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Lv Y, Jiang G, Jiang Y, Peng C, Li W. TLR2-ERK signaling pathway regulates expression of galectin-3 in a murine model of OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation. Toxicol Lett 2024; 397:55-66. [PMID: 38754639 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and galectin-3 (Gal-3) are involved in the pathological process of asthma, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. We hypothesized that TLR2 pathway may regulate expression of Gal-3 in allergic airway inflammation. Wild-type (WT) and TLR2-/- mice were sensitized on day 0 and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) on days 14-21 to establish a model of allergic airway inflammation, and were treated with a specific ERK inhibitor U0126. Histological changes in the lungs were analyzed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) staining; cytokines and anti-OVA immunoglobulin E (IgE) were tested by ELISA; and related protein expression in lung tissues was measured by western blot. We found that the expression levels of TLR2 and Gal-3 markedly increased concomitantly with airway inflammation after OVA induction, while TLR2 deficiency significantly alleviated airway inflammation and reduced Gal-3 expression. Moreover, the expression levels of phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinases (p-MAPKs) were significantly elevated in OVA-challenged WT mice, while TLR2 deficiency only significantly decreased phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) levels. Furthermore, we found that U0126 treatment significantly alleviated allergic airway inflammation and decreased Gal-3 levels in OVA-challenged WT mice, but had no further effect in OVA-challenged TLR2-/- mice. These above results suggested that TLR2 is an upstream signal molecule of ERK. We further demonstrated that TLR2 regulates Gal-3 expression through the ERK pathway in LTA-stimulated macrophages in vitro. Our findings showed that the TLR2-ERK signaling pathway regulates Gal-3 expression in a murine model of allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Lv
- Molecular Diagnosis Center, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Anhui Clinical and Preclinical Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China.
| | - Guiyun Jiang
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Yanru Jiang
- Molecular Diagnosis Center, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Anhui Clinical and Preclinical Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Caiqiu Peng
- Molecular Diagnosis Center, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Anhui Clinical and Preclinical Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Wei Li
- Molecular Diagnosis Center, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Anhui Clinical and Preclinical Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China.
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Wang J, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Hu L, Liu J, Wang L, Wang T, Zhang H, Cong L, Wang Q. Pathogenesis of allergic diseases and implications for therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:138. [PMID: 36964157 PMCID: PMC10039055 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis (AR), allergic asthma (AAS), atopic dermatitis (AD), food allergy (FA), and eczema are systemic diseases caused by an impaired immune system. Accompanied by high recurrence rates, the steadily rising incidence rates of these diseases are attracting increasing attention. The pathogenesis of allergic diseases is complex and involves many factors, including maternal-fetal environment, living environment, genetics, epigenetics, and the body's immune status. The pathogenesis of allergic diseases exhibits a marked heterogeneity, with phenotype and endotype defining visible features and associated molecular mechanisms, respectively. With the rapid development of immunology, molecular biology, and biotechnology, many new biological drugs have been designed for the treatment of allergic diseases, including anti-immunoglobulin E (IgE), anti-interleukin (IL)-5, and anti-thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)/IL-4, to control symptoms. For doctors and scientists, it is becoming more and more important to understand the influencing factors, pathogenesis, and treatment progress of allergic diseases. This review aimed to assess the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and therapeutic interventions of allergic diseases, including AR, AAS, AD, and FA. We hope to help doctors and scientists understand allergic diseases systematically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wang
- National Institute of TCM constitution and Preventive Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yumei Zhou
- National Institute of TCM constitution and Preventive Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Honglei Zhang
- National Institute of TCM constitution and Preventive Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Linhan Hu
- National Institute of TCM constitution and Preventive Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Juntong Liu
- National Institute of TCM constitution and Preventive Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 1000210, China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- National Institute of TCM constitution and Preventive Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Haiyun Zhang
- National Institute of TCM constitution and Preventive Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Linpeng Cong
- National Institute of TCM constitution and Preventive Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- National Institute of TCM constitution and Preventive Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China.
