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Langer ÁI, Ponce FP, Ordóñez-Carrasco JL, Fuentes-Ferrada R, Mac-Ginty S, Gaete J, Núñez D. Psychometric evidence of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II): an item response theory analysis in university students from Chile. BMC Psychol 2024; 12:111. [PMID: 38429801 PMCID: PMC10908082 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-024-01608-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experiential avoidance (EA) is a psychological mechanism associated with several mental health disorders and is regarded as a relevant target by third-generation cognitive behavioral therapies. It has been mainly assessed through self-report questionnaires, and the AAQ-II is the most used tool. Its psychometric evidence has been mostly tested through the classical test theory (CTT) and very scarcely assessed through Item Response Theory (IRT). METHODS We used the Graded Response Model to examine its psychometric properties in Spanish-speaking university students (n = 1503; women = 995 (66.2%), mean age = 19.29, SD = 2.45). We tested whether the empirical data fit the model's predictions and estimated the dispersion of persons and items along the experiential avoidance continuum. Moreover, we examined category probability curves to identify the response probability of each answer. Likewise, an item-person map was made where the measurement of persons and items, both on the same scale and along the experiential avoidance continuum, could be observed jointly. Finally, we tested the gender invariance of the scale. RESULTS We found that the values of the individuals and the items were in the established range to be considered an adequate measure of EA. Additionally, we observed high discrimination indices for all items. The current version with seven answer options could not be optimal and should be tested in future studies. Finally, we found evidence of differential functioning by gender in one of the seven items of the instrument. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the AAQ-II is a suitable tool for measuring EA and accurately classifying and differentiating EA levels in university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro I Langer
- Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths, Imhay, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Psychology and Humanities, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Fernando P Ponce
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad de Talca, s/n, Talca, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus on Intergenerational Mobility: From Modelling to Policy (MOVI), Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Reiner Fuentes-Ferrada
- Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths, Imhay, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Psychology and Humanities, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Scarlett Mac-Ginty
- Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths, Imhay, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jorge Gaete
- Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths, Imhay, Santiago, Chile
- Research Center for Students Mental Health (ISME), Faculty of Education, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Núñez
- Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths, Imhay, Santiago, Chile.
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad de Talca, s/n, Talca, Chile.
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Ong CW, Barthel AL, Hofmann SG. The Relationship Between Psychological Inflexibility and Well-Being in Adults: A Meta-Analysis of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire. Behav Ther 2024; 55:26-41. [PMID: 38216235 PMCID: PMC10787153 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Psychological inflexibility is defined as the rigid responding to stimuli (e.g., unpleasant thoughts and feelings) that interferes with well-being and valued actions. It is the treatment target in acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). Despite the centrality of the link between inflexibility and well-being to ACT theory, an empirical review clarifying the nature of this relationship has not been conducted. As such, the current meta-analysis examined the meta-correlation between psychological inflexibility, measured by the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ) and its variants, and well-being. A systematic review yielded 151 studies, including 25 versions of the AAQ and 43 well-being measures. Consistent with ACT theory, higher psychological inflexibility was associated with worse well-being (r = -.47, 95% CI[-.49, -.45]). In addition, sample diagnosis, type of AAQ, and type of well-being measure significantly moderated this relationship. Overall, our findings support the hypothesized link between psychological inflexibility and worse well-being. Limitations include reliance on cross-sectional data, precluding causal interpretation.
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Arch JJ, Fishbein JN, Finkelstein LB, Luoma JB. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Processes and Mediation: Challenges and How to Address Them. Behav Ther 2023; 54:971-988. [PMID: 37863588 PMCID: PMC10665126 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) emphasizes a focus on theory-driven processes and mediating variables, a laudable approach. The implementation of this approach would be advanced by addressing five challenges, including (a) distinguishing ACT processes in measurement contexts, (b) developing and rigorously validating measures of ACT processes, (c) the wide use of psychometrically weaker ACT process measures and the more limited use of stronger measures in earlier work, (d) the inconsistency of past evidence that ACT processes are sensitive or specific to ACT or mediate ACT outcomes specifically, and (e) improving statistical power and transparency. Drawing on the existing literature, we characterize and provide evidence for each of these challenges. We then offer detailed recommendations for how to address each challenge in ongoing and future work. Given ACT's core focus on theorized processes, improving the measurement and evaluation of these processes would significantly advance the field's understanding of ACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna J Arch
- University of Colorado Boulder and University of Colorado Cancer Center.
