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Kepp KP, Robakis NK, Høilund-Carlsen PF, Sensi SL, Vissel B. The amyloid cascade hypothesis: an updated critical review. Brain 2023; 146:3969-3990. [PMID: 37183523 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Results from recent clinical trials of antibodies that target amyloid-β (Aβ) for Alzheimer's disease have created excitement and have been heralded as corroboration of the amyloid cascade hypothesis. However, while Aβ may contribute to disease, genetic, clinical, imaging and biochemical data suggest a more complex aetiology. Here we review the history and weaknesses of the amyloid cascade hypothesis in view of the new evidence obtained from clinical trials of anti-amyloid antibodies. These trials indicate that the treatments have either no or uncertain clinical effect on cognition. Despite the importance of amyloid in the definition of Alzheimer's disease, we argue that the data point to Aβ playing a minor aetiological role. We also discuss data suggesting that the concerted activity of many pathogenic factors contribute to Alzheimer's disease and propose that evolving multi-factor disease models will better underpin the search for more effective strategies to treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper P Kepp
- Section of Biophysical and Biomedicinal chemistry, DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nikolaos K Robakis
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Poul F Høilund-Carlsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Stefano L Sensi
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology-CAST, and Institute for Advanced Biotechnology (ITAB), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, 66013, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, 66013, Italy
| | - Bryce Vissel
- St Vincent's Hospital Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, 2010, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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2
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Li A, Yi J, Li X, Dong L, Ostrow LW, Ma J, Zhou J. Deficient Sarcolemma Repair in ALS: A Novel Mechanism with Therapeutic Potential. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203263. [PMID: 36291129 PMCID: PMC9600524 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane (sarcolemma) of skeletal muscle myofibers is susceptible to injury caused by physical and chemical stresses during normal daily movement and/or under disease conditions. These acute plasma membrane disruptions are normally compensated by an intrinsic membrane resealing process involving interactions of multiple intracellular proteins including dysferlin, annexin, caveolin, and Mitsugumin 53 (MG53)/TRIM72. There is new evidence for compromised muscle sarcolemma repair mechanisms in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Mitochondrial dysfunction in proximity to neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) increases oxidative stress, triggering MG53 aggregation and loss of its function. Compromised membrane repair further worsens sarcolemma fragility and amplifies oxidative stress in a vicious cycle. This article is to review existing literature supporting the concept that ALS is a disease of oxidative-stress induced disruption of muscle membrane repair that compromise the integrity of the NMJs and hence augmenting muscle membrane repair mechanisms could represent a viable therapeutic strategy for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Li
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Jianxun Yi
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Xuejun Li
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Li Dong
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Lyle W. Ostrow
- Department of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Correspondence: (L.W.O.); (J.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jianjie Ma
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Correspondence: (L.W.O.); (J.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jingsong Zhou
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
- Correspondence: (L.W.O.); (J.M.); (J.Z.)
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3
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Butyrate Ameliorates Mitochondrial Respiratory Capacity of The Motor-Neuron-like Cell Line NSC34-G93A, a Cellular Model for ALS. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020333. [PMID: 35204833 PMCID: PMC8869540 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial defects in motor neurons are pathological hallmarks of ALS, a neuromuscular disease with no effective treatment. Studies have shown that butyrate, a natural gut-bacteria product, alleviates the disease progression of ALS mice overexpressing a human ALS-associated mutation, hSOD1G93A. In the current study, we examined the potential molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of butyrate on mitochondrial function in cultured motor-neuron-like NSC34 with overexpression of hSOD1G93A (NSC34-G93A). The live cell confocal imaging study demonstrated that 1mM butyrate in the culture medium improved the mitochondrial network with reduced fragmentation in NSC34-G93A cells. Seahorse analysis revealed that NSC34-G93A cells treated with butyrate showed an increase of ~5-fold in mitochondrial Spare Respiratory Capacity with elevated Maximal Respiration. The time-dependent changes in the mRNA level of PGC1α, a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, revealed a burst induction with an early increase (~5-fold) at 4 h, a peak at 24 h (~19-fold), and maintenance at 48 h (8-fold) post-treatment. In line with the transcriptional induction of PGC1α, both the mRNA and protein levels of the key molecules (MTCO1, MTCO2, and COX4) related to the mitochondrial electron transport chain were increased following the butyrate treatment. Our data indicate that activation of the PGC1α signaling axis could be one of the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of butyrate treatment in improving mitochondrial bioenergetics in NSC34-G93A cells.
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Mice Treated Subcutaneously with Mouse LPS-Converted PrP res or LPS Alone Showed Brain Gene Expression Profiles Characteristic of Prion Disease. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8090200. [PMID: 34564594 PMCID: PMC8473295 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8090200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we showed that bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) converts mouse PrPC protein to a beta-rich isoform (moPrPres) resistant to proteinase K. In this study, we aimed to test if the LPS-converted PrPres is infectious and alters the expression of genes related to prion pathology in brains of terminally sick mice. Ninety female FVB/N mice at 5 weeks of age were randomly assigned to 6 groups treated subcutaneously (sc) for 6 weeks either with: (1) Saline (CTR); (2) LPS from Escherichia coli 0111:B4 (LPS), (3) one-time sc administration of de novo generated mouse recombinant prion protein (moPrP; 29-232) rich in beta-sheet by incubation with LPS (moPrPres), (4) LPS plus one-time sc injection of moPrPres, (5) one-time sc injection of brain homogenate from Rocky Mountain Lab (RLM) scrapie strain, and (6) LPS plus one-time sc injection of RML. Results showed that all treatments altered the expression of various genes related to prion disease and neuroinflammation starting at 11 weeks post-infection and more profoundly at the terminal stage. In conclusion, sc administration of de novo generated moPrPres, LPS, and a combination of moPrPres with LPS were able to alter the expression of multiple genes typical of prion pathology and inflammation.
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5
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Angelova PR. Sources and triggers of oxidative damage in neurodegeneration. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 173:52-63. [PMID: 34224816 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration describes a group of more than 300 neurological diseases, characterised by neuronal loss and intra- or extracellular protein depositions, as key neuropathological features. Multiple factors play role in the pathogenesis of these group of disorders: mitochondrial dysfunction, membrane damage, calcium dyshomeostasis, metallostasis, defect clearance and renewal mechanisms, to name a few. All these factors, without exceptions, have in common the involvement of immensely increased generation of free radicals and occurrence of oxidative stress, and as a result - exhaustion of the scavenging potency of the cellular redox defence mechanisms. Besides genetic predisposition and environmental exposure to toxins, the main risk factor for developing neurodegeneration is age. And although the "Free radical theory of ageing" was declared dead, it is undisputable that accumulation of damage occurs with age, especially in systems that are regulated by free radical messengers and those that oppose oxidative stress, protein oxidation and the accuracy in protein synthesis and degradation machinery has difficulties to be maintained. This brief review provides a comprehensive summary on the main sources of free radical damage, occurring in the setting of neurodegeneration.
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Needs HI, Protasoni M, Henley JM, Prudent J, Collinson I, Pereira GC. Interplay between Mitochondrial Protein Import and Respiratory Complexes Assembly in Neuronal Health and Degeneration. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:432. [PMID: 34064758 PMCID: PMC8151517 DOI: 10.3390/life11050432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The fact that >99% of mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nuclear genome and synthesised in the cytosol renders the process of mitochondrial protein import fundamental for normal organelle physiology. In addition to this, the nuclear genome comprises most of the proteins required for respiratory complex assembly and function. This means that without fully functional protein import, mitochondrial respiration will be defective, and the major cellular ATP source depleted. When mitochondrial protein import is impaired, a number of stress response pathways are activated in order to overcome the dysfunction and restore mitochondrial and cellular proteostasis. However, prolonged impaired mitochondrial protein import and subsequent defective respiratory chain function contributes to a number of diseases including primary mitochondrial diseases and neurodegeneration. This review focuses on how the processes of mitochondrial protein translocation and respiratory complex assembly and function are interlinked, how they are regulated, and their importance in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope I. Needs
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; (H.I.N.); (J.M.H.)
| | - Margherita Protasoni
- Medical Research Council-Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; (M.P.); (J.P.)
| | - Jeremy M. Henley
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; (H.I.N.); (J.M.H.)
- Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Julien Prudent
- Medical Research Council-Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; (M.P.); (J.P.)
| | - Ian Collinson
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; (H.I.N.); (J.M.H.)
| | - Gonçalo C. Pereira
- Medical Research Council-Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; (M.P.); (J.P.)
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7
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Shoshan-Barmatz V, Shteinfer-Kuzmine A, Verma A. VDAC1 at the Intersection of Cell Metabolism, Apoptosis, and Diseases. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1485. [PMID: 33114780 PMCID: PMC7693975 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) protein, is an important regulator of mitochondrial function, and serves as a mitochondrial gatekeeper, with responsibility for cellular fate. In addition to control over energy sources and metabolism, the protein also regulates epigenomic elements and apoptosis via mediating the release of apoptotic proteins from the mitochondria. Apoptotic and pathological conditions, as well as certain viruses, induce cell death by inducing VDAC1 overexpression leading to oligomerization, and the formation of a large channel within the VDAC1 homo-oligomer. This then permits the release of pro-apoptotic proteins from the mitochondria and subsequent apoptosis. Mitochondrial DNA can also be released through this channel, which triggers type-Ι interferon responses. VDAC1 also participates in endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondria cross-talk, and in the regulation of autophagy, and inflammation. Its location in the outer mitochondrial membrane, makes VDAC1 ideally placed to interact with over 100 proteins, and to orchestrate the interaction of mitochondrial and cellular activities through a number of signaling pathways. Here, we provide insights into the multiple functions of VDAC1 and describe its involvement in several diseases, which demonstrate the potential of this protein as a druggable target in a wide variety of pathologies, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varda Shoshan-Barmatz
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; (A.S.-K.); (A.V.)
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8
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McDonald TS, McCombe PA, Woodruff TM, Lee JD. The potential interplay between energy metabolism and innate complement activation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. FASEB J 2020; 34:7225-7233. [PMID: 32307753 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal and rapidly progressing motor neuron disease without effective treatment. Although the precise mechanisms leading to ALS are yet to be determined, there is now increasing evidence implicating the defective energy metabolism and components of the innate immune complement system in the onset and progression of its motor phenotypes. This review will survey the mechanisms by which the energy metabolism and the complement system are altered during the disease progression of ALS and how it can contribute to disease. Furthermore, it will also examine how complement activation can modify the energy metabolism in metabolic disorders, in order to highlight how the complement system and energy metabolism may be linked in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya S McDonald
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Pamela A McCombe
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - John D Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.,University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
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9
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Pourhanifeh MH, Shafabakhsh R, Reiter RJ, Asemi Z. The Effect of Resveratrol on Neurodegenerative Disorders: Possible Protective Actions Against Autophagy, Apoptosis, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:2178-2191. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190717110932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the loss of neuronal function is rapidly
increasing. The pathogenesis of the majority of these diseases is not entirely clear, but current evidence has
shown the possibility that autophagy, apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress are involved. The present
review summarizes the therapeutic effects of resveratrol on neurodegenerative disorders, based on the especially
molecular biology of these diseases. The PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science and Scopus databases were
searched for studies published in English until March 30th, 2019 that contained data for the role of inflammation,
oxidative stress, angiogenesis and apoptosis in the neurodegenerative disorders. There are also studies documenting
the role of molecular processes in the progression of central nervous system diseases. Based on current evidence,
resveratrol has potential properties that may reduce cell damage due to inflammation. This polyphenol
affects cellular processes, including autophagy and the apoptosis cascade under stressful conditions. Current
evidence supports the beneficial effects of resveratrol on the therapy of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H. Pourhanifeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Rana Shafabakhsh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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10
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Neuromuscular Junction as an Entity of Nerve-Muscle Communication. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080906. [PMID: 31426366 PMCID: PMC6721719 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the crucial systems severely affected in several neuromuscular diseases is the loss of effective connection between muscle and nerve, leading to a pathological non-communication between the two tissues. The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) represents the critical region at the level of which muscle and nerve communicate. Defects in signal transmission between terminal nerve endings and muscle membrane is a common feature of several physio-pathologic conditions including aging and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Nevertheless, controversy exists on whether pathological events beginning at the NMJ precede or follow loss of motor units. In this review, the role of NMJ in the physio-pathologic interplay between muscle and nerve is discussed.
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11
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Shteinfer-Kuzmine A, Argueti S, Gupta R, Shvil N, Abu-Hamad S, Gropper Y, Hoeber J, Magrì A, Messina A, Kozlova EN, Shoshan-Barmatz V, Israelson A. A VDAC1-Derived N-Terminal Peptide Inhibits Mutant SOD1-VDAC1 Interactions and Toxicity in the SOD1 Model of ALS. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:346. [PMID: 31474832 PMCID: PMC6702328 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in superoxide dismutase (SOD1) are the second most common cause of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by the death of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. SOD1 neurotoxicity has been attributed to aberrant accumulation of misfolded SOD1, which in its soluble form binds to intracellular organelles, such as mitochondria and ER, disrupting their functions. Here, we demonstrate that mutant SOD1 binds specifically to the N-terminal domain of the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC1), an outer mitochondrial membrane protein controlling cell energy, metabolic and survival pathways. Mutant SOD1G93A and SOD1G85R, but not wild type SOD1, directly interact with VDAC1 and reduce its channel conductance. No such interaction with N-terminal-truncated VDAC1 occurs. Moreover, a VDAC1-derived N-terminal peptide inhibited mutant SOD1-induced toxicity. Incubation of motor neuron-like NSC-34 cells expressing mutant SOD1 or mouse embryonic stem cell-derived motor neurons with different VDAC1 N-terminal peptides resulted in enhanced cell survival. Taken together, our results establish a direct link between mutant SOD1 toxicity and the VDAC1 N-terminal domain and suggest that VDAC1 N-terminal peptides targeting mutant SOD1 provide potential new therapeutic strategies for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Shteinfer-Kuzmine
- Department of Life Sciences, The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Shirel Argueti
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Rajeev Gupta
- Department of Life Sciences, The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Neta Shvil
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Salah Abu-Hamad
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Yael Gropper
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Jan Hoeber
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrea Magrì
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Messina
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Elena N Kozlova
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Varda Shoshan-Barmatz
- Department of Life Sciences, The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Adrian Israelson
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
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12
