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Jha R, Gangwar M, Chahar D, Setty Balakrishnan A, Negi MPS, Misra-Bhattacharya S. Humans from Wuchereria bancrofti endemic area elicit substantial immune response to proteins of the filarial parasite Brugia malayi and its endosymbiont Wolbachia. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:40. [PMID: 28118850 PMCID: PMC5259955 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1963-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past, immune responses to several Brugia malayi immunodominant antigens have been characterized in filaria-infected populations; however, little is known regarding Wolbachia proteins. We earlier cloned and characterized few B. malayi (trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase, Bm-TPP and heavy chain myosin, BmAF-Myo) and Wolbachia (translation initiation factor-1, Wol Tl IF-1 and NAD+-dependent DNA ligase, wBm-LigA) proteins and investigated the immune responses, which they triggered in animal models. The current study emphasizes on immunological characteristics of these proteins in three major categories of filarial endemic zones: endemic normal (EN, asymptomatic, amicrofilaraemic; putatively immune), microfilariae carriers (MF, asymptomatic but microfilaraemic), and chronic filarial patients (CP, symptomatic and mostly amicrofilaraemic). METHODS Immunoblotting and ELISA were carried out to measure IgG and isotype antibodies against these recombinant proteins in various clinical categories. Involvement of serum antibodies in infective larvae killing was assessed by antibody-dependent cellular adhesion and cytotoxicity assay. Cellular immune response was investigated by in vitro proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in these cells after stimulation. RESULTS Immune responses of EN and CP displayed almost similar level of IgG to Wol Tl IF-1 while other three proteins had higher serum IgG in EN individuals only. Specific IgA, IgG1, IgG3 and IgM to Bm-TPP were high in EN subjects, while BmAF-Myo additionally showed elevated IgG2. Enhanced IgA and IgG3 were detected in both EN and CP individuals in response to Wol Tl IF-1 antigen, but IgG1 and IgM were high only in EN individuals. wBm-LigA and BmAF-Myo exhibited almost similar pattern of antibody responses. PBMC isolated from EN subjects exhibited higher proliferation and ROS generation when stimulated with all three proteins except for Wol Tl IF-1. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these findings display high immunogenicity of all four proteins in human subjects and revealed that the EN population was exposed to both B. malayi and Wolbachia proteins simultaneously. In addition, immune responses to Wol Tl IF-1 suggest possible role of this factor in Wolbachia-induced pathological responses while immune responses to other three proteins suggest that these can be explored further as vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Jha
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS 10/1, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, UP, 226031, India
| | - Mamta Gangwar
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS 10/1, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, UP, 226031, India
| | - Dhanvantri Chahar
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS 10/1, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, UP, 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Anand Setty Balakrishnan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamraj University, Palkalai Nagar, Madurai, TN, 625021, India
| | - Mahendra Pal Singh Negi
- Biometry and Statistics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS 10/1, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, UP, 226031, India
| | - Shailja Misra-Bhattacharya
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS 10/1, Sector 10 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, UP, 226031, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India.
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Banerjee S, Mitra T, Purohit GK, Mohanty S, Mohanty BP. Immunomodulatory effect of arsenic on cytokine and HSP gene expression in Labeo rohita fingerlings. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 44:43-49. [PMID: 25652292 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Immune system is fundamental for survival of an organism against invading pathogens and other harmful agents. Cytokines, the signaling proteins that are produced transiently after cell activation and exert pleiotropic effects on cells of the immune system, are important mediators of cell mediated immune response. When expressed in a dysregulated fashion cytokines can underlie either immunodeficient or immunopathologic states. Heat shock proteins (stress proteins, HSPs) are also key proteins, which play important role in immunomodulation, apoptosis and influence the immune responses. Arsenic is a major toxic environmental contaminant and a human carcinogen. Prolonged drinking of arsenic-contaminated water leads to chronic arsenic toxicity (arsenicosis). Arsenic is also immunotoxic and renders the host immunocompromised. Arsenic exposure has been reported to result in growth retardation, gross pathology including skin and eye lesions, ulcerations, cataract development etc. in different fish species. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of arsenic exposure on the expression of immune genes IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, complement C3a and HSP genes HSP47, HSP60, HSP70, HSC71, HSP78, and HSP90 in Labeo rohita, an important aquacultured species, as such information is not available on this major carp. Cytokine and HSP gene expression analyses were carried out in kidney and liver tissues, respectively, in arsenic-exposed fishes by RT-PCR and HSPs were analyzed by immunoblotting. It was observed that arsenic has a generalized immune-suppressive effect leading to down regulation of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines; besides, it led to up regulation of the HSP genes indicating arsenic-induced cellular stress. Thus arsenic exposure makes L. rohita immunocompromised and could increase its susceptibility to pathogen attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeshna Banerjee
- ICAR- Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Fishery Resource and Environmental Management Division, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700120, India
| | - Tandrima Mitra
- ICAR- Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Fishery Resource and Environmental Management Division, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700120, India
| | | | - Sasmita Mohanty
- KIIT University, School of Biotechnology, Bhubaneswar, 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Bimal Prasanna Mohanty
- ICAR- Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Fishery Resource and Environmental Management Division, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700120, India.
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Adult Brugia malayi approximately 34 kDa (BMT-5) antigen offers Th1 mediated significant protection against infective larval challenge in Mastomys coucha. Parasitol Int 2009; 58:346-53. [PMID: 19638321 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We earlier reported a sizeable protection conferred by 'mitochondria rich' (MT) fraction of adult B. malayi and the present study was planned to locate the candidate protective molecule/s in the active fraction. The MT fraction was subjected to sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and the antigen bands showing strong immune-reactivity with the resistant mastomys sera were assayed for their lymphoproliferative response using splenocytes of protected animals. Of the eight such protein bands, one sub fraction with a molecular weight of approximately 34 kDa (BMT-5) produced utmost cellular proliferation and was therefore exploited for vaccination study. BMT-5 emulsified in Freund's adjuvant produced discernible protection causing 69 and 67% reductions in microfilaraemia and adult worm burden respectively along with sterilization of 68% of the recovered female parasites. Significant levels of filaria-specific and non-specific lymphoproliferation along with enhanced release of Th1 cytokines (TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma and IL-2) by splenocytes were observed in the vaccinated mastomys in addition to elevated levels of antigen-specific IgG, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgA. The peritoneal macrophages of immunized animals also revealed enhanced nitric oxide production in the presence of BMT-5. The findings suggest that approximately 34 kDa (BMT-5) molecules present in the MT fraction of adult B. malayi provided sizeable protection against infective larval challenge by generating a Th1 biased milieu in the host.
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