| | | | | | - Jason B Luoma
- Portland Psychotherapy Clinic, Research and Training Center
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Fang S, Ding D, Huang M. Measurement of psychological inflexibility: an examination of the psychometric properties of the AAQ-3 compared to AAQ-II. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:300. [PMID: 37777799 PMCID: PMC10543298 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01318-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the limitations of the existing measurements of experiential avoidance, we would like to check the validity of the improved version of Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II), i.e., Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-3 (AAQ-3), in Chinese content. The present study was aim to examine the construct and validity of the Chinese version of AAQ-3 in college students and provide an initial validation of this instrument to promote future cross-cultural examination of the psychological flexibility. Totally 1,572 college students were invited to complete the Chinese AAQ-3 and the related questionnaires at the same time. After one month, 380 participates were assessed with same questionnaires to examine the test-retest reliability. The results indicated a similar one-factor solution in the Chinese AAQ-3 to the original version by exploratory factor analysis, parallel analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were good. According to the testing of the measurement invariance, the one-factor model was acceptable across gender (Man = 875, Girl = 697). Additionally, Chinese AAQ-3 was significantly negatively correlated with positive mental health (life satisfaction, mindful attention awareness), significantly positively correlated with negative emotions (depression, anxiety, stress), and significantly positively correlated with AAQ-II and Brief Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (BEAQ). Besides, Chinese AAQ-3 was the strongest predictor of depression, anxiety, stress and life satisfaction compared to the AAQ-II and BEAQ. However, according to the exploratory structural equation model, the Chinese AAQ-3 demonstrated excellent discriminate validity from negative emotions. Overall, the AAQ-3 modified the limitations of the existing measurements of experiential avoidance (i.e., AAQ-II and BEAQ) as it showed better convergent validity with positive mental health indicators, better discriminant validity with negative emotions, and higher incremental validity. Therefore, the Chinese AAQ-3 is a valid measurement tool for assessing the level of experiential avoidance or psychological flexibility in Chinese college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanghu Fang
- School of Educational Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China.
| | - Dongyan Ding
- School of Educational Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Mingjie Huang
- School of Educational Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
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Fang S, Huang M, Wang Y. Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of personalized psychological flexibility index (C-PPFI) in college students. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2023.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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El Rafihi-Ferreira R, do Brasil do Carmo MMI, Bassolli L, Hasan R, Aizawa IMN, Toscanini AC. Cognitive and psychological factors associated with severe insomnia in Brazilian women: a cross-sectional study. PSICOLOGIA-REFLEXAO E CRITICA 2022; 35:39. [PMID: 36550223 PMCID: PMC9780099 DOI: 10.1186/s41155-022-00243-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Insomnia is the most prevalent sleep disorder in women. Sociodemographic, cognitive, and psychological factors may contribute to its severity. This study evaluated factors associated with severe insomnia in women with insomnia complaints. We evaluated 530 women aged 18-59 (mean = 40.5, SD = 10.2), who experienced insomnia complaints, using self-report instruments. Severe insomnia was defined as a score above 21 on the Insomnia Severity Index. Age, marital status, educational level, depression and anxiety, psychological inflexibility, and beliefs about sleep were assessed as potential factors associated with severe insomnia. Simple and multivariate analyses were conducted using binary logistic regression. Low education level (odds ratio; OR = 1.85 [1.27-2.69]), depression (OR = 2.17 [1.27-3.81]), psychological inflexibility (OR = 1.05 [1.02-1.08]), and dysfunctional beliefs about sleep (OR = 1.04 [1.02-1.06]) were factors associated with severe insomnia scores in the multiple logistic regression model. These findings are important from a public health perspective, because behavioral strategies designed to treat insomnia with a focus on cognitive and psychological factors are low-cost treatments and may help improve sleep quality in women, which also influences mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renatha El Rafihi-Ferreira
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade de São Paulo, 785 Doutor Ovídio Pires de Campos Street, São Paulo, SP 05403-903 Brazil
| | - Marwin Machay Indio do Brasil do Carmo
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade de São Paulo, 785 Doutor Ovídio Pires de Campos Street, São Paulo, SP 05403-903 Brazil
| | - Lucas Bassolli
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, 785 Doutor Ovídio Pires de Campos Street, São Paulo, SP 05403-903 Brazil
| | - Rosa Hasan
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade de São Paulo, 785 Doutor Ovídio Pires de Campos Street, São Paulo, SP 05403-903 Brazil
| | - Isabela Mayumi Nishino Aizawa
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade de São Paulo, 785 Doutor Ovídio Pires de Campos Street, São Paulo, SP 05403-903 Brazil
