1
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Ford ES, Li A, Laing KJ, Dong L, Diem K, Jing L, Basu K, Ott M, Tartaglia J, Gurunathan S, Reid JL, Ecsedi M, Chapuis AG, Huang ML, Magaret AS, Johnston C, Zhu J, Koelle DM, Corey L. Expansion of the HSV-2-specific T cell repertoire in skin after immunotherapeutic HSV-2 vaccine. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2022.02.04.22270210. [PMID: 38352384 PMCID: PMC10863019 DOI: 10.1101/2022.02.04.22270210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The skin at the site of HSV-2 reactivation is enriched for HSV-2-specific T cells. To evaluate whether an immunotherapeutic vaccine could elicit skin-based memory T cells, we studied skin biopsies and HSV-2-reactive CD4+ T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by T cell receptor β (TRB) sequencing before and after vaccination with a replication-incompetent whole virus HSV-2 vaccine candidate (HSV529). The representation of HSV-2-reactive CD4+ TRB sequences from PBMCs in the skin TRB repertoire increased after the first vaccine dose. We found sustained expansion after vaccination of unique, skin-based T-cell clonotypes that were not detected in HSV-2-reactive CD4+ T cells isolated from PBMCs. In one participant a switch in immunodominance occurred with the emergence of a T cell receptor (TCR) αβ pair after vaccination that was not detected in blood. This TCRαβ was shown to be HSV-2-reactive by expression of a synthetic TCR in a Jurkat-based NR4A1 reporter system. The skin in areas of HSV-2 reactivation possesses an oligoclonal TRB repertoire that is distinct from the circulation. Defining the influence of therapeutic vaccination on the HSV-2-specific TRB repertoire requires tissue-based evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Ford
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Alvason Li
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
| | - Kerry J Laing
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Lichun Dong
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Kurt Diem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Lichen Jing
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Krithi Basu
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Mariliis Ott
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | | | | | - Jack L Reid
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
| | - Matyas Ecsedi
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
| | - Aude G Chapuis
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Amalia S Magaret
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Christine Johnston
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Jia Zhu
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - David M Koelle
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle WA
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle WA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle WA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA
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2
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Zhao Z, Liu X, Zong Y, Shi X, Sun Y. Cellular Processes Induced by HSV-1 Infections in Vestibular Neuritis. Viruses 2023; 16:12. [PMID: 38275947 PMCID: PMC10819745 DOI: 10.3390/v16010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus is a prevalent pathogen that primarily infects human epithelial cells and has the ability to reside in neurons. In the field of otolaryngology, herpesvirus infection primarily leads to hearing loss and vestibular neuritis and is considered the primary hypothesis regarding the pathogenesis of vestibular neuritis. In this review, we provide a summary of the effects of the herpes virus on cellular processes in both host cells and immune cells, with a focus on HSV-1 as illustrative examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengdong Zhao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.S.)
| | - Xiaozhou Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.S.)
| | - Yanjun Zong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.S.)
| | - Xinyu Shi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.S.)
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.S.)
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
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3
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Quadiri A, Prakash S, Dhanushkodi NR, Singer M, Zayou L, Shaik AM, Sun M, Suzer B, Lau L, Chilukurri A, Vahed H, Schaefer H, BenMohamed L. Therapeutic Prime/Pull Vaccination of HSV-2 Infected Guinea Pigs with the Ribonucleotide Reductase 2 (RR2) Protein and CXCL11 Chemokine Boosts Antiviral Local Tissue-Resident and Effector Memory CD4 + and CD8 + T Cells and Protects Against Recurrent Genital Herpes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.08.552454. [PMID: 37609157 PMCID: PMC10441333 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.08.552454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Following acute herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection, the virus undergoes latency in sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Intermittent virus reactivation from latency and shedding in the vaginal mucosa (VM) causes recurrent genital herpes. While T-cells appear to play a role in controlling virus reactivation and reducing the severity of recurrent genital herpes, the mechanisms for recruiting these T-cells into DRG and VM tissues remain to be fully elucidated. The present study investigates the effect of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 T-cell-attracting chemokines on the frequency and function of DRG- and VM-resident CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and its effect on the frequency and severity of recurrent genital herpes. HSV-2 latent-infected guinea pigs were immunized intramuscularly with the HSV-1 RR2 protein (Prime) and subsequently treated intravaginally with the neurotropic adeno-associated virus type 8 (AAV-8) expressing CXCL9, CXCL10, or CXCL11 T-cell-attracting chemokines (Pull). Compared to the RR2 therapeutic vaccine alone, the RR2/CXCL11 prime/pull therapeutic vaccine significantly increased the frequencies of functional tissue-resident (TRM cells) and effector (TEM cells) memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in both DRG and VM tissues. This was associated with less virus shedding in the healed genital mucosal epithelium and reduced frequency and severity of recurrent genital herpes. These findings confirm the role of local DRG- and VM-resident CD4+ and CD8+ TRM and TEM cells in reducing virus reactivation shedding and the severity of recurrent genital herpes and propose the novel prime/pull vaccine strategy to protect against recurrent genital herpes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshana Quadiri
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697
| | - Swayam Prakash
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697
| | - Nisha Rajeswari Dhanushkodi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697
| | - Mahmoud Singer
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697
| | - Latifa Zayou
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697
| | - Amin Mohammed Shaik
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697
| | - Miyo Sun
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697
| | - Berfin Suzer
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697
| | - Lauren Lau
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697
| | - Amruth Chilukurri
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697
| | - Hawa Vahed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697
- Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, CA 92660; USA
| | - Hubert Schaefer
- Intracellular Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697
- Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CaA 92697
- Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, CA 92660; USA
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4
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Korom M, Wang H, Bernier KM, Geiss BJ, Morrison LA. ICP8-vhs- HSV-2 Vaccine Expressing B7 Costimulation Molecules Optimizes Safety and Efficacy against HSV-2 Infection in Mice. Viruses 2023; 15:1570. [PMID: 37515256 PMCID: PMC10384616 DOI: 10.3390/v15071570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) causes most sexually transmitted genital ulcerative disease. No effective prophylactic vaccine is currently available. Replication-defective (ICP8-) HSV stimulates immune responses in animals without producing progeny virus, making it potentially useful as a safe form of a live vaccine against HSV. We previously demonstrated that mice generate a stronger response to ICP8- virus encoding B7-2 costimulation molecules than to the parental replication-defective virus. We have also demonstrated enhanced immunogenicity of an ICP8-, virion host shutoff (vhs)- virus which can no longer destabilize viral and host mRNAs. Here, we constructed a triple mutant, ICP8-vhs-B7-2+ strain, and compared it to both double mutant viruses. Immunization of mice with a single dose of ICP8-B7-2+ or ICP8-vhs-B7-2+ virus decreased challenge virus replication in the vaginal mucosa, genital disease, and mortality more effectively than immunization with the ICP8-vhs- virus. Immunization with ICP8-B7-2+ or ICP8-vhs-B7-2+ virus also effectively suppressed subsequent HSV-2 infection of the nervous system compared to immunization with the ICP8-vhs- virus. ICP8-B7-2+ and ICP8-vhs-B7-2+ strains induced more IFN gamma-producing CD8 T cells and memory CD8 T cells than did ICP8-vhs- virus, potentially explaining the enhanced protective effects. Thus, B7 costimulation molecules expressed from a replication-defective vaccine can enhance vaccine efficacy, even in an immunocompetent host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Korom
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1100 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1100 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Kaelin M Bernier
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1100 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Brian J Geiss
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1100 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Lynda A Morrison
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1100 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
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5
