre for Biotherapeutics Research, Manipal
Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Meghana Kasturi
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Michigan, Dearborn, Michigan 48128, United States
| | - Prachi Agarwal
- Manipal
Centre for Biotherapeutics Research, Manipal
Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Kirthanashri S. Vasanthan
- Manipal
Centre for Biotherapeutics Research, Manipal
Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
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Zhang Y, Zhang C, Li Y, Zhou L, Dan N, Min J, Chen Y, Wang Y. Evolution of biomimetic ECM scaffolds from decellularized tissue matrix for tissue engineering: A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 246:125672. [PMID: 37406920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is essentially a technique for imitating nature. Natural tissues are made up of three parts: extracellular matrix (ECM), signaling systems, and cells. Therefore, biomimetic ECM scaffold is one of the best candidates for tissue engineering scaffolds. Among the many scaffold materials of biomimetic ECM structure, decellularized ECM scaffolds (dECMs) obtained from natural ECM after acellular treatment stand out because of their inherent natural components and microenvironment. First, an overview of the family of dECMs is provided. The principle, mechanism, advances, and shortfalls of various decellularization technologies, including physical, chemical, and biochemical methods are then critically discussed. Subsequently, a comprehensive review is provided on recent advances in the versatile applications of dECMs including but not limited to decellularized small intestinal submucosa, dermal matrix, amniotic matrix, tendon, vessel, bladder, heart valves. And detailed examples are also drawn from scientific research and practical work. Furthermore, we outline the underlying development directions of dECMs from the perspective that tissue engineering scaffolds play an important role as an important foothold and fulcrum at the intersection of materials and medicine. As scaffolds that have already found diverse applications, dECMs will continue to present both challenges and exciting opportunities for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chenyu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuwen Li
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lingyan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Nianhua Dan
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610065, China; Research Center of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Jie Min
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yining Chen
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610065, China; Research Center of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China.
| | - Yunbing Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wang Jiang Road, Chengdu 610065, China
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Pantoja BTDS, Carvalho RC, Miglino MA, Carreira ACO. The Canine Pancreatic Extracellular Matrix in Diabetes Mellitus and Pancreatitis: Its Essential Role and Therapeutic Perspective. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040684. [PMID: 36830471 PMCID: PMC9952199 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus and pancreatitis are common pancreatic diseases in dogs, affecting the endocrine and exocrine portions of the organ. Dogs have a significant role in the history of research related to genetic diseases, being considered potential models for the study of human diseases. This review discusses the importance of using the extracellular matrix of the canine pancreas as a model for the study of diabetes mellitus and pancreatitis, in addition to focusing on the importance of using extracellular matrix in new regenerative techniques, such as decellularization and recellularization. Unlike humans, rabbits, mice, and pigs, there are no reports in the literature characterizing the healthy pancreatic extracellular matrix in dogs, in addition to the absence of studies related to matrix components that are involved in triggering diabetes melittus and pancreatitis. The extracellular matrix plays the role of physical support for the cells and allows the regulation of various cellular processes. In this context, it has already been demonstrated that physiologic and pathologic pancreatic changes lead to ECM remodeling, highlighting the importance of an in-depth study of the changes associated with pancreatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Tássia dos Santos Pantoja
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Cardoso Carvalho
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Maranhao, Chapadinha 65500-000, MA, Brazil
| | - Maria Angelica Miglino
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Oliveira Carreira
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo Andre 09280-550, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +55-11-983229615
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Design of Functional RGD Peptide-Based Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020345. [PMID: 36839667 PMCID: PMC9967156 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering (TE) is a rapidly expanding field aimed at restoring or replacing damaged tissues. In spite of significant advancements, the implementation of TE technologies requires the development of novel, highly biocompatible three-dimensional tissue structures. In this regard, the use of peptide self-assembly is an effective method for developing various tissue structures and surface functionalities. Specifically, the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) family of peptides is known to be the most prominent ligand for extracellular integrin receptors. Due to their specific expression patterns in various human tissues and their tight association with various pathophysiological conditions, RGD peptides are suitable targets for tissue regeneration and treatment as well as organ replacement. Therefore, RGD-based ligands have been widely used in biomedical research. This review article summarizes the progress made in the application of RGD for tissue and organ development. Furthermore, we examine the effect of RGD peptide structure and sequence on the efficacy of TE in clinical and preclinical studies. Additionally, we outline the recent advancement in the use of RGD functionalized biomaterials for the regeneration of various tissues, including corneal repair, artificial neovascularization, and bone TE.
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Wang B, Sierad LN, Mercuri JJ, Simionescu A, Simionescu DT, Williams LN, Vela R, Bajona P, Peltz M, Ramaswamy S, Hong Y, Liao J. Structural and biomechanical characterizations of acellular porcine mitral valve scaffolds: anterior leaflets, posterior leaflets, and chordae tendineae. ENGINEERED REGENERATION 2022; 3:374-386. [PMID: 38362305 PMCID: PMC10869114 DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitral valve (MV) tissue engineering is still in its early stage, and one major challenge in MV tissue engineering is to identify appropriate scaffold materials. With the potential of acellular MV scaffolds being demonstrated recently, it is important to have a full understanding of the biomechanics of the native MV components and their acellular scaffolds. In this study, we have successfully characterized the structural and mechanical properties of porcine MV components, including anterior leaflet (AL), posterior leaflet (PL), strut chordae, and basal chordae, before and after decellularization. Quantitative DNA assay showed more than 90% reduction in DNA content, and Griffonia simplicifolia (GS) lectin immunohistochemistry confirmed the complete lack of porcine α-Gal antigen in the acellular MV components. In the acellular AL and PL, the atrialis, spongiosa, and fibrosa trilayered structure, along with its ECM constitutes, i.e., collagen fibers, elastin fibers, and portion of GAGs, were preserved. Nevertheless, the ECM of both AL and PL experienced a certain degree of disruption, exhibiting a less dense, porous ECM morphology. The overall anatomical morphology of the strut and basal chordae were also maintained after decellularization, with longitudinal morphology experiencing minimum disruption, but the cross-sectional morphology exhibiting evenly-distributed porous structure. In the acellular AL and PL, the nonlinear anisotropic biaxial mechanical behavior was overall preserved; however, uniaxial tensile tests showed that the removal of cellular content and the disruption of structural ECM did result in small decreases in maximum tensile modulus, tissue extensibility, failure stress, and failure strain for both MV leaflets and chordae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin and Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Leslie N. Sierad
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, United States
| | - Jeremy J. Mercuri
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, United States
| | - Agneta Simionescu
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, United States
| | - Dan T. Simionescu
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, United States
| | - Lakiesha N. Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Ryan Vela
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Pietro Bajona
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
- Allegheny Health Network-Drexel University College of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, United States
| | - Matthias Peltz
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Sharan Ramaswamy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, United States
| | - Yi Hong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76010, United States
| | - Jun Liao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76010, United States
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Albahrawy M, Abouelnasr K, Mosbah E, Zaghloul A, Abass M. Acellular bovine pericardium as a biological dressing for treatment of cutaneous wounds of the distal limb in donkeys (Equus Asinus). Vet Res Commun 2022; 47:587-597. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-10014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis research was performed to determine the impact of repeated topical dressing with acellular bovine pericardium (ABP) on healing distal limb wounds in donkeys. Twelve male clinically healthy donkeys were subjected to general anesthesia, and full-thickness wounds of six cm2 (2 × 3 cm) were created on the middle dorsolateral surface of the metacarpi. Two defects were made on each donkey’s forelimbs; the right limb was considered a control wound, and the left one was considered a treated wound. Moreover, the control wounds were irrigated with saline every three days postoperatively and bandaged with a standard dressing. The treated wounds were covered with ABP dressings. The ABP dressing was reapplied thrice at 7-, 14- and 21-days post-wound induction. In addition, the wound healing process was monitored clinically, histopathologically, and immunohistochemically of tissue as growth factor-β1, epidermal growth factor receptor, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Besides, the gene expression profile of angiogenic and myofibroblastic genes was applied as vascular endothelial growth factor-A, collagen type 3α1, fibroblast growth factor 7, and the transforming growth factor-β1.The results revealed that the wounds treated with ABP healed more quickly than the control wounds. Additionally, the mean days required for healing were significantly shorter in the ABP-treated wounds (p < 0.05; 69.5 ± 1.6) compared to control wounds (86.3 ± 3). Furthermore, immunohistochemical and gene expression analyses were significantly improved in ABP wounds than in control wounds. In conclusion, ABP is considered a natural biomaterial and promotes the healing of distal limb wounds in donkeys if applied weekly during the first three-week post-wound induction.