| | - Andrea Cecilia Toscanini
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade de São Paulo, 785 Doutor Ovídio Pires de Campos Street, São Paulo, SP 05403-903 Brazil
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Meek C, das Nair R, Evangelou N, Middleton R, Tuite-Dalton K, Moghaddam N. Psychological Flexibility, Distress, and Quality of Life in Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: A Cross-sectional Study. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 67:104154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Cheng C, Elsworth GR, Osborne RH. Validity Evidence of the eHealth Literacy Questionnaire (eHLQ) Part 2: Mixed Methods Approach to Evaluate Test Content, Response Process, and Internal Structure in the Australian Community Health Setting. J Med Internet Res 2022; 24:e32777. [PMID: 35258475 PMCID: PMC8941428 DOI: 10.2196/32777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Digital technologies have changed how we manage our health, and eHealth literacy is needed to engage with health technologies. Any eHealth strategy would be ineffective if users’ eHealth literacy needs are not addressed. A robust measure of eHealth literacy is essential for understanding these needs. On the basis of the eHealth Literacy Framework, which identified 7 dimensions of eHealth literacy, the eHealth Literacy Questionnaire (eHLQ) was developed. The tool has demonstrated robust psychometric properties in the Danish setting, but validity testing should be an ongoing and accumulative process. Objective This study aims to evaluate validity evidence based on test content, response process, and internal structure of the eHLQ in the Australian community health setting. Methods A mixed methods approach was used with cognitive interviewing conducted to examine evidence on test content and response process, whereas a cross-sectional survey was undertaken for evidence on internal structure. Data were collected at 3 diverse community health sites in Victoria, Australia. Psychometric testing included both the classical test theory and item response theory approaches. Methods included Bayesian structural equation modeling for confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency and test-retest for reliability, and the Bayesian multiple-indicators, multiple-causes model for testing of differential item functioning. Results Cognitive interviewing identified only 1 confusing term, which was clarified. All items were easy to read and understood as intended. A total of 525 questionnaires were included for psychometric analysis. All scales were homogenous with composite scale reliability ranging from 0.73 to 0.90. The intraclass correlation coefficient for test-retest reliability for the 7 scales ranged from 0.72 to 0.95. A 7-factor Bayesian structural equation modeling using small variance priors for cross-loadings and residual covariances was fitted to the data, and the model of interest produced a satisfactory fit (posterior productive P=.49, 95% CI for the difference between observed and replicated chi-square values −101.40 to 108.83, prior-posterior productive P=.92). All items loaded on the relevant factor, with loadings ranging from 0.36 to 0.94. No significant cross-loading was found. There was no evidence of differential item functioning for administration format, site area, and health setting. However, discriminant validity was not well established for scales 1, 3, 5, 6, and 7. Item response theory analysis found that all items provided precise information at different trait levels, except for 1 item. All items demonstrated different sensitivity to different trait levels and represented a range of difficulty levels. Conclusions The evidence suggests that the eHLQ is a tool with robust psychometric properties and further investigation of discriminant validity is recommended. It is ready to be used to identify eHealth literacy strengths and challenges and assist the development of digital health interventions to ensure that people with limited digital access and skills are not left behind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Cheng
- School of Health Sciences, Centre for Global Health and Equity, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia.,Faculty of Health, School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Gerald R Elsworth
- School of Health Sciences, Centre for Global Health and Equity, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia.,Faculty of Health, School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Richard H Osborne
- School of Health Sciences, Centre for Global Health and Equity, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia.,Faculty of Health, School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
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Browning ME, Morena A, Gould ER, Lloyd-Richardson EE. Brief ACT for Undergraduates: A Mixed-Methods Pilot Investigation of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Delivered over Zoom. JOURNAL OF COLLEGE STUDENT PSYCHOTHERAPY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87568225.2022.2029659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan E. Browning
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra Morena
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA, USA
| | - Evelyn R. Gould
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Behavioural response to illness: development and validation of a self-report measure of illness behaviour avoidance. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02219-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Internalized transphobia, nondisclosure of gender identity, and life satisfaction among transgender and non-binary adults: The moderating roles of psychological flexibility and inflexibility. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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12