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Mohajeri M, Martín-Jiménez C, Barreto GE, Sahebkar A. Effects of estrogens and androgens on mitochondria under normal and pathological conditions. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 176:54-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Zhou J, Li A, Li X, Yi J. Dysregulated mitochondrial Ca 2+ and ROS signaling in skeletal muscle of ALS mouse model. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 663:249-258. [PMID: 30682329 PMCID: PMC6506190 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neuromuscular disease characterized by motor neuron loss and prominent skeletal muscle wasting. Despite more than one hundred years of research efforts, the pathogenic mechanisms underlying neuromuscular degeneration in ALS remain elusive. While the death of motor neuron is a defining hallmark of ALS, accumulated evidences suggested that in addition to being a victim of motor neuron axonal withdrawal, the intrinsic skeletal muscle degeneration may also actively contribute to ALS disease pathogenesis and progression. Examination of spinal cord and muscle autopsy/biopsy samples of ALS patients revealed similar mitochondrial abnormalities in morphology, quantity and disposition, which are accompanied by defective mitochondrial respiratory chain complex and elevated oxidative stress. Detailing the molecular/cellular mechanisms and the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in ALS relies on ALS animal model studies. This review article discusses the dysregulated mitochondrial Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling revealed in live skeletal muscle derived from ALS mouse models, and a potential role of the vicious cycle formed between the dysregulated mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling and excessive ROS production in promoting muscle wasting during ALS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsong Zhou
- Kansas City University of Medicine and Bioscience, Kansas City, MO 64106, USA; College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
| | - Ang Li
- Kansas City University of Medicine and Bioscience, Kansas City, MO 64106, USA; College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Xuejun Li
- Kansas City University of Medicine and Bioscience, Kansas City, MO 64106, USA; College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Jianxun Yi
- Kansas City University of Medicine and Bioscience, Kansas City, MO 64106, USA; College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
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14
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Walczak J, Dębska-Vielhaber G, Vielhaber S, Szymański J, Charzyńska A, Duszyński J, Szczepanowska J. Distinction of sporadic and familial forms of ALS based on mitochondrial characteristics. FASEB J 2018; 33:4388-4403. [PMID: 30550341 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801843r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bioenergetic failure, oxidative stress, and changes in mitochondrial morphology are common pathologic hallmarks of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in several cellular and animal models. Disturbed mitochondrial physiology has serious consequences for proper functioning of the cell, leading to the chronic mitochondrial stress. Mitochondria, being in the center of cellular metabolism, play a pivotal role in adaptation to stress conditions. We found that mitochondrial dysfunction and adaptation processes differ in primary fibroblasts derived from patients diagnosed with either sporadic or familial forms of ALS. The evaluation of mitochondrial parameters such as the mitochondrial membrane potential, the oxygen consumption rate, the activity and levels of respiratory chain complexes, and the levels of ATP, reactive oxygen species, and Ca2+ show that the bioenergetic properties of mitochondria are different in sporadic ALS, familial ALS, and control groups. Comparative statistical analysis of the data set (with use of principal component analysis and support vector machine) identifies and distinguishes 3 separate groups despite the small number of investigated cell lines and high variability in measured parameters. These findings could be a first step in development of a new tool for predicting sporadic and familial forms of ALS and could contribute to knowledge of its pathophysiology.-Walczak, J., Dębska-Vielhaber, G., Vielhaber, S., Szymański, J., Charzyńska, A., Duszyński, J., Szczepanowska, J. Distinction of sporadic and familial forms of ALS based on mitochondrial characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Walczak
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Stefan Vielhaber
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; and
| | - Jędrzej Szymański
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Charzyńska
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Duszyński
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Szczepanowska
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Xiao Y, Karam C, Yi J, Zhang L, Li X, Yoon D, Wang H, Dhakal K, Ramlow P, Yu T, Mo Z, Ma J, Zhou J. ROS-related mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle of an ALS mouse model during the disease progression. Pharmacol Res 2018; 138:25-36. [PMID: 30236524 PMCID: PMC6263743 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress form a vicious cycle that promotes neurodegeneration and muscle wasting. To quantify the disease-stage-dependent changes of mitochondrial function and their relationship to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), we generated double transgenic mice (G93A/cpYFP) that carry human ALS mutation SOD1G93A and mt-cpYFP transgenes, in which mt-cpYFP detects dynamic changes of ROS-related mitoflash events at individual mitochondria level. Compared with wild type mice, mitoflash activity in the SOD1G93A (G93A) mouse muscle showed an increased flashing frequency prior to the onset of ALS symptom (at the age of 2 months), whereas the onset of ALS symptoms (at the age of 4 months) is associated with drastic changes in the kinetics property of mitoflash signal with prolonged full duration at half maximum (FDHM). Elevated levels of cytosolic ROS in skeletal muscle derived from the SOD1G93A mice were confirmed with fluorescent probes, MitoSOX™ Red and ROS Brite™570. Immunoblotting analysis of subcellular mitochondrial fractionation of G93A muscle revealed an increased expression level of cyclophilin D (CypD), a regulatory component of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), at the age of 4 months but not at the age of 2 months. Transient overexpressing of SOD1G93A in skeletal muscle of wild type mice directly promoted mitochondrial ROS production with an enhanced mitoflash activity in the absence of motor neuron axonal withdrawal. Remarkably, the SOD1G93A-induced mitoflash activity was attenuated by the application of cyclosporine A (CsA), an inhibitor of CypD. Similar to the observation with the SOD1G93A transgenic mice, an increased expression level of CypD was also detected in skeletal muscle following transient overexpression of SOD1G93A. Overall, this study reveals a disease-stage-dependent change in mitochondrial function that is associated with CypD-dependent mPTP opening; and the ALS mutation SOD1G93A directly contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction in the absence of motor neuron axonal withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Xiao
- Kansas City University of Medicine and Bioscience, Kansas City, USA; Rush University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chehade Karam
- Rush University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jianxun Yi
- Kansas City University of Medicine and Bioscience, Kansas City, USA; Rush University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Kansas City University of Medicine and Bioscience, Kansas City, USA; Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Xuejun Li
- Kansas City University of Medicine and Bioscience, Kansas City, USA
| | - Dosuk Yoon
- Kansas City University of Medicine and Bioscience, Kansas City, USA
| | - Huan Wang
- Kansas City University of Medicine and Bioscience, Kansas City, USA
| | - Kamal Dhakal
- Kansas City University of Medicine and Bioscience, Kansas City, USA
| | - Paul Ramlow
- Kansas City University of Medicine and Bioscience, Kansas City, USA
| | - Tian Yu
- Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhaohui Mo
- 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianjie Ma
- Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jingsong Zhou
- Kansas City University of Medicine and Bioscience, Kansas City, USA; Rush University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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16
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Mitochondrial Targeting in Neurodegeneration: A Heme Perspective. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11030087. [PMID: 30231533 PMCID: PMC6161291 DOI: 10.3390/ph11030087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has achieved an increasing interest in the field of neurodegeneration as a pathological hallmark for different disorders. The impact of mitochondria is related to a variety of mechanisms and several of them can co-exist in the same disease. The central role of mitochondria in neurodegenerative disorders has stimulated studies intended to implement therapeutic protocols based on the targeting of the distinct mitochondrial processes. The review summarizes the most relevant mechanisms by which mitochondria contribute to neurodegeneration, encompassing therapeutic approaches. Moreover, a new perspective is proposed based on the heme impact on neurodegeneration. The heme metabolism plays a central role in mitochondrial functions, and several evidences indicate that alterations of the heme metabolism are associated with neurodegenerative disorders. By reporting the body of knowledge on this topic, the review intends to stimulate future studies on the role of heme metabolism in neurodegeneration, envisioning innovative strategies in the struggle against neurodegenerative diseases.