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Zhang CY, Fu CP, Li XY, Lu XC, Hu LG, Kankala RK, Wang SB, Chen AZ. Three-Dimensional Bioprinting of Decellularized Extracellular Matrix-Based Bioinks for Tissue Engineering. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27113442. [PMID: 35684380 PMCID: PMC9182049 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is one of the most promising additive manufacturing technologies for fabricating various biomimetic architectures of tissues and organs. In this context, the bioink, a critical element for biofabrication, is a mixture of biomaterials and living cells used in 3D printing to create cell-laden structures. Recently, decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM)-based bioinks derived from natural tissues have garnered enormous attention from researchers due to their unique and complex biochemical properties. This review initially presents the details of the natural ECM and its role in cell growth and metabolism. Further, we briefly emphasize the commonly used decellularization treatment procedures and subsequent evaluations for the quality control of the dECM. In addition, we summarize some of the common bioink preparation strategies, the 3D bioprinting approaches, and the applicability of 3D-printed dECM bioinks to tissue engineering. Finally, we present some of the challenges in this field and the prospects for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yang Zhang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (C.-Y.Z.); (X.-Y.L.); (X.-C.L.); (L.-G.H.); (R.K.K.); (S.-B.W.)
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Chao-Ping Fu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (C.-Y.Z.); (X.-Y.L.); (X.-C.L.); (L.-G.H.); (R.K.K.); (S.-B.W.)
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Correspondence: (C.-P.F.); (A.-Z.C.)
| | - Xiong-Ya Li
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (C.-Y.Z.); (X.-Y.L.); (X.-C.L.); (L.-G.H.); (R.K.K.); (S.-B.W.)
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiao-Chang Lu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (C.-Y.Z.); (X.-Y.L.); (X.-C.L.); (L.-G.H.); (R.K.K.); (S.-B.W.)
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Long-Ge Hu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (C.-Y.Z.); (X.-Y.L.); (X.-C.L.); (L.-G.H.); (R.K.K.); (S.-B.W.)
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Ranjith Kumar Kankala
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (C.-Y.Z.); (X.-Y.L.); (X.-C.L.); (L.-G.H.); (R.K.K.); (S.-B.W.)
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Shi-Bin Wang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (C.-Y.Z.); (X.-Y.L.); (X.-C.L.); (L.-G.H.); (R.K.K.); (S.-B.W.)
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Ai-Zheng Chen
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (C.-Y.Z.); (X.-Y.L.); (X.-C.L.); (L.-G.H.); (R.K.K.); (S.-B.W.)
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Correspondence: (C.-P.F.); (A.-Z.C.)
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Moffat D, Ye K, Jin S. Decellularization for the retention of tissue niches. J Tissue Eng 2022; 13:20417314221101151. [PMID: 35620656 PMCID: PMC9128068 DOI: 10.1177/20417314221101151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Decellularization of natural tissues to produce extracellular matrix is a promising method for three-dimensional scaffolding and for understanding microenvironment of the tissue of interest. Due to the lack of a universal standard protocol for tissue decellularization, recent investigations seek to develop novel methods for whole or partial organ decellularization capable of supporting cell differentiation and implantation towards appropriate tissue regeneration. This review provides a comprehensive and updated perspective on the most recent advances in decellularization strategies for a variety of organs and tissues, highlighting techniques of chemical, physical, biological, enzymatic, or combinative-based methods to remove cellular contents from tissues. In addition, the review presents modernized approaches for improving standard decellularization protocols for numerous organ types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deana Moffat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, State University of New York (SUNY), Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Kaiming Ye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, State University of New York (SUNY), Binghamton, NY, USA
- Center of Biomanufacturing for Regenerative Medicine, Binghamton University, State University of New York (SUNY), Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Sha Jin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, State University of New York (SUNY), Binghamton, NY, USA
- Center of Biomanufacturing for Regenerative Medicine, Binghamton University, State University of New York (SUNY), Binghamton, NY, USA
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Liu C, Pei M, Li Q, Zhang Y. Decellularized extracellular matrix mediates tissue construction and regeneration. Front Med 2022; 16:56-82. [PMID: 34962624 PMCID: PMC8976706 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-021-0900-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Contributing to organ formation and tissue regeneration, extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents provide tissue with three-dimensional (3D) structural integrity and cellular-function regulation. Containing the crucial traits of the cellular microenvironment, ECM substitutes mediate cell-matrix interactions to prompt stem-cell proliferation and differentiation for 3D organoid construction in vitro or tissue regeneration in vivo. However, these ECMs are often applied generically and have yet to be extensively developed for specific cell types in 3D cultures. Cultured cells also produce rich ECM, particularly stromal cells. Cellular ECM improves 3D culture development in vitro and tissue remodeling during wound healing after implantation into the host as well. Gaining better insight into ECM derived from either tissue or cells that regulate 3D tissue reconstruction or organ regeneration helps us to select, produce, and implant the most suitable ECM and thus promote 3D organoid culture and tissue remodeling for in vivo regeneration. Overall, the decellularization methodologies and tissue/cell-derived ECM as scaffolds or cellular-growth supplements used in cell propagation and differentiation for 3D tissue culture in vitro are discussed. Moreover, current preclinical applications by which ECM components modulate the wound-healing process are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqi Liu
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Ming Pei
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA.
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Vasanthan KS, Srinivasan V, Pandita D. Extracellular matrix extraction techniques and applications in biomedical engineering. Regen Med 2021; 16:775-802. [PMID: 34427104 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2021-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of tissue engineering involves regeneration and repair of damaged tissue and organs using various combinations of cells, growth factors and scaffolds. The extracellular matrix (ECM) forms the integral part of the scaffold to induce cell proliferation thereby leading to new tissue formation. Decellularization technique provides decellularized ECM (dECM), free of cells while preserving the in vivo biomolecules. In this review, we focus on the detailed methodology of diverse decellularization techniques for various organs of different animals, and the biomedical applications employing the dECM. A culmination of different methods of decellularization is optimized, which offers a suitable microenvironment mimicking the native in vivo topography for in vitro organ regeneration. A detailed assessment of the dECM provides information on the microarchitecture, presence of ECM proteins, biocompatibility and cell proliferation. dECM has also been processed as scaffolds and drug-delivery vehicles, and utilized for regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirthanashri S Vasanthan
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, 201313, India
| | | | - Deepti Pandita
- Delhi Pharmaceutical Science & Research University, Government of NCT of Delhi, New Delhi, 110017, India
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Öztürk Ş, Shahbazi R, Zeybek ND, Kurum B, Gultekinoglu M, Aksoy EA, Demircin M, Ulubayram K. Assessment of electromechanically stimulated bone marrow stem cells seeded acellular cardiac patch in a rat myocardial infarct model. Biomed Mater 2021; 16. [PMID: 34330118 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac199a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated cardiomyogenic differentiation of electromechanically stimulated rat bone marrow-derived stem cells (rt-BMSCs) on an acellular bovine pericardium (aBP) and we looked at the functioning of this engineered patch in a rat myocardial infarct (MI) model. aBP was prepared using a detergent-based decellularization procedure followed by rt-BMSCs seeding, and electrical, mechanical, or electromechanical stimulations (3 millisecond pulses of 5 V cm-1at 1 Hz, 5% stretching) to enhance cardiomyogenic differentiation. Furthermore, the electromechanically stimulated patch was applied to the MI region over 3 weeks. After this period, the retrieved patch and infarct region were evaluated for the presence of calcification, inflammatory reaction (CD68), patch to host tissue cell migration, and structural sarcomere protein expressions. In conjunction with any sign of calcification, a higher number of BrdU-labelled cells, and a low level of CD68 positive cells were observed in the infarct region under electromechanically stimulated conditions compared with static conditions. More importantly, MHC, SAC, Troponin T, and N-cad positive cells were observed in both infarct region, and retrieved engineered patch after 3 weeks. In a clear alignment with other results, our developed acellular patch promoted the expression of cardiomyogenic differentiation factors under electromechanical stimulation. Our engineered patch showed a successful integration with the host tissue followed by the cell migration to the infarct region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şükrü Öztürk
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Sıhhiye, Altındağ, Ankara 06100, Turkey.,Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Reza Shahbazi
- Hematology/Oncology Division, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Naciye Dilara Zeybek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Barıs Kurum
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Merve Gultekinoglu
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Sıhhiye, Altındağ, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Eda Ayse Aksoy
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Sıhhiye, Altındağ, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Metin Demircin
- Departments of Thoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kezban Ulubayram
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Sıhhiye, Altındağ, Ankara 06100, Turkey.,Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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12
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Ahmed E, Saleh T, Xu M. Recellularization of Native Tissue Derived Acellular Scaffolds with Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071787. [PMID: 34359955 PMCID: PMC8304639 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The functionalization of decellularized scaffolds is still challenging because of the recellularization-related limitations, including the finding of the most optimal kind of cell(s) and the best way to control their distribution within the scaffolds to generate native mimicking tissues. That is why researchers have been encouraged to study stem cells, in particular, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as alternative cells to repopulate and functionalize the scaffolds properly. MSCs could be obtained from various sources and have therapeutic effects on a wide range of inflammatory/degenerative diseases. Therefore, in this mini-review, we will discuss the benefits using of MSCs for recellularization, the factors affecting their efficiency, and the drawbacks that may need to be overcome to generate bioengineered transplantable organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebtehal Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt;
| | - Tarek Saleh
- Department of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt;
| | - Meifeng Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +1-513-558-4725; Fax: +1-513-558-2141
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13