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Radzyukevich YV, Kosyakova NI, Prokhorenko IR. Impact of Comorbidity of Bronchial Asthma and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on the Expression and Functional Activity of TLR2 and TLR4 Receptors. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020550. [PMID: 36836906 PMCID: PMC9965069 DOI: 10.3390/life13020550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data indicate the active progression of various forms of diabetes mellitus in patients with bronchial asthma (BA), but little is known about the mechanisms of comorbidity formation. TLR2 and TLR4 are involved in the progression of asthma and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). These receptors are involved in the inflammatory response to Gram(+) and Gram(-) bacteria, respectively, so changes in their expression may affect the predisposition of patients to bacteremia. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression and functional activity of toll-like receptor 2 and 4 (TLR2 and TLR4) on peripheral blood cells of patients with BA, T2DM, and BA + T2DM. The expression of TLR2 and TLR4 was analyzed by flow cytometry. Whole blood samples were incubated with lipopolysaccharides from E. coli (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid from S. pyogenes (LTA). The concentration of cytokines and soluble blood proteins was determined by ELISA. Patients with comorbid diseases showed a statistically significant increase in TLR2 expression on both monocytes and neutrophils compared with healthy donors and patients with BA. We found increased expression of TLR4 on the surface of blood monocytes from patients compared to donors. The activation of blood cells of patients and donors with LPS or LTA led to an increase in the expression of "fast" pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6). In patients with BA, the average production of TNF-α in response to endotoxin was two times higher than in other studied groups. The reactions of blood cells in patients with T2DM and BA + T2DM did not differ significantly. The expression and functional activity of TLR2 and TLR4 on the blood cells of patients with comorbid disease were similar to those only in patients with T2DM. The greatest increase in the synthesis of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α in response to LPS and LTA was observed in patients with BA, which can lead to an inadequate response to bacteremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav V. Radzyukevich
- Hospital of Pushchino Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Pushchino 142290, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Ninel I. Kosyakova
- Hospital of Pushchino Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia
| | - Isabella R. Prokhorenko
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Pushchino 142290, Russia
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Han VX, Jones HF, Patel S, Mohammad SS, Hofer MJ, Alshammery S, Maple-Brown E, Gold W, Brilot F, Dale RC. Emerging evidence of Toll-like receptors as a putative pathway linking maternal inflammation and neurodevelopmental disorders in human offspring: A systematic review. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 99:91-105. [PMID: 34562595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is increasingly recognised to play a major role in gene-environment interactions in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). The effects of aberrant immune responses to environmental stimuli in the mother and in the child can affect neuroimmune signalling that is central to brain development. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are the best known innate immune pattern and danger recognition sensors to various environmental threats. In animal models, maternal immune activation (MIA), secondary to inflammatory factors including maternal gestational infection, obesity, diabetes, and stress activate the TLR pathway in maternal blood, placenta, and fetal brain, which correlate with offspring neurobehavioral abnormalities. Given the central role of TLR activation in animal MIA models, we systematically reviewed the human evidence for TLR activation and response to stimulation across the maternal-fetal interface. Firstly, we included 59 TLR studies performed in peripheral blood of adults in general population (outside of pregnancy) with six chronic inflammatory factors which have epidemiological evidence for increased risk of offspring NDDs, namely, obesity, diabetes mellitus, depression, low socio-economic status, autoimmune diseases, and asthma. Secondly, eight TLR studies done in human pregnancies with chronic inflammatory factors, involving maternal blood, placenta, and cord blood, were reviewed. Lastly, ten TLR studies performed in peripheral blood of individuals with NDDs were included. Despite these studies, there were no studies which examined TLR function in both the pregnant mother and their offspring. Increased TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA and/or protein levels in peripheral blood were common in obesity, diabetes mellitus, depression, autoimmune thyroid disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. To a lesser degree, TLR 3, 7, 8, and 9 activation were found in peripheral blood of humans with autoimmune diseases and depression. In pregnancy, increased TLR4 mRNA levels were found in the peripheral blood of women with diabetes mellitus and systemic lupus erythematosus. Placental TLR activation was found in mothers with obesity or diabetes. Postnatally, dysregulated TLR response to stimulation was found in peripheral blood of individuals with NDDs. This systematic review found emerging evidence that TLR activation may represent a mechanistic link between maternal inflammation and offspring NDD, however the literature is incomplete and longitudinal outcome studies are lacking. Identification of pathogenic mechanisms in MIA could create preventive and therapeutic opportunities to mitigate NDD prevalence and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velda X Han
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Khoo-Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore; School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hannah F Jones
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neuroservices, Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shrujna Patel
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shekeeb S Mohammad
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Markus J Hofer
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; The Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sarah Alshammery
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Molecular Neurobiology Research Laboratory, Kids Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, and The Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emma Maple-Brown
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Molecular Neurobiology Research Laboratory, Kids Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, and The Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wendy Gold