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Dobrowolny G, Lepore E, Martini M, Barberi L, Nunn A, Scicchitano BM, Musarò A. Metabolic Changes Associated With Muscle Expression of SOD1 G93A. Front Physiol 2018; 9:831. [PMID: 30042688 PMCID: PMC6048270 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder, classified into sporadic or familial forms and characterized by motor neurons death, muscle atrophy, weakness, and paralysis. Among the familial cases of ALS, approximately 20% are caused by dominant mutations in the gene coding for superoxide dismutase (SOD1) protein. Of note, mutant SOD1 toxicity is not necessarily limited to the central nervous system. ALS is indeed a multi-systemic and multifactorial disease that affects whole body physiology and induces severe metabolic changes in several tissues, including skeletal muscle. Nevertheless, whether alterations in the plasticity, heterogeneity, and metabolism of muscle fibers are the result of motor neuron degeneration or alternatively occur independently of it remain to be elucidated. To address this issue, we made use of a mouse model (MLC/SOD1G93A) that overexpresses the SOD1 mutant gene selectively in skeletal muscle. We found an alteration in the metabolic properties of skeletal muscle characterized by alteration in fiber type composition and metabolism. Indeed, we observed an alteration of muscle glucose metabolism associated with the induction of Phosphofructokinases and Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 expression. The upregulation of Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 led to the inhibition of Pyruvate conversion into Acetyl-CoA. Moreover, we demonstrated that the MLC/SOD1G93A transgene was associated with an increase of lipid catabolism and with the inhibition of fat deposition inside muscle fibers. All together these data demonstrate that muscle expression of the SOD1G93A gene induces metabolic changes, along with a preferential use of lipid energy fuel by muscle fibers. We provided evidences that muscle metabolic alterations occurred before disease symptoms and independently of motor neuron degeneration, indicating that skeletal muscle is likely an important therapeutic target in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Dobrowolny
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, DAHFMO - Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Center for Life Nano Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Lepore
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, DAHFMO - Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Center for Life Nano Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Martini
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, DAHFMO - Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Barberi
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, DAHFMO - Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Abigail Nunn
- Center for Life Nano Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Bianca Maria Scicchitano
- Istituto di Istologia ed Embriologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Musarò
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, DAHFMO - Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Center for Life Nano Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
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18
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Dasmeh P, Kepp KP. Superoxide dismutase 1 is positively selected to minimize protein aggregation in great apes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3023-3037. [PMID: 28389720 PMCID: PMC11107616 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2519-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Positive (adaptive) selection has recently been implied in human superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), a highly abundant antioxidant protein with energy signaling and antiaging functions, one of very few examples of direct selection on a human protein product (exon); the molecular drivers of this selection are unknown. We mapped 30 extant SOD1 sequences to the recently established mammalian species tree and inferred ancestors, key substitutions, and signatures of selection during the protein's evolution. We detected elevated substitution rates leading to great apes (Hominidae) at ~1 per 2 million years, significantly higher than in other primates and rodents, although these paradoxically generally evolve much faster. The high evolutionary rate was partly due to relaxation of some selection pressures and partly to distinct positive selection of SOD1 in great apes. We then show that higher stability and net charge and changes at the dimer interface were selectively introduced upon separation from old world monkeys and lesser apes (gibbons). Consequently, human, chimpanzee and gorilla SOD1s have a net charge of -6 at physiological pH, whereas the closely related gibbons and macaques have -3. These features consistently point towards selection against the malicious aggregation effects of elevated SOD1 levels in long-living great apes. The findings mirror the impact of human SOD1 mutations that reduce net charge and/or stability and cause ALS, a motor neuron disease characterized by oxidative stress and SOD1 aggregates and triggered by aging. Our study thus marks an example of direct selection for a particular chemical phenotype (high net charge and stability) in a single human protein with possible implications for the evolution of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouria Dasmeh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Cedergren Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, 2900 Edouard-Montpetit, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Kasper P Kepp
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Chemistry, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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19
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Protein trafficking in the mitochondrial intermembrane space: mechanisms and links to human disease. Biochem J 2017; 474:2533-2545. [PMID: 28701417 PMCID: PMC5509380 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria fulfill a diverse range of functions in cells including oxygen metabolism, homeostasis of inorganic ions and execution of apoptosis. Biogenesis of mitochondria relies on protein import pathways that are ensured by dedicated multiprotein translocase complexes localized in all sub-compartments of these organelles. The key components and pathways involved in protein targeting and assembly have been characterized in great detail over the last three decades. This includes the oxidative folding machinery in the intermembrane space, which contributes to the redox-dependent control of proteostasis. Here, we focus on several components of this system and discuss recent evidence suggesting links to human proteopathy.
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20
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Patai R, Nógrádi B, Engelhardt JI, Siklós L. Calcium in the pathomechanism of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - Taking center stage? Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 483:1031-1039. [PMID: 27545602 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is an incurable, relentlessly progressive disease primarily affecting motor neurons. The cause of the disease, except for the mutations identified in a small fraction of patients, is unknown. The major mechanisms contributing to the degeneration of motor neurons have already been disclosed and characterized, including excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and immune/inflammatory processes. During the progression of the disease these toxic processes are not discrete, but each facilitates the deleterious effect of the other. However, due to their common reciprocal calcium dependence, calcium ions may act as a common denominator and through a positive feedback loop may combine the individual pathological processes into a unified escalating mechanism of neuronal destruction. This mini-review provides an overview of the mutual calcium dependence of the major toxic mechanisms associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Patai
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Center, Temesvári krt. 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bernát Nógrádi
- Foundation for the Future of Biomedical Sciences in Szeged, Pálfy u. 52/d, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - József I Engelhardt
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Siklós
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Center, Temesvári krt. 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
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21
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Proteomics of human mitochondria. Mitochondrion 2016; 33:2-14. [PMID: 27444749 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Proteomics have passed through a tremendous development in the recent years by the development of ever more sensitive, fast and precise mass spectrometry methods. The dramatically increased research in the biology of mitochondria and their prominent involvement in all kinds of diseases and ageing has benefitted from mitochondrial proteomics. We here review substantial findings and progress of proteomic analyses of human cells and tissues in the recent past. One challenge for investigations of human samples is the ethically and medically founded limited access to human material. The increased sensitivity of mass spectrometry technology aids in lowering this hurdle and new approaches like generation of induced pluripotent cells from somatic cells allow to produce patient-specific cellular disease models with great potential. We describe which human sample types are accessible, review the status of the catalog of human mitochondrial proteins and discuss proteins with dual localization in mitochondria and other cellular compartments. We describe the status and developments of pertinent mass spectrometric strategies, and the use of databases and bioinformatics. Using selected illustrative examples, we draw a picture of the role of proteomic analyses for the many disease contexts from inherited disorders caused by mutation in mitochondrial proteins to complex diseases like cancer, type 2 diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we speculate on the future role of proteomics in research on human mitochondria and pinpoint fields where the evolving technologies will be exploited.