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Dal Sasso E, Zamuner A, Filippi A, Romanato F, Palmosi T, Vedovelli L, Gregori D, Gómez Ribelles JL, Russo T, Gloria A, Iop L, Gerosa G, Dettin M. Covalent functionalization of decellularized tissues accelerates endothelialization. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:3851-3864. [PMID: 33937589 PMCID: PMC8065253 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the field of tissue regeneration, the lack of a stable endothelial lining may affect the hemocompatibility of both synthetic and biological replacements. These drawbacks might be prevented by specific biomaterial functionalization to induce selective endothelial cell (EC) adhesion. Decellularized bovine pericardia and porcine aortas were selectively functionalized with a REDV tetrapeptide at 10−5 M and 10−6 M working concentrations. The scaffold-bound peptide was quantified and REDV potential EC adhesion enhancement was evaluated in vitro by static seeding of human umbilical vein ECs. The viable cells and MTS production were statistically higher in functionalized tissues than in control. Scaffold histoarchitecture, geometrical features, and mechanical properties were unaffected by peptide anchoring. The selective immobilization of REDV was effective in accelerating ECs adhesion while promoting proliferation in functionalized decellularized tissues intended for blood-contacting applications. Covalent functionalization of the decellularized tissues with REDV peptide accelerates endothelialization. New covalent grafting method not inducing collagen cross-linking. Measurements through two photon miscroscopy allow the quantification of biological matrix bound peptide. The decellularized tissues can be changed by chemical procedures to promote specific cellular behaviour with ECM preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Dal Sasso
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Annj Zamuner
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,LIFELAB Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria, CORIS, Veneto Region, Italy
| | - Andrea Filippi
- LIFELAB Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria, CORIS, Veneto Region, Italy.,Department of Physics and Astronomy "G. Galilei", University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy.,Institute of Pediatric Research Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy
| | - Filippo Romanato
- LIFELAB Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria, CORIS, Veneto Region, Italy.,Department of Physics and Astronomy "G. Galilei", University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Institute of Pediatric Research Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy
| | - Tiziana Palmosi
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Vedovelli
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Dario Gregori
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - José Luís Gómez Ribelles
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, CBIT, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Russo
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Gloria
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Iop
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy.,LIFELAB Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria, CORIS, Veneto Region, Italy
| | - Gino Gerosa
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy.,LIFELAB Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria, CORIS, Veneto Region, Italy
| | - Monica Dettin
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,LIFELAB Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria, CORIS, Veneto Region, Italy
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14
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Wang P, Gui L, Wang Y, Wang S. In vitro evaluation of nanoparticle drug-coated balloons: a pectin-RGDS-OC8H17-paclitaxel solution. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-01736-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDrug-coated balloons have proved to be an effective technology in percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in treating peripheral artery disease. Paclitaxel-based coating is mainly used. Solutions to such problems as drug loss and inefficient drug release during operations, however, have not been found yet. This study aims to explore the activity of a newly designed paclitaxel-coated balloon in vitro using pectin as the excipient (pectin-paclitaxel) compared with the commercially available shellac excipient balloon, and to characterize the novel nanoparticle paclitaxel-coated balloon with peptide (Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser, RGDS) derivative RGDS-OC8H17 (pectin-RGDS-OC8H17-paclitaxel). Two coating solutions, pectin-paclitaxel and pectin-RGDS-OC8H17-paclitaxel, were successively designed and prepared. The morphology of both coating solutions was first characterized compared with the control group, the commercially available paclitaxel-coated balloon. Then the in vitro experiments were conducted to determine the drug-releasing profiles of both pectin-paclitaxel and pectin-RGDS-OC8H17-paclitaxel coatings. The pectin-RGDS-OC8H17-paclitaxel-coated balloon was smoother and more homogeneous compared with the commercially available paclitaxel-coated balloon and the pectin-paclitaxel-coated balloon. This difference was more obvious when paclitaxel was at low concentration. During the in vitro trial, the drug-releasing curve of the pectin-RGDS-OC8H17-paclitaxel model showed an adjustable paclitaxel-releasing: more than 90% of the paclitaxel released in 2 h at 300 rpm and more than 99% released in 10 min at 1200 rpm. Compared to the performance of the current commercially available shellac excipient products and the pectin-paclitaxel coating, pectin-RGDS-OC8H17-paclitaxel coating provided higher drug-releasing speed. However, the clinical outcomes of this finding need to be further demonstrated. Paclitaxel-coated balloons as an effective therapeutic strategy currently in treating peripheral arterial disease need to be further improved in terms of its efficiency in anti-proliferative drug delivery and release. The pectin-RGDS-OC8H17-paclitaxel coating solution developed in this study exhibited excellent drug-releasing properties. Further experiments are still needed to demonstrate the performance of this novel drug-coated balloon in vivo and its clinical importance.
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15
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Alekseev ES, Alentiev AY, Belova AS, Bogdan VI, Bogdan TV, Bystrova AV, Gafarova ER, Golubeva EN, Grebenik EA, Gromov OI, Davankov VA, Zlotin SG, Kiselev MG, Koklin AE, Kononevich YN, Lazhko AE, Lunin VV, Lyubimov SE, Martyanov ON, Mishanin II, Muzafarov AM, Nesterov NS, Nikolaev AY, Oparin RD, Parenago OO, Parenago OP, Pokusaeva YA, Ronova IA, Solovieva AB, Temnikov MN, Timashev PS, Turova OV, Filatova EV, Philippov AA, Chibiryaev AM, Shalygin AS. Supercritical fluids in chemistry. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Jiang Y, Li R, Han C, Huang L. Extracellular matrix grafts: From preparation to application (Review). Int J Mol Med 2020; 47:463-474. [PMID: 33416123 PMCID: PMC7797433 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the increasing emergency of traffic accidents and the unsatisfactory outcome of surgical intervention are driving research to seek a novel technology to repair traumatic soft tissue injury. From this perspective, decellularized matrix grafts (ECM-G) including natural ECM materials, and their prepared hydrogels and bioscaffolds, have emerged as possible alternatives for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Over the past decades, several physical and chemical decellularization methods have been used extensively to deal with different tissues/organs in an attempt to carefully remove cellular antigens while maintaining the non-immunogenic ECM components. It is anticipated that when the decellularized biomaterials are seeded with cells in vitro or incorporated into irregularly shaped defects in vivo, they can provide the appropriate biomechanical and biochemical conditions for directing cell behavior and tissue remodeling. The aim of this review is to first summarize the characteristics of ECM-G and describe their major decellularization methods from different sources, followed by analysis of how the bioactive factors and undesired residual cellular compositions influence the biologic function and host tissue response following implantation. Lastly, we also provide an overview of the in vivoapplication of ECM-G in facilitating tissue repair and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Jiang
- Science and Education Management Center, The Affiliated Xiangshan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315700, P.R. China
| | - Rui Li
- Science and Education Management Center, The Affiliated Xiangshan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315700, P.R. China
| | - Chunchan Han
- Science and Education Management Center, The Affiliated Xiangshan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315700, P.R. China
| | - Lijiang Huang
- Science and Education Management Center, The Affiliated Xiangshan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315700, P.R. China
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17
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Abaci A, Guvendiren M. Designing Decellularized Extracellular Matrix-Based Bioinks for 3D Bioprinting. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2000734. [PMID: 32691980 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
3D bioprinting is an emerging technology to fabricate tissues and organs by precisely positioning cells into 3D structures using printable cell-laden formulations known as bioinks. Various bioinks are utilized in 3D bioprinting applications; however, developing the perfect bioink to fabricate constructs with biomimetic microenvironment and mechanical properties that are similar to native tissues is a challenging task. In recent years, decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM)-based bioinks have received an increasing attention in 3D bioprinting applications, since they are derived from native tissues and possess unique, complex tissue-specific biochemical properties. This review focuses on designing dECM-based bioinks for tissue and organ bioprinting, including commonly used decellularization and decellularized tissue characterization methods, bioink formulation and characterization, applications of dECM-based bioinks, and most recent advancements in dECM-based bioink design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alperen Abaci
- Instructive Biomaterials and Additive Manufacturing Laboratory Otto H. York Chemical and Materials Engineering 138 York Center New Jersey Institute of Technology University Heights Newark NJ 07102 USA
| | - Murat Guvendiren
- Instructive Biomaterials and Additive Manufacturing Laboratory Otto H. York Chemical and Materials Engineering 138 York Center New Jersey Institute of Technology University Heights Newark NJ 07102 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering New Jersey Institute of Technology University Heights Newark NJ 07102 USA
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18
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Alizadeh M, Rezakhani L, Khodaei M, Soleimannejad M, Alizadeh A. Evaluating the effects of vacuum on the microstructure and biocompatibility of bovine decellularized pericardium. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 15:116-128. [PMID: 33175476 DOI: 10.1002/term.3150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was evaluating the effects of vacuum on microstructure and biocompatibility of bovine decellularized pericardium. So the bovine pericardia were decellularized and then the vacuum was applied for two periods of time; 90 and 180 min. DNA, glucose amino glycan, collagen and elastin content assay, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson's trichrome stainings performed to evaluate microstructure of tissues. MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) test, subcutaneous implantation, and tensile test were used to assay biocompatibility and mechanical properties of decellularized tissues. The results showed that applying vacuum reduced residual DNA significantly. Vacuum after 180 min reduced more residual DNA. There were no significant differences in the content of glucose amino glycan (GAG), collagen, and elastin between the vacuumed and control groups. SEM examination was revealed that vacuum for 180 min increased pore size and porosity more than 90 min and control groups. H&E and Masson's trichrome stainings revealed extracellular matrix preservation after decellularization in all groups. Cell viability was increased in vacuumed samples significantly after 72 h in vaccumed samples. H&E staining and tensile test after implantation of tissues were showed less inflammation in the vacuum applied tissues and increased durability. The vacuum increased DNA removal, pore size, porosity, and biocompatibility in vitro and in vivo and durability of bovine decellularized pericardium in vivo. Considering the important role of time, more studies should be performed to optimize time, intensity, and method of application of vacuum in decellularization of different tissues as well as bovine pericardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Alizadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Leila Rezakhani
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khodaei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Golpayegan University of Technology, Golpayegan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Soleimannejad