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Molecular Neurobiology Research Laboratory, Kids Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, and The Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fabienne Brilot
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Molecular Neurobiology Research Laboratory, Kids Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, and The Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Russell C Dale
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; The Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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Wu X, Wang P, Zhang Y, Gao L, Zheng B, Xu Y, Mo J. Toll-Like Receptor Characterization Correlates with Asthma and Is Predictive of Diagnosis. DNA Cell Biol 2020; 39:1313-1321. [PMID: 32543891 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2020.5543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play crucial roles in the recognition of invading pathogens and the immune system. However, the effect of TLRs in asthma is still not fully known. This study was performed to better understand the role of TLR signatures in asthma. Blood samples from case-control studies (study 1: 348 asthmas and 39 normal controls and validation study 2: 411 asthmas and 87 normal controls) were enrolled. The single-sample gene set enrichment analysis method was performed to quantify the abundance of 21 TLR signatures. Gene ontology analysis and pathway function analysis were conducted for functional analysis, and a protein-protein interaction network was constructed. The area under the curve (AUC) value was used to assess the diagnostic capacity. In this study, TLR2/TLR3/TLR4 pathway, MyD88-dependent/independent TLR pathway, positive regulation of TLR4 pathway, and TLR binding signatures were significantly higher in asthma. Functional analysis showed that biological processes and pathways were still involved in TLR cascades and TLR signaling pathway. Eleven hub TLR-related genes were identified, and further validation demonstrated that the combination of TLR-related genes was a good diagnostic biomarker for asthma (AUC = 0.8). Our study provided more insight into the underlying immune mechanism of how TLR signatures affected asthma. The use of the easy-to-apply TLR-related genes might represent a promising blood-based biomarker for early detection of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yaqiong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lin Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Beijia Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Youwen Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinggang Mo
- The First Clinical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
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Zakeri A, Russo M. Dual Role of Toll-like Receptors in Human and Experimental Asthma Models. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1027. [PMID: 29867994 PMCID: PMC5963123 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disease that is influenced by the interplay between genetic factors and exposure to environmental allergens, microbes, or microbial products where toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a pivotal role. TLRs recognize a wide range of microbial or endogenous molecules as well as airborne environmental allergens and act as adjuvants that influence positively or negatively allergic sensitization. TLRs are qualitatively and differentially expressed on hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic stromal or structural airway cells that when activated by TLRs agonists exert an immune-modulatory role in asthma development. Therefore, understanding mechanisms and pathways by which TLRs orchestrate asthma outcomes may offer new strategies to control the disease. Here, we aim to review and critically discuss the role of TLRs in human asthma and murine models of allergic airway inflammation, highlighting the complexity of TLRs function in development, exacerbation, or control of airway allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Zakeri
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Momtchilo Russo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Agache I, Rogozea L. Asthma Biomarkers: Do They Bring Precision Medicine Closer to the Clinic? ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2017; 9:466-476. [PMID: 28913985 PMCID: PMC5603474 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2017.9.6.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of biomarkers has been incorporated within clinical research of asthma to characterize the population and to associate the disease with environmental and therapeutic effects. Regrettably, at present, there are no specific biomarkers, none is validated or qualified, and endotype-driven choices overlap. Biomarkers have not yet reached clinical practice and are not included in current asthma guidelines. Last but not least, the choice of the outcome upholding the value of the biomarkers is extremely difficult, since it has to reflect the mechanistic intervention while being relevant to both the disease and the particular person. On the verge of a new age of asthma healthcare standard, we must embrace and adapt to the key drivers of change. Disease endotypes, biomarkers, and precision medicine represent an emerging model of patient care building on large-scale biologic databases, omics and diverse cellular assays, health information technology, and computational tools for analyzing sizable sets of data. A profound transformation of clinical and research pattern from population to individual risk and from investigator-imposed subjective disease clustering (hypothesis driven) to unbiased, data-driven models is facilitated by the endotype/biomarker-driven approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Agache
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Transylvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania.
| | - Liliana Rogozea
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Transylvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania
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Holding the Inflammatory System in Check: TLRs and Their Targeted Therapy in Asthma. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:2180417. [PMID: 27274620 PMCID: PMC4870363 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2180417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a complex biological response to detrimental stimuli and can be a double-edged sword. Inflammation plays a protective role in removing pathogenic factors, but dysregulated inflammation is associated with several major fatal diseases such as asthma, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Asthma is a complex heterogenous disease caused by genetic and environmental factors. TLRs are the primary proteins associated with the innate and adaptive immune responses to these fatal factors and play an important role in recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which initiates the downstream immune response. Due to the complex TLRs cascade and nowadays unsuccessful control in asthma, new studies are focused on TLRs and other potential targets in TLR cascade to minimize airway inflammation.
