1
|
Szabó A, De Vlieghere E, Costa PF, Geurs I, Dewettinck K, Maes L, Laukens D, Van Vlierberghe S. Effect of Porosity on the Colonization of Digital Light-Processed 3D Hydrogel Constructs toward the Development of a Functional Intestinal Model. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:2863-2874. [PMID: 38564884 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
With the rapid increase of the number of patients with gastrointestinal diseases in modern society, the need for the development of physiologically relevant in vitro intestinal models is key to improve the understanding of intestinal dysfunctions. This involves the development of a scaffold material exhibiting physiological stiffness and anatomical mimicry of the intestinal architecture. The current work focuses on evaluating the scaffold micromorphology of gelatin-methacryloyl-aminoethyl-methacrylate-based nonporous and porous intestinal 3D, intestine-like constructs, fabricated via digital light processing, on the cellular response. To this end, Caco-2 intestinal cells were utilized in combination with the constructs. Both porous and nonporous constructs promoted cell growth and differentiation toward enterocyte-like cells (VIL1, ALPI, SI, and OCLD expression showed via qPCR, ZO-1 via immunostaining). The porous constructs outperformed the nonporous ones regarding cell seeding efficiency and growth rate, confirmed by MTS assay, live/dead staining, and TEER measurements, due to the presence of surface roughness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Szabó
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Elly De Vlieghere
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | | | - Indi Geurs
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Food Structure & Function Research Group, Ghent University, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Koen Dewettinck
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Food Structure & Function Research Group, Ghent University, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Laure Maes
- IBD Research Unit, Ghent Gut Inflammation Group (GGIG), Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Debby Laukens
- IBD Research Unit, Ghent Gut Inflammation Group (GGIG), Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Parmentier L, D'Haese S, Duquesne J, Bray F, Van der Meeren L, Skirtach AG, Rolando C, Dmitriev RI, Van Vlierberghe S. 2D fibrillar osteoid niche mimicry through inclusion of visco-elastic and topographical cues in gelatin-based networks. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127619. [PMID: 37898251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Given the clinical need for osteoregenerative materials incorporating controlled biomimetic and biophysical cues, a novel highly-substituted norbornene-modified gelatin was developed enabling thiol-ene crosslinking exploiting thiolated gelatin as cell-interactive crosslinker. Comparing the number of physical crosslinks, the degree of hydrolytic degradation upon modification, the network density and the chemical crosslinking type, the osteogenic effect of visco-elastic and topographical properties was evaluated. This novel network outperformed conventional gelatin-based networks in terms of osteogenesis induction, as evidenced in 2D dental pulp stem cell seeding assays, resulting from the presentation of both a local (substrate elasticity, 25-40 kPa) and a bulk (compressive modulus, 25-45 kPa) osteogenic substrate modulus in combination with adequate fibrillar cell adhesion spacing to optimally transfer traction forces from the fibrillar ECM (as evidenced by mesh size determination with the rubber elasticity theory) and resulting in a 1.7-fold increase in calcium production (compared to the gold standard gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Parmentier
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group (PBM), Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sophie D'Haese
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group (PBM), Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jessie Duquesne
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group (PBM), Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Bray
- Miniaturisation pour la synthèse, l'analyse et la protéomique (MSAP), CNRS, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Louis Van der Meeren
- Nano-biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent university, Proeftuinstraat 86, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andre G Skirtach
- Nano-biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent university, Proeftuinstraat 86, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian Rolando
- Miniaturisation pour la synthèse, l'analyse et la protéomique (MSAP), CNRS, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ruslan I Dmitriev
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Ghent university, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group (PBM), Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
He J, Sun Y, Gao Q, He C, Yao K, Wang T, Xie M, Yu K, Nie J, Chen Y, He Y. Gelatin Methacryloyl Hydrogel, from Standardization, Performance, to Biomedical Application. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300395. [PMID: 37115708 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA), a photocurable hydrogel, is widely used in 3D culture, particularly in 3D bioprinting, due to its high biocompatibility, tunable physicochemical properties, and excellent formability. However, as the properties and performances of GelMA vary under different synthetic conditions, there is a lack of standardization, leading to conflicting results. In this study, a uniform standard is established to understand and enhance GelMA applications. First, the basic concept of GelMA and the density of the molecular network (DMN) are defined. Second, two properties, degrees of substitution and ratio of solid content, as the main measurable parameters determining the DMN are used. Third, the mechanisms and relationships between DMN and its performance in various applications in terms of porosity, viscosity, formability, mechanical strength, swelling, biodegradation, and cytocompatibility are theoretically explained. The main questions that are answered: what does performance mean, why is it important, how to optimize the basic parameters to improve the performance, and how to characterize it reasonably and accurately? Finally, it is hoped that this knowledge will eliminate the need for researchers to conduct tedious and repetitive pre-experiments, enable easy communication for achievements between groups under the same standard, and fully explore the potential of the GelMA hydrogel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing He
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Qing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Engineering for Life Group (EFL), Suzhou, 215101, China
| | - Chanfan He
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Ke Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Tongyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, National Laboratory for Clean Energy, 2011-Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mingjun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Center, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Kang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jing Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yuewei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yong He
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Engineering for Life Group (EFL), Suzhou, 215101, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Burattini M, Lippens R, Baleine N, Gerard M, Van Meerssche J, Geeroms C, Odent J, Raquez JM, Van Vlierberghe S, Thorrez L. Ionically Modified Gelatin Hydrogels Maintain Murine Myogenic Cell Viability and Fusion Capacity. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2300019. [PMID: 37059590 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