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Akram Alizadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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19
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Chakraborty J, Roy S, Ghosh S. Regulation of decellularized matrix mediated immune response. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:1194-1215. [PMID: 31930231 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01780a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The substantially growing gap between suitable donors and patients waiting for new organ transplantation has compelled tissue engineers to look for suitable patient-specific alternatives. Lately, a decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM), obtained primarily from either discarded human tissues/organs or other species, has shown great promise in the constrained availability of high-quality donor tissues. In this review, we have addressed critical gaps and often-ignored aspects of understanding the innate and adaptive immune response to the dECM. Firstly, although most of the studies claim preservation of the ECM ultrastructure, almost all methods employed for decellularization would inevitably cause a certain degree of disruption to the ECM ultrastructure and modulation in secondary conformations, which may elicit a distinct immunogenic response. Secondly, it is still a major challenge to find ways to conserve the native biochemical, structural and biomechanical cues by making a judicious decision regarding the choice of decellularization agents/techniques. We have critically analyzed various decellularization protocols and tried to find answers on various aspects such as whether the secondary structural conformation of dECM proteins would be preserved after decellularization. Thirdly, to keep the dECM ultrastructure as close to the native ECM we have raised the question "How good is good enough?" Even residual cellular antigens or nucleic acid fragments may elicit antigenicity leading to a low-grade immune response. A combinative knowledge of macrophage plasticity in the decellularized tissue and limits of decellularization will help achieve the native ultrastructure. Lastly, we have shifted our focus on the scientific basis of the presently accepted criteria for decellularization, and the effect on immune response concerning the interaction between the decellularized extracellular matrix and macrophages with the subsequent influence of T-cell activation. Amalgamating suitable decellularization approaches, sufficient knowledge of macrophage plasticity and elucidation of molecular pathways together will help fabricate functional immune informed decellularized tissues in vitro that will have substantial implications for efficient clinical translation and prediction for in vivo reprogramming and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Chakraborty
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Textile & Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, 110016 India.
| | - Subhadeep Roy
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Textile & Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, 110016 India.
| | - Sourabh Ghosh
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Textile & Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, 110016 India.
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20
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Kim BS, Das S, Jang J, Cho DW. Decellularized Extracellular Matrix-based Bioinks for Engineering Tissue- and Organ-specific Microenvironments. Chem Rev 2020; 120:10608-10661. [PMID: 32786425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterials-based biofabrication methods have gained much attention in recent years. Among them, 3D cell printing is a pioneering technology to facilitate the recapitulation of unique features of complex human tissues and organs with high process flexibility and versatility. Bioinks, combinations of printable hydrogel and cells, can be utilized to create 3D cell-printed constructs. The bioactive cues of bioinks directly trigger cells to induce tissue morphogenesis. Among the various printable hydrogels, the tissue- and organ-specific decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) can exert synergistic effects in supporting various cells at any component by facilitating specific physiological properties. In this review, we aim to discuss a new paradigm of dECM-based bioinks able to recapitulate the inherent microenvironmental niche in 3D cell-printed constructs. This review can serve as a toolbox for biomedical engineers who want to understand the beneficial characteristics of the dECM-based bioinks and a basic set of fundamental criteria for printing functional human tissues and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Soo Kim
- Future IT Innovation Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Namgu,, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.,POSTECH-Catholic Biomedical Engineering Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Namgu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanskrita Das
- Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Namgu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinah Jang
- Future IT Innovation Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Namgu,, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.,Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Namgu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Namgu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.,School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Namgu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.,POSTECH-Catholic Biomedical Engineering Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Namgu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Convergence Science, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Woo Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Namgu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.,POSTECH-Catholic Biomedical Engineering Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Namgu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Convergence Science, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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21
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Bozso SJ, Kang JJH, Mathew A, Moon MC, Freed DH, Nagendran J, Nagendran J. Comparing Scaffold Design and Recellularization Techniques for Development of Tissue Engineered Heart Valves. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-020-00167-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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22
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Grebenik EA, Gafarova ER, Istranov LP, Istranova EV, Ma X, Xu J, Guo W, Atala A, Timashev PS. Mammalian Pericardium-Based Bioprosthetic Materials in Xenotransplantation and Tissue Engineering. Biotechnol J 2020; 15:e1900334. [PMID: 32077589 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bioprosthetic materials based on mammalian pericardium tissue are the gold standard in reconstructive surgery. Their application range covers repair of rectovaginal septum defects, abdominoplastics, urethroplasty, duraplastics, maxillofacial, ophthalmic, thoracic and cardiovascular reconstruction, etc. However, a number of factors contribute to the success of their integration into the host tissue including structural organization, mechanical strength, biocompatibility, immunogenicity, surface chemistry, and biodegradability. In order to improve the material's properties, various strategies are developed, such as decellularization, crosslinking, and detoxification. In this review, the existing issues and long-term achievements in the development of bioprosthetic materials based on the mammalian pericardium tissue, aimed at a wide-spectrum application in reconstructive surgery are analyzed. The basic technical approaches to preparation of biocompatible forms providing continuous functioning, optimization of biomechanical and functional properties, and clinical applicability are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Grebenik
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Elvira R Gafarova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Leonid P Istranov
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Elena V Istranova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jing Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Weisheng Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA
| | - Peter S Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Institute of Photonic Technologies, Research center "Crystallography and Photonics" RAS, Moscow, 142190, Russia.,N. N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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23
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Veryasova NN, Lazhko AE, Isaev DE, Grebenik EA, Timashev PS. Supercritical Carbon Dioxide—A Powerful Tool for Green Biomaterial Chemistry. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793119070236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Elagin V, Kuznetsova D, Grebenik E, Zolotov DA, Istranov L, Zharikova T, Istranova E, Polozova A, Reunov D, Kurkov A, Shekhter A, Gafarova ER, Asadchikov V, Borisov SM, Dmitriev RI, Zagaynova E, Timashev P. Multiparametric Optical Bioimaging Reveals the Fate of Epoxy Crosslinked Biomeshes in the Mouse Subcutaneous Implantation Model. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:107. [PMID: 32140465 PMCID: PMC7042178 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomeshes based on decellularized bovine pericardium (DBP) are widely used in reconstructive surgery due to their wide availability and the attractive biomechanical properties. However, their efficacy in clinical applications is often affected by the uncontrolled immunogenicity and proteolytic degradation. To address this issue, we present here in vivo multiparametric imaging analysis of epoxy crosslinked DBPs to reveal their fate after implantation. We first analyzed the structure of the crosslinked DBP using scanning electron microscopy and evaluated proteolytic stability and cytotoxicity. Next, using combination of fluorescence and hypoxia imaging, X-ray computed microtomography and histology techniques we studied the fate of DBPs after subcutaneous implantation in animals. Our approach revealed high resistance to biodegradation, gradual remodeling of a surrounding tissue forming the connective tissue capsule and calcification of crosslinked DBPs. These changes were concomitant to the development of hypoxia in the samples within 3 weeks after implantation and subsequent induction of angiogenesis and vascularization. Collectively, presented approach provides new insights on the transplantation of the epoxy crosslinked biomeshes, the risks associated with its applications in soft-tissue reconstruction and can be transferred to studies of other types of implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Elagin
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Daria Kuznetsova
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Grebenik
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis A Zolotov
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics" Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid Istranov
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Zharikova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Istranova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia Polozova
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Dmitry Reunov
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexandr Kurkov
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatoly Shekhter
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elvira R Gafarova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor Asadchikov
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics" Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey M Borisov
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Ruslan I Dmitriev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Elena Zagaynova
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Peter Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Photonic Technologies, Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics" Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Polymers and Composites, N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Moscow, Russia