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Wan M, Yang X, Sun J, Ding X, Chen Z, Su W, Cai L, Hou A, Sun B, Gao F, Jiang C, Zhou Y. An Adenovirus-Based Recombinant Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2) Therapeutic Vaccine Is Highly Protective against Acute and Recurrent HSV-2 Disease in a Guinea Pig Model. Viruses 2023; 15:219. [PMID: 36680259 PMCID: PMC9861952 DOI: 10.3390/v15010219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Genital herpes (GH) has become one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases worldwide, and it is spreading rapidly in developing countries. Approximately 90% of GH cases are caused by HSV-2. Therapeutic HSV-2 vaccines are intended for people already infected with HSV-2 with the goal of reducing clinical recurrences and recurrent virus shedding. In our previous work, we evaluated recombinant adenovirus-based vaccines, including rAd-gD2ΔUL25, rAd-ΔUL25, and rAd-gD2, for their potency as prophylactic vaccines. In this study, we evaluated these three vaccines as therapeutic vaccines against acute and recurrent diseases in intravaginal challenged guinea pigs. Compared with the control groups, the recombinant vaccine rAd-gD2ΔUL25 induced a higher titer of the binding antibody, and rAd-gD2 + rAd-ΔUL25 induced a higher titer of the neutralizing antibody. Both rAd-gD2ΔUL25 and rAd-gD2 + rAd-ΔUL25 vaccines significantly enhanced the survival rate by 50% compared to rAd-gD2 and reduced viral replication in the genital tract and recurrent genital skin disease. Our findings provide a new perspective for HSV-2 therapeutic vaccine research and provide a new technique to curtail the increasing spread of HSV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Wan
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jie Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xue Ding
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhijun Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Weiheng Su
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Linjun Cai
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ali Hou
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Bo Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Feng Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Chunlai Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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6
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Chentoufi AA, Dhanushkodi NR, Srivastava R, Prakash S, Coulon PGA, Zayou L, Vahed H, Chentoufi HA, Hormi-Carver KK, BenMohamed L. Combinatorial Herpes Simplex Vaccine Strategies: From Bedside to Bench and Back. Front Immunol 2022; 13:849515. [PMID: 35547736 PMCID: PMC9082490 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.849515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of vaccines against herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (HSV1 and HSV-2) is an important goal for global health. In this review we reexamined (i) the status of ocular herpes vaccines in clinical trials; and (ii) discusses the recent scientific advances in the understanding of differential immune response between HSV infected asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals that form the basis for the new combinatorial vaccine strategies targeting HSV; and (iii) shed light on our novel "asymptomatic" herpes approach based on protective immune mechanisms in seropositive asymptomatic individuals who are "naturally" protected from recurrent herpetic diseases. We previously reported that phenotypically and functionally distinct HSV-specific memory CD8+ T cell subsets in asymptomatic and symptomatic HSV-infected individuals. Moreover, a better protection induced following a prime/pull vaccine approach that consists of first priming anti-viral effector memory T cells systemically and then pulling them to the sites of virus reactivation (e.g., sensory ganglia) and replication (e.g., eyes and vaginal mucosa), following mucosal administration of vectors expressing T cell-attracting chemokines. In addition, we reported that a combination of prime/pull vaccine approach with approaches to reverse T cell exhaustion led to even better protection against herpes infection and disease. Blocking PD-1, LAG-3, TIGIT and/or TIM-3 immune checkpoint pathways helped in restoring the function of antiviral HSV-specific CD8+ T cells in latently infected ganglia and increased efficacy and longevity of the prime/pull herpes vaccine. We discussed that a prime/pull vaccine strategy that use of asymptomatic epitopes, combined with immune checkpoint blockade would prove to be a successful herpes vaccine approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz A. Chentoufi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Nisha R. Dhanushkodi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Ruchi Srivastava
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Swayam Prakash
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Pierre-Gregoire A. Coulon
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Latifa Zayou
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Hawa Vahed
- Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, Limited Liability Company (LLC), University Lab Partners, Irvine, CA, United States
| | | | - Kathy K. Hormi-Carver
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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7
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Koelle DM, Dong L, Jing L, Laing KJ, Zhu J, Jin L, Selke S, Wald A, Varon D, Huang ML, Johnston C, Corey L, Posavad CM. HSV-2-Specific Human Female Reproductive Tract Tissue Resident Memory T Cells Recognize Diverse HSV Antigens. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867962. [PMID: 35432373 PMCID: PMC9009524 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.867962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific TRM persist and protect against skin or female reproductive tract (FRT) HSV infection. As the pathogenesis of HSV differs between humans and model organisms, we focus on humans with well-characterized recurrent genital HSV-2 infection. Human CD8+ TRM persisting at sites of healed human HSV-2 lesions have an activated phenotype but it is unclear if TRM can be cultivated in vitro. We recovered HSV-specific TRM from genital skin and ectocervix biopsies, obtained after recovery from recurrent genital HSV-2, using ex vivo activation by viral antigen. Up to several percent of local T cells were HSV-reactive ex vivo. CD4 and CD8 T cell lines were up to 50% HSV-2-specific after sorting-based enrichment. CD8 TRM displayed HLA-restricted reactivity to specific HSV-2 peptides with high functional avidities. Reactivity to defined peptides persisted locally over several month and was quite subject-specific. CD4 TRM derived from biopsies, and from an extended set of cervical cytobrush specimens, also recognized diverse HSV-2 antigens and peptides. Overall we found that HSV-2-specific TRM are abundant in the FRT between episodes of recurrent genital herpes and maintain competency for expansion. Mucosal sites are accessible for clinical monitoring during immune interventions such as therapeutic vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lichun Dong
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kerry J Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jia Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lei Jin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Stacy Selke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Dana Varon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Christine Johnston
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Christine M Posavad
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
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8
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Abstract
Two of the most prevalent human viruses worldwide, herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively), cause a variety of diseases, including cold sores, genital herpes, herpes stromal keratitis, meningitis and encephalitis. The intrinsic, innate and adaptive immune responses are key to control HSV, and the virus has developed mechanisms to evade them. The immune response can also contribute to pathogenesis, as observed in stromal keratitis and encephalitis. The fact that certain individuals are more prone than others to suffer severe disease upon HSV infection can be partially explained by the existence of genetic polymorphisms in humans. Like all herpesviruses, HSV has two replication cycles: lytic and latent. During lytic replication HSV produces infectious viral particles to infect other cells and organisms, while during latency there is limited gene expression and lack of infectious virus particles. HSV establishes latency in neurons and can cause disease both during primary infection and upon reactivation. The mechanisms leading to latency and reactivation and which are the viral and host factors controlling these processes are not completely understood. Here we review the HSV life cycle, the interaction of HSV with the immune system and three of the best-studied pathologies: Herpes stromal keratitis, herpes simplex encephalitis and genital herpes. We also discuss the potential association between HSV-1 infection and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyong Zhu
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Cluster of Excellence RESIST (Exc 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Abel Viejo-Borbolla
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Cluster of Excellence RESIST (Exc 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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9
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Casto AM, Huang MLW, Xie H, Jerome KR, Wald A, Johnston CM, Greninger AL. Herpes Simplex Virus Mistyping due to HSV-1 × HSV-2 Interspecies Recombination in Viral Gene Encoding Glycoprotein B. Viruses 2020; 12:E860. [PMID: 32781734 PMCID: PMC7472045 DOI: 10.3390/v12080860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpes simplex viruses (HSV) 1 and 2 are extremely common human pathogens with overlapping disease spectra. Infections due to HSV-1 and HSV-2 are distinguished in clinical settings using sequence-based "typing" assays. Here we describe a case of HSV mistyping caused by a previously undescribed HSV-1 × HSV-2 recombination event in UL27, the HSV gene that encodes glycoprotein B. This is the first documented case of HSV mistyping caused by an HSV-1 × HSV-2 recombination event and the first description of an HSV interspecies recombination event in UL27, which is frequently used as a target for diagnostics and experimental therapeutics. We also review the primer and probe target sequences for a commonly used HSV typing assay from nearly 700 HSV-1 and HSV-2 samples and find that about 4% of HSV-1 samples have a single nucleotide change in at least one of these loci, which could impact assay performance. Our findings illustrate how knowledge of naturally occurring genomic variation in HSV-1 and HSV-2 is essential for the design and interpretation of molecular diagnostics for these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Casto
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (A.W.); (C.M.J.)
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA;
| | - Meei-Li W. Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (M.-L.W.H.); (H.X.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Hong Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (M.-L.W.H.); (H.X.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Keith R. Jerome
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (M.-L.W.H.); (H.X.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Anna Wald
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (A.W.); (C.M.J.)
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (M.-L.W.H.); (H.X.); (A.L.G.)
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Christine M. Johnston
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (A.W.); (C.M.J.)
| | - Alexander L. Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (M.-L.W.H.); (H.X.); (A.L.G.)