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Zakeri A, Borji H, Haghparast A. Interaction Between Helminths and Toll-Like Receptors: Possibilities and Potentials for Asthma Therapy. Int Rev Immunol 2016; 35:219-48. [PMID: 27120222 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1096936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential components of the innate immune system. They play an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases, especially asthma. Since TLRs significantly orchestrate innate and adaptive immune response, their manipulation has widely been considered as a potential approach to control asthma symptoms. It is well established that helminths have immunoregulatory effects on host immune responses, especially innate immunity. They release bioactive molecules such as excretory-secretory (ES) products manipulating TLRs expression and signaling. Thus, given the promising results derived from preclinical studies, harnessing helminth-derived molecules affecting TLRs can be considered as a potential biological therapy for allergic diseases. Prospectively, the data that are available at present suggest that, in the near future, it is possible that helminth antigens will offer new therapeutic strategies and druggable targets for fighting allergic diseases. This review describes the interactions between helminths and TLRs and discusses the potential possibilities for asthma therapy. In this opinion paper, the authors aimed to review the updated literatures on the interplay between helminths, TLRs, and asthma with a view to proposing helminth-based asthma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Zakeri
- a Parasitology Section, Department of Pathobiology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran.,b Immunology Sections, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Hassan Borji
- a Parasitology Section, Department of Pathobiology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Alireza Haghparast
- b Immunology Sections, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran.,c Biotechnology Section, Department of Pathobiology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran
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Crespo-Lessmann A, Mateus E, Vidal S, Ramos-Barbón D, Torrejón M, Giner J, Soto L, Juárez C, Plaza V. Expression of toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in subjects with asthma by total serum IgE level. Respir Res 2016; 17:41. [PMID: 27084682 PMCID: PMC4833957 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0355-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging data suggest that innate immunity may play a role in asthma, particularly the toll-like receptors (TLRs). Some studies pointed to an involvement of TLRs 2 and 4 in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma, and other studies related TLRs to IgE. However, there are not any studies that have comprehensively evaluated the expression of TLRs 2 and 4 in inflammatory cells, in peripheral blood and induced sputum specimens from asthmatic patients, according to their total serum IgE. METHODS We studied 44 asthmatic patients (15 with high total serum IgE and 29 with normal total serum IgE). On a single visit, all patients underwent: induced sputum, pulmonary function tests, determination of exhaled nitric oxide fraction, venipuncture for blood analysis and skin prick allergy tests. The induced sputum cellularity was analyzed by flow cytometry, where expression of TLRs 2 and 4 was studied using fluorochrome-conjugated monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS Asthmatic patients with high total serum IgE showed, a higher percentage of macrophages expressing TLR4 (42.99 % ± 22.49) versus asthmatic patients with normal total serum IgE (28.84 % ± 15.16) (P = 0.048). Furthermore, we observed a correlation (but weak) between the percentage of macrophages expressing TLR4 in induced sputum and the total serum IgE level (R = 0.314; P = 0.040). CONCLUSION Asthmatic subjects with high total serum IgE show increased macrophage expression of TLR4 in induced sputum. This outcome may result from a link between innate immunity and IgE-mediated, adaptive immune responses in asthma, and point to TLR4 as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Crespo-Lessmann
- Respiratory Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Eder Mateus
- Respiratory Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
- Immunology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Vidal
- Immunology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Ramos-Barbón
- Respiratory Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Torrejón
- Respiratory Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Giner
- Respiratory Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Soto
- Respiratory Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cándido Juárez
- Immunology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Plaza
- Respiratory Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Alzolibani AA, Rasheed Z, Saif GB, Al-Dhubaibi MS, Al Robaee AA. Altered expression of intracellular Toll-like receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with alopecia areata. BBA CLINICAL 2016; 5:134-42. [PMID: 27114923 PMCID: PMC4826589 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern-recognition-receptors that sense a variety of pathogens and initiation of innate and adaptive immune responses. This study was undertaken to investigate the expression of TLRs in peripheral blood-mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of AA patients and to determine whether TLR-mediated inflammatory signals are important for the perspective of AA management. METHODS Gene expression of TLRs and T-helper (Th) type-1, Th-2, Th-17 and regulatory T-cell cytokines in PBMCs was quantified by TaqMan Assays. Production of these cytokines in serum samples was determined by sandwich ELISAs. RESULTS All TLRs (TLRs 1-10) were expressed in PBMCs of AA patients. Importantly intracellular TLRs (TLRs 3, 7, 8 and 9) were significantly up-regulated in AA patients as compared with controls (p < 0.05). Interleukin (IL)-2, TNF-α, and IL-17A gene expression in patients' PBMCs and their secretion in patients' sera were significantly higher as compared with their respective controls (p < 0.05). Whereas, TGF-β gene expression in patients' PBMCs and TGF-β protein level in patients' sera were significantly lower as compared with their controls (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION This is the first report that shows the comprehensive expression profile of TLRs in AA patients. We conclude that up-regulated expression of intracellular TLRs in PBMCs of AA patients may play an active role in abnormal regulation of Th-1, Th-17 and regulatory T-cell cytokines in alopecia areata. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Targeting of TLRs and their associated inflammatory signaling will open new areas of research; this may lead to the development of novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of AA or other skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zafar Rasheed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author at: Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Qassim University, P.O. Box 6655, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia.Department of Medical BiochemistryCollege of MedicineQassim UniversityP.O. Box 6655Buraidah51452Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghada Bin Saif
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ahmad A. Al Robaee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
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Nitric oxide sustains IL-1β expression in human dendritic cells enhancing their capacity to induce IL-17-producing T-cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120134. [PMID: 25853810 PMCID: PMC4390375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The role played by lung dendritic cells (DCs) which are influenced by external antigens and by their redox state in controlling inflammation is unclear. We studied the role played by nitric oxide (NO) in DC maturation and function. Human DCs were stimulated with a long-acting NO donor, DPTA NONOate, prior to exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Dose-and time-dependent experiments were performed with DCs with the aim of measuring the release and gene expression of inflammatory cytokines capable of modifying T-cell differentiation, towardsTh1, Th2 and Th17 cells. NO changed the pattern of cytokine release by LPS-matured DCs, dependent on the concentration of NO, as well as on the timing of its addition to the cells during maturation. Addition of NO before LPS-induced maturation strongly inhibited the release of IL-12, while increasing the expression and release of IL-23, IL-1β and IL-6, which are all involved in Th17 polarization. Indeed, DCs treated with NO efficiently induced the release of IL-17 by T-cells through IL-1β. Our work highlights the important role that NO may play in sustaining inflammation during an infection through the preferential differentiation of the Th17 lineage.