For tissue engineering of skeletal muscles, there is a need for biomaterials which do not only allow cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation, but also support the physiological conditions of the tissue. Next to the chemical nature and structure of the biomaterial, its response to the application of biophysical stimuli, such as mechanical deformation or application of electrical pulses, can impact in vitro tissue culture. In this study, gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) is modified with hydrophilic 2-acryloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride (AETA) and 3-sulfopropyl acrylate potassium (SPA) ionic comonomers to obtain a piezoionic hydrogel. Rheology, mass swelling, gel fraction, and mechanical characteristics are determined. The piezoionic properties of the SPA and AETA-modified GelMA are confirmed by a significant increase in ionic conductivity and an electrical response as a function of mechanical stress. Murine myoblasts display a viability of >95% after 1 week on the piezoionic hydrogels, confirming their biocompatibility. The GelMA modifications do not influence the fusion capacity of the seeded myoblasts or myotube width after myotube formation. These results describe a novel functionalization providing new possibilities to exploit piezo-effects in the tissue engineering field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Burattini
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Dep. Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven Kulak, Kortrijk, 8500, Belgium
- Dep. Of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry and Maternity, University of Verona, Verona, 37129, Italy
| | - Robrecht Lippens
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Center of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Dep. Of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University (UGent), Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Baleine
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 20, Mons, 7000, Belgium
| | - Melanie Gerard
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Dep. Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven Kulak, Kortrijk, 8500, Belgium
| | - Joeri Van Meerssche
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Center of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Dep. Of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University (UGent), Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Chloë Geeroms
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Center of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Dep. Of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University (UGent), Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Jérémy Odent
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 20, Mons, 7000, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marie Raquez
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 20, Mons, 7000, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Center of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Dep. Of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University (UGent), Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Lieven Thorrez
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Dep. Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven Kulak, Kortrijk, 8500, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Teixeira AM, Martins P. A review of bioengineering techniques applied to breast tissue: Mechanical properties, tissue engineering and finite element analysis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1161815. [PMID: 37077233 PMCID: PMC10106631 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1161815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Female breast cancer was the most prevalent cancer worldwide in 2020, according to the Global Cancer Observatory. As a prophylactic measure or as a treatment, mastectomy and lumpectomy are often performed at women. Following these surgeries, women normally do a breast reconstruction to minimize the impact on their physical appearance and, hence, on their mental health, associated with self-image issues. Nowadays, breast reconstruction is based on autologous tissues or implants, which both have disadvantages, such as volume loss over time or capsular contracture, respectively. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine can bring better solutions and overcome these current limitations. Even though more knowledge needs to be acquired, the combination of biomaterial scaffolds and autologous cells appears to be a promising approach for breast reconstruction. With the growth and improvement of additive manufacturing, three dimensional (3D) printing has been demonstrating a lot of potential to produce complex scaffolds with high resolution. Natural and synthetic materials have been studied in this context and seeded mainly with adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) since they have a high capability of differentiation. The scaffold must mimic the environment of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the native tissue, being a structural support for cells to adhere, proliferate and migrate. Hydrogels (e.g., gelatin, alginate, collagen, and fibrin) have been a biomaterial widely studied for this purpose since their matrix resembles the natural ECM of the native tissues. A powerful tool that can be used in parallel with experimental techniques is finite element (FE) modeling, which can aid the measurement of mechanical properties of either breast tissues or scaffolds. FE models may help in the simulation of the whole breast or scaffold under different conditions, predicting what might happen in real life. Therefore, this review gives an overall summary concerning the human breast, specifically its mechanical properties using experimental and FE analysis, and the tissue engineering approaches to regenerate this particular tissue, along with FE models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro Martins
- UBS, INEGI, LAETA, Porto, Portugal
- I3A, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- *Correspondence: Pedro Martins,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Genç H, Cianciosi A, Lohse R, Stahlhut P, Groll J, Alexiou C, Cicha I, Jüngst T. Adjusting Degree of Modification and Composition of gelAGE-Based Hydrogels Improves Long-Term Survival and Function of Primary Human Fibroblasts and Endothelial Cells in 3D Cultures. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:1497-1510. [PMID: 36786807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a suitable hydrogel-based 3D platform to support long-term culture of primary endothelial cells (ECs) and fibroblasts. Two hydrogel systems based on allyl-modified gelatin (gelAGE), G1MM and G2LH, were cross-linked via thiol-ene click reaction with a four-arm thiolated polyethylene glycol (PEG-4-SH). Compared to G1MM, the G2LH hydrogel was characterized by the lower polymer content and cross-linking density with a softer matrix and homogeneous and open porosity. Cell viability in both hydrogels was comparable, although the G2LH-based platform supported better F-actin organization, cell-cell interactions, and collagen and fibronectin production. In co-cultures, early morphogenesis leading to tubular-like structures was observed within 2 weeks. Migration of fibroblasts out of spheroids embedded in the G2LH hydrogels started after 5 days of incubation. Taken together, the results demonstrated that the G2LH hydrogel fulfilled the demands of both ECs and fibroblasts to enable long-term culture and matrix remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Genç
- Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Endowed Professorship for Nanomedicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Alessandro Cianciosi
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry at the Institute of Functional Materials and Biofabrication (IFB), University of Würzburg and KeyLab Polymers for Medicine of the Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Würzburg 97070, Germany
| | - Raphael Lohse
- Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Endowed Professorship for Nanomedicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Philipp Stahlhut
