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Bailly C, Thuru X. Targeting of Tetraspanin CD81 with Monoclonal Antibodies and Small Molecules to Combat Cancers and Viral Diseases. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15072186. [PMID: 37046846 PMCID: PMC10093296 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetraspanin CD81 plays major roles in cell-cell interactions and the regulation of cellular trafficking. This cholesterol-embarking transmembrane protein is a co-receptor for several viruses, including HCV, HIV-1 and Chikungunya virus, which exploits the large extracellular loop EC2 for cell entry. CD81 is also an anticancer target implicated in cancer cell proliferation and mobility, and in tumor metastasis. CD81 signaling contributes to the development of solid tumors (notably colorectal, liver and gastric cancers) and has been implicated in the aggressivity of B-cell lymphomas. A variety of protein partners can interact with CD81, either to regulate attachment and uptake of viruses (HCV E2, claudin-1, IFIM1) or to contribute to tumor growth and dissemination (CD19, CD44, EWI-2). CD81-protein interactions can be modulated with molecules targeting the extracellular domain of CD81, investigated as antiviral and/or anticancer agents. Several monoclonal antibodies anti-CD81 have been developed, notably mAb 5A6 active against invasion and metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer cells. CD81-EC2 can also be targeted with natural products (trachelogenin and harzianoic acids A-B) and synthetic compounds (such as benzothiazole-quinoline derivatives). They are weak CD81 binders but offer templates for the design of new compounds targeting the open EC2 loop. There is no anti-CD81 compound in clinical development at present, but this structurally well-characterized tetraspanin warrants more substantial considerations as a drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bailly
- OncoWitan, Scientific Consulting Office, F-59290 Lille, France
- Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol (ICPAL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lille, F-59006 Lille, France
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277-Canther-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, OncoLille Institut, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Xavier Thuru
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277-Canther-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, OncoLille Institut, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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2
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Novel CD81 Mutations in a Chinese Patient Led to IgA Nephropathy and Impaired BCR Signaling. J Clin Immunol 2022; 42:1672-1684. [PMID: 35849269 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-022-01333-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE CD81 deficiency is an extremely rare primary immunodeficiency disease characterized by severe and recurrent infections, IgA-related nephropathy, and profound hypogammaglobulinemia. Only one patient has been reported so far, and the pathogenesis remains unclear. Here, we identified a new case of CD81 deficiency and described its pathogenesis. METHODS We analyzed the clinical, genetic, and immunological features of the patient with CD81 deficiency, and explored the pathogenesis of her antibody deficiencies. RESULTS The major manifestation of this patient was unexpectedly not recurrent infections but IgA nephropathy with aberrant serum galactose-deficient IgA1. Whole-exome sequencing revealed novel biallelic mutations in CD81 gene that abolished the surface expression of CD81. B cells from the patient lack membrane CD19 and showed reduced switched memory B cells and transitional B cells. Decreased expression of key molecules pY and pBTK in BCR signaling were demonstrated by confocal microscopy. RNA sequencing revealed that genes associated with BCR signaling and immunoglobulins were downregulated in CD81-deficient B cells. In addition, the patient showed increased frequency of T follicular helper cells that biased to Th1-like subsets. CONCLUSION We reported the second patient with CD81 deficiency in the world and illustrated aberrant BCR signaling in the patient, therefore helping to unravel the mechanism of antibody deficiency in CD81-deficient patients.