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Ebrahimi Sadrabadi A, Baei P, Hosseini S, Baghaban Eslaminejad M. Decellularized Extracellular Matrix as a Potent Natural Biomaterial for Regenerative Medicine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1341:27-43. [PMID: 32166633 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Decellularization technique is a favorable method used to fabricate natural and tissue-like scaffolds. This technique is important because of its remarkable ability to perfectly mimic the natural extracellular matrix (ECM). ECM-based scaffolds/hydrogels provide structural support for cell differentiation and maturation. Therefore, novel natural-based bioinks, ECM-based hydrogels, and particulate forms of the ECM provide promising strategies for whole organ regeneration. Despite its efficacious characteristics, removal of residual detergent and the presence of various protocols make this technique challenging for scientists and regenerative medicine-related programs. This chapter reviews the most effective physical, chemical, and enzymatic protocols used to remove the cellular components and their challenges. We discuss the applications of decellularized ECM (dECM) in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine with an emphasis on hard tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Ebrahimi Sadrabadi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payam Baei
- Department of Cell Engineering, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Hosseini
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Cell Engineering, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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Chung S, Kwon H, Kim NP. Supercritical extraction of decellularized extracellular matrix from porcine adipose tissue as regeneration therapeutics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.25056/jcm.2019.3.2.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seungwon Chung
- Department of Metallurgical Materials and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Hana Kwon
- Center for Printing Materials Certification, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Namsoo Peter Kim
- Department of Metallurgical Materials and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
- Center for Printing Materials Certification, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
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Zhang L, Wang Z, Das J, Labib M, Ahmed S, Sargent EH, Kelley SO. Potential‐Responsive Surfaces for Manipulation of Cell Adhesion, Release, and Differentiation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:14519-14523. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Libing Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3M2 Canada
| | - Zongjie Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3M2 Canada
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3G9 Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3G4 Canada
| | - Jagotamoy Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3M2 Canada
| | - Mahmoud Labib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3M2 Canada
| | - Sharif Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3M2 Canada
| | - Edward H. Sargent
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3G4 Canada
| | - Shana O. Kelley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3M2 Canada
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3G9 Canada
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 1A8 Canada
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28
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Zhang L, Wang Z, Das J, Labib M, Ahmed S, Sargent EH, Kelley SO. Potential‐Responsive Surfaces for Manipulation of Cell Adhesion, Release, and Differentiation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201907817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Libing Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3M2 Canada
| | - Zongjie Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3M2 Canada
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3G9 Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3G4 Canada
| | - Jagotamoy Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3M2 Canada
| | - Mahmoud Labib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3M2 Canada
| | - Sharif Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3M2 Canada
| | - Edward H. Sargent
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3G4 Canada
| | - Shana O. Kelley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3M2 Canada
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3G9 Canada
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 1A8 Canada
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Chun SY, Lim JO, Lee EH, Han MH, Ha YS, Lee JN, Kim BS, Park MJ, Yeo M, Jung B, Kwon TG. Preparation and Characterization of Human Adipose Tissue-Derived Extracellular Matrix, Growth Factors, and Stem Cells: A Concise Review. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 16:385-393. [PMID: 31413942 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-019-00199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human adipose tissue is routinely discarded as medical waste. However, this tissue may have valuable clinical applications since methods have been devised to effectively isolate adipose-derived extracellular matrix (ECM), growth factors (GFs), and stem cells. In this review, we analyze the literature that devised these methods and then suggest an optimal method based on their characterization results. Methods Methods that we analyze in this article include: extraction of adipose tissue, decellularization, confirmation of decellularization, identification of residual active ingredients (ECM, GFs, and cells), removal of immunogens, and comparing structural/physiological/biochemical characteristics of active ingredients. Results Human adipose ECMs are composed of collagen type I-VII, laminin, fibronectin, elastin, and glycosaminoglycan (GAG). GFs immobilized in GAG include basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), transforming growth factor beta 1(TGF-b1), insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), BMP4 (bone morphogenetic protein 4), nerve growth factor (NGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and epithermal growth factor (EGF). Stem cells in the stromal-vascular fraction display mesenchymal markers, self-renewal gene expression, and multi-differentiation potential. Conclusion Depending on the preparation method, the volume, biological activity, and physical properties of ECM, GFs, and adipose tissue-derived cells can vary. Thus, the optimal preparation method is dependent on the intended application of the adipose tissue-derived products.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Chun
- 1BioMedical Research Institute, Joint Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41940 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ok Lim
- 1BioMedical Research Institute, Joint Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41940 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hye Lee
- 2Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944 Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Hoon Han
- 2Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944 Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Sok Ha
- 3Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944 Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Nyung Lee
- 3Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944 Republic of Korea
| | - Bum Soo Kim
- 3Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944 Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jeong Park
- 4Medical Device Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Cheombok-ro 80, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41061 Republic of Korea
| | - MyungGu Yeo
- 4Medical Device Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Cheombok-ro 80, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41061 Republic of Korea
| | - Bongsu Jung
- 4Medical Device Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Cheombok-ro 80, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41061 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Gyun Kwon
- 3Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944 Republic of Korea
- 5Department of Urology, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, 807 Hoguk-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41404 Republic of Korea
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Heath DE. A Review of Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Biomaterials for Regenerative Engineering Applications. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-018-0080-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Xu J, Liu S, Wang S, Qiu P, Chen P, Lin X, Fang X. Decellularised nucleus pulposus as a potential biologic scaffold for disc tissue engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 99:1213-1225. [PMID: 30889657 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is associated with lower back pain, with the dysfunction of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells instigating degeneration onset. Here, we developed an optimized decellularised NP scaffold that could induce mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into NP-like cells in vitro and rescue the degenerated IVD in vivo. We optimized a decellularisation protocol for porcine NP and evaluated the biological properties and microstructure of the NP scaffold. Through co-culture with MSCs, we analysed scaffold bioactivity and potential signalling pathways. We tested the therapeutic efficacy of the scaffold using an IVD degeneration model in vivo. The decellularisation protocol generally removed the cellular components of the NP and preserved the majority of the biological components and regular microstructure. MSCs seeded in the NP-ECM scaffold differentiated into NP-like cells in vitro; this change was attributed to activation of the TGF-β signalling pathway. The NP-ECM exhibited good cytocompatibility ex vivo and decelerated the degeneration of the IVD in vivo. These results indicate the successful establishment of a naturally-derived ECM material that could induce MSCs into NP cells and serve as a potential treatment for degenerated IVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shijie Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shengyu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Pengcheng Qiu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Pengfei Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xianfeng Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Xiangqian Fang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, China.
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Nürnberger S, Schneider C, van Osch G, Keibl C, Rieder B, Monforte X, Teuschl A, Mühleder S, Holnthoner W, Schädl B, Gahleitner C, Redl H, Wolbank S. Repopulation of an auricular cartilage scaffold, AuriScaff, perforated with an enzyme combination. Acta Biomater 2019; 86:207-222. [PMID: 30590183 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterials currently in use for articular cartilage regeneration do not mimic the composition or architecture of hyaline cartilage, leading to the formation of repair tissue with inferior characteristics. In this study we demonstrate the use of "AuriScaff", an enzymatically perforated bovine auricular cartilage scaffold, as a novel biomaterial for repopulation with regenerative cells and for the formation of high-quality hyaline cartilage. AuriScaff features a traversing channel network, generated by selective depletion of elastic fibers, enabling uniform repopulation with therapeutic cells. The complex collagen type II matrix is left intact, as observed by immunohistochemistry, SEM and TEM. The compressive modulus is diminished, but three times higher than in the clinically used collagen type I/III scaffold that served as control. Seeding tests with human articular chondrocytes (hAC) alone and in co-culture with human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASC) confirmed that the network enabled cell migration throughout the scaffold. It also guides collagen alignment along the channels and, due to the generally traverse channel alignment, newly deposited cartilage matrix corresponds with the orientation of collagen within articular cartilage. In an osteochondral plug model, AuriScaff filled the complete defect with compact collagen type II matrix and enabled chondrogenic differentiation inside the channels. Using adult articular chondrocytes from bovine origin (bAC), filling of even deep defects with high-quality hyaline-like cartilage was achieved after 6 weeks in vivo. With its composition and spatial organization, AuriScaff provides an optimal chondrogenic environment for therapeutic cells to treat cartilage defects and is expected to improve long-term outcome by channel-guided repopulation followed by matrix deposition and alignment. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: After two decades of tissue engineering for cartilage regeneration, there is still no optimal strategy available to overcome problems such as inconsistent clinical outcome, early and late graft failures. Especially large defects are dependent on biomaterials and their scaffolding, guiding and protective function. Considering the currently used biomaterials, structure and mechanical properties appear to be insufficient to fulfill this task. The novel scaffold developed within this study is the first approach enabling the use of dense cartilage matrix, repopulate it via channels and provide the cells with a compact collagen type II environment. Due to its density, it also provides better mechanical properties than materials currently used in clinics. We therefore think, that the auricular cartilage scaffold (AuriScaff) has a high potential to improve future cartilage regeneration approaches.