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry at the Institute of Functional Materials and Biofabrication (IFB), University of Würzburg and KeyLab Polymers for Medicine of the Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Würzburg 97070, Germany
| | - Jürgen Groll
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry at the Institute of Functional Materials and Biofabrication (IFB), University of Würzburg and KeyLab Polymers for Medicine of the Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Würzburg 97070, Germany
| | - Christoph Alexiou
- Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Endowed Professorship for Nanomedicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Iwona Cicha
- Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Endowed Professorship for Nanomedicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Tomasz Jüngst
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry at the Institute of Functional Materials and Biofabrication (IFB), University of Würzburg and KeyLab Polymers for Medicine of the Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Würzburg 97070, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Khati V, Turkki JA, Ramachandraiah H, Pati F, Gaudenzi G, Russom A. Indirect 3D Bioprinting of a Robust Trilobular Hepatic Construct with Decellularized Liver Matrix Hydrogel. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:603. [PMID: 36354514 PMCID: PMC9687301 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9110603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver exhibits complex geometrical morphologies of hepatic cells arranged in a hexagonal lobule with an extracellular matrix (ECM) organized in a specific pattern on a multi-scale level. Previous studies have utilized 3D bioprinting and microfluidic perfusion systems with various biomaterials to develop lobule-like constructs. However, they all lack anatomical relevance with weak control over the size and shape of the fabricated structures. Moreover, most biomaterials lack liver-specific ECM components partially or entirely, which might limit their biomimetic mechanical properties and biological functions. Here, we report 3D bioprinting of a sacrificial PVA framework to impart its trilobular hepatic structure to the decellularized liver extracellular matrix (dLM) hydrogel with polyethylene glycol-based crosslinker and tyrosinase to fabricate a robust multi-scale 3D liver construct. The 3D trilobular construct exhibits higher crosslinking, viscosity (182.7 ± 1.6 Pa·s), and storage modulus (2554 ± 82.1 Pa) than non-crosslinked dLM. The co-culture of HepG2 liver cells and NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells exhibited the influence of fibroblasts on liver-specific activity over time (7 days) to show higher viability (90-91.5%), albumin secretion, and increasing activity of four liver-specific genes as compared to the HepG2 monoculture. This technique offers high lumen patency for the perfusion of media to fabricate a densely populated scaled-up liver model, which can also be extended to other tissue types with different biomaterials and multiple cells to support the creation of a large functional complex tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vamakshi Khati
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 17165 Solna, Sweden
| | | | | | - Falguni Pati
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi 502285, India
| | - Giulia Gaudenzi
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 17165 Solna, Sweden
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, 17165 Solna, Sweden
| | - Aman Russom
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 17165 Solna, Sweden
- AIMES—Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Karolinska Institute and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 11428 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ze Y, Li Y, Huang L, Shi Y, Li P, Gong P, Lin J, Yao Y. Biodegradable Inks in Indirect Three-Dimensional Bioprinting for Tissue Vascularization. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:856398. [PMID: 35402417 PMCID: PMC8990266 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.856398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mature vasculature is important for the survival of bioengineered tissue constructs, both in vivo and in vitro; however, the fabrication of fully vascularized tissue constructs remains a great challenge in tissue engineering. Indirect three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting refers to a 3D printing technique that can rapidly fabricate scaffolds with controllable internal pores, cavities, and channels through the use of sacrificial molds. It has attracted much attention in recent years owing to its ability to create complex vascular network-like channels through thick tissue constructs while maintaining endothelial cell activity. Biodegradable materials play a crucial role in tissue engineering. Scaffolds made of biodegradable materials act as temporary templates, interact with cells, integrate with native tissues, and affect the results of tissue remodeling. Biodegradable ink selection, especially the choice of scaffold and sacrificial materials in indirect 3D bioprinting, has been the focus of several recent studies. The major objective of this review is to summarize the basic characteristics of biodegradable materials commonly used in indirect 3D bioprinting for vascularization, and to address recent advances in applying this technique to the vascularization of different tissues. Furthermore, the review describes how indirect 3D bioprinting creates blood vessels and vascularized tissue constructs by introducing the methodology and biodegradable ink selection. With the continuous improvement of biodegradable materials in the future, indirect 3D bioprinting will make further contributions to the development of this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Ze
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linyang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yixin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peiran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hölzl K, Fürsatz M, Göcerler H, Schädl B, Žigon-Branc S, Markovic M, Gahleitner C, Hoorick JV, Van Vlierberghe S, Kleiner A, Baudis S, Pauschitz A, Redl H, Ovsianikov A, Nürnberger S. Gelatin methacryloyl as environment for chondrocytes and cell delivery to superficial cartilage defects. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 16:207-222. [PMID: 34861104 PMCID: PMC9299930 DOI: 10.1002/term.3273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage damage typically starts at its surface, either due to wear or trauma. Treatment of these superficial defects is important in preventing degradation and osteoarthritis. Biomaterials currently used for deep cartilage defects lack appropriate properties for this application. Therefore, we investigated photo‐crosslinked gelatin methacryloyl (gelMA) as a candidate for treatment of surface defects. It allows for liquid application, filling of surface defects and forming a protective layer after UV‐crosslinking, thereby keeping therapeutic cells in place. gelMA and photo‐initiator lithium phenyl‐2,4,6‐trimethyl‐benzoylphosphinate (Li‐TPO) concentration were optimized for application as a carrier to create a favorable environment for human articular chondrocytes (hAC). Primary hAC were used in passages 3 and 5, encapsulated into two different gelMA concentrations (7.5 wt% (soft) and 10 wt% (stiff)) and cultivated for 3 weeks with TGF‐β3 (0, 1 and 10 ng/mL). Higher TGF‐β3 concentrations induced spherical cell morphology independent of gelMA stiffness, while low TGF‐β3 concentrations only induced rounded morphology in stiff gelMA. Gene expression did not vary across gel stiffnesses. As a functional model gelMA was loaded with two different cell types (hAC and/or human adipose‐derived stem cells [ASC/TERT1]) and applied to human osteochondral osteoarthritic plugs. GelMA attached to the cartilage, smoothened the surface and retained cells in place. Resistance against shear forces was tested using a tribometer, simulating normal human gait and revealing maintained cell viability. In conclusion gelMA is a versatile, biocompatible material with good bonding capabilities to cartilage matrix, allowing sealing and smoothening of superficial cartilage defects while simultaneously delivering therapeutic cells for tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Hölzl