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10
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Kim HC, Lee HK. Vaccines against Genital Herpes: Where Are We? Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030420. [PMID: 32727077 PMCID: PMC7566015 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genital herpes is a venereal disease caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV). Although HSV symptoms can be reduced with antiviral drugs, there is no cure. Moreover, because HSV infected individuals are often unaware of their infection, it is highly likely that they will transmit HSV to their sexual partner. Once infected, an individual has to live with HSV for their entire life, and HSV infection can lead to meningitis, encephalitis, and neonatal herpes as a result of vertical transmission. In addition, HSV infection increases the rates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and transmission. Because of the high burden of genital herpes, HSV vaccines have been developed, but none have been very successful. In this review, we discuss the current status of genital herpes vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Cheol Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea;
| | - Heung Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea;
- The Center for Epidemic Preparedness, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-350-4241
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11
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Wang Z, Li Y, Yang X, Zhao J, Cheng Y, Wang J. Mechanism and Complex Roles of HSC70 in Viral Infections. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1577. [PMID: 32849328 PMCID: PMC7396710 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock cognate 71-kDa protein (HSC70), a constitutively expressed molecular chaperon within the heat shock protein 70 family, plays crucial roles in maintaining cellular environmental homeostasis through implicating in a wide variety of physiological processes, such as ATP metabolism, protein folding and transporting, antigen processing and presentation, endocytosis, and autophagy. Notably, HSC70 also participates in multiple non-communicable diseases and some pathogen-caused infectious diseases. It is known that virus is an obligatory intracellular parasite and heavily relies on host machineries to self-replication. Undoubtedly, HSC70 is a striking target manipulated by virus to ensure the successful propagation. In this review, we summarize the recent advances of the regulatory mechanisms of HSC70 during viral infections, which will be conducive to further study viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongtao Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xia Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuening Cheng
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jianke Wang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.,Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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12
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Srivastava R, Roy S, Coulon PG, Vahed H, Prakash S, Dhanushkodi N, Kim GJ, Fouladi MA, Campo J, Teng AA, Liang X, Schaefer H, BenMohamed L. Therapeutic Mucosal Vaccination of Herpes Simplex Virus 2-Infected Guinea Pigs with Ribonucleotide Reductase 2 (RR2) Protein Boosts Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies and Local Tissue-Resident CD4 + and CD8 + T RM Cells Associated with Protection against Recurrent Genital Herpes. J Virol 2019; 93:e02309-18. [PMID: 30787156 PMCID: PMC6475797 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02309-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactivation of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) from latency causes viral shedding that develops into recurrent genital lesions. The immune mechanisms of protection against recurrent genital herpes remain to be fully elucidated. In this preclinical study, we investigated the protective therapeutic efficacy, in the guinea pig model of recurrent genital herpes, of subunit vaccine candidates that were based on eight recombinantly expressed HSV-2 envelope and tegument proteins. These viral protein antigens (Ags) were rationally selected for their ability to recall strong CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses from naturally "protected" asymptomatic individuals, who, despite being infected, never develop any recurrent herpetic disease. Out of the eight HSV-2 proteins, the envelope glycoprotein D (gD), the tegument protein VP22 (encoded by the UL49 gene), and ribonucleotide reductase subunit 2 protein (RR2; encoded by the UL40 gene) produced significant protection against recurrent genital herpes. The RR2 protein, delivered either intramuscularly or intravaginally with CpG and alum adjuvants, (i) boosted the highest neutralizing antibodies, which appear to cross-react with both gB and gD, and (ii) enhanced the numbers of functional gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing CRTAM+ CFSE+ CD4+ and CRTAM+ CFSE+ CD8+ TRM cells, which express low levels of PD-1 and TIM-3 exhaustion markers and were localized to healed sites of the vaginal mucocutaneous (VM) tissues. The strong B- and T-cell immunogenicity of the RR2 protein was associated with a significant decrease in virus shedding and a reduction in both the severity and frequency of recurrent genital herpes lesions. In vivo depletion of either CD4+ or CD8+ T cells significantly abrogated the protection. Taken together, these preclinical results provide new insights into the immune mechanisms of protection against recurrent genital herpes and promote the tegument RR2 protein as a viable candidate Ag to be incorporated in future genital herpes therapeutic mucosal vaccines.IMPORTANCE Recurrent genital herpes is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases, with a global prevalence of HSV-2 infection predicted to be over 536 million worldwide. Despite the availability of many intervention strategies, such as sexual behavior education, barrier methods, and the costly antiviral drug treatments, eliminating or at least reducing recurrent genital herpes remains a challenge. Currently, no FDA-approved therapeutic vaccines are available. In this preclinical study, we investigated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy, in the guinea pig model of recurrent genital herpes, of subunit vaccine candidates that were based on eight recombinantly expressed herpes envelope and tegument proteins. We discovered that similar to the dl5-29 vaccine, based on a replication-defective HSV-2 mutant virus, which has been recently tested in clinical trials, the RR2 protein-based subunit vaccine elicited a significant reduction in virus shedding and a decrease in both the severity and frequency of recurrent genital herpes sores. This protection correlated with an increase in numbers of functional tissue-resident IFN-γ+ CRTAM+ CFSE+ CD4+ and IFN-γ+ CRTAM+ CFSE+ CD8+ TRM cells that infiltrate healed sites of the vaginal tissues. Our study sheds new light on the role of TRM cells in protection against recurrent genital herpes and promotes the RR2-based subunit therapeutic vaccine to be tested in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Srivastava
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Soumyabrata Roy
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Pierre-Gregoire Coulon
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Hawa Vahed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Swayam Prakash
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Nisha Dhanushkodi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Grace J Kim
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Mona A Fouladi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Joe Campo
- Antigen Discovery Inc., Irvine, California, USA
| | - Andy A Teng
- Antigen Discovery Inc., Irvine, California, USA
| | | | - Hubert Schaefer
- Intracellular Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
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13
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Johnston C, Magaret A, Roychoudhury P, Greninger AL, Reeves D, Schiffer J, Jerome KR, Sather C, Diem K, Lingappa JR, Celum C, Koelle DM, Wald A. Dual-strain genital herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection in the US, Peru, and 8 countries in sub-Saharan Africa: A nested cross-sectional viral genotyping study. PLoS Med 2017; 14:e1002475. [PMID: 29281620 PMCID: PMC5744910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantitative estimation of the extent to which the immune system's protective effect against one herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection protects against infection with additional HSV-2 strains is important for understanding the potential for HSV-2 vaccine development. Using viral genotyping, we estimated the prevalence of HSV-2 dual-strain infection and identified risk factors. METHODS AND FINDINGS People with and without HIV infection participating in HSV-2 natural history studies (University of Washington Virology Research Clinic) and HIV prevention trials (HIV Prevention Trials Network 039 and Partners in Prevention HSV/HIV Transmission Study) in the US, Africa, and Peru with 2 genital specimens each containing ≥105 copies herpes simplex virus DNA/ml collected a median of 5 months apart (IQR: 2-11 months) were included. It is unlikely that 2 strains would be detected in the same sample simultaneously; therefore, 2 samples were required to detect dual-strain infection. We identified 85 HSV-2 SNPs that, in aggregate, could determine whether paired HSV-2 strains were the same or different with >90% probability. These SNPs were then used to create a customized high-throughput array-based genotyping assay. Participants were considered to be infected with more than 1 strain of HSV-2 if their samples differed by ≥5 SNPs between the paired samples, and dual-strain infection was confirmed using high-throughput sequencing (HTS). We genotyped pairs of genital specimens from 459 people; 213 (46%) were men, the median age was 34 years (IQR: 27-44), and 130 (28%) were HIV seropositive. Overall, 272 (59%) people were from the US, 59 (13%) were from Peru, and 128 (28%) were from 8 countries in Africa. Of the 459 people, 18 (3.9%) met the criteria for dual-strain infection. HTS and phylogenetic analysis of paired specimens confirmed shedding of 2 distinct HSV-2 strains collected at different times in 17 pairs, giving an estimated dual-strain infection prevalence of 3.7% (95% CI = 2.0%-5.4%). Paired samples with dual-strain infection differed by a median of 274 SNPs in the UL_US region (range 129-413). Matching our observed dual-strain infection frequency to simulated data of varying prevalences and allowing only 2 samples per person, we inferred the true prevalence of dual-strain infection to be 7%. In multivariable analysis, controlling for HIV status and continent of origin, people from Africa had a higher risk for dual-strain infection (risk ratio [RR] = 9.20, 95% CI = 2.05-41.32), as did people who were HIV seropositive (RR = 4.06, 95% CI = 1.42-11.56). CONCLUSIONS HSV-2 dual-strain infection was detected in 3.7% of paired samples from individual participants, and was more frequent among people with HIV infection. Simulations suggest that the true prevalence of dual-strain infection is 7%. Our data indicate that naturally occurring immunity to HSV-2 may be protective against infection with a second strain. This study is limited by the inability to determine the timing of acquisition of the second strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Johnston
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Amalia Magaret
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alexander L. Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniel Reeves
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Joshua Schiffer
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Keith R. Jerome
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Cassandra Sather
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Resource, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kurt Diem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jairam R. Lingappa
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Connie Celum
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David M. Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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14
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Traidl S, Kienlin P, Begemann G, Jing L, Koelle DM, Werfel T, Roesner LM. Patients with atopic dermatitis and history of eczema herpeticum elicit herpes simplex virus-specific type 2 immune responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:1144-1147.e5. [PMID: 29155096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Traidl
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Petra Kienlin
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gabriele Begemann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash
| | - David M Koelle
- Departments of Medicine, Global Health, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Wash; Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Wash
| | - Thomas Werfel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lennart M Roesner
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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15
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Liu W, Zhou Y, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Su W, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Gao F, Jiang C, Kong W. Evaluation of recombinant adenovirus vaccines based on glycoprotein D and truncated UL25 against herpes simplex virus type 2 in mice. Microbiol Immunol 2017; 61:176-184. [PMID: 28378925 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The high prevalence of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) infections in humans necessitates the development of a safe and effective vaccine that will need to induce vigorous T-cell responses to control viral infection and transmission. We designed rAd-gD2, rAd-gD2ΔUL25, and rAd-ΔUL25 to investigate whether recombinant replication-defective adenoviruses vaccine could induce specific T-cell responses and protect mice against intravaginal HSV-2 challenge compared with FI-HSV-2. In the present study, recombinant adenovirus-based HSV-2 showed higher reductions in mortality and stronger antigen-specific T-cell responses compared with FI-HSV-2 and the severity of genital lesions in mice immunized with rAd-gD2ΔUL25 was significantly decreased by eliciting IFN-γ-secreting T-cell responses compared with rAd-gD2 and rAd-ΔUL25 groups. Our results demonstrated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant adenovirus vaccines in acute HSV-2 infection following intravaginal challenge in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.,Jilin Medical University, Jilin 13201, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ziyan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zeqiang Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qizhi Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Weiheng Su
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yan Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Feng Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Chunlai Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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16
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Selective Expression of CCR10 and CXCR3 by Circulating Human Herpes Simplex Virus-Specific CD8 T Cells. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00810-17. [PMID: 28701399 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00810-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection is restricted to epithelial cells and neurons and is controlled by CD8 T cells. These cells both traffic to epithelial sites of recurrent lytic infection and to ganglia and persist at the dermal-epidermal junction for up to 12 weeks after lesion resolution. We previously showed that cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA), a functional E-selectin ligand (ESL), is selectively expressed on circulating HSV-2-specific CD8 T cells. CLA/ESL mediates adhesion of T cells to inflamed vascular endothelium. Later stages in T-cell homing involve chemokines (Ch) and lymphocyte chemokine receptors (ChR) for vascular wall arrest and diapedesis. Several candidate ChR have been implicated in skin homing. We measured cell surface ChR on HSV-specific human peripheral blood CD8 T cells and extended our studies to HSV-1. We observed preferential cell surface expression of CCR10 and CXCR3 by HSV-specific CD8 T cells compared to CD8 T cells specific for control viruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV), and compared to bulk memory CD8 T cells. CXCR3 ligand mRNA levels were selectively increased in skin biopsy specimens from persons with recurrent HSV-2, while the mRNA levels of the CCR10 ligand CCL27 were equivalent in lesion and control skin. Our data are consistent with a model in which CCL27 drives baseline recruitment of HSV-specific CD8 T cells expressing CCR10, while interferon-responsive CXCR3 ligands recruit additional cells in response to virus-driven inflammation.IMPORTANCE HSV-2 causes very localized recurrent infections in the skin and genital mucosa. Virus-specific CD8 T cells home to the site of recurrent infection and participate in viral clearance. The exit of T cells from the blood involves the use of chemokine receptors on the T-cell surface and chemokines that are present in infected tissue. In this study, circulating HSV-2-specific CD8 T cells were identified using specific fluorescent tetramer reagents, and their expression of several candidate skin-homing-associated chemokine receptors was measured using flow cytometry. We found that two chemokine receptors, CXCR3 and CCR10, are upregulated on HSV-specific CD8 T cells in blood. The chemokines corresponding to these receptors are also expressed in infected tissues. Vaccine strategies to prime CD8 T cells to home to HSV lesions should elicit these chemokine receptors if possible to increase the homing of vaccine-primed cells to sites of infection.
