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Xing Z, Cui L, Feng Y, Yang Y, He X. Exploring the prognostic implications of cuproptosis-associated alterations in clear cell renal cell carcinoma via in vitro experiments. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16935. [PMID: 39043799 PMCID: PMC11266406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67756-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of novel copper ionophores on the prognosis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and the tumor microenvironment (TME). The differential expression of 10 cuproptosis and 40 TME-pathway-related genes were measured in 531 tumor samples and 71 adjacent kidney samples in The Cancer Genome Atlas database. A risk score model was constructed with LASSO cox to predict the prognosis of ccRCC patients. Forest plot and function enrichment were used to study the biological function of the key genes in depth. The study found that the risk score model accurately predicted the prognosis of ccRCC patients. Patients with high scores had higher immune responses with a higher proportion of anti-tumor lymphocytes and a lower proportion of immunosuppressive M2-like macrophages. However, the high-score group also exhibited a higher proportion of T follicular helper cells and regulatory T cells. These results suggest that cuproptosis-based therapy may be worth further investigation for the treatment of ccRCC and TME. Subsequently, by using RNAi, we established the stable depletion models of FDX1 and PDHB in ccRCC cell lines 786-O and ACHN. Through CCK8, colony formation, and Transwell assays, we observed that the knockdown of FDX1 and PDHB could significantly reduce the capabilities of proliferation and migration in ccRCC cells. In conclusion, this study illuminates the potential effectiveness of copper ionophores in the treatment of ccRCC, with higher risk scores correlating with better TME immune responses. It sets the stage for future cuproptosis-based therapy research in ccRCC and other cancers, focusing on copper's role in TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyu Xing
- The Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Cui
- The Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuehua Feng
- The Department of Comprehensive Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yang Yang
- The Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaozhou He
- The Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
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2
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Tuovinen EA, Pöysti S, Hamdan F, Le KM, Keskitalo S, Turunen T, Minier L, Mamia N, Heiskanen K, Varjosalo M, Cerullo V, Kere J, Seppänen MRJ, Hänninen A, Grönholm J. Characterization of Expanded Gamma Delta T Cells from Atypical X-SCID Patient Reveals Preserved Function and IL2RG-Mediated Signaling. J Clin Immunol 2023; 43:358-370. [PMID: 36260239 PMCID: PMC9892142 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-022-01375-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Abnormally high γδ T cell numbers among individuals with atypical SCID have been reported but detailed immunophenotyping and functional characterization of these expanded γδ T cells are limited. We have previously reported atypical SCID phenotype caused by hypomorphic IL2RG (NM_000206.3) c.172C > T;p.(Pro58Ser) variant. Here, we have further investigated the index patient's abnormally large γδ T cell population in terms of function and phenotype by studying IL2RG cell surface expression, STAT tyrosine phosphorylation and blast formation in response to interleukin stimulation, immunophenotyping, TCRvγ sequencing, and target cell killing. In contrast to his ⍺β T cells, the patient's γδ T cells showed normal IL2RG cell surface expression and normal or enhanced IL2RG-mediated signaling. Vδ2 + population was proportionally increased with a preponderance of memory phenotypes and high overall tendency towards perforin expression. The patient's γδ T cells showed enhanced cytotoxicity towards A549 cancer cells. His TCRvγ repertoire was versatile but sequencing of IL2RG revealed a novel c.534C > A; p.(Phe178Leu) somatic missense variant restricted to γδ T cells. Over time this variant became predominant in γδ T cells, though initially present only in part of them. IL2RG-Pro58Ser/Phe178Leu variant showed higher cell surface expression compared to IL2RG-Pro58Ser variant in stable HEK293 cell lines, suggesting that somatic p.(Phe178Leu) variant may at least partially rescue the pathogenic effect of germline p.(Pro58Ser) variant. In conclusion, our report indicates that expansion of γδ T cells associated with atypical SCID needs further studying and cannot exclusively be deemed as a homeostatic response to low numbers of conventional T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina A Tuovinen
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Pediatric Research Center, New Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sakari Pöysti
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Firas Hamdan
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Drug Research Program Helsinki (DRP), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship (iCAN), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kim My Le
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Pediatric Research Center, New Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Salla Keskitalo
- Systems Biology Research Group and Proteomics Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tanja Turunen
- Systems Biology Research Group and Proteomics Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Léa Minier
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nanni Mamia
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Pediatric Research Center, New Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaarina Heiskanen