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Pace E, Di Sano C, Ferraro M, Bruno A, Caputo V, Gallina S, Gjomarkaj M. Budesonide increases TLR4 and TLR2 expression in Treg lymphocytes of allergic asthmatics. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2015; 32:93-100. [PMID: 25722071 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced innate immunity responses as well as reduced T regulatory activities characterise bronchial asthma. OBJECTIVES In this study the effect of budesonide on the expression of TLR4 and TLR2 in T regulatory lymphocyte sub-population was assessed. METHODS TLR4 and TLR2 expression in total peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), in CD4+/CD25+ and in CD4+/CD25- was evaluated, by flow cytometric analysis, in mild intermittent asthmatics (n = 14) and in controls (n = 11). The in vitro effects of budesonide in modulating: TLR4 and TLR2 expression in controls and in asthmatics; IL-10 expression and cytokine release (IL-6 and TNF-α selected by a multiplex assay) in asthmatics were also explored. RESULTS TLR4 and TLR2 were reduced in total PBMC from asthmatics in comparison to PBMC from controls. CD4+CD25+ cells expressed at higher extent TLR2 and TLR4 in comparison to CD4+CD25- cells. Budesonide was able to increase the expression of TLR4, TLR2 and IL-10 in CD4+/CD25 highly+ cells from asthmatics. TLR4 ligand, LPS induced Foxp3 expression. Budesonide was also able to reduce the release of IL-6 and TNF-α by PBMC of asthmatics. CONCLUSIONS Budesonide potentiates the activity of Treg by increasing TLR4, TLR2 and IL-10 expression. This event is associated to the decreased release of IL-6 and TNF-α in PBMC treated with budesonide. These findings shed light on new mechanisms by which corticosteroids, drugs widely used for the clinical management of bronchial asthma, control T lymphocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Pace
- Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Unità di Immunopatologia e Farmacologia Clinica e Sperimentale dell'Apparato Respiratorio, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Caterina Di Sano
- Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Unità di Immunopatologia e Farmacologia Clinica e Sperimentale dell'Apparato Respiratorio, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Ferraro
- Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Unità di Immunopatologia e Farmacologia Clinica e Sperimentale dell'Apparato Respiratorio, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Andreina Bruno
- Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Unità di Immunopatologia e Farmacologia Clinica e Sperimentale dell'Apparato Respiratorio, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valentina Caputo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Gallina
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie e Neuroscienze Cliniche, Sezione di Otorinolaringoiatria, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Mark Gjomarkaj
- Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Unità di Immunopatologia e Farmacologia Clinica e Sperimentale dell'Apparato Respiratorio, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
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Ahmad R, Shihab PK, Thomas R, Alghanim M, Hasan A, Sindhu S, Behbehani K. Increased expression of the interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK)-1 is associated with adipose tissue inflammatory state in obesity. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2015; 7:71. [PMID: 26312071 PMCID: PMC4549832 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-015-0067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emerging role of TLR2/4 as immuno-metabolic receptors points to key involvement of TLR/IL-1R/MyD88 pathway in obesity/type-2 diabetes (T2D). IL1R-associated kinase (IRAK)-1 is a critical adapter protein (serine/threonine kinase) of this signaling pathway. The changes in adipose tissue expression of IRAK-1 in obesity/T2D remain unclear. We determined modulations in IRAK-1 gene/protein expression in the subcutaneous adipose tissues from lean, overweight and obese individuals with or without T2D. METHODS A total of 49 non-diabetic (22 obese, 19 overweight and 8 lean) and 42 T2D (31 obese, 9 overweight and 2 lean) adipose tissue samples were obtained by abdominal subcutaneous fat pad biopsy and IRAK-1 expression was determined using real-time RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and confocal microscopy. IRAK-1 mRNA expression was compared with adipose tissue proinflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-18), macrophage markers (CD68, CD11c, CD163), and plasma markers (CCL-5, C-reactive protein, adiponectin, and triglycerides). The data were analyzed using t test, Pearson's correlation, and multiple stepwise linear regression test. RESULTS In non-diabetics, IRAK-1 gene expression was elevated in obese (P = 0.01) and overweight (P = 0.04) as compared with lean individuals and this increase correlated with body mass index (r = 0.45; P = 0.001) and fat percentage (r = 0.36; P = 0.01). In diabetics, IRAK-1 mRNA expression was also higher in obese as compared with lean subjects (P = 0.012). As also shown by immunohistochemistry/confocal microscopy in non-diabetics and by immunohistochemistry in diabetics, IRAK-1 protein expression was higher in obese than overweight and lean adipose tissues. IRAK-1 gene expression correlated positively/significantly with mRNAs of TNF-α (r = 0.46; P = 0.0008), IL-6 (r = 0.30; P = 0.03) and IL-18 (r = 0.31; P = 0.028) in