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A Comparative Study of the Effects of Different Decellularization Methods and Genipin-Cross-Linking on the Properties of Tracheal Matrices. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 16:39-50. [PMID: 30815349 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-018-0170-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Different decellularization methods can affect the integrity and the biomechanical and biocompatible properties of the tracheal matrix. Natural cross-linking with genipin can be applied to improve those properties. The goals of this study were to evaluate the effects of different decellularization methods on the properties of genipin-cross-linked decellularized tracheal matrices in rabbits. Methods The tracheas of New Zealand rabbits were decellularized by the Triton-X 100-processed method (TPM) and the detergent-enzymatic method (DEM) and were then cross-linked with genipin. Mechanical tests, haematoxylin-eosin staining, Masson trichrome staining, Safranin O staining, DAPI staining, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), and biocompatibility tests were used to evaluate the treatment. The bioengineered trachea and control trachea were then implanted into allogeneic rabbits for 30 days. The structural and functional analyses were performed after transplantation. Results The biomechanical tests demonstrated that the biomechanical properties of the decellularized tracheas decreased and that genipin improved them (p < 0.05). The histological staining results revealed that most of the mucosal epithelial cells were removed and that the decellularized trachea had lower immunogenicity than the control group. The analysis of SEM revealed that the decellularized trachea retained the micro- and ultra-structural architectures of the trachea and that the matrices cross-linked with genipin were denser. The biocompatibility evaluation and in vivo implantation experiments showed that the decellularized trachea treated with the DEM had better biocompatibility than that treated with the TPM and that immunogenicity in the cross-linked tissues was lower than that in the uncross-linked tissues (p < 0.05). Conclusions Compared with the trachea treated with the TPM, the rabbit trachea processed by the DEM had better biocompatibility and lower immunogenicity, and its structural and mechanical characteristics were effectively improved after the genipin treatment, which is suitable for engineering replacement tracheal tissue.
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Guruswamy Damodaran R, Vermette P. Tissue and organ decellularization in regenerative medicine. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:1494-1505. [PMID: 30294883 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The advancement and improvement in decellularization methods can be attributed to the increasing demand for tissues and organs for transplantation. Decellularized tissues and organs, which are free of cells and genetic materials while retaining the complex ultrastructure of the extracellular matrix (ECM), can serve as scaffolds to subsequently embed cells for transplantation. They have the potential to mimic the native physiology of the targeted anatomic site. ECM from different tissues and organs harvested from various sources have been applied. Many techniques are currently involved in the decellularization process, which come along with their own advantages and disadvantages. This review focuses on recent developments in decellularization methods, the importance and nature of detergents used for decellularization, as well as on the role of the ECM either as merely a physical support or as a scaffold in retaining and providing cues for cell survival, differentiation and homeostasis. In addition, application, status, and perspectives on commercialization of bioproducts derived from decellularized tissues and organs are addressed. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:1494-1505, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Guruswamy Damodaran
- Laboratoire de bio-ingénierie et de biophysique de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada.,Pharmacology Institute of Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, 3001 12ième Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 5N4, Canada.,Research Centre on Aging, Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Sherbrooke, 1036 rue Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 4C4, Canada
| | - Patrick Vermette
- Laboratoire de bio-ingénierie et de biophysique de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada.,Pharmacology Institute of Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, 3001 12ième Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 5N4, Canada.,Research Centre on Aging, Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Sherbrooke, 1036 rue Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 4C4, Canada
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Dong J, Yu M, Zhang Y, Yin Y, Tian W. Recent developments and clinical potential on decellularized adipose tissue. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 106:2563-2574. [PMID: 29664222 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Mei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Yin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Weidong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
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Yesmin S, Paget MB, Murray HE, Downing R. Bio-scaffolds in organ-regeneration: Clinical potential and current challenges. Curr Res Transl Med 2017; 65:103-113. [PMID: 28916449 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cadaveric organ transplantation represents the definitive treatment option for end-stage disease but is restricted by the shortage of clinically-viable donor organs. This limitation has, in part, driven current research efforts for in vitro generation of transplantable tissue surrogates. Recent advances in organ reconstruction have been facilitated by the re-purposing of decellularized whole organs to serve as three-dimensional bio-scaffolds. Notably, studies in rodents indicate that such scaffolds retain native extracellular matrix components that provide appropriate biochemical, mechanical and physical stimuli for successful tissue/organ reconstruction. As such, they support the migration, adhesion and differentiation of reseeded primary and/or pluripotent cell populations, which mature and achieve functionality through short-term conditioning within specialized tissue bioreactors. Whilst these findings are encouraging, significant challenges remain to up-scale the present technology to accommodate human-sized organs and thereby further the translation of this approach towards clinical use. Of note, the diverse structural and cellular composition of large mammalian organ systems mean that a "one-size fits all" approach cannot be adopted either to the methods used for their decellularization or the cells required for subsequent re-population, to create fully functional entities. The present review seeks to highlight the clinical potential of decellularized organ bio-scaffolds as a route to further advance the field of tissue- and organ-regeneration, and to discuss the challenges which are yet to be addressed if such a technology is ever to become a credible rival to conventional organ allo-transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yesmin
- The Islet Research Laboratory, Worcester Clinical Research Unit, Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester, WR5 1HN, UK
| | - M B Paget
- The Islet Research Laboratory, Worcester Clinical Research Unit, Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester, WR5 1HN, UK
| | - H E Murray
- The Islet Research Laboratory, Worcester Clinical Research Unit, Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester, WR5 1HN, UK.
| | - R Downing
- The Islet Research Laboratory, Worcester Clinical Research Unit, Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester, WR5 1HN, UK
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Antigenicity of Bovine Pericardium Determined by a Novel Immunoproteomic Approach. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2446. [PMID: 28550302 PMCID: PMC5446425 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02719-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite bovine pericardium (BP) being the primary biomaterial used in heart valve bioprostheses, recipient graft-specific immune responses remain a significant cause of graft failure. Consequently, tissue antigenicity remains the principal barrier for expanding use of such biomaterials in clinical practice. We hypothesize that our understanding of BP antigenicity can be improved by application of a combined affinity chromatography shotgun immunoproteomic approach to identify antigens that have previously been overlooked. Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis of affinity chromatography purified antigens resulted in identification of 133 antigens. Most importantly, antigens were identified from all subcellular locations, including 18 integral membrane protein antigens. Critically, isoforms of several protein families were found to be antigenic suggesting the possibility that shared epitope domains may exist. Furthermore, proteins associated with immune, coagulation, and inflammatory pathways were over-represented, suggesting that these biological processes play a key role in antigenicity. This study brings to light important determinants of antigenicity in a clinically relevant xenogeneic biomaterial (i.e. BP) and further validates a rapid, high-throughput method for immunoproteomic antigen identification.