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17
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Fløe A, Løppke C, Hilberg O, Wejse C, Brix L, Jacobsen K. Development of an epitope panel for consistent identification of antigen-specific T-cells in humans. Immunology 2017; 152:298-307. [PMID: 28564390 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to establish a panel of MHC-peptide multimers suitable as a positive control in the detection of HLA A*0201 restricted antigen specific T cells (ASTC) by flow cytometry. MHC Dextramers were loaded with HLA A*0201 binding peptides from viral antigens and melanoma targets identified from a literature search and in silico prediction. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy donors were analysed with the MHC Dextramers using flow cytometry. The best performing epitopes were tested on PBMC from patients undergoing testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection to assess the coverage of this epitope panel. Of 21 candidate epitopes, ASTC could be detected against 12 (57·1%) in at least one of 18 healthy blood donors. Reactivity to two or more epitopes was seen in 17 of the 18 donors (94·4%). We selected the six best-performing epitopes and demonstrated a positive response in 42 (97·7%) of 43 patient samples (healthy, latent and active M. tuberculosis infection). The selected panel of six antigenic epitopes sufficed as a positive control in the detection of ASTC in HLA A*0201. Performance was robust in different stages of latent and active M. tuberculosis infection, indicating reliability also during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Fløe
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Allergy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Immudex ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ole Hilberg
- University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sygehus Lillabaelt, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Christian Wejse
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,GloHAU Centre for Global Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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18
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Khan AA, Srivastava R, Chentoufi AA, Kritzer E, Chilukuri S, Garg S, Yu DC, Vahed H, Huang L, Syed SA, Furness JN, Tran TT, Anthony NB, McLaren CE, Sidney J, Sette A, Noelle RJ, BenMohamed L. Bolstering the Number and Function of HSV-1-Specific CD8 + Effector Memory T Cells and Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells in Latently Infected Trigeminal Ganglia Reduces Recurrent Ocular Herpes Infection and Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:186-203. [PMID: 28539429 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
HSV type 1 (HSV-1) is a prevalent human pathogen that infects >3.72 billion individuals worldwide and can cause potentially blinding recurrent corneal herpetic disease. HSV-1 establishes latency within sensory neurons of trigeminal ganglia (TG), and TG-resident CD8+ T cells play a critical role in preventing its reactivation. The repertoire, phenotype, and function of protective CD8+ T cells are unknown. Bolstering the apparent feeble numbers of CD8+ T cells in TG remains a challenge for immunotherapeutic strategies. In this study, a comprehensive panel of 467 HLA-A*0201-restricted CD8+ T cell epitopes was predicted from the entire HSV-1 genome. CD8+ T cell responses to these genome-wide epitopes were compared in HSV-1-seropositive symptomatic individuals (with a history of numerous episodes of recurrent herpetic disease) and asymptomatic (ASYMP) individuals (who are infected but never experienced any recurrent herpetic disease). Frequent polyfunctional HSV-specific IFN-γ+CD107a/b+CD44highCD62LlowCD8+ effector memory T cells were detected in ASYMP individuals and were primarily directed against three "ASYMP" epitopes. In contrast, symptomatic individuals have more monofunctional CD44highCD62LhighCD8+ central memory T cells. Furthermore, therapeutic immunization with an innovative prime/pull vaccine, based on priming with multiple ASYMP epitopes (prime) and neurotropic TG delivery of the T cell-attracting chemokine CXCL10 (pull), boosted the number and function of CD44highCD62LlowCD8+ effector memory T cells and CD103highCD8+ tissue-resident T cells in TG of latently infected HLA-A*0201-transgenic mice and reduced recurrent ocular herpes following UV-B-induced reactivation. These findings have profound implications in the development of T cell-based immunotherapeutic strategies to treat blinding recurrent herpes infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif A Khan
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Ruchi Srivastava
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Aziz A Chentoufi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Elizabeth Kritzer
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Sravya Chilukuri
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Sumit Garg
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - David C Yu
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Hawa Vahed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Lei Huang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Sabrina A Syed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Julie N Furness
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Tien T Tran
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Nesburn B Anthony
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Christine E McLaren
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - John Sidney
- Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Randolph J Noelle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03755
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697; .,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697; and.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
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19
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Bender Ignacio RA, Ramchandani MS, Laing KJ, Johnston CM, Koelle DM. T Cell Immunity to Varicella-Zoster Virus in the Setting of Advanced HIV and Multiple Varicella-Zoster Virus Recurrences. Viral Immunol 2016; 30:77-80. [PMID: 27870601 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2016.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A woman presented with at least four manifestations of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection, including central nervous system vasculitis, during her first 2 years of HIV infection. We evaluated her CD4 T cell responses to VZV given the infrequency with which multiple recurrences of VZV occurred, especially following immune reconstitution on antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Bender Ignacio
- 1 Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington.,2 Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, Washington
| | - Meena S Ramchandani
- 1 Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Kerry J Laing
- 1 Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Christine M Johnston
- 1 Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington.,2 Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, Washington
| | - David M Koelle
- 1 Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington.,2 Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, Washington.,3 Benaroya Research Institute , Seattle, Washington
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20
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Kaufmann JK, Flechtner JB. Evolution of rational vaccine designs for genital herpes immunotherapy. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 17:80-86. [PMID: 26896782 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapeutic vaccines have emerged as a novel treatment modality for genital herpes, a sexually transmitted disease mainly caused by herpes simplex virus type 2. The approaches to identify potential vaccine antigens have evolved from classic virus attenuation and characterization of antibody and T cell responses in exposed, but seronegative individuals, to systematic screens for novel T cell antigens. Combined with implementation of novel vaccine concepts revolving around immune evasion and local recruitment of immune effectors, the development of a safe and effective therapeutic vaccine is within reach. Here, we describe the vaccine approaches that currently show promise at clinical and pre-clinical stages and link them to the evolving scientific strategies that led to their identification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Baker Flechtner
- Genocea Biosciences Inc., Cambridge Discovery Park, 100 Acorn Park Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
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21
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Jing L, Laing KJ, Dong L, Russell RM, Barlow RS, Haas JG, Ramchandani MS, Johnston C, Buus S, Redwood AJ, White KD, Mallal SA, Phillips EJ, Posavad CM, Wald A, Koelle DM. Extensive CD4 and CD8 T Cell Cross-Reactivity between Alphaherpesviruses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2205-2218. [PMID: 26810224 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily includes HSV types 1 and 2 and the sequence-divergent pathogen varicella zoster virus (VZV). T cells, controlled by TCR and HLA molecules that tolerate limited epitope amino acid variation, might cross-react between these microbes. We show that memory PBMC expansion with either HSV or VZV enriches for CD4 T cell lines that recognize the other agent at the whole-virus, protein, and peptide levels, consistent with bidirectional cross-reactivity. HSV-specific CD4 T cells recovered from HSV-seronegative persons can be explained, in part, by such VZV cross-reactivity. HSV-1-reactive CD8 T cells also cross-react with VZV-infected cells, full-length VZV proteins, and VZV peptides, as well as kill VZV-infected dermal fibroblasts. Mono- and cross-reactive CD8 T cells use distinct TCRB CDR3 sequences. Cross-reactivity to VZV is reconstituted by cloning and expressing TCRA/TCRB receptors from T cells that are initially isolated using HSV reagents. Overall, we define 13 novel CD4 and CD8 HSV-VZV cross-reactive epitopes and strongly imply additional cross-reactive peptide sets. Viral proteins can harbor both CD4 and CD8 HSV/VZV cross-reactive epitopes. Quantitative estimates of HSV/VZV cross-reactivity for both CD4 and CD8 T cells vary from 10 to 50%. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that host herpesvirus immune history may influence the pathogenesis and clinical outcome of subsequent infections or vaccinations for related pathogens and that cross-reactive epitopes and TCRs may be useful for multi-alphaherpesvirus vaccine design and adoptive cellular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Kerry J Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Lichun Dong
