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Exosomes derived from atorvastatin-modified bone marrow dendritic cells ameliorate experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis by up-regulated levels of IDO/Treg and partly dependent on FasL/Fas pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:8. [PMID: 26757900 PMCID: PMC4710023 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0475-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previously, we have demonstrated that spleen-derived dendritic cells (DCs) modified with atorvastatin suppressed immune responses of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG). However, the effects of exosomes derived from atorvastatin-modified bone marrow DCs (BMDCs) (statin-Dex) on EAMG are still unknown. Methods Immunophenotypical characterization of exosomes from atorvastatin- and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)-modified BMDCs was performed by electron microscopy, flow cytometry, and western blotting. In order to investigate whether statin-DCs-derived exosomes (Dex) could induce immune tolerance in EAMG, we administrated statin-Dex, control-Dex, or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) into EAMG rats via tail vein injection. The tracking of injected Dex and the effect of statin-Dex injection on endogenous DCs were performed by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry, respectively. The number of Foxp3+ cells in thymuses was examined using immunocytochemistry. Treg cells, cytokine secretion, lymphocyte proliferation, cell viability and apoptosis, and the levels of autoantibody were also carried out to evaluate the effect of statin-Dex on EAMG rats. To further investigate the involvement of FasL/Fas in statin-Dex-induced apoptosis, the underlying mechanisms were studied by FasL neutralization assays. Results Our data showed that the systemic injection of statin-Dex suppressed the clinical symptoms of EAMG rats. These statin-Dex had immune regulation functions in immune organs, such as the spleen, thymus, and popliteal and inguinal lymph nodes. Furthermore, statin-Dex exerted their immunomodulatory effects in vivo by decreasing the expression of CD80, CD86, and MHC class II on endogenous DCs. Importantly, the therapeutic effects of statin-Dex on EAMG rats were associated with up-regulated levels of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)/Treg and partly dependent on FasL/Fas pathway, which finally resulted in decreased synthesis of anti-R97–116 IgG, IgG2a, and IgG2b antibodies. Conclusions Our data suggest that atorvastatin-induced immature BMDCs are able to secrete tolerogenic Dex, which are involved in the suppression of immune responses in EAMG rats. Importantly, our study provides a novel cell-free approach for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Xu H, Li XL, Yue LT, Li H, Zhang M, Wang S, Wang CC, Duan RS. Therapeutic potential of atorvastatin-modified dendritic cells in experimental autoimmune neuritis by decreased Th1/Th17 cytokines and up-regulated T regulatory cells and NKR-P1(+) cells. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 269:28-37. [PMID: 24565076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Statins have pleiotropic effects which include anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. In the present study, dendritic cells treated with atorvastatin (statin-DCs) could be induced into tolerogenic DCs. Administration of these tolerogenic DCs ameliorated clinical symptoms in experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN), which was associated with reduced number of inflammatory cells in sciatic nerves, inhibited CD4(+) T cells proliferation, down-regulated expression of co-stimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD86) and MHC class II, decreased levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-17A, increased number of NKR-P1(+) cells (including NK and NKT cells), up-regulated number of Treg cells in lymph node MNC as well as increased Foxp3 expression in the thymus. These data indicated that statin-DCs could develop as a new therapeutic strategy to GBS in the future.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Atorvastatin
- Cattle
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Heptanoic Acids/pharmacology
- Heptanoic Acids/therapeutic use
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B/immunology
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B/metabolism
- Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Pyrroles/pharmacology
- Pyrroles/therapeutic use
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/drug effects
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th17 Cells/drug effects
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Xu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China; Taian City Central Hospital, Taian 271000, PR China
| | - Xiao-Li Li
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Long-Tao Yue
- Central Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Cong-Cong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Rui-Sheng Duan
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China.