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22
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Ioannides ZA, Ngo ST, Henderson RD, McCombe PA, Steyn FJ. Altered Metabolic Homeostasis in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Mechanisms of Energy Imbalance and Contribution to Disease Progression. NEURODEGENER DIS 2016; 16:382-97. [PMID: 27400276 DOI: 10.1159/000446502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by the death of motor neurones, which leads to paralysis and death in an average of 3 years following diagnosis. The cause of ALS is unknown, but there is substantial evidence that metabolic factors, including nutritional state and body weight, affect disease progression and survival. This review provides an overview of the characteristics of metabolic dysregulation in ALS focusing on mechanisms that lead to disrupted energy supply (at a whole-body and cellular level) and altered energy expenditure. We discuss how a decrease in energy supply occurs in parallel with an increase in energy demand and leads to a state of chronic energy deficit which has a negative impact on disease outcome in ALS. We conclude by presenting potential and tested strategies to compensate for, or correct this energy imbalance, and speculate on promising areas for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara A Ioannides
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Qld., Australia
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23
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Chatzi A, Manganas P, Tokatlidis K. Oxidative folding in the mitochondrial intermembrane space: A regulated process important for cell physiology and disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1298-306. [PMID: 27033519 PMCID: PMC5405047 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are fundamental organelles with a complex internal architecture that fulfill important diverse functions including iron–sulfur cluster assembly and cell respiration. Intense work for more than 30 years has identified the key protein import components and the pathways involved in protein targeting and assembly. More recently, oxidative folding has been discovered as one important mechanism for mitochondrial proteostasis whilst several human disorders have been linked to this pathway. We describe the molecular components of this pathway in view of their putative redox regulation and we summarize available evidence on the connections of these pathways to human disorders. Mitochondria are the cell center of iron–sulfur cluster assembly and cell respiration. The MIA pathway has recently been linked to Fe/S pathways, Ca2 + uptake and apoptosis. Mitochondria along with the ER and peroxisomes are major sources of ROS. Many diseases have been linked to mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afroditi Chatzi
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Davidson Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Phanee Manganas
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Davidson Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Kostas Tokatlidis
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Davidson Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK; Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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24
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Kim HJ, Nagano Y, Choi SJ, Park SY, Kim H, Yao TP, Lee JY. HDAC6 maintains mitochondrial connectivity under hypoxic stress by suppressing MARCH5/MITOL dependent MFN2 degradation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.07.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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25
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Rojas F, Gonzalez D, Cortes N, Ampuero E, Hernández DE, Fritz E, Abarzua S, Martinez A, Elorza AA, Alvarez A, Court F, van Zundert B. Reactive oxygen species trigger motoneuron death in non-cell-autonomous models of ALS through activation of c-Abl signaling. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:203. [PMID: 26106294 PMCID: PMC4460879 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease in which pathogenesis and death of motor neurons are triggered by non-cell-autonomous mechanisms. We showed earlier that exposing primary rat spinal cord cultures to conditioned media derived from primary mouse astrocyte conditioned media (ACM) that express human SOD1G93A (ACM-hSOD1G93A) quickly enhances Nav channel-mediated excitability and calcium influx, generates intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and leads to death of motoneurons within days. Here we examined the role of mitochondrial structure and physiology and of the activation of c-Abl, a tyrosine kinase that induces apoptosis. We show that ACM-hSOD1G93A, but not ACM-hSOD1WT, increases c-Abl activity in motoneurons, interneurons and glial cells, starting at 60 min; the c-Abl inhibitor STI571 (imatinib) prevents this ACM-hSOD1G93A-mediated motoneuron death. Interestingly, similar results were obtained with ACM derived from astrocytes expressing SOD1G86R or TDP43A315T. We further find that co-application of ACM-SOD1G93A with blockers of Nav channels (spermidine, mexiletine, or riluzole) or anti-oxidants (Trolox, esculetin, or tiron) effectively prevent c-Abl activation and motoneuron death. In addition, ACM-SOD1G93A induces alterations in the morphology of neuronal mitochondria that are related with their membrane depolarization. Finally, we find that blocking the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore with cyclosporine A, or inhibiting mitochondrial calcium uptake with Ru360, reduces ROS production and c-Abl activation. Together, our data point to a sequence of events in which a toxic factor(s) released by ALS-expressing astrocytes rapidly induces hyper-excitability, which in turn increases calcium influx and affects mitochondrial structure and physiology. ROS production, mediated at least in part through mitochondrial alterations, trigger c-Abl signaling and lead to motoneuron death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Rojas
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - David Gonzalez
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicole Cortes
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - Estibaliz Ampuero
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego E Hernández
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Elsa Fritz
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián Abarzua
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis Martinez
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Alvaro A Elorza
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile ; Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Alvarez
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Court
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Brigitte van Zundert
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
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26
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Tellone E, Galtieri A, Russo A, Giardina B, Ficarra S. Resveratrol: A Focus on Several Neurodegenerative Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:392169. [PMID: 26180587 PMCID: PMC4477222 DOI: 10.1155/2015/392169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Molecules of the plant world are proving their effectiveness in countering, slowing down, and regressing many diseases. The resveratrol for its intrinsic properties related to its stilbene structure has been proven to be a universal panacea, especially for a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases. This paper evaluates (in vivo and in vitro) the various molecular targets of this peculiar polyphenol and its ability to effectively counter several neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's diseases and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. What emerges is that, in the deep heterogeneity of the pathologies evaluated, resveratrol through a convergence on the protein targets is able to give therapeutic responses in neuronal cells deeply diversified not only in morphological structure but especially in their function performed in the anatomical district to which they belong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Tellone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Messina, V. le Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Galtieri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Messina, V. le Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Annamaria Russo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Messina, V. le Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Bruno Giardina
- Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry Institute, School of Medicine, Catholic University, L. go F. Vito n.1, 00168 Rome, Italy
- C.N.R. Institute of Chemistry of Molecular Recognition, L. go F. Vito n.1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvana Ficarra
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Messina, V. le Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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27
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Coppedè F, Migliore L. DNA damage in neurodegenerative diseases. Mutat Res 2015; 776:84-97. [PMID: 26255941 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Following the observation of increased oxidative DNA damage in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA extracted from post-mortem brain regions of patients affected by neurodegenerative diseases, the last years of the previous century and the first decade of the present one have been largely dedicated to the search of markers of DNA damage in neuronal samples and peripheral tissues of patients in early, intermediate or late stages of neurodegeneration. Those studies allowed to demonstrate that oxidative DNA damage is one of the earliest detectable events in neurodegeneration, but also revealed cytogenetic damage in neurodegenerative conditions, such as for example a tendency towards chromosome 21 malsegregation in Alzheimer's disease. As it happens for many neurodegenerative risk factors the question of whether DNA damage is cause or consequence of the neurodegenerative process is still open, and probably both is true. The research interest in markers of oxidative stress was shifted, in recent years, towards the search of epigenetic biomarkers of neurodegenerative disorders, following the accumulating evidence of a substantial contribution of epigenetic mechanisms to learning, memory processes, behavioural disorders and neurodegeneration. Increasing evidence is however linking DNA damage and repair with epigenetic phenomena, thereby opening the way to a very attractive and timely research topic in neurodegenerative diseases. We will address those issues in the context of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, which represent three of the most common neurodegenerative pathologies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Coppedè
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Lucia Migliore
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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28
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Galbiati M, Crippa V, Rusmini P, Cristofani R, Cicardi ME, Giorgetti E, Onesto E, Messi E, Poletti A. ALS-related misfolded protein management in motor neurons and muscle cells. Neurochem Int 2014; 79:70-8. [PMID: 25451799 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is the most common form of adult-onset motor neuron disease. It is now considered a multi-factorial and multi-systemic disorder in which alterations of the crosstalk between neuronal and non-neuronal cell types might influence the course of the disease. In this review, we will provide evidence that dysfunctions of affected muscle cells are not only a marginal consequence of denervation associated to motor neurons loss, but a direct consequence of cell muscle toxicity of mutant SOD1. In muscle, the misfolded state of mutant SOD1 protein, unlike in motor neurons, does not appear to have direct effects on protein aggregation and mitochondrial functionality. Muscle cells are, in fact, more capable than motor neurons to handle misfolded proteins, suggesting that mutant SOD1 toxicity in muscle is not mediated by classical mechanisms of intracellular misfolded proteins accumulation. Several recent works indicate that a higher activation of molecular chaperones and degradative systems is present in muscle cells, which for this reason are possibly able to better manage misfolded mutant SOD1. However, several alterations in gene expression and regenerative potential of skeletal muscles have also been reported as a consequence of the expression of mutant SOD1 in muscle. Whether these changes in muscle cells are causative of ALS or a consequence of motor neuron alterations is not yet clear, but their elucidation is very important, since the understanding of the mechanisms involved in mutant SOD1 toxicity in muscle may facilitate the design of treatments directed toward this specific tissue to treat ALS or at least to delay disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarita Galbiati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Centre of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy; InterUniversity Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIMN), Università degli Studi di Firenze, Roma "Tor Vergata", Genova and Milano, Italy
| | - Valeria Crippa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Centre of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy; InterUniversity Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIMN), Università degli Studi di Firenze, Roma "Tor Vergata", Genova and Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Rusmini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Centre of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy; InterUniversity Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIMN), Università degli Studi di Firenze, Roma "Tor Vergata", Genova and Milano, Italy
| | - Riccardo Cristofani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Centre of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy; InterUniversity Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIMN), Università degli Studi di Firenze, Roma "Tor Vergata", Genova and Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Cicardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Centre of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Giorgetti
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Elisa Onesto
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elio Messi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Centre of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Angelo Poletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Centre of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy; InterUniversity Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIMN), Università degli Studi di Firenze, Roma "Tor Vergata", Genova and Milano, Italy.
