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Müller S, Spitzer C, Flemming E, Ehrenthal JC, Mestel R, Strauß B, Lübke L. Measuring Change in Attachment Insecurity Using Short Forms of the ECR-R: Longitudinal Measurement Invariance and Sensitivity to Treatment. J Pers Assess 2024; 106:218-229. [PMID: 37493362 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2023.2238816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Attachment insecurity is important for psychotherapy both as an aspect influencing the therapeutic process as well as potential outcome variable of a treatment. Two German short forms of the Experiences in Close Relationships - Revised (ECR-R) have been proposed to assess individual differences in attachment anxiety and avoidance. In this research, we examined whether these questionnaires are suitable for measuring change in attachment anxiety and avoidance by testing longitudinal measurement invariance in two independent clinical samples (N1 = 493, N2 = 273) using a pre-post design. Results indicated that strict longitudinal measurement invariance can be assumed for both measures. Thus, changes in scale scores before and after treatment can be interpreted as changes in the latent dimensions of attachment anxiety and avoidance. Both questionnaires were also sensitive to treatment in that attachment insecurity was overall reduced after therapy. Although both measures appear to be generally suitable for investigating treatment effects, they exhibited consistent problems with structural validity across samples that should be reexamined in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Müller
- Department of Psychology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Carsten Spitzer
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Eva Flemming
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Robert Mestel
- Department of Psychosomatics, VAMED Rehabilitation Clinic Bad Grönenbach, Bad Grönenbach, Germany
| | - Bernhard Strauß
- Institute of Psychosocial Medicine, Psychotherapy and Psychooncology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Laura Lübke
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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Cervantes BR, Kerr S, Vanwoerden S, Sharp C. Operationalizing intimacy and identity aspects of personality functioning in relation to personality disorder in adolescents. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1153274. [PMID: 37113535 PMCID: PMC10126270 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1153274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
According to dimensional models of personality pathology, deficits in interpersonal (intimacy and empathy) and self (identity and self-direction) function (Criterion A) are core to all personality disorders. These aspects of personality functioning (Criterion A) have seldom been evaluated for how they might relate to one another in the context of personality pathology in adolescents. Moreover, the use of performance-based measures to evaluate aspects of Criterion A function remains an untapped resource. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate relations between two features of Criterion A, maladaptive intimacy and maladaptive (or diffused) identity, in adolescence. For intimacy, we leverage a performance-based approach to studying intimacy, operationalized in a developmentally relevant way (perceived parental closeness). For identity, we rely on a validated self-report measure of identity diffusion. We examined the relationship between these features with each other and their relations with borderline features. Additionally, we explored whether identity diffusion mediated the expected relationship between perceived parental closeness and borderline features. We hypothesized that greater distance in perceived parental closeness would be associated with higher levels of borderline features, as well as higher levels of identity diffusion, and that identity diffusion would account for the relationship between intimacy and personality pathology. The sample included 131 inpatient adolescents (M age = 15.35, 70.2% female). Results indicated that intimacy, operationalized as perceived parental closeness, with both mothers and fathers was significantly associated with levels of identity diffusion and borderline features. In addition, greater feelings of closeness with parents were associated with lower severity of borderline features via healthier identity function. Implications of the results, limitations, and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sophie Kerr
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Salome Vanwoerden
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Carla Sharp
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Carla Sharp,
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Vanwoerden S, McLaren V, Stepp SD, Sharp C. Are We Thinking about the Same Disorder? A Trifactor Model Approach to Understand Parents' and Their Adolescents' Reports of Borderline Personality Pathology. J Pers Assess 2022:1-12. [PMID: 35191795 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2022.2039165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple informant assessment is the norm when evaluating borderline personality pathology (BPP) in adolescence, especially by including reports from both parents and adolescents. However, these reports tend to be discrepant, and it is unclear how to integrate. The current study used a trifactor model to isolate sources of variance in parents' and adolescents' reports of BPP due to their shared and unique perspectives in a sample of 652 inpatient adolescents (63% female; Mage = 15.31, SD = 1.45) and their parents (81% mothers). Consensus/agreement was characterized by the externalizing features of BPP whereas idiosyncratic views of adolescent BPP covered the full latent BPP construct, suggesting that simple aggregation of parent and adolescent reports is inappropriate. Measurement invariance suggested that unique perspectives were characterized by slightly different operationalizations of BPP and response biases for specific features of BPP. Attachment security and parents' interpersonal problems predicted shared and unique perspectives differently for female and male adolescents. Lastly, we found that shared and unique perspectives differentially predicted interview based BPP, length of stay, and adolescent mentalizing. In sum, findings replicate previous evidence of parent-child informant discrepancy in youth psychopathology, broadly, and provide insights specific to BPP. Discussion includes practical recommendations for assessment and interpretation of BPP assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carla Sharp