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3
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Ordas L, Costa L, Lozano A, Chevillard C, Calovoulos A, Kantar D, Fernandez L, Chauvin L, Dosset P, Doucet C, Heron-Milhavet L, Odintsova E, Berditchevski F, Milhiet PE, Bénistant C. Mechanical Control of Cell Migration by the Metastasis Suppressor Tetraspanin CD82/KAI1. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061545. [PMID: 34207462 PMCID: PMC8234748 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane is a key actor of cell migration. For instance, its tension controls persistent cell migration and cell surface caveolae integrity. Then, caveolae constituents such as caveolin-1 can initiate a mechanotransduction loop that involves actin- and focal adhesion-dependent control of the mechanosensor YAP to finely tune cell migration. Tetraspanin CD82 (also named KAI-1) is an integral membrane protein and a metastasis suppressor. Its expression is lost in many cancers including breast cancer. It is a strong inhibitor of cell migration by a little-known mechanism. We demonstrated here that CD82 controls persistent 2D migration of EGF-induced single cells, stress fibers and focal adhesion sizes and dynamics. Mechanistically, we found that CD82 regulates membrane tension, cell surface caveolae abundance and YAP nuclear translocation in a caveolin-1-dependent manner. Altogether, our data show that CD82 controls 2D cell migration using membrane-driven mechanics involving caveolin and the YAP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ordas
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), CNRS, INSERM, University Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France; (L.O.); (L.C.); (A.L.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (L.F.); (P.D.); (C.D.)
| | - Luca Costa
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), CNRS, INSERM, University Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France; (L.O.); (L.C.); (A.L.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (L.F.); (P.D.); (C.D.)
| | - Anthony Lozano
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), CNRS, INSERM, University Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France; (L.O.); (L.C.); (A.L.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (L.F.); (P.D.); (C.D.)
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University Montpellier, CNRS, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Christopher Chevillard
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), CNRS, INSERM, University Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France; (L.O.); (L.C.); (A.L.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (L.F.); (P.D.); (C.D.)
| | - Alexia Calovoulos
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), CNRS, INSERM, University Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France; (L.O.); (L.C.); (A.L.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (L.F.); (P.D.); (C.D.)
| | - Diala Kantar
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194—University Montpellier—Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), 34298 Montpellier, France; (D.K.); (L.H.-M.)
| | - Laurent Fernandez
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), CNRS, INSERM, University Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France; (L.O.); (L.C.); (A.L.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (L.F.); (P.D.); (C.D.)
- European Institute of Chemistry and Biology (IECB), University of Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Lucie Chauvin
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), CNRS UMR 5237, University Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France;
| | - Patrice Dosset
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), CNRS, INSERM, University Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France; (L.O.); (L.C.); (A.L.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (L.F.); (P.D.); (C.D.)
| | - Christine Doucet
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), CNRS, INSERM, University Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France; (L.O.); (L.C.); (A.L.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (L.F.); (P.D.); (C.D.)
| | - Lisa Heron-Milhavet
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194—University Montpellier—Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), 34298 Montpellier, France; (D.K.); (L.H.-M.)
| | - Elena Odintsova
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (E.O.); (F.B.)
| | - Fedor Berditchevski
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (E.O.); (F.B.)
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Milhiet
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), CNRS, INSERM, University Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France; (L.O.); (L.C.); (A.L.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (L.F.); (P.D.); (C.D.)
- Correspondence: (P.-E.M.); (C.B.)
| | - Christine Bénistant
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), CNRS, INSERM, University Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France; (L.O.); (L.C.); (A.L.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (L.F.); (P.D.); (C.D.)
- Correspondence: (P.-E.M.); (C.B.)