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, 3D Printing and Biofabrication Group, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marian Fürsatz
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma-Surgery, Division of Trauma-Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hakan Göcerler
- Institute of Engineering Design and Product Development, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Schädl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria.,University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sara Žigon-Branc
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, 3D Printing and Biofabrication Group, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marica Markovic
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, 3D Printing and Biofabrication Group, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Gahleitner
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma-Surgery, Division of Trauma-Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jasper Van Hoorick
- Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anne Kleiner
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma-Surgery, Division of Trauma-Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Baudis
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Heinz Redl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Aleksandr Ovsianikov
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, 3D Printing and Biofabrication Group, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sylvia Nürnberger
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma-Surgery, Division of Trauma-Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rizzo R, Ruetsche D, Liu H, Zenobi-Wong M. Optimized Photoclick (Bio)Resins for Fast Volumetric Bioprinting. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102900. [PMID: 34611928 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Volumetric printing (VP) is a light-mediated technique enabling printing of complex, low-defect 3D objects within seconds, overcoming major drawbacks of layer-by-layer additive manufacturing. An optimized photoresin is presented for VP in the presence of cells (volumetric bioprinting) based on fast thiol-ene step-growth photoclick crosslinking. Gelatin-norbornene (Gel-NB) photoresin shows superior performance, both in physicochemical and biocompatibility aspects, compared to (meth-)acryloyl resins. The extremely efficient thiol-norbornene reaction produces the fastest VP reported to date (≈10 s), with significantly lower polymer content, degree of substitution (DS), and radical species, making it more suitable for cell encapsulation. This approach enables the generation of cellular free-form constructs with excellent cell viability (≈100%) and tissue maturation potential, demonstrated by development of contractile myotubes. Varying the DS, polymer content, thiol-ene ratio, and thiolated crosslinker allows fine-tuning of mechanical properties over a broad stiffness range (≈40 Pa to ≈15 kPa). These properties are achieved through fast and scalable methods for producing Gel-NB with inexpensive, off-the-shelf reagents that can help establish it as the gold standard for light-mediated biofabrication techniques. With potential applications from high-throughput bioprinting of tissue models to soft robotics and regenerative medicine, this work paves the way for exploitation of VPs unprecedented capabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Rizzo
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Dominic Ruetsche
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Hao Liu
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Marcy Zenobi-Wong
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang P, Wang H, Wang P, Zheng Y, Liu L, Hu J, Liu Y, Gao Q, He Y. Lightweight 3D bioprinting with point by point photocuring. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:1402-1412. [PMID: 33210032 PMCID: PMC7658498 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
As photocrosslinkable materials, methacryloyl-modified hydrogels are widely used as bioinks in tissue engineering. Existing printing methods to use these hydrogels, including changing the viscosity of the material or mixing them with other printing components, have been explored, but their application has been limited due to low printing quality or high cost. In addition, the complex operation of bulky equipment restricts the application of these existing printing methods. This study presents a lightweight stereolithography-based three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting system with a smart mechanical and structural design. The developed bioprinter dimensions were 300 mm × 300 mm × 200 mm and it can be placed on a benchtop. The equipment has a mini bioink chamber to store a small amount of bioink for each printing. We systematically investigated the point-by-point curing process in the 3D bioprinting method, which can print mixed cells accurately and have good biocompatibility. Here, we provide a compact, low-cost stereolithography bioprinting system with excellent biocompatibility for 3D bioprinting with methacryloyl-modified hydrogels. It can be potentially used for drug screening, studying pathological mechanisms, and constructing biological disease models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- School of Mechatronics & Vehicle Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, 330013, China
- Engineering for Life Group (EFL), Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Haoxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Engineering for Life Group (EFL), Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Engineering for Life Group (EFL), Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Yating Zheng
- Engineering for Life Group (EFL), Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Linxiang Liu
- Zhejiang University Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Jun Hu
- School of Mechatronics & Vehicle Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Yande Liu
- School of Mechatronics & Vehicle Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Qing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Engineering for Life Group (EFL), Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Yong He
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Engineering for Life Group (EFL), Suzhou, 215000, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Su X, Wang T, Guo S. Applications of 3D printed bone tissue engineering scaffolds in the stem cell field. Regen Ther 2021; 16:63-72. [PMID: 33598507 PMCID: PMC7868584 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to traffic accidents, injuries, burns, congenital malformations and other reasons, a large number of patients with tissue or organ defects need urgent treatment every year. The shortage of donors, graft rejection and other problems cause a deficient supply for organ and tissue replacement, repair and regeneration of patients, so regenerative medicine came into being. Stem cell therapy plays an important role in the field of regenerative medicine, but it is difficult to fill large tissue defects by injection alone. The scientists combine three-dimensional (3D) printed bone tissue engineering scaffolds with stem cells to achieve the desired effect. These scaffolds can mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM), bone and cartilage, and eventually form functional tissues or organs by providing structural support and promoting attachment, proliferation and differentiation. This paper mainly discussed the applications of 3D printed bone tissue engineering scaffolds in stem cell regenerative medicine. The application examples of different 3D printing technologies and different raw materials are introduced and compared. Then we discuss the superiority of 3D printing technology over traditional methods, put forward some problems and limitations, and look forward to the future.