non-diabetics; and only with TNF-α (r = 0.32; P = 0.03) in diabetics. IRAK-1 expression also correlated positively/significantly with CD68 (r = 0.32; P = 0.02), CD11c (r = 0.30; P = 0.03), and CD163 (r = 0.43; P = 0.001) in non-diabetics; and only with CD163 (r = 0.34; P = 0.02) in diabetics. IRAK-1 mRNA levels also correlated with plasma markers including CCL-5 (r = 0.39; P = 0.02), C-reactive protein (r = 0.48; P = 0.005), adiponectin (r = -0.36; P = 0.04), and triglycerides (r = 0.40; P = 0.02) in non-diabetics; and only with triglycerides (r = -0.36; P = 0.04) in diabetics. IRAK-1 expression related with TLR2 (r = 0.39; P = 0.007) and MyD88 (r = 0.36; P = 0.01) in non-diabetics; and MyD88 (r = 0.52; P = 0.0003) in diabetics. CONCLUSIONS The elevated IRAK-1 expression in obese adipose tissue showed consensus with local/circulatory inflammatory signatures and represented as a tissue marker for metabolic inflammation. The data have clinical significance as interventions causing IRAK-1 suppression may alleviate meta-inflammation in obesity/T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasheed Ahmad
- Laboratory of Immunology & Innovative Cell Therapy, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), P.O. Box 1180, Dasman, 15462 Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Puthiyaveetil Kochumon Shihab
- Laboratory of Immunology & Innovative Cell Therapy, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), P.O. Box 1180, Dasman, 15462 Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Reeby Thomas
- Laboratory of Immunology & Innovative Cell Therapy, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), P.O. Box 1180, Dasman, 15462 Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Munera Alghanim
- Laboratory of Immunology & Innovative Cell Therapy, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), P.O. Box 1180, Dasman, 15462 Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Amal Hasan
- Laboratory of Immunology & Innovative Cell Therapy, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), P.O. Box 1180, Dasman, 15462 Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Sardar Sindhu
- Laboratory of Immunology & Innovative Cell Therapy, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), P.O. Box 1180, Dasman, 15462 Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Kazem Behbehani
- Laboratory of Immunology & Innovative Cell Therapy, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), P.O. Box 1180, Dasman, 15462 Kuwait City, Kuwait
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Tizaoui K, Kaabachi W, Hamzaoui K, Hamzaoui A. Association of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Toll-like Receptor Genes With Asthma Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2014; 7:130-40. [PMID: 25729620 PMCID: PMC4341334 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2015.7.2.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Asthma is a complex disease, with contributions from multiple genes, various genetic backgrounds, and environmental factors. Many human epidemiological studies have demonstrated that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Toll-like receptor (TLR) genes are inconsistently associated with asthma risk. Some have demonstrated differences concerning the study design and effect size, and conflicting results have been reported. A meta-analysis is necessary to determine the magnitude of this association. Methods Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines, a systematic search and meta-analysis of the literature was conducted to estimate the association of SNPs in TLR genes with asthma risk. We screened the medical literature based on the following keyword searches in MEDLINE and EMBASE databases: 'TLR', 'polymorphism', 'asthma', and their combinations. Results Meta-analysis of eight studies on TLR4 Asp299Gly showed a marginal association of TLR4 with asthma risk (odds ratio [OR]=0.814 [95% confidence interval [CI], 0.652-1.016; P=0.069]) in the recessive model. TLR4 Thr399Ile was not associated with asthma risk under any genetic model. Meta-analysis of four studies on TLR2 Arg753Gln indicated that TLR2 might be significantly associated with asthma in the dominant and codominant models (P=0.029, P=0.030, and P=0.009, respectively). TLR9 -1237 was marginally associated with asthma risk (OR=0.408 [95% CI, 0.163-1.021; P=0.065]) in the codominant model. Analysis using the allele contrast model showed that the major TLR9 -1237 T allele tended to be a significant protective factor with OR=0.689 (95% CI, 0.471-1.007; P=0.055). Conclusions The results showed that TLR4 Asp299Gly, TLR2 Arg753Gln, and TLR9-1237 might contribute significantly to asthma susceptibility. Future genetic association studies would consolidate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalthoum Tizaoui
- Division of Histology and Immunology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of medicine Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Wajih Kaabachi
- Division of Histology and Immunology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of medicine Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Kamel Hamzaoui
- Division of Histology and Immunology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of medicine Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Agnès Hamzaoui
- Division of Histology and Immunology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of medicine Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia. ; Division of Pulmonology, Unit research: 1 2 SP15"Homeostasis and Cell Immune Dysfunction", A. Mami Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia