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Li XL, Liu Y, Cao LL, Li H, Yue LT, Wang S, Zhang M, Li XH, Dou YC, Duan RS. Atorvastatin-modified dendritic cells in vitro ameliorate experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis by up-regulated Treg cells and shifted Th1/Th17 to Th2 cytokines. Mol Cell Neurosci 2013; 56:85-95. [PMID: 23541702 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional therapies for autoimmune diseases produce nonspecific immune suppression, which are usually continued lifelong to maintain disease control, and associated with a variety of adverse effects. In this study, we found that spleen-derived dendritic cells (DCs) from the ongoing experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) rats can be induced into tolerogenic DCs by atorvastatin in vitro. Administration of these tolerogenic DCs to EAMG rats on days 5 and 13 post immunization (p.i.) resulted in improved clinical symptoms, which were associated with increased numbers of CD4(+)CD25(+) T regulatory (Treg) cells and Foxp3 expression, decreased lymphocyte proliferation among lymph node mononuclear cells (MNC), shifted cytokine profile from Th1/Th17 to Th2 type cytokines, decreased level of anti-R97-116 peptide (region 97-116 of the rat acetylcholine receptor α subunit) IgG antibody in serum. These tolerogenic DCs can migrate to spleen, thymus, popliteal and inguinal lymph nodes after they were injected into the EAMG rats intraperitoneally. Furthermore, these tolerogenic DCs played their immunomodulatory effects in vivo mainly by decreased expression of CD86 and MHC class II on endogenous DCs. All these data provided us a new strategy to treat EAMG and even human myasthenia gravis (MG).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Li
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China
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Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune neuromuscular junction disease mediated by antibodies against the acetylcholine receptor (AChR). The etiology and immunopathogenesis of MG remain unclear. Recent research has shown the involvement of autoantibodies, lymphocytes, cytokines and chemokines, in the pathogenesis of MG. Systematic factors are also demonstrated, such as inheritance and endocrine. This review indicates the research development in immunopathogenesis of MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Huang
- The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
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Meriggioli MN, Sheng JR, Li L, Prabhakar BS. Strategies for treating autoimmunity: novel insights from experimental myasthenia gravis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1132:276-82. [PMID: 18567878 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1405.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Current treatments for myasthenia gravis (MG) rely upon the administration of immunosuppressive agents which result in global, nonspecific attenuation of the immune response. An alternative approach would be to attempt to design therapies that specifically dampen autoreactivity without affecting general immunity. Recently, dendritic cells (DCs) have been shown to possess potent capabilities to tolerize T cells in an antigen-specific manner. We have observed that the selective activation of particular subsets of DCs utilizing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) had profound effects on the induction of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG). Specifically, treatment with GM-CSF effectively suppressed the induction of EAMG and down-modulated anti-AChR T cell and pathogenic antibody responses. These effects were associated with the activation of tolerogenic DCs, the enhanced production of suppressive cytokines, such as IL-10, and the mobilization of CD4(+)CD25(+) and FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs). We have further shown that GM-CSF effectively ameliorates clinical disease severity in mice with active, ongoing EAMG. Based on these observations, we hypothesize that the selective activation of particular DC subsets in vivo using pharmacologic agents, like GM-CSF, can suppress ongoing anti-AChR immune responses by mobilizing antigen-specific Tregs capable of suppressing autoimmune MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Meriggioli
- Section of Neuromuscular Disease, Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Sheng JR, Li LC, Ganesh BB, Prabhakar BS, Meriggioli MN. Regulatory T cells induced by GM-CSF suppress ongoing experimental myasthenia gravis. Clin Immunol 2008; 128:172-80. [PMID: 18502693 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.03.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Revised: 03/21/2008] [Accepted: 03/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We had previously observed that treatment utilizing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) had profound effects on the induction of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG), a well-characterized antibody-mediated autoimmune disease. In this study, we show that EAMG induced by repeated immunizations with acetylcholine receptor (AChR) protein in C57BL6 mice is effectively suppressed by GM-CSF treatment administered at a stage of chronic, well-established disease. In addition, this amelioration of clinical disease is accompanied by down-modulation of both autoreactive T cell, and pathogenic autoantibody responses, a mobilization of DCs with a tolerogenic phenotype, and an expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) that potently suppress AChR-stimulated T cell proliferation in vitro. These observations suggest that the mobilization of antigen-specific Tregs in vivo using pharmacologic agents, like GM-CSF, can modulate ongoing anti-AChR immune responses capable of suppressing antibody-mediated autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Rong Sheng
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL-60612, USA
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Ehser S, Chuang JJ, Kleist C, Sandra-Petrescu F, Iancu M, Wang D, Opelz G, Terness P. Suppressive dendritic cells as a tool for controlling allograft rejection in organ transplantation: Promises and difficulties. Hum Immunol 2008; 69:165-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2008.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Hubert P, Jacobs N, Caberg JH, Boniver J, Delvenne P. The cross-talk between dendritic and regulatory T cells: good or evil? J Leukoc Biol 2007; 82:781-94. [PMID: 17652446 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1106694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune responses against pathogens require fine regulation to avoid excessive inflammation, which could be harmful to the host. Moreover, the immune system must be tolerant to nonpathogenic antigens to prevent allergy, autoimmunity, and transplant rejection. There is accumulating evidence that interactions between dendritic cells (DC) and regulatory T (Treg) cells play a crucial role in the balance between immune response and tolerance. Communications between these cells are complex, bidirectional, and mediated by soluble or cell surface molecules. The maturation status of DC, which may be influenced by different microenvironmental factors, is considered as an important checkpoint for the induction of peripheral tolerance through modifications of the activation status of T cells. Moreover, several lines of experimental evidence suggest that different subsets or the functional status of DC are also involved in the promotion of Treg cell differentiation. A better knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms of the immune response induced or inhibited by DC via their interactions with Treg cells could be relevant for the development of new, immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Hubert
- Department of Pathology, CRCE-CBIG, B35, University of Liege, CHU of Liege, Liege, Belgium.