Collapse
Key Words
- 3D printing
- 3D, three-dimensional
- ABS, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene plastic
- AM, additive manufacturing
- ASCs, adult stem cells
- Alg, alginate
- BCP, biphasic calcium phosphate
- BMSCs, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells
- Bone tissue engineering
- CAD, computer-aided design
- CAP, cold atmospheric plasma
- CHMA, chitosan methacrylate
- CT, computed tomography
- DCM, dichloromethane
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- ESCs, embryonic stem cells
- FDM, fused deposition molding
- GO, graphene oxide
- HA, hydroxyapatite
- HAp, hydroxyapatite nanoparticles
- HTy, 4-hydroxyphenethyl 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acetate
- LDM, Low Temperature Deposition Modeling
- LIPUS, low intensity pulsed ultrasound
- MBG/SA–SA, mesoporous bioactive glass/sodium alginate-sodium alginate
- MSCs, Marrow stem cells
- PC, Polycarbonate
- PCL, polycraprolactone
- PDA, polydopamine
- PED, Precision Extrusion Deposition
- PEG, Polyethylene glycol
- PEGDA, poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate
- PLGA, poly (lactide-co-glycolide)
- PLLA, poly l-lactide
- PPSU, Polyphenylene sulfone resins
- PRF, platelet-rich fibrin
- PVA, polyvinyl alcohol
- RAD16-I, a soft nanofibrous self-assembling peptide
- SCAPs, human stem cells from the apical papilla
- SF-BG, silk fibroin and silk fibroin-bioactive glass
- SLA, Stereolithography
- SLM, Selective Laser Melting
- STL, standard tessellation language
- Scaffold materials
- Stem cells
- TCP, β-tricalcium phosphate
- dECM, decellularized bovine cartilage extracellular matrix
- hADSC, human adipose derived stem cells
- hMSCs, human mesenchymal stem cells
- iPS, induced pluripotent stem
- pcHμPs, novel self-healable pre-cross- linked hydrogel microparticles
- rBMSCs, rat bone marrow stem cells
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Guo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Advances in biomaterials for adipose tissue reconstruction in plastic surgery. NANOTECHNOLOGY REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/ntrev-2020-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Adipose tissue reconstruction is an important technique for soft tissue defects caused by facial plastic surgery and trauma. Adipose tissue reconstruction can be repaired by fat transplantation and biomaterial filling, but there are some problems in fat transplantation, such as second operation and limited resources. The application of advanced artificial biomaterials is a promising strategy. In this paper, injectable biomaterials and three-dimensional (3D) tissue-engineered scaffold materials for adipose tissue reconstruction in plastic surgery are reviewed. Injectable biomaterials include natural biomaterials and artificial biomaterials, which generally have problems such as high absorptivity of fillers, repeated injection, and rejection. In recent years, the technology of new 3D tissue-engineering scaffold materials with adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and porous scaffold as the core has made good progress in fat reconstruction, which is expected to solve the current problem of clinical adipose tissue reconstruction, and various biomaterials preparation technology and transformation research also provide the basis for clinical transformation of fat tissue reconstruction.
Collapse
|
14
|
Compaan AM, Song K, Chai W, Huang Y. Cross-Linkable Microgel Composite Matrix Bath for Embedded Bioprinting of Perfusable Tissue Constructs and Sculpting of Solid Objects. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:7855-7868. [PMID: 31948226 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a rapidly growing field, which requires advanced fabrication technologies to generate cell-laden tissue analogues with a wide range of internal and external physical features including perfusable channels, cavities, custom shapes, and spatially varying material and/or cell compositions. A versatile embedded printing methodology is proposed in this work for creating custom biomedical acellular and cell-laden hydrogel constructs by utilizing a biocompatible microgel composite matrix bath. A sacrificial material is patterned within a biocompatible hydrogel precursor matrix bath using extrusion printing to create three-dimensional features; after printing, the matrix bath is cross-linked, and the sacrificial material is flushed away to create perfusable channels within the bulk composite hydrogel matrix. The composite matrix bath material consists of jammed cross-linked hydrogel microparticles (microgels) to control rheology during fabrication along with a fluid hydrogel precursor, which is cross-linked after fabrication to form the continuous phase of the composite hydrogel. For demonstration, gellan or enzymatically cross-linked gelatin microgels are utilized with a continuous gelatin hydrogel precursor solution to make the composite matrix bath herein; the composite hydrogel matrix is formed by cross-linking the continuous gelatin phase enzymatically after printing. A variety of features including discrete channels, junctions, networks, and external contours are fabricated in the proposed composite matrix bath using embedded printing. Cell-laden constructs with printed features are also evaluated; the microgel composite hydrogel matrices support cell activity, and printed channels enhance proliferation compared to solid constructs even in static culture. The proposed method can be expanded as a solid object sculpting method to sculpt external contours by printing a shell of sacrificial ink and further discarding excess composite hydrogel matrix after printing and cross-linking. While aqueous alginate solution is used as a sacrificial ink, more advanced sacrificial materials can be utilized for better printing resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Compaan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States
- Novabone Products, LLC , 13510 NW US Highway 441 , Alachua , Florida 32615 , United States
| | - Kaidong Song
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States
| | - Wenxuan Chai
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tytgat L, Van Damme L, Ortega Arevalo MDP, Declercq H, Thienpont H, Otteveare H, Blondeel P, Dubruel P, Van Vlierberghe S. Extrusion-based 3D printing of photo-crosslinkable gelatin and κ-carrageenan hydrogel blends for adipose tissue regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 140:929-938. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
16
|
Van Hoorick J, Tytgat L, Dobos A, Ottevaere H, Van Erps J, Thienpont H, Ovsianikov A, Dubruel P, Van Vlierberghe S. (Photo-)crosslinkable gelatin derivatives for biofabrication applications. Acta Biomater 2019; 97:46-73. [PMID: 31344513 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the recent decades gelatin has proven to be very suitable as an extracellular matrix mimic for biofabrication and tissue engineering applications. However, gelatin is prone to dissolution at typical cell culture conditions and is therefore often chemically modified to introduce (photo-)crosslinkable functionalities. These modifications allow to tune the material properties of gelatin, making it suitable for a wide range of biofabrication techniques both as a bioink and as a biomaterial ink (component). The present review provides a non-exhaustive overview of the different reported gelatin modification strategies to yield crosslinkable materials that can be used to form hydrogels suitable for biofabrication applications. The different crosslinking chemistries are discussed and classified according to their mechanism including chain-growth and step-growth polymerization. The step-growth polymerization mechanisms are further classified based on the specific chemistry including different (photo-)click chemistries and reversible systems. The benefits and drawbacks of each chemistry are also briefly discussed. Furthermore, focus is placed on different biofabrication strategies using either inkjet, deposition or light-based additive manufacturing techniques, and the applications of the obtained 3D constructs. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Gelatin and more specifically gelatin-methacryloyl has emerged to become one of the gold standard materials as an extracellular matrix mimic in the field of biofabrication. However, also other modification strategies have been elaborated to take advantage of a plethora of crosslinking chemistries. Therefore, a review paper focusing on the different modification strategies and processing of gelatin is presented. Particular attention is paid to the underlying chemistry along with the benefits and drawbacks of each type of crosslinking chemistry. The different strategies were classified based on their basic crosslinking mechanism including chain- or step-growth polymerization. Within the step-growth classification, a further distinction is made between click chemistries as well as other strategies. The influence of these modifications on the physical gelation and processing conditions including mechanical properties is presented. Additionally, substantial attention is put to the applied photoinitiators and the different biofabrication technologies including inkjet, deposition or light-based technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Van Hoorick