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The step further to understand the role of cytosolic phospholipase A2 alpha and group X secretory phospholipase A2 in allergic inflammation: pilot study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:670814. [PMID: 25247183 PMCID: PMC4163415 DOI: 10.1155/2014/670814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Allergens, viral, and bacterial infections are responsible for asthma exacerbations that occur with progression of airway inflammation. cPLA2α and sPLA2X are responsible for delivery of arachidonic acid for production of eicosanoids—one of the key mediators of airway inflammation. However, cPLA2α and sPLA2X role in allergic inflammation has not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of rDer p1 and rFel d1 and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on cPLA2α expression and sPLA2X secretion in PBMC of asthmatics and in A549 cell line. PBMC isolated from 14 subjects, as well as A549 cells, were stimulated with rDer p1, rFel d1, and LPS. Immunoblotting technique was used to study the changes in cPLA2α protein expression and ELISA was used to analyze the release of sPLA2X. PBMC of asthmatics released more sPLA2X than those from healthy controls in the steady state. rDer p1 induced more sPLA2X secretion than cPLA2α protein expression. rFel d1 caused decrease in cPLA2α relative expression in PBMC of asthmatics and in A549 cells. Summarizing, Der p1 and Fel d1 involve phospholipase A2 enzymes in their action. sPLA2X seems to be one of important PLA2 isoform in allergic inflammation, especially caused by house dust mite allergens.
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1,8-Cineol inhibits nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and NF-κB-dependent transcriptional activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:2866-2878. [PMID: 23872422 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Natural plant-derived products are commonly applied to treat a broad range of human diseases, including cancer as well as chronic and acute airway inflammation. In this regard, the monoterpene oxide 1,8-cineol, the active ingredient of the clinically approved drug Soledum®, is well-established for the therapy of airway diseases, such as chronic sinusitis and bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchial asthma. Although clinical trials underline the beneficial effects of 1,8-cineol in treating inflammatory diseases, the molecular mode of action still remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate for the first time a 1,8-cineol-depending reduction of NF-κB-activity in human cell lines U373 and HeLa upon stimulation using lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Immunocytochemistry further revealed a reduced nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65, while qPCR and western blot analyses showed strongly attenuated expression of NF-κB target genes. Treatment with 1,8-cineol further led to increased protein levels of IκBα in an IKK-independent matter, while FRET-analyses showed restoring of LPS-associated loss of interaction between NF-κB p65 and IκBα. We likewise observed reduced amounts of phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2 protein in U373 cells after exposure to 1,8-cineol. In addition, 1,8-cineol led to decreased amount of nuclear NF-κB p65 and reduction of its target gene IκBα at protein level in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Our findings suggest a novel mode of action of 1,8-cineol through inhibition of nuclear NF-κB p65 translocation via IκBα resulting in decreased levels of proinflammatory NF-κB target genes and may therefore broaden the field of clinical application of this natural drug for treating inflammatory diseases.
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Differential regulation of inflammation and immunity in mild and severe experimental asthma. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:808470. [PMID: 23781124 PMCID: PMC3679512 DOI: 10.1155/2013/808470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at exploring innate and adaptive immunity in allergic asthma by investigation of mRNA expression of pattern recognition receptors, T-cell-specific cytokines, and transcription factors. Mouse models for mild and severe asthma, with similar pathological characteristics observed in humans, were used to study the involved inflammatory markers as a first step in the development of phenotype-directed treatment approaches. In the mild model, mice were sensitized to ovalbumin-Imject Alum and challenged with ovalbumin. In the severe model, mice were sensitized to trinitrophenyl-conjugated ovalbumin and challenged with trinitrophenyl-ovalbumin/IgE immune complex. Pulmonary airway inflammation and mRNA expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), T cell cytokines, and transcription factors in lung tissue were examined. Different mRNA expression profiles of TLRs, NLRs, T cell cytokines, and transcription factors were observed. In the mild model, Il10 showed the largest increase in expression, whereas in the severe model, it was Infγ with the largest increase. Expression of Tbet was also significantly increased in the severe model. Inflammation and immunity are differentially regulated in mild and severe experimental asthma. This preclinical data may help in directing clinical research towards a better understanding and therapy in mild and severe asthmatic patients.