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Grom JL, Maloney MA, Parrott DJ, Eckhardt CI. Alcohol, Trait Anger, and Psychological Flexibility: A Laboratory Investigation of Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2021; 19:100-107. [PMID: 33643834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The I3 Model is a meta-theoretical framework that posits intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration is the product of three interactive factors: instigators, impellors, and inhibitors. The present study examined the effects of trait anger (an impellor), psychological flexibility (a disimpellor), and alcohol intoxication (a disinhibitor) on IPV perpetration. Participants were 249 heavy drinkers (41% female) who had perpetrated IPV toward their current partner in the past year. Participants completed self-report measures of trait anger and psychological flexibility, were randomly assigned to consume an alcoholic or non-alcoholic beverage, and then engaged in the Taylor Aggression Paradigm (Taylor, 1967) ostensibly against their current partner. Analyses detected a small-to-medium effect for two separate two-way interactions. First, a significant Beverage x Psychological Flexibility interaction was detected. Consistent with the I3 Model, explication analyses revealed that alcohol intoxication predicted higher levels of IPV perpetration in those who reported low, but not high, psychological flexibility (i.e., low disimpellance). Second, although the Beverage x Trait Anger interaction was non-significant, explication analyses revealed that alcohol intoxication predicted higher levels of IPV perpetration among those who reported low, but not high, trait anger (i.e., low impellance). These results have several potential treatment implications among alcohol-consuming clients.
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Waldeck D, Pancani L, Holliman A, Karekla M, Tyndall I. Adaptability and psychological flexibility: Overlapping constructs? JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Ong CW, Pierce BG, Petersen JM, Barney JL, Fruge JE, Levin ME, Twohig MP. A psychometric comparison of psychological inflexibility measures: Discriminant validity and item performance. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Smith BM, Twohy AJ, Smith GS. Psychological inflexibility and intolerance of uncertainty moderate the relationship between social isolation and mental health outcomes during COVID-19. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2020; 18:162-174. [PMID: 32953435 PMCID: PMC7489247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had an enormous impact on human activity worldwide, in part due to many governments issuing stay-at-home orders and limiting the types of social interactions in which citizens can engage. Previous research has shown that social isolation can contribute to psychological distress. The impact of increased social isolation on mental health functioning during the COVID-19 crisis, as well as potential mechanisms to buffer this impact, have yet to be investigated. The current study explored the moderating role of psychological flexibility and related constructs on the relationships between social isolation and mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cross-sectional data from 278 participants, the majority residing in the United States, were collected during a 3-week period from mid-April to early May 2020 via online survey. A series of hierarchical linear regression analyses indicated statistically significant relationships between social isolation and psychological distress (depression, anxiety, and stress), well-being, and valued living. Psychological inflexibility, intolerance of uncertainty, and emotional suppression significantly moderated these relationships in a number of instances. Greater psychological flexibility and acceptance of difficult experiences appeared to act as a buffer against the negative effects of increased social isolation, while amplifying the benefits of social connectedness. Implications for promoting mental health and buffering against the harmful effects of social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond are discussed. Social isolation predicts negative psychological distress during COVID-19. Psychological flexibility buffers negative impacts of isolation on distress. Tolerance of uncertainty buffers negative impacts of social isolation on distress. Psychological flexibility enhances beneficial effects of connectedness. Psychological flexibility is a promising treatment target during COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke M Smith
- Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Ave. Mail Stop 5439, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
| | - Alexander J Twohy
- Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Ave. Mail Stop 5439, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
| | - Gregory S Smith
- School of Behavior Analysis, Florida Institute of Psychology, 150 W. University Blvd., Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
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Edwards KA, Vowles KE. Acceptance and Action Questionnaire – II: Confirmatory factor analysis and measurement invariance between Non-Hispanic White and Hispanic/Latinx undergraduates. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Norwegian Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (NAAQ): A psychometric evaluation. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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An Item Response Theory Analysis of the Korean Version of the CRAFFT Scale for Alcohol Use Among Adolescents in Korea. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci) 2019; 13:249-256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anr.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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