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group - Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) - Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Brussels Photonics (B-PHOT) - Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Tytgat
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group - Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) - Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Brussels Photonics (B-PHOT) - Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Agnes Dobos
- Research Group 3D Printing and Biofabrication, Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidi Ottevaere
- Brussels Photonics (B-PHOT) - Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jürgen Van Erps
- Brussels Photonics (B-PHOT) - Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hugo Thienpont
- Brussels Photonics (B-PHOT) - Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Aleksandr Ovsianikov
- Research Group 3D Printing and Biofabrication, Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group - Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) - Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group - Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) - Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Brussels Photonics (B-PHOT) - Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Žigon-Branc S, Markovic M, Van Hoorick J, Van Vlierberghe S, Dubruel P, Zerobin E, Baudis S, Ovsianikov A. Impact of Hydrogel Stiffness on Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Microspheroids. Tissue Eng Part A 2019; 25:1369-1380. [PMID: 30632465 PMCID: PMC6784494 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels represent an attractive material platform for realization of three-dimensional (3D) tissue-engineered constructs, as they have tunable mechanical properties, are compatible with different types of cells, and resemble elements found in natural extracellular matrices. So far, numerous hydrogel-cartilage/bone tissue engineering (TE)-related studies were performed by utilizing a single cell encapsulation approach. Although multicellular spheroid cultures exhibit advantageous properties for cartilage or bone TE, the chondrogenic or osteogenic differentiation potential of stem cell microspheroids within hydrogels has not been investigated much. This study explores, for the first time, how stiffness of gelatin-based hydrogels (having a storage modulus of 538, 3584, or 7263 Pa) affects proliferation and differentiation of microspheroids formed from telomerase-immortalized human adipose-derived stem cells (hASC/hTERT). Confocal microscopy indicates that all tested hydrogels supported cell viability during their 3- to 5-week culture period in the control, chondrogenic, or osteogenic medium. Although in the softer hydrogels cells from neighboring microspheroids started outgrowing and interconnecting within a few days, their protrusion was slower or limited in stiffer hydrogels or those cultured in chondrogenic medium, respectively. High expressions of chondrogenic markers (SOX9, ACAN, COL2A1), detected in all tested hydrogels, proved that the chondrogenic differentiation of hASC/hTERT microspheroids was very successful, especially in the two softer hydrogels, where superior cartilage-specific properties were confirmed by Alcian blue staining. These chondrogenically induced samples also expressed COL10A1, a marker of chondrocyte hypertrophy. Interestingly, the hydrogel itself (with no differentiation medium) showed a slight chondrogenic induction. Regardless of the hydrogel stiffness, in the samples stimulated with osteogenic medium, the expression of selected markers RUNX2, BGLAP, ALPL, and COL1A1 was not conclusive. Nevertheless, the von Kossa staining confirmed the presence of calcium deposits in osteogenically stimulated samples in the two softer hydrogels, suggesting that these also favor osteogenesis. This observation was also confirmed by Alizarin red quantification assay, with which higher amounts of calcium were detected in the osteogenically induced hydrogels than in their controls. The presented data indicate that the encapsulation of adipose-derived stem cell microspheroids in gelatin-based hydrogels show promising potential for future applications in cartilage or bone TE. Impact Statement Osteochondral defects represent one of the leading causes of disability in the world. Although numerous tissue engineering (TE) approaches have shown success in cartilage and bone tissue regeneration, achieving native-like characteristics of these tissues remains challenging. This study demonstrates that in the presence of a corresponding differentiation medium, gelatin-based hydrogels support moderate osteogenic and excellent chondrogenic differentiation of photo-encapsulated human adipose-derived stem cell microspheroids, the extent of which depends on hydrogel stiffness. Because photosensitive hydrogels are a convenient material platform for creating stiffness gradients in three dimensions, the presented microspheroid-hydrogel encapsulation strategy holds promise for future strategies of cartilage or bone TE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Žigon-Branc
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Technische Universität Wien (TU Wien), Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Austria
| | - Marica Markovic
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Technische Universität Wien (TU Wien), Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Austria
| | - Jasper Van Hoorick
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Brussels Photonics, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Elsene, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Brussels Photonics, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Elsene, Belgium
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elise Zerobin
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Austria
- Division of Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien (TU Wien), Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Baudis
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Austria
- Division of Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien (TU Wien), Vienna, Austria
| | - Aleksandr Ovsianikov
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Technische Universität Wien (TU Wien), Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sewald L, Claaßen C, Götz T, Claaßen MH, Truffault V, Tovar GEM, Southan A, Borchers K. Beyond the Modification Degree: Impact of Raw Material on Physicochemical Properties of Gelatin Type A and Type B Methacryloyls. Macromol Biosci 2018; 18:e1800168. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Sewald
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVPUniversity of Stuttgart Nobelstraße 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Christiane Claaßen
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVPUniversity of Stuttgart Nobelstraße 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Tobias Götz
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVPUniversity of Stuttgart Nobelstraße 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Marc H. Claaßen
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology Max‐Planck‐Ring 5 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Vincent Truffault
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology Max‐Planck‐Ring 5 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Günter E. M. Tovar
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVPUniversity of Stuttgart Nobelstraße 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB Nobelstraße 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Alexander Southan
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVPUniversity of Stuttgart Nobelstraße 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Kirsten Borchers