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Palomo GM, Manfredi G. Exploring new pathways of neurodegeneration in ALS: the role of mitochondria quality control. Brain Res 2014; 1607:36-46. [PMID: 25301687 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal cells are highly dependent on mitochondria, and mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with neurodegenerative diseases. As perturbed mitochondrial function renders neurons extremely sensitive to a wide variety of insults, such as oxidative stress and bioenergetic defects, mitochondrial defects can profoundly affect neuronal fate. Several studies have linked ALS with mitochondrial dysfunction, stemming from observations of mitochondrial abnormalities, both in patients and in cellular and mouse models of familial forms of ALS. Mitochondrial changes have been thoroughly investigated in mutants of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), one of the most common causes of familial ALS, for which excellent cellular and animal models are available, but recently evidence is emerging also in other forms of ALS, both familial and sporadic. Mitochondrial defects in ALS involve many critical physiopathological processes, from defective bioenergetics to abnormal calcium homeostasis, altered morphology and impaired trafficking. In this review, we summarize established evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in ALS, especially in SOD1 mutant models of familial ALS. The main focus of the review is on defective mitochondrial quality control (MQC) in ALS. MQC operates at multiple levels to clear damaged proteins through proteostasis and to eliminate irreparably damaged organelles through mitophagy. However, since ALS motor neurons progressively accumulate damaged mitochondria, it is plausible that the MQC is ineffective or overwhelmed by excessive workload imposed by the chronic and extensive mitochondrial damage. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled ALS complex pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria M Palomo
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Giovanni Manfredi
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, United States.
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Motoneuronal and muscle-selective removal of ALS-related misfolded proteins. Biochem Soc Trans 2014; 41:1598-604. [PMID: 24256261 DOI: 10.1042/bst20130118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), a fatal motoneuron (motor neuron) disease, occurs in clinically indistinguishable sporadic (sALS) or familial (fALS) forms. Most fALS-related mutant proteins identified so far are prone to misfolding, and must be degraded in order to protect motoneurons from their toxicity. This process, mediated by molecular chaperones, requires proteasome or autophagic systems. Motoneurons are particularly sensitive to misfolded protein toxicity, but other cell types such as the muscle cells could also be affected. Muscle-restricted expression of the fALS protein mutSOD1 (mutant superoxide dismutase 1) induces muscle atrophy and motoneuron death. We found that several genes have an altered expression in muscles of transgenic ALS mice at different stages of disease. MyoD, myogenin, atrogin-1, TGFβ1 (transforming growth factor β1) and components of the cell response to proteotoxicity [HSPB8 (heat shock 22kDa protein 8), Bag3 (Bcl-2-associated athanogene 3) and p62] are all up-regulated by mutSOD1 in skeletal muscle. When we compared the potential mutSOD1 toxicity in motoneuron (NSC34) and muscle (C2C12) cells, we found that muscle ALS models possess much higher chymotryptic proteasome activity and autophagy power than motoneuron ALS models. As a result, mutSOD1 molecular behaviour was found to be very different. MutSOD1 clearance was found to be much higher in muscle than in motoneurons. MutSOD1 aggregated and impaired proteasomes only in motoneurons, which were particularly sensitive to superoxide-induced oxidative stress. Moreover, in muscle cells, mutSOD1 was found to be soluble even after proteasome inhibition. This effect could be associated with a higher mutSOD1 autophagic clearance. Therefore muscle cells seem to manage misfolded mutSOD1 more efficiently than motoneurons, thus mutSOD1 toxicity in muscle may not directly depend on aggregation.
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31
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Mitochondrial protein translocases for survival and wellbeing. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2484-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K. Wood
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Steven J. Langford
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Abnormal intracellular calcium signaling and SNARE-dependent exocytosis contributes to SOD1G93A astrocyte-mediated toxicity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurosci 2014; 34:2331-48. [PMID: 24501372 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2689-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor neurons are progressively and predominantly degenerated in ALS, which is not only induced by multiple intrinsic pathways but also significantly influenced by the neighboring glial cells. In particular, astrocytes derived from the SOD1 mutant mouse model of ALS or from human familial or sporadic ALS patient brain tissue directly induce motor neuron death in culture; however, the mechanisms of pathological astroglial secretion remain unclear. Here we investigated abnormal calcium homeostasis and altered exocytosis in SOD1G93A astrocytes. We found that purinergic stimulation induces excess calcium release from the ER stores in SOD1G93A astrocytes, which results from the abnormal ER calcium accumulation and is independent of clearance mechanisms. Furthermore, pharmacological studies suggested that store-operated calcium entry (SOCE), a calcium refilling mechanism responsive to ER calcium depletion, is enhanced in SOD1G93A astrocytes. We found that oxidant-induced increased S-glutathionylation and calcium-independent puncta formation of the ER calcium sensor STIM1 underlies the abnormal SOCE response in SOD1G93A astrocytes. Enhanced SOCE contributes to ER calcium overload in SOD1G93A astrocytes and excess calcium release from the ER during ATP stimulation. In addition, ER calcium release induces elevated ATP release from SOD1G93A astrocytes, which can be inhibited by the overexpression of dominant-negative SNARE. Selective inhibition of exocytosis in SOD1G93A astrocytes significantly prevents astrocyte-mediated toxicity to motor neurons and delays disease onset in SOD1G93A mice. Our results characterize a novel mechanism responsible for calcium dysregulation in SOD1G93A astrocytes and provide the first in vivo evidence that astrocyte exocytosis contributes to the pathogenesis of ALS.
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Prell T, Lautenschläger J, Weidemann L, Ruhmer J, Witte OW, Grosskreutz J. Endoplasmic reticulum stress is accompanied by activation of NF-κB in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 270:29-36. [PMID: 24666819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have indicated that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is involved in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). ER stress occurs when the ER-mitochondria calcium cycle is disturbed and misfolded proteins accumulate in the ER. To cope with ER stress, cells activate the unfolded protein response (UPR). Accumulating evidence from non-neuronal cell models suggests that there is extensive cross-talk between the UPR and the NF-κB pathway. METHODS Here we investigated the expression of NF-κB and the main UPR markers X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), basic leucine-zipper transcription factor 6 (ATF6) and phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor-2α (p-eIF2) in mutated SOD1(G93A) cell models of ALS, as well as their modulation by lipopolysaccharide and ER-stressing (tunicamycin) stimuli. RESULTS Expression of NF-κB was enhanced in the presence of SOD1(G93A). Lipopolysaccharide did not induce the UPR in NSC34 cells and motor neurons in a mixed motor neuron-glia coculture system. The induction of the UPR by tunicamycin was accompanied by activation of NF-κB in NSC34 cells and motor neurons. CONCLUSION Our data linked two important pathogenic mechanisms of ALS, ER stress and NF-κB signalling, in motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Prell
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, D-07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - J Lautenschläger
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - L Weidemann
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - J Ruhmer
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - O W Witte
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, D-07747 Jena, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - J Grosskreutz
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, D-07747 Jena, Germany
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Zischka H, Lichtmannegger J. Pathological mitochondrial copper overload in livers of Wilson's disease patients and related animal models. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1315:6-15. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Zischka
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology; Helmholtz Center Munich; German Research Center for Environmental Health; Neuherberg Germany
| | - Josef Lichtmannegger
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology; Helmholtz Center Munich; German Research Center for Environmental Health; Neuherberg Germany
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De Marco G, Lomartire A, Mandili G, Lupino E, Buccinnà B, Ramondetti C, Moglia C, Novelli F, Piccinini M, Mostert M, Rinaudo MT, Chiò A, Calvo A. Reduced cellular Ca(2+) availability enhances TDP-43 cleavage by apoptotic caspases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:725-34. [PMID: 24440855 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of transactive response DNA binding protein (TDP-43) fragments in motor neurons is a post mortem hallmark of different neurodegenerative diseases. TDP-43 fragments are the products of the apoptotic caspases-3 and -7. Either excessive or insufficient cellular Ca(2+) availability is associated with activation of apoptotic caspases. However, as far as we know, it is not described whether activation of caspases, due to restricted intracellular Ca(2+), affects TDP-43 cleavage. Here we show that in various cell lineages with restricted Ca(2+) availability, TDP-43 is initially cleaved by caspases-3 and -7 and then, also by caspases-6 and -8 once activated by caspase-3. Furthermore, we disclose the existence of a TDP-43 caspase-mediated fragment of 15kDa, in addition to the well-known fragments of 35 and 25kDa. Interestingly, with respect to the other two fragments this novel fragment is the major product of caspase activity on murine TDP-43 whereas in human cell lines the opposite occurs. This outcome should be considered when murine models are used to investigate TDP-43 proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni De Marco