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | | | - Russell S Barlow
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Juergen G Haas
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Munich, Germany.,Division of Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Soren Buus
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alec J Redwood
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Katie D White
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, USA
| | - Simon A Mallal
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Phillips
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, USA
| | - Christine M Posavad
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, USA
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22
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Odegard JM, Flynn PA, Campbell DJ, Robbins SH, Dong L, Wang K, Ter Meulen J, Cohen JI, Koelle DM. A novel HSV-2 subunit vaccine induces GLA-dependent CD4 and CD8 T cell responses and protective immunity in mice and guinea pigs. Vaccine 2015; 34:101-9. [PMID: 26571309 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES There is currently no licensed prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine for HSV-2 infection. METHODS We developed a novel preclinical vaccine candidate, G103, consisting of three recombinantly expressed HSV-2 proteins (gD and the UL19 and UL25 gene products) adjuvanted with the potent synthetic TLR4 agonist glucopyranosyl lipid A (GLA) formulated in stable emulsion. The vaccine was tested for immunogenicity and efficacy in pre-clinical models for preventative and therapeutic vaccination. RESULTS Vaccination of mice with G103 elicited antigen-specific binding and neutralizing antibody responses, as well as robust CD4 and CD8 effector and memory T cells. The T cell responses were further boosted by subsequent challenge with live virus. Prophylactic immunization completely protected against lethal intravaginal HSV-2 infection in mice, with only transient replication of virus in the genital mucosa and sterilizing immunity in dorsal root ganglia. Supporting the use of G103 therapeutically, the vaccine expanded both CD4 and CD8 T cells induced in mice by previous infection with HSV-2. In the guinea pig model of recurrent HSV-2 infection, therapeutic immunization with G103 was approximately 50% effective in reducing the number of lesions per animal as well as the overall lesions score. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the data show that G103 is a viable candidate for development of a novel prophylactic and therapeutic HSV-2 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lichun Dong
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Kening Wang
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | | | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, United States; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, United States
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23
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Sei JJ, Cox KS, Dubey SA, Antonello JM, Krah DL, Casimiro DR, Vora KA. Effector and Central Memory Poly-Functional CD4(+) and CD8(+) T Cells are Boosted upon ZOSTAVAX(®) Vaccination. Front Immunol 2015; 6:553. [PMID: 26579128 PMCID: PMC4629102 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ZOSTAVAX(®) is a live attenuated varicella-zoster virus (VZV) vaccine that is licensed for the protection of individuals ≥50 years against shingles and its most common complication, postherpetic neuralgia. While IFNγ responses increase upon vaccination, the quality of the T cell response has not been elucidated. By using polychromatic flow cytometry, we characterized the breadth, magnitude, and quality of ex vivo CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses induced 3-4 weeks after ZOSTAVAX vaccination of healthy adults. We show, for the first time that the highest frequencies of VZV-specific CD4(+) T cells were poly-functional CD154(+)IFNγ(+)IL-2(+)TNFα(+) cells, which were boosted upon vaccination. The CD4(+) T cells were broadly reactive to several VZV proteins, with immediate early (IE) 63 ranking the highest among them in the fold rise of poly-functional cells, followed by IE62, gB, open reading frame (ORF) 9, and gE. We identified a novel poly-functional ORF9-specific CD8(+) T cell population in 62% of the subjects, and these were boosted upon vaccination. Poly-functional CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells produced significantly higher levels of IFNγ, IL-2, and TNFα compared to mono-functional cells. After vaccination, a boost in the expression of IFNγ by poly-functional IE63- and ORF9-specific CD4(+) T cells and IFNγ, IL-2, and TNFα by ORF9-specific poly-functional CD8(+) T cells was observed. Responding poly-functional T cells exhibited both effector (CCR7(-)CD45RA(-)CD45RO(+)), and central (CCR7(+)CD45RA(-)CD45RO(+)) memory phenotypes, which expressed comparable levels of cytokines. Altogether, our studies demonstrate that a boost in memory poly-functional CD4(+) T cells and ORF9-specific CD8(+) T cells may contribute toward ZOSTAVAX efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet J Sei
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department Vaccine Analytical Development, Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth, NJ , USA
| | - Kara S Cox
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth, NJ , USA
| | - Sheri A Dubey
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth, NJ , USA
| | - Joseph M Antonello
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth, NJ , USA
| | - David L Krah
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department Vaccine Analytical Development, Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth, NJ , USA
| | - Danilo R Casimiro
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth, NJ , USA
| | - Kalpit A Vora
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth, NJ , USA
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24
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A Dual-Modality Herpes Simplex Virus 2 Vaccine for Preventing Genital Herpes by Using Glycoprotein C and D Subunit Antigens To Induce Potent Antibody Responses and Adenovirus Vectors Containing Capsid and Tegument Proteins as T Cell Immunogens. J Virol 2015; 89:8497-509. [PMID: 26041292 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01089-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED We evaluated a genital herpes prophylactic vaccine containing herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) glycoproteins C (gC2) and D (gD2) to stimulate humoral immunity and UL19 (capsid protein VP5) and UL47 (tegument protein VP13/14) as T cell immunogens. The HSV-2 gC2 and gD2 proteins were expressed in baculovirus, while the UL19 and UL47 genes were expressed from replication-defective adenovirus vectors. Adenovirus vectors containing UL19 and UL47 stimulated human and murine CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses. Guinea pigs were either (i) mock immunized; (ii) immunized with gC2/gD2, with CpG and alum as adjuvants; (iii) immunized with the UL19/UL47 adenovirus vectors; or (iv) immunized with the combination of gC2/gD2-CpG/alum and the UL19/UL47 adenovirus vectors. Immunization with gC2/gD2 produced potent neutralizing antibodies, while UL19 and UL47 also stimulated antibody responses. After intravaginal HSV-2 challenge, the mock and UL19/UL47 adenovirus groups developed severe acute disease, while 2/8 animals in the gC2/gD2-only group and none in the combined group developed acute disease. No animals in the gC2/gD2 or combined group developed recurrent disease; however, 5/8 animals in each group had subclinical shedding of HSV-2 DNA, on 15/168 days for the gC2/gD2 group and 13/168 days for the combined group. Lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia were positive for HSV-2 DNA and latency-associated transcripts for 5/8 animals in the gC2/gD2 group and 2/8 animals in the combined group. None of the differences comparing the gC2/gD2-only group and the combined group were statistically significant. Therefore, adding the T cell immunogens UL19 and UL47 to the gC2/gD2 vaccine did not significantly reduce genital disease and vaginal HSV-2 DNA shedding compared with the excellent protection provided by gC2/gD2 in the guinea pig model. IMPORTANCE HSV-2 infection is a common cause of genital ulcer disease and a significant public health concern. Genital herpes increases the risk of transmission and acquisition of HIV-1 infection 3- to 4-fold. A herpes vaccine that prevents genital lesions and asymptomatic genital shedding will have a substantial impact on two epidemics, i.e., both the HSV-2 and HIV-1 epidemics. We previously reported that a vaccine containing HSV-2 glycoprotein C (gC2) and glycoprotein D (gD2) reduced genital lesions and asymptomatic HSV-2 genital shedding in guinea pigs, yet the protection was not complete. We evaluated whether adding the T cell immunogens UL19 (capsid protein VP5) and UL47 (tegument protein VP13/14) would enhance the protection provided by the gC2/gD2 vaccine, which produces potent antibody responses. Here we report the efficacy of a combination vaccine containing gC2/gD2 and UL19/UL47 for prevention of genital disease, vaginal shedding of HSV-2 DNA, and latent infection of dorsal root ganglia in guinea pigs.