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVPUniversity of Stuttgart Nobelstraße 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB Nobelstraße 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Datta P, Barui A, Wu Y, Ozbolat V, Moncal KK, Ozbolat IT. Essential steps in bioprinting: From pre- to post-bioprinting. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1481-1504. [PMID: 29909085 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An increasing demand for directed assembly of biomaterials has inspired the development of bioprinting, which facilitates the assembling of both cellular and acellular inks into well-arranged three-dimensional (3D) structures for tissue fabrication. Although great advances have been achieved in the recent decade, there still exist issues to be addressed. Herein, a review has been systematically performed to discuss the considerations in the entire procedure of bioprinting. Though bioprinting is advancing at a rapid pace, it is seen that the whole process of obtaining tissue constructs from this technique involves multiple-stages, cutting across various technology domains. These stages can be divided into three broad categories: pre-bioprinting, bioprinting and post-bioprinting. Each stage can influence others and has a bearing on the performance of fabricated constructs. For example, in pre-bioprinting, tissue biopsy and cell expansion techniques are essential to ensure a large number of cells are available for mass organ production. Similarly, medical imaging is needed to provide high resolution designs, which can be faithfully bioprinted. In the bioprinting stage, compatibility of biomaterials is needed to be matched with solidification kinetics to ensure constructs with high cell viability and fidelity are obtained. On the other hand, there is a need to develop bioprinters, which have high degrees of freedom of movement, perform without failure concerns for several hours and are compact, and affordable. Finally, maturation of bioprinted cells are governed by conditions provided during the post-bioprinting process. This review, for the first time, puts all the bioprinting stages in perspective of the whole process of bioprinting, and analyzes their current state-of-the art. It is concluded that bioprinting community will recognize the relative importance and optimize the parameter of each stage to obtain the desired outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pallab Datta
- Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology Shibpur, Howrah 711103, West Bengal, India
| | - Ananya Barui
- Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology Shibpur, Howrah 711103, West Bengal, India
| | - Yang Wu
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Veli Ozbolat
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Ceyhan Engineering Faculty, Cukurova University, Adana 01950, Turkey
| | - Kazim K Moncal
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ibrahim T Ozbolat
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Biomedical Engineering Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tytgat L, Vagenende M, Declercq H, Martins J, Thienpont H, Ottevaere H, Dubruel P, Van Vlierberghe S. Synergistic effect of κ-carrageenan and gelatin blends towards adipose tissue engineering. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 189:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
21
|
De Jaeghere E, De Vlieghere E, Van Hoorick J, Van Vlierberghe S, Wagemans G, Pieters L, Melsens E, Praet M, Van Dorpe J, Boone MN, Ghobeira R, De Geyter N, Bracke M, Vanhove C, Neyt S, Berx G, De Geest BG, Dubruel P, Declercq H, Ceelen W, De Wever O. Heterocellular 3D scaffolds as biomimetic to recapitulate the tumor microenvironment of peritoneal metastases in vitro and in vivo. Biomaterials 2017; 158:95-105. [PMID: 29306747 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Peritoneal metastasis is a major cause of death and preclinical models are urgently needed to enhance therapeutic progress. This study reports on a hybrid hydrogel-polylactic acid (PLA) scaffold that mimics the architecture of peritoneal metastases at the qualitative, quantitative and spatial level. Porous PLA scaffolds with controllable pore size, geometry and surface properties are functionalized by type I collagen hydrogel. Co-seeding of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) increases cancer cell adhesion, recovery and exponential growth by in situ heterocellular spheroid formation. Scaffold implantation into the peritoneum allows long-term follow-up (>14 weeks) and results in a time-dependent increase in vascularization, which correlates with cancer cell colonization in vivo. CAF, endothelial cells, macrophages and cancer cells show spatial and quantitative aspects as similarly observed in patient-derived peritoneal metastases. CAF provide long-term secretion of complementary paracrine factors implicated in spheroid formation in vitro as well as in recruitment and organization of host cells in vivo. In conclusion, the multifaceted heterocellular interactions that occur within peritoneal metastases are reproduced in this tissue-engineered implantable scaffold model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emiel De Jaeghere
- Laboratory Experimental Cancer Research (LECR), Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elly De Vlieghere
- Laboratory Experimental Cancer Research (LECR), Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jasper Van Hoorick
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Glenn Wagemans
- Laboratory Experimental Cancer Research (LECR), Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leen Pieters
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elodie Melsens
- Experimental Surgery Lab, Department of Surgery, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marleen Praet
- Department of Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jo Van Dorpe
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthieu N Boone
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rouba Ghobeira
- Department of Applied Physics, Research Unit Plasma Technology (RUPT), Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, B4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie De Geyter
- Department of Applied Physics, Research Unit Plasma Technology (RUPT), Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, B4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marc Bracke
- Laboratory Experimental Cancer Research (LECR), Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian Vanhove
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Institute Biomedical Technology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sara Neyt
- MOLECUBES NV, Ottergemsesteenweg-Zuid 808, 325 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Berx
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Unit of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno G De Geest
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemstesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Heidi Declercq
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Ceelen
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Experimental Surgery Lab, Department of Surgery, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier De Wever
- Laboratory Experimental Cancer Research (LECR), Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Van Nieuwenhove I, Tytgat L, Ryx M, Blondeel P, Stillaert F, Thienpont H, Ottevaere H, Dubruel P, Van Vlierberghe S. Soft tissue fillers for adipose tissue regeneration: From hydrogel development toward clinical applications. Acta Biomater 2017; 63:37-49. [PMID: 28941654 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
There is a clear and urgent clinical need to develop soft tissue fillers that outperform the materials currently used for adipose tissue reconstruction. Recently, extensive research has been performed within this field of adipose tissue engineering as the commercially available products and the currently existing techniques are concomitant with several disadvantages. Commercial products are highly expensive and associated with an imposing need for repeated injections. Lipofilling or free fat transfer has an unpredictable outcome with respect to cell survival and potential resorption of the fat grafts. Therefore, researchers are predominantly investigating two challenging adipose tissue engineering strategies: in situ injectable materials and porous 3D printed scaffolds. The present work provides an overview of current research encompassing synthetic, biopolymer-based and extracellular matrix-derived materials with a clear focus on emerging fabrication technologies and developments realized throughout the last decade. Moreover, clinical relevance of the most promising materials will be discussed, together with potential concerns associated with their application in the clinic.