- 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Annarosa Lomartire
- 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giorgia Mandili
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Lupino
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Cristina Moglia
- 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; CRESLA Turin, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Novelli
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Michael Mostert
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Adriano Chiò
- 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; CRESLA Turin, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Calvo
- 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; CRESLA Turin, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
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Son M, Elliott JL. Mitochondrial defects in transgenic mice expressing Cu,Zn Superoxide Dismutase mutations, the role of Copper Chaperone for SOD1. J Neurol Sci 2014; 336:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Defective mitochondrial dynamics is an early event in skeletal muscle of an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mouse model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82112. [PMID: 24324755 PMCID: PMC3855744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that constantly undergo fusion and fission to maintain their normal functionality. Impairment of mitochondrial dynamics is implicated in various neurodegenerative disorders. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult-onset neuromuscular degenerative disorder characterized by motor neuron death and muscle atrophy. ALS onset and progression clearly involve motor neuron degeneration but accumulating evidence suggests primary muscle pathology may also be involved. Here, we examined mitochondrial dynamics in live skeletal muscle of an ALS mouse model (G93A) harboring a superoxide dismutase mutation (SOD1G93A). Using confocal microscopy combined with overexpression of mitochondria-targeted photoactivatable fluorescent proteins, we discovered abnormal mitochondrial dynamics in skeletal muscle of young G93A mice before disease onset. We further demonstrated that similar abnormalities in mitochondrial dynamics were induced by overexpression of mutant SOD1G93A in skeletal muscle of normal mice, indicating the SOD1 mutation drives ALS-like muscle pathology in the absence of motor neuron degeneration. Mutant SOD1G93A forms aggregates inside muscle mitochondria and leads to fragmentation of the mitochondrial network as well as mitochondrial depolarization. Partial depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential in normal muscle by carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) caused abnormalities in mitochondrial dynamics similar to that in the SOD1G93A model muscle. A specific mitochondrial fission inhibitor (Mdivi-1) reversed the SOD1G93A action on mitochondrial dynamics, indicating SOD1G93A likely promotes mitochondrial fission process. Our results suggest that accumulation of mutant SOD1G93A inside mitochondria, depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential and abnormal mitochondrial dynamics are causally linked and cause intrinsic muscle pathology, which occurs early in the course of ALS and may actively promote ALS progression.
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Ghavami S, Shojaei S, Yeganeh B, Ande SR, Jangamreddy JR, Mehrpour M, Christoffersson J, Chaabane W, Moghadam AR, Kashani HH, Hashemi M, Owji AA, Łos MJ. Autophagy and apoptosis dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 112:24-49. [PMID: 24211851 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 722] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy and apoptosis are basic physiologic processes contributing to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Autophagy encompasses pathways that target long-lived cytosolic proteins and damaged organelles. It involves a sequential set of events including double membrane formation, elongation, vesicle maturation and finally delivery of the targeted materials to the lysosome. Apoptotic cell death is best described through its morphology. It is characterized by cell rounding, membrane blebbing, cytoskeletal collapse, cytoplasmic condensation, and fragmentation, nuclear pyknosis, chromatin condensation/fragmentation, and formation of membrane-enveloped apoptotic bodies, that are rapidly phagocytosed by macrophages or neighboring cells. Neurodegenerative disorders are becoming increasingly prevalent, especially in the Western societies, with larger percentage of members living to an older age. They have to be seen not only as a health problem, but since they are care-intensive, they also carry a significant economic burden. Deregulation of autophagy plays a pivotal role in the etiology and/or progress of many of these diseases. Herein, we briefly review the latest findings that indicate the involvement of autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases. We provide a brief introduction to autophagy and apoptosis pathways focusing on the role of mitochondria and lysosomes. We then briefly highlight pathophysiology of common neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's diseases, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Then, we describe functions of autophagy and apoptosis in brain homeostasis, especially in the context of the aforementioned disorders. Finally, we discuss different ways that autophagy and apoptosis modulation may be employed for therapeutic intervention during the maintenance of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; St. Boniface Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Shahla Shojaei
- Department of Biochemistry, Recombinant Protein Laboratory, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Behzad Yeganeh
- Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Experimental Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Sudharsana R Ande
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Jaganmohan R Jangamreddy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE), Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Division of Cell Biology, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Maryam Mehrpour
- INSERM U845, Research Center "Growth & Signaling" Paris Descartes University Medical School, France
| | - Jonas Christoffersson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE), Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Division of Cell Biology, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Wiem Chaabane
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE), Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Division of Cell Biology, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Tunis University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Hessam H Kashani
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Mohammad Hashemi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Ali A Owji
- Department of Biochemistry, Recombinant Protein Laboratory, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Marek J Łos
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE), Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Division of Cell Biology, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden.
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Flynn JM, Melov S. SOD2 in mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 62:4-12. [PMID: 23727323 PMCID: PMC3811078 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The brain is a highly metabolically active tissue that critically relies on oxidative phosphorylation as a means for maintaining energy. One result of this process is the production of potentially damaging radicals such as the superoxide anion (O2(-)). Superoxide has the capacity to damage components of the electron transport chain and other cellular constituents. Eukaryotic systems have evolved defenses against such damaging moieties, the chief member of which is superoxide dismutase (SOD2), an enzyme that efficiently converts superoxide to the less reactive hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which can freely diffuse across the mitochondrial membrane. Loss of SOD2 activity can result in numerous pathological phenotypes in metabolically active tissues, particularly within the central nervous system. We review SOD2's potential involvement in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as stroke and Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, as well as its potential role in "normal" age-related cognitive decline. We also examine in vivo models of endogenous oxidative damage based upon the loss of SOD2 and associated neurological phenotypes in relation to human neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Flynn
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Simon Melov
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA.
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Milani P, Ambrosi G, Gammoh O, Blandini F, Cereda C. SOD1 and DJ-1 converge at Nrf2 pathway: a clue for antioxidant therapeutic potential in neurodegeneration. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:836760. [PMID: 23983902 PMCID: PMC3745953 DOI: 10.1155/2013/836760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases share diverse pathological features and among these oxidative stress (OS) plays a leading role. Impaired activity and reduced expression of antioxidant proteins have been reported as common events in several aging-associated disorders. In this review paper, we first provide an overview of the involvement of reactive oxygen species- (ROS-) induced oxidative damage in Parkinson's disease (PD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Subsequently, we focus on DJ-1 and SOD1 proteins, which are involved in PD and ALS and also exert a prominent role in the interaction between redox homeostasis and neurodegeneration. Interestingly, recent studies demonstrated that DJ-1 and SOD1 are both tightly connected with Nrf2 protein, a transcriptional factor and master regulator of the expression of many antioxidant/detoxification genes. Nrf2 is emerging as a key neuroprotective protein in neurodegenerative diseases, since it helps neuronal cells to cope with toxic insults and OS. We herein summarize the recent literature providing a detailed picture of the promising therapeutic efficacy of Nrf2 natural and synthetic inducers as disease-modifying molecules for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Milani
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurobiology, National Neurological Institute C. Mondino, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy.