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Abstract
Recent studies point to an important role for dendritic cells (DCs) in the induction of peripheral tolerance, revealing that the maturation and/or activation state of DCs might be a control point for the induction of peripheral tolerance. Recent progress in our understanding of the mechanisms mediating immune tolerance indicates them to be far more complex than hitherto anticipated. Factors deciding the outcome of vaccination with autologous DCs to prevent and treat diseases with an autoimmune background include maturation state of DCs, their administration route, long-term effects, antigen loading, and in vivo microenvironment. DC vaccination, although promising, is far from standardized. In this review, we discuss the ins and outs of DC-mediated immune tolerance and the need for careful experimental design to unequivocally prove the efficacy and reach the goal of optimized use of DCs in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Guo Xiao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, 200040 Shanghai, China.
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Sheng JR, Li L, Ganesh BB, Vasu C, Prabhakar BS, Meriggioli MN. Suppression of Experimental Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis by Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Is Associated with an Expansion of FoxP3+Regulatory T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:5296-306. [PMID: 17015715 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.8.5296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) have the potential to activate or tolerize T cells in an Ag-specific manner. Although the precise mechanism that determines whether DCs exhibit tolerogenic or immunogenic functions has not been precisely elucidated, growing evidence suggests that DC function is largely dependent on differentiation status, which can be manipulated using various growth factors. In this study, we investigated the effects of mobilization of specific DC subsets-using GM-CSF and fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor 3-ligand (Flt3-L)-on the susceptibility to induction of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG). We administered GM-CSF or Flt3-L to C57BL/6 mice before immunization with acetylcholine receptor (AChR) and observed the effect on the frequency and severity of EAMG development. Compared with AChR-immunized controls, mice treated with Flt3-L before immunization developed EAMG at an accelerated pace initially, but disease frequency and severity was comparable at the end of the observation period. In contrast, GM-CSF administered before immunization exerted a sustained suppressive effect against the induction of EAMG. This suppression was associated with lowered serum autoantibody levels, reduced T cell proliferative responses to AChR, and an expansion in the population of FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. These results highlight the potential of manipulating DCs to expand regulatory T cells for the control of autoimmune diseases such as MG.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmune Diseases/therapy
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Forkhead Transcription Factors
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/administration & dosage
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
- Immunization
- Membrane Proteins/administration & dosage
- Membrane Proteins/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Receptors, Cholinergic/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Cholinergic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Rong Sheng
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Shih CM, Lee YL, Chiou HL, Hsu WF, Chen WE, Chou MC, Lin LY. The involvement of genetic polymorphism of IL-10 promoter in non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2005; 50:291-7. [PMID: 16122836 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2005.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2005] [Accepted: 07/14/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is mainly an anti-inflammatory cytokine produced by a number of cells including normal and neoplastic cells and has been implicated in autoimmunity, transplantation tolerance and tumorigenesis. Inter-individual variations in IL-10 production were genetically contributed to polymorphisms within IL-10 promoter region. The aim of this study was to determine whether polymorphisms in the IL-10 gene promoter were involved in predisposing an individual to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PATIENTS A total of 154 patients with non-small cell lung cancer were recruited into this study, together with 205 age- and gender-matched healthy smokers acting as control subjects. MEASUREMENTS Polymorphisms of sites within the promoter region of IL-10 gene were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique on genomic DNA isolated from peripheral lymphocytes. The validity of this technique was proven by direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction products. Statistical analyses were conducted to explore the contribution of polymorphism of IL-10 promoter to the susceptibility to NSCLC. RESULTS The distribution frequencies of genotypes of IL-10-1082, -819 and -592 were significantly different between NSCLC patients and controls. Pearson chi2 analysis showed that the frequency for IL-10-1082 G allele, IL-10-819C allele and IL-10-592C allele was independently higher in NSCLC patient group than that in the control group. Higher odds ratios (ORs) for NSCLC were seen for individuals with G allele of IL-10-1082 [OR=5.26, 95% CI 2.65-10.4, p<0.0001], C allele of IL-10-819 [OR=1.57, 95% CI 1.15-2.16, p=0.005], C allele of IL-10-592 [OR=1.59, 95% CI 1.15-2.19, p=0.005]. CONCLUSION The polymorphisms of IL-10 genes were significantly associated with the occurrence of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuen-Ming Shih
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yuh-Der Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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