Collapse
|
23
|
Van Hoorick J, Gruber P, Markovic M, Tromayer M, Van Erps J, Thienpont H, Liska R, Ovsianikov A, Dubruel P, Van Vlierberghe S. Cross-Linkable Gelatins with Superior Mechanical Properties Through Carboxylic Acid Modification: Increasing the Two-Photon Polymerization Potential. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:3260-3272. [PMID: 28850786 PMCID: PMC5647566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The present work reports on the development of photo-cross-linkable gelatins sufficiently versatile to overcome current biopolymer two-photon polymerization (2PP) processing limitations. To this end, both the primary amines as well as the carboxylic acids of gelatin type B were functionalized with photo-cross-linkable moieties (up to 1 mmol/g) resulting in superior and tunable mechanical properties (G' from 5000 to 147000 Pa) enabling efficient 2PP processing. The materials were characterized in depth prior to and after photoinduced cross-linking using fully functionalized gelatin-methacrylamide (gel-MOD) as a benchmark to assess the effect of functionalization on the protein properties, cross-linking efficiency, and mechanical properties. In addition, preliminary experiments on hydrogel films indicated excellent in vitro biocompatibility (close to 100% viability) both in the presence of MC3T3 preosteoblasts and L929 fibroblasts. Moreover, 2PP processing of the novel derivative was superior in terms of applied laser power (≥40 vs ≥60 mW for gel-MOD at 100 mm/s) as well as post-production swelling (0-20% vs 75-100% for gel-MOD) compared to those of gel-MOD. The reported novel gelatin derivative (gel-MOD-AEMA) proves to be extremely suitable for direct laser writing as both superior mimicry of the applied computer-aided design (CAD) was obtained while maintaining the desired cellular interactivity of the biopolymer. It can be anticipated that the present work will also be applicable to alternative biopolymers mimicking the extracellular environment such as collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans, thereby expanding current material-related processing limitations in the tissue engineering field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Van Hoorick
- Polymer
Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry
(CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Brussels
Photonics, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, Belgium
| | - Peter Gruber
- Institute
of Materials Science and Technology and Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian
Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marica Markovic
- Institute
of Materials Science and Technology and Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian
Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian Tromayer
- Institute
of Materials Science and Technology and Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian
Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Van Erps
- Brussels
Photonics, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, Belgium
| | - Hugo Thienpont
- Polymer
Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry
(CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Brussels
Photonics, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, Belgium
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute
of Materials Science and Technology and Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian
Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Aleksandr Ovsianikov
- Institute
of Materials Science and Technology and Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian
Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer
Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry
(CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer
Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry
(CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Brussels
Photonics, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hölzl K, Lin S, Tytgat L, Van Vlierberghe S, Gu L, Ovsianikov A. Bioink properties before, during and after 3D bioprinting. Biofabrication 2016; 8:032002. [PMID: 27658612 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/8/3/032002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 549] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioprinting is a process based on additive manufacturing from materials containing living cells. These materials, often referred to as bioink, are based on cytocompatible hydrogel precursor formulations, which gel in a manner compatible with different bioprinting approaches. The bioink properties before, during and after gelation are essential for its printability, comprising such features as achievable structural resolution, shape fidelity and cell survival. However, it is the final properties of the matured bioprinted tissue construct that are crucial for the end application. During tissue formation these properties are influenced by the amount of cells present in the construct, their proliferation, migration and interaction with the material. A calibrated computational framework is able to predict the tissue development and maturation and to optimize the bioprinting input parameters such as the starting material, the initial cell loading and the construct geometry. In this contribution relevant bioink properties are reviewed and discussed on the example of most popular bioprinting approaches. The effect of cells on hydrogel processing and vice versa is highlighted. Furthermore, numerical approaches were reviewed and implemented for depicting the cellular mechanics within the hydrogel as well as for prediction of mechanical properties to achieve the desired hydrogel construct considering cell density, distribution and material-cell interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Hölzl
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Technical University Vienna, Austria. Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Houben A, Van Hoorick J, Van Erps J, Thienpont H, Van Vlierberghe S, Dubruel P. Indirect Rapid Prototyping: Opening Up Unprecedented Opportunities in Scaffold Design and Applications. Ann Biomed Eng 2016; 45:58-83. [PMID: 27080376 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-016-1610-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, solid freeform fabrication (SFF) has emerged as the main technology for the production of scaffolds for tissue engineering applications as a result of the architectural versatility. However, certain limitations have also arisen, primarily associated with the available, rather limited range of materials suitable for processing. To overcome these limitations, several research groups have been exploring novel methodologies through which a construct, generated via SFF, is applied as a sacrificial mould for production of the final construct. The technique combines the benefits of SFF techniques in terms of controlled, patient-specific design with a large freedom in material selection associated with conventional scaffold production techniques. Consequently, well-defined 3D scaffolds can be generated in a straightforward manner from previously difficult to print and even "unprintable" materials due to thermomechanical properties that do not match the often strict temperature and pressure requirements for direct rapid prototyping. These include several biomaterials, thermally degradable materials, ceramics and composites. Since it can be combined with conventional pore forming techniques, indirect rapid prototyping (iRP) enables the creation of a hierarchical porosity in the final scaffold with micropores inside the struts. Consequently, scaffolds and implants for applications in both soft and hard tissue regeneration have been reported. In this review, an overview of different iRP strategies and materials are presented from the first reports of the approach at the turn of the century until now.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annemie Houben
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jasper Van Hoorick
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Brussels Photonics Team, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Elsene, Belgium
| | - Jürgen Van Erps
- Brussels Photonics Team, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Elsene, Belgium
| | - Hugo Thienpont
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Brussels Photonics Team, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Elsene, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Brussels Photonics Team, Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Elsene, Belgium
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|