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Vences-Catalán F, Rajapaksa R, Kuo CC, Miller CL, Lee A, Ramani VC, Jeffrey SS, Levy R, Levy S. Targeting the tetraspanin CD81 reduces cancer invasion and metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2018961118. [PMID: 34099563 PMCID: PMC8214710 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2018961118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraspanins are an evolutionary conserved family of proteins involved in multiple aspects of cell physiology, including proliferation, migration and invasion, protein trafficking, and signal transduction; yet their detailed mechanism of action is unknown. Tetraspanins have no known natural ligands, but their engagement by antibodies has begun to reveal their role in cell biology. Studies of tetraspanin knockout mice and of germline mutations in humans have highlighted their role under normal and pathological conditions. Previously, we have shown that mice deficient in the tetraspanin CD81 developed fewer breast cancer metastases compared to their wild-type (WT) counterparts. Here, we show that a unique anti-human CD81 antibody (5A6) effectively halts invasion of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines. We demonstrate that 5A6 induces CD81 clustering at the cell membrane and we implicate JAM-A protein in the ability of this antibody to inhibit tumor cell invasion and migration. Furthermore, in a series of in vivo studies we demonstrate that this antibody inhibits metastases in xenograft models, as well as in syngeneic mice bearing a mouse tumor into which we knocked in the human CD81 epitope recognized by the 5A6 antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Vences-Catalán
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Ranjani Rajapaksa
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Chiung-Chi Kuo
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Caitlyn L Miller
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Anderson Lee
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Vishnu C Ramani
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Stefanie S Jeffrey
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Ronald Levy
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; s
| | - Shoshana Levy
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; s
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Susa KJ, Rawson S, Kruse AC, Blacklow SC. Cryo-EM structure of the B cell co-receptor CD19 bound to the tetraspanin CD81. Science 2021; 371:300-305. [PMID: 33446559 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd9836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Signaling through the CD19-CD81 co-receptor complex, in combination with the B cell receptor, is a critical determinant of B cell development and activation. It is unknown how CD81 engages CD19 to enable co-receptor function. Here, we report a 3.8-angstrom structure of the CD19-CD81 complex bound to a therapeutic antigen-binding fragment, determined by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). The structure includes both the extracellular domains and the transmembrane helices of the complex, revealing a contact interface between the ectodomains that drives complex formation. Upon binding to CD19, CD81 opens its ectodomain to expose a hydrophobic CD19-binding surface and reorganizes its transmembrane helices to occlude a cholesterol binding pocket present in the apoprotein. Our data reveal the structural basis for CD19-CD81 complex assembly, providing a foundation for rational design of therapies for B cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Susa
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shaun Rawson
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew C Kruse
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Stephen C Blacklow
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. .,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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6
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Di Bacco A, Bahlis NJ, Munshi NC, Avet‐Loiseau H, Masszi T, Viterbo L, Pour L, Ganly P, Cavo M, Langer C, Kumar SK, Rajkumar SV, Keats JJ, Berg D, Lin J, Li B, Badola S, Shen L, Zhang J, Esseltine D, Luptakova K, van de Velde H, Richardson PG, Moreau P. c-MYC expression and maturity phenotypes are associated with outcome benefit from addition of ixazomib to lenalidomide-dexamethasone in myeloma. Eur J Haematol 2020; 105:35-46. [PMID: 32145111 PMCID: PMC7317705 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.13405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the TOURMALINE-MM1 phase 3 trial in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma, ixazomib-lenalidomide-dexamethasone (IRd) showed different magnitudes of progression-free survival (PFS) benefit vs placebo-Rd according to number and type of prior therapies, with greater benefit seen in patients with >1 prior line of therapy or 1 prior line of therapy without stem cell transplantation (SCT). METHODS RNA sequencing data were used to investigate the basis of these differences. RESULTS The PFS benefit of IRd vs placebo-Rd was greater in patients with tumors expressing high c-MYC levels (median not reached vs 11.3 months; hazard ratio [HR] 0.42; 95% CI, 0.26, 0.66; P < .001) compared with in those expressing low c-MYC levels (median 20.6 vs 16.6 months; HR 0.75; 95% CI, 0.42, 1.2). Expression of c-MYC in tumors varied based on the number and type of prior therapy received, with the lowest levels observed in tumors of patients who had received 1 prior line of therapy including SCT. These tumors also had higher expression levels of CD19 and CD81. CONCLUSIONS PFS analyses suggest that lenalidomide and ixazomib target tumors with different levels of c-MYC, CD19, and CD81 expression, thus providing a potential rationale for the differential benefits observed in the TOURMALINE-MM1 study. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as: NCT01564537.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Di Bacco
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited)CambridgeMAUSA
| | - Nizar J. Bahlis
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research InstituteUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
| | | | | | - Tamás Masszi
- Department of Haematology and Stem Cell TransplantationSt. István and St. László Hospital of BudapestBudapestHungary
- 3rd Department of Internal MedicineSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Luísa Viterbo
- Instituto Português de Oncologia do Porto Francisco Gentil, Entidade Pública Empresarial (IPOPFG, EPE)PortoPortugal
| | - Ludek Pour
- Hematology and OncologyUniversity Hospital BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Peter Ganly
- Department of HaematologyChristchurch HospitalChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Michele Cavo
- Institute of Hematology and Medical Oncology "Seràgnoli"Bologna University School of MedicineS.Orsola's University HospitalBolognaItaly
| | | | | | | | | | - Deborah Berg
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited)CambridgeMAUSA
| | - Jianchang Lin
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited)CambridgeMAUSA
| | - Bin Li
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited)CambridgeMAUSA
| | - Sunita Badola
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited)CambridgeMAUSA
| | - Lei Shen
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited)CambridgeMAUSA
| | - Jacob Zhang
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited)CambridgeMAUSA
| | - Dixie‐Lee Esseltine
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited)CambridgeMAUSA
| | - Katarina Luptakova
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited)CambridgeMAUSA
| | - Helgi van de Velde
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited)CambridgeMAUSA
| | | | - Philippe Moreau
- Department of HematologyUniversity Hospital Hôtel DieuUniversity of NantesNantesFrance
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7
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High frequency of inactivating tetraspanin C D37 mutations in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma at immune-privileged sites. Blood 2019; 134:946-950. [PMID: 31366619 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019001185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraspanin CD37 is predominantly expressed on the cell surface of mature B lymphocytes and is currently being studied as novel therapeutic target for B-cell lymphoma. Recently, we demonstrated that loss of CD37 induces spontaneous B-cell lymphoma in Cd37-knockout mice and correlates with inferior survival in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Here, CD37 mutation analysis was performed in a cohort of 137 primary DLBCL samples, including 44 primary immune-privileged site-associated DLBCL (IP-DLBCL) samples originating in the testis or central nervous system. CD37 mutations were exclusively identified in IP-DLBCL cases (10/44, 23%) but absent in non-IP-DLBCL cases. The aberrations included 10 missense mutations, 1 deletion, and 3 splice-site CD37 mutations. Modeling and functional analysis of CD37 missense mutations revealed loss of function by impaired CD37 protein expression at the plasma membrane of human lymphoma B cells. This study provides novel insight into the molecular pathogenesis of IP-DLBCL and indicates that anti-CD37 therapies will be more beneficial for DLBCL patients without CD37 mutations.