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Grishman EK, White PC, Savani RC. Toll-like receptors, the NLRP3 inflammasome, and interleukin-1β in the development and progression of type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Res 2012; 71:626-32. [PMID: 22337228 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2012.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, type 1 diabetes (T1D) has been thought of as a disease of cellular immunity, but there is increasing evidence that components of the innate immune system, controlled largely by Toll-like receptors (TLRs), play a significant role in T1D development. TLRs are pattern-recognition molecules on immune cells that recognize pathogens, leading to the production of cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL1β, encoded by the IL1B gene). IL1β is increased in patients with newly diagnosed T1D and likely acts as an early inflammatory signal in T1D development. Because hyperglycemia is a hallmark of T1D, the effects of hyperglycemia on IL1β expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and islet cells have been examined, but with inconsistent results, and the mechanisms leading to this increase remain unknown. Fatty acids stimulate IL1β expression and may promote inflammation, causing hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. The mechanisms by which IL1β is involved in T1D pathogenesis are controversial. Overall, studies in pancreatic β-cells suggest that IL1β-mediated damage to islet cells involves multiple downstream targets. Potential therapies to decrease the progression of T1D based on IL1β biology include pioglitazone, glyburide, IL1 receptor antagonists, and agents that remove IL1β from the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen K Grishman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
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Volkova M, Zhang Y, Shaw AC, Lee PJ. The role of Toll-like receptors in age-associated lung diseases. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2012; 67:247-53. [PMID: 22396470 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glr226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aging lung is faced with unique challenges. The lungs are the only internal organ with a direct interface with both the internal and the external environments and as a consequence are constantly sampling diverse, potentially injurious, elements. Therefore, the lungs have evolved a sophisticated, multilayered detection system to distinguish low-level, nonharmful signals from those that are toxic. A family of innate immune receptors, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), appears to serve such a function. Initially described as pattern-recognition receptors that recognize and protect against microbes, TLRs can also respond to diverse, nonmicrobial signals. The role of Toll-like receptors in noninfectious, age-related chronic lung disease is poorly understood. This review presents our current understanding of the biology of age-related lung diseases with a focus on the role of Toll-like receptors in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and late-onset asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Volkova
- Department of Internal Medicine and Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208057, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Lavoie-Lamoureux A, Beauchamp G, Quessy S, Martin JG, Lavoie JP. Systemic inflammation and priming of peripheral blood leukocytes persist during clinical remission in horses with heaves. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 146:35-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Moreira AP, Cavassani KA, Ismailoglu UB, Hullinger R, Dunleavy MP, Knight DA, Kunkel SL, Uematsu S, Akira S, Hogaboam CM. The protective role of TLR6 in a mouse model of asthma is mediated by IL-23 and IL-17A. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:4420-32. [PMID: 22005301 DOI: 10.1172/jci44999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
TLRs are a family of receptors that mediate immune system pathogen recognition. In the respiratory system, TLR activation has both beneficial and deleterious effects in asthma. For example, clinical data indicate that TLR6 activation exerts protective effects in asthma. Here, we explored the mechanism or mechanisms through which TLR6 mediates this effect using mouse models of Aspergillus fumigatus-induced and house dust mite antigen-induced (HDM antigen-induced) chronic asthma. Tlr6-/- mice with fungal- or HDM antigen-induced asthma exhibited substantially increased airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, and remodeling compared with WT asthmatic groups. Surprisingly, whole-lung levels of IL-23 and IL-17 were markedly lower in Tlr6-/- versus WT asthmatic mice. Tlr6-/- DCs generated less IL-23 upon activation with lipopolysaccharide, zymosan, or curdlan. Impaired IL-23 generation in Tlr6-/- mice also corresponded with lower levels of expression of the pathogen-recognition receptor dectin-1 and expansion of Th17 cells both in vivo and in vitro. Exogenous IL-23 treatment of asthmatic Tlr6-/- mice restored IL-17A production and substantially reduced airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, and lung fungal burden compared with that in untreated asthmatic Tlr6-/- mice. Together, our data demonstrate that TLR6 activation is critical for IL-23 production and Th17 responses, which both regulate the allergic inflammatory response in chronic fungal-induced asthma. Thus, therapeutics targeting TLR6 activity might prove efficacious in the treatment of clinical asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Moreira
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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