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25
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Laing KJ, Russell RM, Dong L, Schmid DS, Stern M, Magaret A, Haas JG, Johnston C, Wald A, Koelle DM. Zoster Vaccination Increases the Breadth of CD4+ T Cells Responsive to Varicella Zoster Virus. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:1022-31. [PMID: 25784732 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The live, attenuated varicella vaccine strain (vOka) is the only licensed therapeutic vaccine. Boost of varicella zoster virus (VZV)-specific cellular immunity is a likely mechanism of action. We examined memory CD4(+) T-cell responses to each VZV protein at baseline and after zoster vaccination. METHODS Serial blood samples were collected from 12 subjects vaccinated with Zostavax and immunogenicity confirmed by ex vivo VZV-specific T-cell and antibody assays. CD4(+) T-cell lines enriched for VZV specificity were generated and probed for proliferative responses to every VZV protein and selected peptide sets. RESULTS Zoster vaccination increased the median magnitude (2.3-fold) and breadth (4.2-fold) of VZV-specific CD4(+) T cells one month post-vaccination. Both measures declined by 6 months. The most prevalent responses at baseline included VZV open reading frames (ORFs) 68, 4, 37, and 63. After vaccination, responses to ORFs 40, 67, 9, 59, 12, 62, and 18 were also prevalent. The immunogenicity of ORF9 and ORF18 were confirmed using peptides, defining a large number of discrete CD4 T-cell epitopes. CONCLUSIONS The breadth and magnitude of the VZV-specific CD4(+) T-cell response increase after zoster vaccination. In addition to glycoprotein E (ORF68), we identified antigenic ORFs that may be useful components of subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry J Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | | | - Lichun Dong
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - D Scott Schmid
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Amalia Magaret
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jürgen G Haas
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Johnston
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle Department of Laboratory Medicine Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington Department of Epidemiology
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle Department of Laboratory Medicine Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington Department of Global Health, University of Washington Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
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26
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Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) infected cell proteins are among the most dominant antigens of a live-attenuated HSV-2 vaccine. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116091. [PMID: 25658852 PMCID: PMC4319894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Virion glycoproteins such as glycoprotein D (gD) are believed to be the dominant antigens of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2). We have observed that mice immunized with a live HSV-2 ICP0- mutant virus, HSV-2 0ΔNLS, are 10 to 100 times better protected against genital herpes than mice immunized with a HSV-2 gD subunit vaccine (PLoS ONE 6:e17748). In light of these results, we sought to determine which viral proteins were the dominant antibody-generators (antigens) of the live HSV-2 0ΔNLS vaccine. Western blot analyses indicated the live HSV-2 0ΔNLS vaccine elicited an IgG antibody response against 9 or more viral proteins. Many antibodies were directed against infected-cell proteins of >100 kDa in size, and only 10 ± 5% of antibodies were directed against gD. Immunoprecipitation (IP) of total HSV-2 antigen with 0ΔNLS antiserum pulled down 19 viral proteins. Mass spectrometry suggested 44% of immunoprecipitated viral peptides were derived from two HSV-2 infected cells proteins, RR-1 and ICP8, whereas only 14% of immunoprecipitated peptides were derived from HSV-2’s thirteen glycoproteins. Collectively, the results suggest the immune response to the live HSV-2 0ΔNLS vaccine includes antibodies specific for infected cell proteins, capsid proteins, tegument proteins, and glycoproteins. This increased breadth of antibody-generating proteins may contribute to the live HSV-2 vaccine’s capacity to elicit superior protection against genital herpes relative to a gD subunit vaccine.
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27
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Abstract
The successful human papillomavirus and hepatitis B virus subunit vaccines contain single viral proteins that represent 22 and 12%, respectively, of the antigens encoded by these tiny viruses. The herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) genome is >20 times larger. Thus, a single protein subunit represents 1% of HSV-2's total antigenic breadth. Antigenic breadth may explain why HSV-2 glycoprotein subunit vaccines have failed in clinical trials, and why live HSV-2 vaccines that express 99% of HSV-2's proteome may be more effective. I review the mounting evidence that live HSV-2 vaccines offer a greater opportunity to stop the spread of genital herpes, and I consider the unfounded 'safety concerns' that have kept live HSV-2 vaccines out of U.S. clinical trials for 25 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Halford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA
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28
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Posavad CM, Zhao L, Mueller DE, Stevens CE, Huang ML, Wald A, Corey L. Persistence of mucosal T-cell responses to herpes simplex virus type 2 in the female genital tract. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:115-26. [PMID: 24917455 PMCID: PMC4263695 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Relatively little is known about the human T-cell response to herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in the female genital tract, a major site of heterosexual HSV-2 acquisition, transmission, and reactivation. In order to understand the role of local mucosal immunity in HSV-2 infection, T-cell lines were expanded from serial cervical cytobrush samples from 30 HSV-2-infected women and examined for reactivity to HSV-2. Approximately 3% of the CD3+ T cells isolated from the cervix were HSV-2 specific and of these, a median of 91.3% were CD4+, whereas a median of 3.9% were CD8+. HSV-2-specific CD4+ T cells expanded from the cervix were not only more frequent than CD8+ T cells but also exhibited greater breadth in terms of antigenic reactivity. T cells directed at the same HSV-2 protein were often detected in serial cervical cytobrush samples and in blood. Thus, broad and persistent mucosal T-cell responses to HSV-2 were detected in the female genital tract of HSV-2+ women suggesting that these cells are resident at the site of HSV-2 infection. Understanding the role of these T cells at this biologically relevant site will be central to the elucidation of adaptive immune mechanisms involved in controlling HSV-2 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Posavad
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Lin Zhao
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Dawn E. Mueller
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Meei Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Anna Wald
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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29
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Animal models of herpes simplex virus immunity and pathogenesis. J Neurovirol 2014; 21:8-23. [PMID: 25388226 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-014-0302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses are ubiquitous human pathogens represented by two distinct serotypes: herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 (HSV-1); and HSV type 2 (HSV-2). In the general population, adult seropositivity rates approach 90% for HSV-1 and 20-25% for HSV-2. These viruses cause significant morbidity, primarily as mucosal membrane lesions in the form of facial cold sores and genital ulcers, with much less common but more severe manifestations causing death from encephalitis. HSV infections in humans are difficult to study in many cases because many primary infections are asymptomatic. Moreover, the neurotropic properties of HSV make it much more difficult to study the immune mechanisms controlling reactivation of latent infection within the corresponding sensory ganglia and crossover into the central nervous system of infected humans. This is because samples from the nervous system can only be routinely obtained at the time of autopsy. Thus, animal models have been developed whose use has led to a better understanding of multiple aspects of HSV biology, molecular biology, pathogenesis, disease, and immunity. The course of HSV infection in a spectrum of animal models depends on important experimental parameters including animal species, age, and genotype; route of infection; and viral serotype, strain, and dose. This review summarizes the animal models most commonly used to study HSV pathogenesis and its establishment, maintenance, and reactivation from latency. It focuses particularly on the immune response to HSV during acute primary infection and the initial invasion of the ganglion with comparisons to the events governing maintenance of viral latency.
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Ouwendijk WJD, Geluk A, Smits SL, Getu S, Osterhaus ADME, Verjans GMGM. Functional characterization of ocular-derived human alphaherpesvirus cross-reactive CD4 T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3730-9. [PMID: 24623134 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intraocular varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and HSV type 1 (HSV-1) infections cause sight-threatening uveitis. The disease is characterized by an intraocular inflammatory response involving herpesvirus-specific T cells. T cell reactivity to the noncausative human alphaherpesvirus (αHHV) is commonly detected in the affected eyes of herpetic uveitis patients, suggesting the role of cross-reactive T cells in the disease. This study aimed to identify and functionally characterize intraocular human alphaherpesvirus cross-reactive T cells. VZV protein immediate early 62 (IE62), which shares extensive homology with HSV ICP4, is a previously identified T cell target in VZV uveitis. Two VZV-specific CD4 T cell clones (TCC), recovered from the eye of a VZV uveitis patient, recognized the same IE62918-927 peptide using different TCR and HLA-DR alleles. The IE62918-927 peptide bound with high affinity to multiple HLA-DR alleles and was recognized by blood-derived T cells of 5 of 17 HSV-1/VZV-seropositive healthy adults but not in cord blood donors (n = 5). Despite complete conservation of the IE62 epitope in the orthologous protein ICP4 of HSV-1 and HSV-2, the TCC recognized VZV and HSV-1- but not HSV-2-infected B cells. This was not attributed to proximal epitope-flanking amino acid polymorphisms in HSV-2 ICP4. Notably, VZV/HSV-1 cross-reactive CD4 T cells controlled VZV but not HSV-1 infection of human primary retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. In conclusion, we report on the first VZV/HSV-1 cross-reactive CD4 T cell epitope, which is HLA-DR promiscuous and immunoprevalent in coinfected individuals. Moreover, ocular-derived peptide-specific CD4 TCC controlled VZV but not HSV-1 infection of RPE cells, suggesting that HSV-1 actively inhibits CD4 T cell activation by infected human RPE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner J D Ouwendijk
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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31
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Khan AA, Srivastava R, Lopes PP, Wang C, Pham TT, Cochrane J, Thai NTU, Gutierrez L, Benmohamed L. Asymptomatic memory CD8+ T cells: from development and regulation to consideration for human vaccines and immunotherapeutics. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:945-63. [PMID: 24499824 DOI: 10.4161/hv.27762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation and maintenance of high quantity and quality memory CD8(+) T cells determine the level of protection from viral, bacterial, and parasitic re-infections, and hence constitutes a primary goal for T cell epitope-based human vaccines and immunotherapeutics. Phenotypically and functionally characterizing memory CD8(+) T cells that provide protection against herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) infections, which cause blinding ocular herpes, genital herpes, and oro-facial herpes, is critical for better vaccine design. We have recently categorized 2 new major sub-populations of memory symptomatic and asymptomatic CD8(+) T cells based on their phenotype, protective vs. pathogenic function, and anatomical locations. In this report we are discussing a new direction in developing T cell-based human herpes vaccines and immunotherapeutics based on the emerging new concept of "symptomatic and asymptomatic memory CD8(+) T cells."