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8
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Vences-Catalán F, Kuo CC, Rajapaksa R, Duault C, Andor N, Czerwinski DK, Levy R, Levy S. CD81 is a novel immunotherapeutic target for B cell lymphoma. J Exp Med 2019; 216:1497-1508. [PMID: 31123084 PMCID: PMC6605745 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-CD81 mAb (5A6) eliminates lymphoma tumor cells from patient follicular biopsy specimens while sparing the imbedded normal B and T lymphocytes. It has equivalent therapeutic effects as rituximab against a xenografted human B cell lymphoma. The tetraspanin CD81 was initially discovered by screening mAbs elicited against a human B cell lymphoma for their direct antiproliferative effects. We now show that 5A6, one of the mAbs that target CD81, has therapeutic potential. This antibody inhibits the growth of B cell lymphoma in a xenograft model as effectively as rituximab, which is a standard treatment for B cell lymphoma. Importantly, unlike rituximab, which depletes normal as well as malignant B cells, 5A6 selectively kills human lymphoma cells from fresh biopsy specimens while sparing the normal lymphoid cells in the tumor microenvironment. The 5A6 antibody showed a good safety profile when administered to a mouse transgenic for human CD81. Taken together, these data provide the rationale for the development of the 5A6 mAb and its humanized derivatives as a novel treatment against B cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Vences-Catalán
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Chiung-Chi Kuo
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Ranjani Rajapaksa
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Caroline Duault
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Noemi Andor
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Debra K Czerwinski
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Ronald Levy
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Shoshana Levy
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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9
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Jung S, Gámez-Díaz L, Proietti M, Grimbacher B. "Immune TOR-opathies," a Novel Disease Entity in Clinical Immunology. Front Immunol 2018; 9:966. [PMID: 29867948 PMCID: PMC5954032 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) represent a group of mostly monogenic disorders caused by loss- or gain-of-function mutations in over 340 known genes that lead to abnormalities in the development and/or the function of the immune system. However, mutations in different genes can affect the same cell-signaling pathway and result in overlapping clinical phenotypes. In particular, mutations in the genes encoding for members of the phosphoinositide3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mTOR/S6 kinase (S6K) signaling cascade or for molecules interacting with this pathway have been associated with different PIDs that are often characterized by the coexistence of both immune deficiency and autoimmunity. The serine/threonine kinase mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which acts downstream of PI3K and AKT, is emerging as a key regulator of immune responses. It integrates a variety of signals from the microenvironment to control cell growth, proliferation, and metabolism. mTOR plays therefore a central role in the regulation of immune cells’ differentiation and functions. Here, we review the different PIDs that share an impairment of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/S6K pathway and we propose to name them “immune TOR-opathies” by analogy with a group of neurological disorders that has been originally defined by PB Crino and that are due to aberrant mTOR signaling (1). A better understanding of the role played by this complex intracellular cascade in the pathophysiology of “immune TOR-opathies” is crucial to develop targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Jung
- CNRS, UPR 3572 (I2CT), Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IBMC), Strasbourg, France.,Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Pôle de Médecine et de Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaires, Strasbourg - Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Strasbourg, France.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laura Gámez-Díaz
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michele Proietti
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bodo Grimbacher
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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10
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CD81 as a tumor target. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:531-535. [PMID: 28408492 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
CD81 participates in a variety of important cellular processes such as membrane organization, protein trafficking, cellular fusion and cell-cell interactions. In the immune system, CD81 regulates immune synapse, receptor clustering and signaling; it also mediates adaptive and innate immune suppression. CD81 is a gateway in hepatocytes for pathogens such as hepatitis C virus and Plasmodium; it also confers susceptibility to Listeria infection. These diverse biological roles are due to the tendency of CD81 to associate with other tetraspanins and with cell-specific partner proteins, which provide the cells with a signaling platform. CD81 has also been shown to regulate cell migration and invasion, and has therefore been implicated in cancer progression. Indeed, we have recently shown that CD81 contributes to tumor growth and metastasis. CD81 is expressed in most types of cancer, including breast, lung, prostate, melanoma, brain cancer and lymphoma, and the overexpression or down-regulation of this molecule has been correlated with either good or bad prognosis. Here, we discuss the role of CD81 in cancer and its potential therapeutic use as a tumor target.