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston
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The Validation of a Five-Item Screening Scale for Personality Disorders in Dutch-Speaking Community Adolescents and Adults. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-022-09951-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Babinski DE, Castagna PJ, Waschbusch DA. Preliminary Investigation of the Psychometric Properties of the Parent Version of the Borderline Personality Features Scale for Children (BPFS-P). J Pers Assess 2020; 103:602-612. [PMID: 33124913 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2020.1835934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that features of borderline personality disorder (BPD) emerge in childhood and present long-term risk for the development of BPD. Thus, valid and reliable assessments of BPD features in childhood are needed. This study examined the psychometric properties of the parent version of the Borderline Personality Features Scale for Children (BPFS-P) in a large, representative sample (N = 1,050; 51.5% male; Mage = 8.42, SD = 2.31; Agerange = 5 to 12 years). The factor structure of the BPFS-P was examined, and measurement invariance was tested across child age and sex as well as caregiver informant sex. Additionally, the unique contribution of the identified factors of the BPFS-P to overall impairment and need for treatment beyond co-occurring dimensions of additional psychopathology was examined. A one factor structure was identified, which demonstrated measurement invariance across child sex and age as well as caregiver informant sex. BPD features measured with the BPFS-P contributed unique variance to explaining overall impairment and need for treatment. These findings point to the potential of the BPFS-P to break new ground in identifying youth at risk for BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara E Babinski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | | | - Daniel A Waschbusch
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
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Dong Y, Dumas D. Are personality measures valid for different populations? A systematic review of measurement invariance across cultures, gender, and age. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.109956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Sharp C, Vanwoerden S, Jouriles EN, Godfrey DA, Babcock J, McLaren V, McFarlane J, Brashear B, Walton Q, Temple JR. Exposure to interparental intimate partner violence and the development of borderline features in adolescents. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 103:104448. [PMID: 32171797 PMCID: PMC10176899 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to associated trauma, exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) is considered a form of child maltreatment, and is associated with heightened risk for mental health problems. OBJECTIVE To evaluate associations between exposure to interparental IPV and the prospective development of borderline features in adolescents. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING A diverse sample of 1,042 adolescents were recruited from public high schools throughout southeastern United States and followed annually for 5 years. Baseline mean age was 15.09 (SD = .79; range 13-18), and 56 % of the sample was female; 31.4 % (n = 327) were Hispanic, 29.4 % (n = 306) were White/not Hispanic, 27.9 % (n = 291) were African American, 3.6 % (n = 38) were Asian or Pacific Islander, and 7.7 % (n = 80) were mixed or another race. METHODS Exposure to interparental IPV and the quality of the parent-child relationship were assessed at baseline. Borderline features were assessed annually for the each of the five follow-up timepoints. Latent growth curve modeling was used to estimate the course of change of BPD features over time. RESULTS Consistent with expectations, and controlling for quality of parent-child relationships and sociodemographic confounds, findings demonstrated that IPV exposure related to both cross-sectional association between interparental IPV and adolescents' borderline features and change in borderline features over a 5-year period. CONCLUSION Adolescents who had witnessed interparental IPV were more likely to have higher levels of BPD features at baseline and to deviate from the typically observed normative decline in BPD features over the 4-year follow-up period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Sharp
- University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, TX, 77004, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Julia Babcock
- University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, TX, 77004, USA
| | - Veronica McLaren
- University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, TX, 77004, USA
| | - Judith McFarlane
- Texas Woman's University, 6700 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Barbie Brashear
- Harris County Domestic Violence Coordinating Council, 2990 Richmond Ave #550, Houston, TX, 77098, USA
| | - Quenette Walton
- University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, TX, 77004, USA
| | - Jeff R Temple
- UTMB Health, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review recent research concerning the diagnosis and treatment of borderline personality disorder (BPD) in young people. We examine evidence for the need to define an appropriate age for detection, and the suitability of current classification methods and treatment. RECENT FINDINGS Evidence supports early detection and intervention for subsyndromal borderline pathology or categorical BPD across an extended developmental period. A range of structured treatments are effective for BPD in young people, although the role of treatment components in successful outcomes is unclear. Substantial evidence suggests that a stronger focus on functional outcomes, especially social and vocational outcomes, is warranted. Effective treatments for BPD are rarely available internationally. There is a need to assess whether less complex interventions might be developed that are scalable across health systems. A clinical staging model should be considered, addressing clinical distress and co-occurring psychopathology, as well as diagnosis.