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Azam Khan
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA
| | - Ruchi Srivastava
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA
| | - Patricia Prado Lopes
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA; Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA
| | - Christine Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA
| | - Thanh T Pham
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA
| | - Justin Cochrane
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA
| | - Nhi Thi Uyen Thai
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA
| | - Lucas Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA
| | - Lbachir Benmohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA; Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA; Institute for Immunology; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA
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32
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Dervillez X, Qureshi H, Chentoufi AA, Khan AA, Kritzer E, Yu DC, Diaz OR, Gottimukkala C, Kalantari M, Villacres MC, Scarfone VM, McKinney DM, Sidney J, Sette A, Nesburn AB, Wechsler SL, BenMohamed L. Asymptomatic HLA-A*02:01-restricted epitopes from herpes simplex virus glycoprotein B preferentially recall polyfunctional CD8+ T cells from seropositive asymptomatic individuals and protect HLA transgenic mice against ocular herpes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:5124-38. [PMID: 24101547 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from C57BL/6 mice suggests that CD8(+) T cells, specific to the immunodominant HSV-1 glycoprotein B (gB) H-2(b)-restricted epitope (gB498-505), protect against ocular herpes infection and disease. However, the possible role of CD8(+) T cells, specific to HLA-restricted gB epitopes, in protective immunity seen in HSV-1-seropositive asymptomatic (ASYMP) healthy individuals (who have never had clinical herpes) remains to be determined. In this study, we used multiple prediction algorithms to identify 10 potential HLA-A*02:01-restricted CD8(+) T cell epitopes from the HSV-1 gB amino acid sequence. Six of these epitopes exhibited high-affinity binding to HLA-A*02:01 molecules. In 10 sequentially studied HLA-A*02:01-positive, HSV-1-seropositive ASYMP individuals, the most frequent, robust, and polyfunctional CD8(+) T cell responses, as assessed by a combination of tetramer, IFN-γ-ELISPOT, CFSE proliferation, CD107a/b cytotoxic degranulation, and multiplex cytokine assays, were directed mainly against epitopes gB342-350 and gB561-569. In contrast, in 10 HLA-A*02:01-positive, HSV-1-seropositive symptomatic (SYMP) individuals (with a history of numerous episodes of recurrent clinical herpes disease) frequent, but less robust, CD8(+) T cell responses were directed mainly against nonoverlapping epitopes (gB183-191 and gB441-449). ASYMP individuals had a significantly higher proportion of HSV-gB-specific CD8(+) T cells expressing CD107a/b degranulation marker and producing effector cytokines IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α than did SYMP individuals. Moreover, immunization of a novel herpes-susceptible HLA-A*02:01 transgenic mouse model with ASYMP epitopes, but not with SYMP epitopes, induced strong CD8(+) T cell-dependent protective immunity against ocular herpes infection and disease. These findings should guide the development of a safe and effective T cell-based herpes vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Dervillez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
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33
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Johnston C, Koelle DM, Wald A. Current status and prospects for development of an HSV vaccine. Vaccine 2013; 32:1553-60. [PMID: 24016811 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infects 530million people, is the leading cause of genital ulcer disease, and increases the risk of HIV-1 acquisition. Although several candidate vaccines have been promising in animal models, prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines have not been effective in clinical trials thus far. Null results from the most recent prophylactic glycoprotein D2 subunit vaccine trial suggest that we must reevaluate our approach to HSV-2 vaccine development. We discuss HSV-2 pathogenesis, immunity, and vaccine efforts to date, as well as the current pipeline of candidate vaccines and design of trials to evaluate new vaccine constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Johnston
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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34
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Pan-HSV-2 IgG antibody in vaccinated mice and guinea pigs correlates with protection against herpes simplex virus 2. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65523. [PMID: 23755244 PMCID: PMC3675040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We lack a correlate of immunity to herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) that may be used to differentiate whether a HSV-2 vaccine elicits robust or anemic protection against genital herpes. This gap in knowledge is often attributed to a failure to measure the correct component of the adaptive immune response to HSV-2. However, efforts to identify a correlate of immunity have focused on subunit vaccines that contain less than 3% of HSV-2's 40,000-amino-acid proteome. We were interested to determine if a correlate of immunity might be more readily identified if 1. animals were immunized with a polyvalent immunogen such as a live virus and/or 2. the magnitude of the vaccine-induced immune response was gauged in terms of the IgG antibody response to all of HSV-2's antigens (pan-HSV-2 IgG). Pre-challenge pan-HSV-2 IgG levels and protection against HSV-2 were compared in mice and/or guinea pigs immunized with a gD-2 subunit vaccine, wild-type HSV-2, or one of several attenuated HSV-2 ICP0− viruses (0Δ254, 0Δ810, 0ΔRING, or 0ΔNLS). These six HSV-2 immunogens elicited a wide range of pan-HSV-2 IgG levels spanning an ∼500-fold range. For 5 of the 6 immunogens tested, pre-challenge levels of pan-HSV-2 IgG quantitatively correlated with reductions in HSV-2 challenge virus shedding and increased survival frequency following HSV-2 challenge. Collectively, the results suggest that pan-HSV-2 IgG levels may provide a simple and useful screening tool for evaluating the potential of a HSV-2 vaccine candidate to elicit protection against HSV-2 genital herpes.
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35
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Ouwendijk WJD, Laing KJ, Verjans GMGM, Koelle DM. T-cell immunity to human alphaherpesviruses. Curr Opin Virol 2013; 3:452-60. [PMID: 23664660 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Human alphaherpesviruses (αHHV) - herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), HSV-2, and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) - infect mucosal epithelial cells, establish a lifelong latent infection of sensory neurons, and reactivate intermittingly to cause recrudescent disease. Although chronic αHHV infections co-exist with brisk T-cell responses, T-cell immune suppression is associated with worsened recurrent infection. Induction of αHHV-specific T-cell immunity is complex and results in poly-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses in peripheral blood. Specific T-cells are localized to ganglia during the chronic phase of HSV infection and to several infected areas during recurrences, and persist long after viral clearance. These recent advances hold promise in the design of new vaccine candidates.
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36
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Freer G, Rindi L. Intracellular cytokine detection by fluorescence-activated flow cytometry: basic principles and recent advances. Methods 2013; 61:30-8. [PMID: 23583887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular cytokine staining is a flow cytometric technique consisting of culturing stimulated cytokine-producing cells in the presence of a protein secretion inhibitor, followed by fixation, permeabilization and staining of intracellular cytokines and cell markers (surface or cytoplasmic) with fluorescent antibodies. Up to 18 different colors can be detected by modern flow cytometers, making it the only immunological technique allowing simultaneous determination of antigen-specific T cell function and phenotype. In addition, cell proliferation and viability can be also measured. For this reason, it is probably the most popular method to measure antigenicity during vaccine trials and in the study of infectious diseases, along with ELISPOT. In this review, we will summarize its features, provide the protocol used by most laboratories and review its most recent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Freer
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.
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37
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Stanberry LR. Genital and Perinatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections. Sex Transm Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-391059-2.00012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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38
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Abstract
HSV infections are prevalent worldwide. A vaccine to prevent genital herpes would have a significant impact on this disease. Several vaccines have shown promise in animal models; however, so far these have not been successful in human clinical studies. Prophylactic HSV vaccines to prevent HSV infection or disease have focused primarily on eliciting antibody responses. Potent antibody responses are needed to result in sufficiently high levels of virus-specific antibody in the genital tract. Therapeutic vaccines that reduce recurrences need to induce potent T-cell responses at the site of infection. With the increasing incidence of HSV-1 genital herpes, an effective herpes vaccine should protect against both HSV-1 and HSV-2. Novel HSV vaccines, such as replication-defective or attenuated viruses, have elicited humoral and cellular immune responses in preclinical studies. These vaccines and others hold promise in future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesia K Dropulic
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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39
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Peripheral blood CD4 T-cell and plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) reactivity to herpes simplex virus 2 and pDC number do not correlate with the clinical or virologic severity of recurrent genital herpes. J Virol 2012; 86:9952-63. [PMID: 22761381 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00829-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocytes participate in the immune control of herpes simplex virus (HSV). Data from HIV coinfections, germ line mutations, and case reports suggest involvement of CD4 T cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC). We investigated the relationships between these cells and recurrent genital herpes disease severity in the general population. Circulating CD4 T-cell responses to HSV-2 were measured in specimens from 67 immunocompetent individuals with measured genital lesion and HSV shedding rates. Similarly, pDC number and functional responses to HSV-2 were analyzed in 40 persons. CD4 responses and pDC concentrations and responses ranged as much as 100-fold between persons while displaying moderate within-person consistency over time. No correlations were observed between these immune response parameters and genital HSV-2 severity. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) coinfection was not correlated with differences in HSV-2-specific CD4 T-cell responses. The CD4 T-cell response to HSV-2 was much more polyfunctional than was the response to CMV. These data suggest that other immune cell subsets with alternate phenotypes or anatomical locations may be responsible for genital herpes control in chronically infected individuals.
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40
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Chung E, Sen J. The ongoing pursuit of a prophylactic HSV vaccine. Rev Med Virol 2012; 22:285-300. [PMID: 22396215 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
HSV is among the most common human pathogens in the world. It is known to cause painful, persistent skin lesions, while also being the most common cause of fatal non-epidemic encephalitis as well as the leading cause of corneal blindness. The development of prophylactic vaccines could substantially reduce global health problems associated with HSV. So far, HSV vaccine strategies have shown noticeable efficacy in early development during preclinical phases but remained unsuccessful or unproven in human trials. New understanding of how the immune system mounts a defence against HSV offers practical strategies for vaccine development. A number of promising vaccine candidates are currently awaiting clinical development or already undergoing clinical testing. Therefore, this is a suitable time to assess the progress of HSV vaccine development and consider existing challenges and future improvements needed to achieve an effective prophylactic HSV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Chung
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada.