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Xu K, Kuntz LA, Foehr P, Kuempel K, Wagner A, Tuebel J, Deimling CV, Burgkart RH. Efficient decellularization for tissue engineering of the tendon-bone interface with preservation of biomechanics. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171577. [PMID: 28170430 PMCID: PMC5295703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interfaces between tendon/ligament and bone (“entheses”) are highly specialized tissues that allow for stress transfer between mechanically dissimilar materials. Entheses show very low regenerative capacity resulting in high incidences of failure after surgical repair. Tissue engineering is a promising approach to recover functionality of entheses. Here, we established a protocol to decellularize porcine entheses as scaffolds for enthesis tissue engineering. Chemical detergents as well as physical treatments were investigated with regard to their efficiency to decellularize 2 mm thick porcine Achilles tendon entheses. A two-phase approach was employed: study 1 investigated the effect of various concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and t-octylphenoxypolyethoxy-ethanol (Triton X-100) as decellularization agents. The most efficient combination of SDS and Triton was then carried forward into study 2, where different physical methods, including freeze-thaw cycles, ultrasound, perfusion, and hydrostatic washing were used to enhance the decellularization effect. Cell counts, DNA quantification, and histology showed that washing with 0.5% SDS + 1% Triton X-100 for 72 h at room temperature could remove ~ 98% cells from the interface. Further investigation of physical methods proved that washing under 200 mmHg hydrostatic pressure shortened the detergent exposing time from 72 h to 48 h. Biomechanical tensile testing showed that the biomechanical features of treated samples were preserved. Washing under 200 mmHg hydrostatic pressure with 0.5% SDS + 1% Triton X-100 for 48 h efficiently decellularized entheses with preservation of matrix structure and biomechanical features. This protocol can be used to efficiently decellularize entheses as scaffolds for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sportsorthopaedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany.,Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Lara A Kuntz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sportsorthopaedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Foehr
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sportsorthopaedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Kuempel
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sportsorthopaedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandra Wagner
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sportsorthopaedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Jutta Tuebel
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sportsorthopaedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Constantin V Deimling
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sportsorthopaedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Rainer H Burgkart
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sportsorthopaedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
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Zhou J, Ding J, Nie B, Hu S, Zhu Z, Chen J, Xu J, Shi J, Dong N. Promotion of adhesion and proliferation of endothelial progenitor cells on decellularized valves by covalent incorporation of RGD peptide and VEGF. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2016; 27:142. [PMID: 27541486 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-016-5750-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineered heart valve is a promising alternative to current heart valve surgery, for its capability of growth, repair, and remodeling. However, extensive development is needed to ensure tissue compatibility, durability and antithrombotic potential. This study aims to investigate the biological effects of multi-signal composite material of polyethyl glycol-cross-linked decellularized valve on adhesion and proliferation of endothelial progenitor cells. Group A to E was decellularized valve leaflets, composite material of polyethyl glycol-cross-linked decellularized valves leaflets, vascular endothelial growth factor-composite materials, Arg-Gly-Asp peptide-composite materials and multi-signal modified materials of polyethyl glycol-cross-linked decellularized valve leaflets, respectively. The endothelial progenitor cells were seeded for each group, cell adhesion and proliferation were detected and neo-endothelium antithrombotic function of the multi-signal composite materials was evaluated. At 2, 4, and 8 h after the seeding, the cell numbers and 3H-TdR incorporation in group D were the highest. At 2, 4, and 8 days after the seeding, the cell numbers and 3H-TdR incorporation were significantly higher in groups C, D, and E compared with groups A and B (P < 0.05) and cell numbers and the expression of t-PA and eons in the neo-endothelium were quite similar to those in the human umbilical vein endothelial cells at 2, 4, and 8 days after the seeding. The Arg-Gly-Asp- peptides (a sequential peptide composed of arginine (Arg), glycine (Gly) and aspartic acid (Asp)) and VEGF-conjugated onto the composite material of PEG-crosslinked decellularized valve leaflets synergistically promoted the adhesion and proliferation of endothelial progenitor cells on the composite material, which may help in tissue engineering of heart valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianliang Zhou
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
| | - Jingli Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Bin'en Nie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Shidong Hu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Zhigang Zhu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Jianjun Xu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Jiawei Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, the Union Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Nianguo Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, the Union Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Li ZK, Wu ZS, Lu T, Yuan HY, Tang H, Tang ZJ, Tan L, Wang B, Yan SM. Materials and surface modification for tissue engineered vascular scaffolds. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2016; 27:1534-52. [PMID: 27484610 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2016.1217607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although vascular implantation has been used as an effective treatment for cardiovascular disease for many years, off-the-shelf and regenerable vascular scaffolds are still not available. Tissue engineers have tested various materials and methods of surface modification in the attempt to develop a scaffold that is more suitable for implantation. Extracellular matrix-based natural materials and biodegradable polymers, which are the focus of this review, are considered to be suitable materials for production of tissue-engineered vascular grafts. Various methods of surface modification that have been developed will also be introduced, their impacts will be summarized and assessed, and challenges for further research will briefly be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Kui Li
- a Department of Cardiovascular Surgery , Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University , Changsha , PR China
| | - Zhong-Shi Wu
- a Department of Cardiovascular Surgery , Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University , Changsha , PR China
| | - Ting Lu
- a Department of Cardiovascular Surgery , Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University , Changsha , PR China
| | - Hao-Yong Yuan
- a Department of Cardiovascular Surgery , Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University , Changsha , PR China
| | - Hao Tang
- a Department of Cardiovascular Surgery , Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University , Changsha , PR China
| | - Zhen-Jie Tang
- a Department of Cardiovascular Surgery , Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University , Changsha , PR China
| | - Ling Tan
- a Department of Cardiovascular Surgery , Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University , Changsha , PR China
| | - Bin Wang
- a Department of Cardiovascular Surgery , Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University , Changsha , PR China
| | - Si-Ming Yan
- a Department of Cardiovascular Surgery , Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University , Changsha , PR China
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Abstract
Biomaterials have played an increasingly prominent role in the success of biomedical devices and in the development of tissue engineering, which seeks to unlock the regenerative potential innate to human tissues/organs in a state of deterioration and to restore or reestablish normal bodily function. Advances in our understanding of regenerative biomaterials and their roles in new tissue formation can potentially open a new frontier in the fast-growing field of regenerative medicine. Taking inspiration from the role and multi-component construction of native extracellular matrices (ECMs) for cell accommodation, the synthetic biomaterials produced today routinely incorporate biologically active components to define an artificial in vivo milieu with complex and dynamic interactions that foster and regulate stem cells, similar to the events occurring in a natural cellular microenvironment. The range and degree of biomaterial sophistication have also dramatically increased as more knowledge has accumulated through materials science, matrix biology and tissue engineering. However, achieving clinical translation and commercial success requires regenerative biomaterials to be not only efficacious and safe but also cost-effective and convenient for use and production. Utilizing biomaterials of human origin as building blocks for therapeutic purposes has provided a facilitated approach that closely mimics the critical aspects of natural tissue with regard to its physical and chemical properties for the orchestration of wound healing and tissue regeneration. In addition to directly using tissue transfers and transplants for repair, new applications of human-derived biomaterials are now focusing on the use of naturally occurring biomacromolecules, decellularized ECM scaffolds and autologous preparations rich in growth factors/non-expanded stem cells to either target acceleration/magnification of the body's own repair capacity or use nature's paradigms to create new tissues for restoration. In particular, there is increasing interest in separating ECMs into simplified functional domains and/or biopolymeric assemblies so that these components/constituents can be discretely exploited and manipulated for the production of bioscaffolds and new biomimetic biomaterials. Here, following an overview of tissue auto-/allo-transplantation, we discuss the recent trends and advances as well as the challenges and future directions in the evolution and application of human-derived biomaterials for reconstructive surgery and tissue engineering. In particular, we focus on an exploration of the structural, mechanical, biochemical and biological information present in native human tissue for bioengineering applications and to provide inspiration for the design of future biomaterials.