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11
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Zimmerman B, Kelly B, McMillan BJ, Seegar TCM, Dror RO, Kruse AC, Blacklow SC. Crystal Structure of a Full-Length Human Tetraspanin Reveals a Cholesterol-Binding Pocket. Cell 2016; 167:1041-1051.e11. [PMID: 27881302 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tetraspanins comprise a diverse family of four-pass transmembrane proteins that play critical roles in the immune, reproductive, genitourinary, and auditory systems. Despite their pervasive roles in human physiology, little is known about the structure of tetraspanins or the molecular mechanisms underlying their various functions. Here, we report the crystal structure of human CD81, a full-length tetraspanin. The transmembrane segments of CD81 pack as two largely separated pairs of helices, capped by the large extracellular loop (EC2) at the outer membrane leaflet. The two pairs of helices converge at the inner leaflet to create an intramembrane pocket with additional electron density corresponding to a bound cholesterol molecule within the cavity. Molecular dynamics simulations identify an additional conformation in which EC2 separates substantially from the transmembrane domain. Cholesterol binding appears to modulate CD81 activity in cells, suggesting a potential mechanism for regulation of tetraspanin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Zimmerman
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Brendan Kelly
- Departments of Computer Science and of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Brian J McMillan
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tom C M Seegar
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ron O Dror
- Departments of Computer Science and of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrew C Kruse
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Stephen C Blacklow
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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12
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Differentiation stage of myeloma plasma cells: biological and clinical significance. Leukemia 2016; 31:382-392. [PMID: 27479184 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The notion that plasma cells (PCs) are terminally differentiated has prevented intensive research in multiple myeloma (MM) about their phenotypic plasticity and differentiation. Here, we demonstrated in healthy individuals (n=20) that the CD19-CD81 expression axis identifies three bone marrow (BM)PC subsets with distinct age-prevalence, proliferation, replication-history, immunoglobulin-production, and phenotype, consistent with progressively increased differentiation from CD19+CD81+ into CD19-CD81+ and CD19-CD81- BMPCs. Afterwards, we demonstrated in 225 newly diagnosed MM patients that, comparing to normal BMPC counterparts, 59% had fully differentiated (CD19-CD81-) clones, 38% intermediate-differentiated (CD19-CD81+) and 3% less-differentiated (CD19+CD81+) clones. The latter patients had dismal outcome, and PC differentiation emerged as an independent prognostic marker for progression-free (HR: 1.7; P=0.005) and overall survival (HR: 2.1; P=0.006). Longitudinal comparison of diagnostic vs minimal-residual-disease samples (n=40) unraveled that in 20% of patients, less-differentiated PCs subclones become enriched after therapy-induced pressure. We also revealed that CD81 expression is epigenetically regulated, that less-differentiated clonal PCs retain high expression of genes related to preceding B-cell stages (for example: PAX5), and show distinct mutation profile vs fully differentiated PC clones within individual patients. Together, we shed new light into PC plasticity and demonstrated that MM patients harbouring less-differentiated PCs have dismal survival, which might be related to higher chemoresistant potential plus different molecular and genomic profiles.
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13
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Bogaert DJA, Dullaers M, Lambrecht BN, Vermaelen KY, De Baere E, Haerynck F. Genes associated with common variable immunodeficiency: one diagnosis to rule them all? J Med Genet 2016; 53:575-90. [PMID: 27250108 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2015-103690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a primary antibody deficiency characterised by hypogammaglobulinaemia, impaired production of specific antibodies after immunisation and increased susceptibility to infections. CVID shows a considerable phenotypical and genetic heterogeneity. In contrast to many other primary immunodeficiencies, monogenic forms count for only 2-10% of patients with CVID. Genes that have been implicated in monogenic CVID include ICOS, TNFRSF13B (TACI), TNFRSF13C (BAFF-R), TNFSF12 (TWEAK), CD19, CD81, CR2 (CD21), MS4A1 (CD20), TNFRSF7 (CD27), IL21, IL21R, LRBA, CTLA4, PRKCD, PLCG2, NFKB1, NFKB2, PIK3CD, PIK3R1, VAV1, RAC2, BLK, IKZF1 (IKAROS) and IRF2BP2 With the increasing number of disease genes identified in CVID, it has become clear that CVID is an umbrella diagnosis and that many of these genetic defects cause distinct disease entities. Moreover, there is accumulating evidence that at least a subgroup of patients with CVID has a complex rather than a monogenic inheritance. This review aims to discuss current knowledge regarding the molecular genetic basis of CVID with an emphasis on the relationship with the clinical and immunological phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delfien J A Bogaert