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41
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Jing L, Haas J, Chong TM, Bruckner JJ, Dann GC, Dong L, Marshak JO, McClurkan CL, Yamamoto TN, Bailer SM, Laing KJ, Wald A, Verjans GMGM, Koelle DM. Cross-presentation and genome-wide screening reveal candidate T cells antigens for a herpes simplex virus type 1 vaccine. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:654-73. [PMID: 22214845 DOI: 10.1172/jci60556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) not only causes painful recurrent oral-labial infections, it can also cause permanent brain damage and blindness. There is currently no HSV-1 vaccine. An effective vaccine must stimulate coordinated T cell responses, but the large size of the genome and the low frequency of HSV-1-specific T cells have hampered the search for the most effective T cell antigens for inclusion in a candidate vaccine. We have now developed what we believe to be novel methods to efficiently generate a genome-wide map of the responsiveness of HSV-1-specific T cells, and demonstrate the applicability of these methods to a second complex microbe, vaccinia virus. We used cross-presentation and CD137 activation-based FACS to enrich for polyclonal CD8+ T effector T cells. The HSV-1 proteome was prepared in a flexible format for analyzing both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells from study participants. Scans with participant-specific panels of artificial APCs identified an oligospecific response in each individual. Parallel CD137-based CD4+ T cell research showed discrete oligospecific recognition of HSV-1 antigens. Unexpectedly, the two HSV-1 proteins not previously considered as vaccine candidates elicited both CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses in most HSV-1-infected individuals. In this era of microbial genomics, our methods - also demonstrated in principle for vaccinia virus for both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells - should be broadly applicable to the selection of T cell antigens for inclusion in candidate vaccines for many pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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42
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Laing KJ, Dong L, Sidney J, Sette A, Koelle DM. Immunology in the Clinic Review Series; focus on host responses: T cell responses to herpes simplex viruses. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 167:47-58. [PMID: 22132884 PMCID: PMC3248086 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes virus infections are chronic and co-exist with acquired immune responses that generally prevent severe damage to the host, while allowing periodic shedding of virus and maintenance of its transmission in the community. Herpes simplex viruses type 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2) are typical in this regard and are representative of the viral subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, which has a tropism for neuronal and epithelial cells. This review will emphasize recent progress in decoding the physiologically important CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cell responses to HSV in humans. The expanding data set is discussed in the context of the search for an effective HSV vaccine as therapy for existing infections and to prevent new infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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43
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44
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Mo A, Musselli C, Chen H, Pappas J, Leclair K, Liu A, Chicz RM, Truneh A, Monks S, Levey DL, Srivastava PK. A heat shock protein based polyvalent vaccine targeting HSV-2: CD4(+) and CD8(+) cellular immunity and protective efficacy. Vaccine 2011; 29:8530-41. [PMID: 21767588 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to develop a subunit vaccine against genital herpes have been hampered by lack of knowledge of the protective antigens of HSV-2, the causative agent of the disease. Vaccines based either on selected antigens or attenuated live virus approaches have not demonstrated meaningful clinical activity. We present here results of a therapeutic vaccine candidate, HerpV (formerly called AG-707), consisting of 32 HSV-2 peptides derived from 22 HSV-2 proteins, complexed non-covalently to the HSP70 chaperone and formulated with QS-21 saponin adjuvant. HerpV is observed to be immunogenic, generating CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses in three mouse strains including HLA-A2 transgenic mice. Optimal T cell stimulation was dependent on the synergistic adjuvant properties of QS-21 with hsp70. The vaccine provided significant protection from viral challenge in a mouse prophylaxis model and showed signals of activity in a guinea pig therapeutic model of existing infection. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from human HSV-2(+) subjects also showed reactivity in vitro to a subset of individual peptides and to the pool of all 32 peptides. Recombinant human Hsc70 complexed with the 32 peptides also stimulated the expansion of CD8(+) T cells from HSV-2(+) subjects in vitro. These studies demonstrate that HerpV is a promising immunotherapy candidate for genital herpes, and provide a foundation for evaluating HerpV in human HSV-2(+) subjects with the intent of eliciting CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses to a broad array of viral antigens.
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45
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Elahi S, Dinges WL, Lejarcegui N, Laing KJ, Collier AC, Koelle DM, McElrath MJ, Horton H. Protective HIV-specific CD8+ T cells evade Treg cell suppression. Nat Med 2011; 17:989-95. [PMID: 21765403 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Specific human leukocyte antigens (HLAs), notably HLA-B*27 and HLA-B*57 allele groups, have long been associated with control of HIV-1. Although the majority of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells lose proliferative capacity during chronic infection, T cells restricted by HLA-B*27 or HLA-B*57 allele groups do not. Here we show that CD8(+) T cells restricted by 'protective' HLA allele groups are not suppressed by T(reg) cells, whereas, within the same individual, T cells restricted by 'nonprotective' alleles are highly suppressed ex vivo. This differential sensitivity of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells to T(reg) cell-mediated suppression correlates with their expression of the inhibitory receptor T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3) after stimulation with their cognate epitopes. Furthermore, we show that HLA-B*27- and HLA-B*57-restricted effectors also evade T(reg) cell-mediated suppression by directly killing T(reg) cells they encounter in a granzyme B (GzmB)-dependent manner. This study uncovers a previously unknown explanation for why HLA-B*27 and HLA-B*57 allele groups are associated with delayed HIV-1 disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokrollah Elahi
- Viral Vaccine Program, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute (Seattle Biomed), Seattle, Washington, USA
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46
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Halford WP, Püschel R, Gershburg E, Wilber A, Gershburg S, Rakowski B. A live-attenuated HSV-2 ICP0 virus elicits 10 to 100 times greater protection against genital herpes than a glycoprotein D subunit vaccine. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17748. [PMID: 21412438 PMCID: PMC3055896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein D (gD-2) is the entry receptor of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), and is the immunogen in the pharmaceutical industry's lead HSV-2 vaccine candidate. Efforts to prevent genital herpes using gD-2 subunit vaccines have been ongoing for 20 years at a cost in excess of $100 million. To date, gD-2 vaccines have yielded equivocal protection in clinical trials. Therefore, using a small animal model, we sought to determine if a live-attenuated HSV-2 ICP0− virus would elicit better protection against genital herpes than a gD-2 subunit vaccine. Mice immunized with gD-2 and a potent adjuvant (alum+monophosphoryl lipid A) produced high titers of gD-2 antibody. While gD-2-immunized mice possessed significant resistance to HSV-2, only 3 of 45 gD-2-immunized mice survived an overwhelming challenge of the vagina or eyes with wild-type HSV-2 (MS strain). In contrast, 114 of 115 mice immunized with a live HSV-2 ICP0− virus, 0ΔNLS, survived the same HSV-2 MS challenges. Likewise, 0ΔNLS-immunized mice shed an average 125-fold less HSV-2 MS challenge virus per vagina relative to gD-2-immunized mice. In vivo imaging demonstrated that a luciferase-expressing HSV-2 challenge virus failed to establish a detectable infection in 0ΔNLS-immunized mice, whereas the same virus readily infected naïve and gD-2-immunized mice. Collectively, these results suggest that a HSV-2 vaccine might be more likely to prevent genital herpes if it contained a live-attenuated HSV-2 virus rather than a single HSV-2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Halford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, United States of America.
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St Leger AJ, Peters B, Sidney J, Sette A, Hendricks RL. Defining the herpes simplex virus-specific CD8+ T cell repertoire in C57BL/6 mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:3927-33. [PMID: 21357536 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
HSV type 1 (HSV-1) expresses its genes sequentially as immediate early (α), early (β), leaky late (γ1), and true late (γ2), where viral DNA synthesis is an absolute prerequisite only for γ2 gene expression. The γ1 protein glycoprotein B (gB) contains a strongly immunodominant CD8(+) T cell epitope (gB(498-505)) that is recognized by 50% of both the CD8(+) effector T cells in acutely infected trigeminal ganglia (TG) and the CD8(+) memory T cells in latently infected TG. Of 376 predicted HSV-1 CD8(+) T cell epitopes in C57BL/6 mice, 19 (gB(498-505) and 18 subdominant epitopes) stimulated CD8(+) T cells in the spleens and TG of HSV-1 acutely infected mice. These 19 epitopes identified virtually all CD8(+) T cells in the infected TG that represent all or the vast majority of the HSV-specific CD8(+) TCR repertoire. Only 11 of ∼84 HSV-1 proteins are recognized by CD8(+) T cells, and most (∼80%) are expressed before viral DNA synthesis. Neither the immunodominance of gB(498-505) nor the dominance hierarchy of the subdominant epitopes is due solely to MHC or TCR affinity. We conclude that the vast majority of CD8(+) T cells in HSV-1 acutely infected TG are HSV specific, that HSV-1 β and γ1 proteins that are expressed before viral DNA synthesis are favored targets of CD8(+) T cells, and that dominance within the TCR repertoire is likely due to the frequency or expansion and survival characteristics of CD8(+) T cell precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J St Leger
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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