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Jalili-Firoozinezhad S, Rajabi-Zeleti S, Marsano A, Aghdami N, Baharvand H. Influence of decellularized pericardium matrix on the behavior of cardiac progenitors. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sasan Jalili-Firoozinezhad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology; Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR; Tehran Iran
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedicine; University Hospital Basel, University of Basel; Basel CH-4031 Switzerland
| | - Sareh Rajabi-Zeleti
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology; Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR; Tehran Iran
| | - Anna Marsano
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedicine; University Hospital Basel, University of Basel; Basel CH-4031 Switzerland
| | - Nasser Aghdami
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology; Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR; Tehran Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology; Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR; Tehran Iran
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Bioprinting a cardiac valve. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1503-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Lin YQ, Wang LR, Pan LL, Wang H, Zhu GQ, Liu WY, Wang JT, Braddock M, Zheng MH. Kidney bioengineering in regenerative medicine: An emerging therapy for kidney disease. Cytotherapy 2015; 18:186-97. [PMID: 26596504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of end-stage renal disease is emerging as a serious worldwide public health problem because of the shortage of donor organs and the need to take lifelong immunosuppressive medication in patients who receive a transplanted kidney. Recently, tissue bioengineering of decellularization and recellularization scaffolds has emerged as a novel strategy for organ regeneration, and we review the critical technologies supporting these methods. We present a summary of factors associated with experimental protocols that may shed light on the future development of kidney bioengineering and we discuss the cell sources and bioreactor techniques applied to the recellularization process. Finally, we review some artificial renal engineering technologies and their future prospects, such as kidney on a chip and the application of three-dimensional and four-dimensional printing in kidney tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qian Lin
- Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, Liver Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Renji School of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Li-Ren Wang
- Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, Liver Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liang-Liang Pan
- School of Laboratory and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Gui-Qi Zhu
- Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, Liver Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wen-Yue Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiang-Tao Wang
- Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, Liver Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Martin Braddock
- Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, United Kingdom
| | - Ming-Hua Zheng
- Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, Liver Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Institute of Hepatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
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Zhou J, Nie B, Zhu Z, Ding J, Yang W, Shi J, Dong X, Xu J, Dong N. Promoting endothelialization on decellularized porcine aortic valve by immobilizing branched polyethylene glycolmodified with cyclic-RGD peptide: an in vitro study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 10:065014. [PMID: 26584634 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/10/6/065014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We functionally modify a decellularized porcine aortic valve using a novel complex biologically active cyclic- (c)-RGD modified with branched polyethylene glycol (PEG), namely, c-RDG-PEG. Human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) adhesion and proliferation were detected for up to 8 d after seeding on the scaffold. (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (D2O) showed signal peaks at 7.27 and 7.38 ppm associated with protons of the phenyl group in c-RGD-PEG. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed characteristic peaks for PEG at 1100 and 1342 cm(-1). These represented vibration peaks of C-O and -CH2 bonds, suggesting successful grafting of c-RGD-PEG to a decellularized porcine aortic valve (DPAV). The tensile strengths were significantly increased in the c-RGD-PEG-DPAV group compared to the native valve and DPAV groups (P < 0.05), while the elastic modulus was sigficantly decreased in the c-RGD-PEG-DPAV group compared to the native valve and DPAV groups (P < 0.05). HUVEC proliferation was significantly higher in the c-RGD-PEG-DPAV group than in the PEG-DPAV and DPAV groups (P < 0.01). Maximum adhesion occurred at 4 h, and on the 8th day, a confluent and compact monolayer formed on the valve surface. The modified DPAV resulted in good adhesion and proliferation of endothelial cells and is an appropriate approach to modify tissue engineered heart valves for promoting endothelialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianliang Zhou
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, People's Republic of China. These authors contributed equally to this study and share the first authorship
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Boccafoschi F, Botta M, Fusaro L, Copes F, Ramella M, Cannas M. Decellularized biological matrices: an interesting approach for cardiovascular tissue repair and regeneration. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015; 11:1648-1657. [PMID: 26511323 DOI: 10.1002/term.2103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The repair and replacement of blood vessels is one of the most challenging topics for biomedical research. Autologous vessels are preferred as graft materials, but they still have many issues to overcome: for instance, they need multiple surgical procedures and often patients may not have healthy and surgically valuable arteries useful as an autograft. A tissue-engineering approach is widely desirable to generate biological vascular prostheses. Recently, decellularization of native tissue has gained significant attention in the biomedical research field. This method is used to obtain biological scaffolds that are expected to maintain the complex three-dimensional structure of the extracellular matrix, preserving the biomechanical properties of the native tissues. The decellularizing methods and the biomechanical characteristics of these products are presented in this review. Decellularization of biological matrices induces the loss of major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which is expected to promote an immunological response by the host. All the studies showed that decellularized biomaterials possess adequate properties for xenografting. Concerning their mechanical properties, several studies have demonstrated that, although chemical decellularization methods do not affect the scaffolds' mechanical properties, these materials can be modified through different treatments in order to provide the desired mechanical characteristics, depending on the specific application. A short overview of legislative issues concerning the use of decellularized substitutes and future perspectives in surgical applications is also presented. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Boccafoschi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale 'A. Avogadro', Novara, Italy
| | - Margherita Botta
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale 'A. Avogadro', Novara, Italy
| | - Luca Fusaro
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale 'A. Avogadro', Novara, Italy
| | - Francesco Copes
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale 'A. Avogadro', Novara, Italy
| | - Martina Ramella
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale 'A. Avogadro', Novara, Italy
| | - Mario Cannas
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale 'A. Avogadro', Novara, Italy
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Kajbafzadeh AM, Khorramirouz R, Akbarzadeh A, Sabetkish S, Sabetkish N, Saadat P, Tehrani M. A novel technique for simultaneous whole-body and multi-organ decellularization: umbilical artery catheterization as a perfusion-based method in a sheep foetus model. Int J Exp Pathol 2015; 96:116-32. [PMID: 26031202 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a method to generate multi-organ acellular matrices. Using a foetal sheep model have developed a method of systemic pulsatile perfusion via the umbilical artery which allows for simultaneous multi-organ decellularization. Twenty sheep foetuses were systemically perfused with Triton X-100 and sodium dodecyl sulphate. Following completion of the whole-body decellularization, multiple biopsy samples were taken from different parts of 21 organs to ascertain complete cell component removal in the preserved extracellular matrices. Both the natural and decellularized organs were subjected to several examinations. The samples were obtained from the skin, eye, ear, nose, throat, cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, musculoskeletal, central nervous and peripheral nervous systems. The histological results depicted well-preserved extracellular matrix (ECM) integrity and intact vascular structures, without any evidence of residual cellular materials, in all decellularized bioscaffolds. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and biochemical properties remained intact, similar to their age-matched native counterparts. Preservation of the collagen structure was evaluated by a hydroxyproline assay. Dense organs such as bone and muscle were also completely decellularized, with a preserved ECM structure. Thus, as shown in this study, several organs and different tissues were decellularized using a perfusion-based method, which has not been previously accomplished. Given the technical challenges that exist for the efficient generation of biological scaffolds, the current results may pave the way for obtaining a variety of decellularized scaffolds from a single donor. In this study, there have been unique responses to the single acellularization protocol in foetuses, which may reflect the homogeneity of tissues and organs in the developing foetal body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdol-Mohammad Kajbafzadeh
- Pediatric Urology Research Center, Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Therapy, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (IRI)
| | - Reza Khorramirouz
- Pediatric Urology Research Center, Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Therapy, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (IRI)
| | - Aram Akbarzadeh
- Pediatric Urology Research Center, Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Therapy, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (IRI)
| | - Shabnam Sabetkish
- Pediatric Urology Research Center, Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Therapy, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (IRI)
| | - Nastaran Sabetkish
- Pediatric Urology Research Center, Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Therapy, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (IRI)
| | - Paria Saadat
- Pediatric Urology Research Center, Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Therapy, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (IRI)
| | - Mona Tehrani
- Pediatric Urology Research Center, Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Therapy, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (IRI)
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48
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Methods of tissue decellularization used for preparation of biologic scaffolds and in vivo relevance. Methods 2015; 84:25-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Parmaksiz M, Elcin AE, Elcin YM. Decellularization of bovine small intestinal submucosa and its use for the healing of a critical-sized full-thickness skin defect, alone and in combination with stem cells, in a small rodent model. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015; 11:1754-1765. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Parmaksiz
- Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory; Ankara University Faculty of Science and Ankara University Stem Cell Institute; Ankara Turkey
| | - A. Eser Elcin
- Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory; Ankara University Faculty of Science and Ankara University Stem Cell Institute; Ankara Turkey
| | - Y. Murat Elcin
- Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory; Ankara University Faculty of Science and Ankara University Stem Cell Institute; Ankara Turkey
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50
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Chen YC, Chen RN, Jhan HJ, Liu DZ, Ho HO, Mao Y, Kohn J, Sheu MT. Development and Characterization of Acellular Extracellular Matrix Scaffolds from Porcine Menisci for Use in Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2015; 21:971-86. [PMID: 25919905 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2015.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the growing number of arthritis patients and the limitations of current treatments, there is great urgency to explore cartilage substitutes by tissue engineering. In this study, we developed a novel decellularization method for menisci to prepare acellular extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds with minimal adverse effects on the ECM. Among all the acid treatments, formic acid treatment removed most of the cellular contents and preserved the highest ECM contents in the decellularized porcine menisci. Compared with fresh porcine menisci, the content of DNA decreased to 4.10%±0.03%, and there was no significant damage to glycosaminoglycan (GAG) or collagen. Histological staining also confirmed the presence of ECM and the absence of cellularity. In addition, a highly hydrophilic scaffold with three-dimensional interconnected porous structure was fabricated from decellularized menisci tissue. Human chondrocytes showed enhanced cell proliferation and synthesis of chondrocyte ECM including type II collagen and GAG when cultured in this acellular scaffold. Moreover, the scaffold effectively supported chondrogenesis of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Finally, in vivo implantation was conducted in rats to assess the biocompatibility of the scaffolds. No significant inflammatory response was observed. The acellular ECM scaffold provided a native environment for cells with diverse physiological functions to promote cell proliferation and new tissue formation. This study reported a novel way to prepare decellularized meniscus tissue and demonstrated the potential as scaffolds to support cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chen Chen
- 1 School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ray-Neng Chen
- 2 Department of Cosmetics Applications and Management, Mackay Junior College of Medicine , Nursing, and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hua-Jing Jhan
- 1 School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Der-Zen Liu
- 3 Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan .,4 Center for General Education, Hsuan Chuang University , Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-O Ho
- 1 School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yong Mao
- 5 New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Joachim Kohn
- 5 New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey.,6 Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Ming-Thau Sheu
- 1 School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan .,7 Clinical Research Center and Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan
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