- Clinical Immunology Research Lab, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium Department of Pediatric Immunology and Pulmonology, Centre for Primary Immunodeficiency, Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Centre, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium Laboratory of Immunoregulation, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Melissa Dullaers
- Clinical Immunology Research Lab, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium Laboratory of Immunoregulation, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karim Y Vermaelen
- Clinical Immunology Research Lab, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elfride De Baere
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filomeen Haerynck
- Clinical Immunology Research Lab, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium Department of Pediatric Immunology and Pulmonology, Centre for Primary Immunodeficiency, Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Centre, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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14
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Vences-Catalán F, Kuo CC, Levy S. Role of an arginine-lysine rich motif in maturation and trafficking of CD19. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 465:319-23. [PMID: 26111452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Normal expression of CD19 on the surface of B cells requires the presence of the tetraspanin molecule CD81. Previous studies have shown that surface expression of CD19 is highly reduced in CD81-deficient mouse B cells and that it is completely absent in an antibody deficient human patient with a mutation in the CD81 gene. The current study explored the contribution of an arginine-lysine rich motif, present in the membrane-proximal cytoplasmic domain of CD19, for the maturation and trafficking of this molecule. We demonstrate that this motif plays a role in the maturation and recycling of CD19 but in a CD81-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Vences-Catalán
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chiung-Chi Kuo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shoshana Levy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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15
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Giorgio F, Principi M, Losurdo G, Piscitelli D, Iannone A, Barone M, Amoruso A, Ierardi E, Di Leo A. Seronegative Celiac Disease and Immunoglobulin Deficiency: Where to Look in the Submerged Iceberg? Nutrients 2015; 7:7486-504. [PMID: 26371035 PMCID: PMC4586545 DOI: 10.3390/nu7095350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present narrative review, we analyzed the relationship between seronegative celiac disease (SNCD) and immunoglobulin deficiencies. For this purpose, we conducted a literature search on the main medical databases. SNCD poses a diagnostic dilemma. Villous blunting, intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) count and gluten "challenge" are the most reliable markers. Immunohistochemistry/immunofluorescence tissue transglutaminase (tTG)-targeted mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA) immune complexes in the intestinal mucosa of SNCD patients may be useful. In our experience, tTG-mRNA was similarly increased in seropositive celiac disease (CD) and suspected SNCD, and strongly correlated with the IELs count. This increase is found even in the IELs' range of 15-25/100 enterocytes, suggesting that there may be a "grey zone" of gluten-related disorders. An immune deregulation (severely lacking B-cell differentiation) underlies the association of SNCD with immunoglobulin deficiencies. Therefore, CD may be linked to autoimmune disorders and immune deficits (common variable immunodeficiency (CVID)/IgA selective deficiency). CVID is a heterogeneous group of antibodies dysfunction, whose association with CD is demonstrated only by the response to a gluten-free diet (GFD). We hypothesized a familial inheritance between CD and CVID. Selective IgA deficiency, commonly associated with CD, accounts for IgA-tTG seronegativity. Selective IgM deficiency (sIgMD) is rare (<300 cases) and associated to CD in 5% of cases. We diagnosed SNCD in a patient affected by sIgMD using the tTG-mRNA assay. One-year GFD induced IgM restoration. This evidence, supporting a link between SNCD and immunoglobulin deficiencies, suggests that we should take a closer look at this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriana Giorgio
- Section of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Policlinico, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Mariabeatrice Principi
- Section of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Policlinico, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Losurdo
- Section of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Policlinico, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Domenico Piscitelli
- Section of Pathology, University Hospital Policlinico, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Andrea Iannone
- Section of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Policlinico, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Michele Barone
- Section of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Policlinico, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Annacinzia Amoruso
- Section of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Policlinico, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Enzo Ierardi
- Section of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Policlinico, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Alfredo Di Leo
- Section of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Policlinico, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy.
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