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Orme W, Bowersox L, Vanwoerden S, Fonagy P, Sharp C. The relation between epistemic trust and borderline pathology in an adolescent inpatient sample. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul 2019; 6:13. [PMID: 31485332 PMCID: PMC6712815 DOI: 10.1186/s40479-019-0110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent extensions of mentalization theory have included the hypothesis that a reduced capacity for epistemic trust in the context of attachment relationships may represent a core vulnerability for the development of borderline personality disorder (BPD). The first aim of the current study was to explore empirical relationships between epistemic trust and symptoms of BPD. The second aim was to explore the effect of epistemic trust on treatment response. METHODS Data were collected from 322 inpatient adolescents. The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) trust in mother and father subscales were used to approximate epistemic trust in the absence of a validated measure. A multimodal approach was used to measure BPD including self-report, parent-report, and interviewer ratings. Regression analyses were performed to explore the relationship between IPPA trust scores and measures of BPD. Mixed-design analyses of variance were conducted to evaluate whether self-reported parent trust at admission influenced progress in treatment. RESULTS As hypothesized, results indicated that reduced IPPA trust in parents correlated with BPD symptoms across various measures. Levels of IPPA trust in parents at admission did not moderate a reduction in BPD symptoms over the course of treatment. CONCLUSIONS This study provides support for the theoretical association between deficits in epistemic trust and BPD while also highlighting the need for a validated measure of epistemic trust. Although parent trust at admission did not moderate a reduction in BPD symptoms over the course of treatment, this result may suggest that progress in treatment, and perhaps the ability to cultivate trust in the treatment setting and providers, may not be overly determined by levels of parent trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Orme
- 1Baylor College of Medicine, The Menninger Clinic, Houston, Texas USA
| | - Lauren Bowersox
- 1Baylor College of Medicine, The Menninger Clinic, Houston, Texas USA
| | | | - Peter Fonagy
- 3Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
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Babinski DE, Mills SL, Bansal PS. The Effects of Behavioral Parent Training With Adjunctive Social Skills Training for a Preadolescent Girl With ADHD and Borderline Personality Features. Clin Case Stud 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1534650117741707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Girls with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at high risk of a range of social–emotional difficulties, including peer rejection, suicide attempts, and borderline personality disorder (BPD), which are associated with serious, long-term impairment and have not emerged as clearly in samples of boys with ADHD. BPD is a particularly concerning long-term outcome of ADHD in girls, given the high risk for suicidality and long-lasting relationship difficulties. Very little research has focused on treatment for the interpersonal impairments of girls with ADHD, or on addressing risk for developing BPD. This case study describes the use of behavioral parent training (BPT) with adjunctive social skills training (SST) to address the social–emotional difficulties of a 9-year-old girl, “Violet,” who was diagnosed with ADHD Combined Presentation and was being treated with medication for anxiety. Violet presented with many social difficulties, including low self-esteem, emotional dysregulation, and unstable relationships, which were conceptualized as borderline personality features (BPF). Treatment was associated with improvements in parent functioning, including reductions in caregiver strain and inconsistent discipline, as well as improvements in child functioning, including reductions in ADHD symptoms, a range of impairments, and BPF. This case study illustrates the benefit of a brief psychosocial intervention in reducing multiple indices of interpersonal impairment, including BPF, for a girl with ADHD.
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