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Varabyova A, Topf U, Kwiatkowska P, Wrobel L, Kaus-Drobek M, Chacinska A. Mia40 and MINOS act in parallel with Ccs1 in the biogenesis of mitochondrial Sod1. FEBS J 2013; 280:4943-59. [PMID: 23802566 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide dismutase 1 (Sod1) is a major superoxide-scavenging enzyme in the eukaryotic cell, and is localized in the cytosol and intermembrane space of mitochondria. Sod1 requires its specific chaperone Ccs1 and disulfide bond formation in order to be retained in the intermembrane space. Our study identified a pool of Sod1 that is present in the reduced state in mitochondria that lack Ccs1. We created yeast mutants with mutations in highly conserved amino acid residues corresponding to human mutations that cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and found that some of the mutant proteins were present in the reduced state. These mutant variants of Sod1 were efficiently localized in mitochondria. Localization of the reduced, Ccs1-independent forms of Sod1 relied on Mia40, an essential component of the mitochondrial intermembrane space import and assembly pathway that is responsible for the biogenesis of intermembrane space proteins. Furthermore, the mitochondrial inner membrane organizing system (MINOS), which is responsible for mitochondrial membrane architecture, differentially modulated the presence of reduced Sod1 in mitochondria. Thus, we identified novel mitochondrial players that are possibly involved in pathological conditions caused by changes in the biogenesis of Sod1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aksana Varabyova
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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Sinclair L, Lewis V, Collins SJ, Haigh CL. Cytosolic caspases mediate mislocalised SOD2 depletion in an in vitro model of chronic prion infection. Dis Model Mech 2013; 6:952-63. [PMID: 23580200 PMCID: PMC3701215 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.010678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress as a contributor to neuronal death during prion infection is supported by the fact that various oxidative damage markers accumulate in the brain during the course of this disease. The normal cellular substrate of the causative agent, the prion protein, is also linked with protective functions against oxidative stress. Our previous work has found that, in chronic prion infection, an apoptotic subpopulation of cells exhibit oxidative stress and the accumulation of oxidised lipid and protein aggregates with caspase recruitment. Given the likely failure of antioxidant defence mechanisms within apoptotic prion-infected cells, we aimed to investigate the role of the crucial antioxidant pathway components, superoxide dismutases (SOD) 1 and 2, in an in vitro model of chronic prion infection. Increased total SOD activity, attributable to SOD1, was found in the overall population coincident with a decrease in SOD2 protein levels. When apoptotic cells were separated from the total population, the induction of SOD activity in the infected apoptotic cells was lost, with activity reduced back to levels seen in mock-infected control cells. In addition, mitochondrial superoxide production was increased and mitochondrial numbers decreased in the infected apoptotic subpopulation. Furthermore, a pan-caspase probe colocalised with SOD2 outside of mitochondria within cytosolic aggregates in infected cells and inhibition of caspase activity was able to restore cellular levels of SOD2 in the whole unseparated infected population to those of mock-infected control cells. Our results suggest that prion propagation exacerbates an apoptotic pathway whereby mitochondrial dysfunction follows mislocalisation of SOD2 to cytosolic caspases, permitting its degradation. Eventually, cellular capacity to maintain oxidative homeostasis is overwhelmed, thus resulting in cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Sinclair
- Department of Pathology, Melbourne Brain Centre, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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van Zundert B, Izaurieta P, Fritz E, Alvarez FJ. Early pathogenesis in the adult-onset neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Cell Biochem 2013; 113:3301-12. [PMID: 22740507 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating paralytic disorder caused by dysfunction and degeneration of motor neurons starting in adulthood. Most of our knowledge about the pathophysiological mechanisms of ALS comes from transgenic mice models that emulate a subgroup of familial ALS cases (FALS), with mutations in the gene encoding superoxide dismutase (SOD1). In the more than 15 years since these mice were generated, a large number of abnormal cellular mechanisms underlying motor neuron degeneration have been identified, but to date this effort has led to few improvements in therapy, and no cure. Here, we consider that this surfeit of mechanisms is best interpreted by current insights that suggest a very early initiation of pathology in motor neurons, followed by a diversity of secondary cascades and compensatory mechanisms that mask symptoms for decades, until trauma and/or aging overloads their protective function. This view thus posits that adult-onset ALS is the consequence of processes initiated during early development. In fact, motor neurons in neonatal mutant SOD mice display important alterations in their intrinsic electrical properties, synaptic inputs and morphology that are accompanied by subtle behavioral abnormalities. We consider evidence that human mutant SOD1 protein in neonatal hSOD1(G93A) mice instigates motor neuron degeneration by increasing persistent sodium currents and excitability, in turn altering synaptic circuits that control excessive motor neuron firing and leads to excitotoxicity. We also discuss how therapies that are aimed at suppressing abnormal neuronal activity might effectively mitigate or prevent the onset of irreversible neuronal damage in adulthood. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 3301-3312, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte van Zundert
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Research, Universidad Andres Bello, Avenida Republica 217, Santiago, Chile.
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Abstract
Dysregulation of glutathione homeostasis and alterations in glutathione-dependent enzyme activities are increasingly implicated in the induction and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Friedreich’s ataxia. In this review background is provided on the steady-state synthesis, regulation, and transport of glutathione, with primary focus on the brain. A brief overview is presented on the distinct but vital roles of glutathione in cellular maintenance and survival, and on the functions of key glutathione-dependent enzymes. Major contributors to initiation and progression of neurodegenerative diseases are considered, including oxidative stress, protein misfolding, and protein aggregation. In each case examples of key regulatory mechanisms are identified that are sensitive to changes in glutathione redox status and/or in the activities of glutathione-dependent enzymes. Mechanisms of dysregulation of glutathione and/or glutathione-dependent enzymes are discussed that are implicated in pathogenesis of each neurodegenerative disease. Limitations in information or interpretation are identified, and possible avenues for further research are described with an aim to elucidating novel targets for therapeutic interventions. The pros and cons of administration of N-acetylcysteine or glutathione as therapeutic agents for neurodegenerative diseases, as well as the potential utility of serum glutathione as a biomarker, are critically evaluated.
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Wei R, Bhattacharya A, Chintalaramulu N, Jernigan AL, Liu Y, Van Remmen H, Chaudhuri AR. Protein misfolding, mitochondrial dysfunction and muscle loss are not directly dependent on soluble and aggregation state of mSOD1 protein in skeletal muscle of ALS. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 417:1275-9. [PMID: 22234310 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.12.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (mSOD1) is often found as aggregates at the outer-membrane of mitochondria in motor neurons of various mouse models and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (f-ALS) patients. It has been postulated that disruption of mitochondrial function by physical association of misfolded mSOD1 aggregates may actually be the trigger for initiation of degeneration of motor neurons in ALS. However, it was not clear if the same mechanism is involved in muscle degeneration and mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscles of ALS. Recent study from our laboratory show that two skeletal muscle proteins, namely creatine kinase (CK) and glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) undergo major conformational and functional changes in the f-ALS mouse model of ALS (G93A). In this paper, we report two intriguing observations which are as follows:(i) G93A protein does not form aggregates in skeletal muscle at any stages of disease process probably due to high chymotrypsin-like activity of proteasome and thus G93A protein aggregates have no direct effects on progressive loss of muscle mass and global changes in protein conformation in ALS, and (ii) the soluble G93A protein does not have direct effects on mitochondrial dysfunction as determined by quantifying the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in skeletal muscle mitochondria; instead, the proteins affected by G93A possibly affect mitochondrial ROS release. These data strongly suggest for the first time that unlike in motor neurons, the soluble and aggregation states of the G93A protein do not have direct effects on protein misfolding and mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle during ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle Wei
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
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Sack GH. Introduction to the minireviews series on mitochondrial matters in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Lou Gehrig’s disease. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2011; 43:565-7. [PMID: 22160849 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-011-9391-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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