- Pediatric Research Center, New Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Children's Immunodeficiency Unit, New Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Varjosalo
- Systems Biology Research Group and Proteomics Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vincenzo Cerullo
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Drug Research Program Helsinki (DRP), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship (iCAN), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Kere
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko R J Seppänen
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Pediatric Research Center, New Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Rare Diseases Center and Pediatric Research Center, New Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arno Hänninen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Juha Grönholm
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Pediatric Research Center, New Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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3
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Gupta S, Agrawal A. Dendritic cells in inborn errors of immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1080129. [PMID: 36756122 PMCID: PMC9899832 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1080129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial cells for initiating and maintaining immune response. They play critical role in homeostasis, inflammation, and autoimmunity. A number of molecules regulate their functions including synapse formation, migration, immunity, and induction of tolerance. A number of IEI are characterized by mutations in genes encoding several of these molecules resulting in immunodeficiency, inflammation, and autoimmunity in IEI. Currently, there are 465 Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) that have been grouped in 10 different categories. However, comprehensive studies of DCs have been reported in only few IEI. Here we have reviewed biology of DCs in IEI classified according to recently published IUIS classification. We have reviewed DCs in selected IEI in each group category and discussed in depth changes in DCs where significant data are available regarding role of DCs in clinical and immunological manifestations. These include severe immunodeficiency diseases, antibody deficiencies, combined immunodeficiency with associated and syndromic features, especially disorders of synapse formation, and disorders of immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Gupta
- Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
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4
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Gao X, Michel K, Griese M. Interstitial Lung Disease in Immunocompromised Children. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 13:diagnostics13010064. [PMID: 36611354 PMCID: PMC9818431 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The range of pulmonary complications beyond infections in pediatric immunocompromised patients is broad but not well characterized. Our goal was to assess the spectrum of disorders with a focus on interstitial lung diseases (ILD) in immunodeficient patients. METHODS We reviewed 217 immunocompromised children attending a specialized pneumology service during a period of 23 years. We assigned molecular diagnoses where possible and categorized the underlying immunological conditions into inborn errors of immunity or secondary immunodeficiencies according to the IUIS and the pulmonary conditions according to the chILD-EU classification system. RESULTS Among a wide array of conditions, opportunistic and chronic infections were the most frequent. ILD had a 40% prevalence. Of these children, 89% had a CT available, and 66% had a lung biopsy, which supported the diagnosis of ILD in 95% of cases. Histology was often lymphocyte predominant with the histo-pattern of granulomatous and lymphocytic interstitial lung disease (GLILD), follicular bronchiolitis or lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis. Of interest, DIP, PAP and NSIP were also diagnosed. ILD was detected in several immunological disorders not yet associated with ILD. CONCLUSIONS Specialized pneumological expertise is necessary to manage the full spectrum of respiratory complications in pediatric immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthias Griese
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-4400-57870; Fax: +49-89-4400-57872
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Hernandez JD, Hsieh EW. A great disturbance in the force: IL-2 receptor defects disrupt immune homeostasis. Curr Opin Pediatr 2022; 34:580-588. [PMID: 36165614 PMCID: PMC9633542 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000001181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The current review highlights how inborn errors of immunity (IEI) due to IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) subunit defects may result in children presenting with a wide variety of infectious and inflammatory presentations beyond typical X-linked severe combined immune deficiency (X-SCID) associated with IL-2Rγ. RECENT FINDINGS Newborn screening has made diagnosis of typical SCID presenting with severe infections less common. Instead, infants are typically diagnosed in the first days of life when they appear healthy. Although earlier diagnosis has improved clinical outcomes for X-SCID, atypical SCID or other IEI not detected on newborn screening may present with more limited infectious presentations and/or profound immune dysregulation. Early management to prevent/control infections and reduce inflammatory complications is important for optimal outcomes of definitive therapies. Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is curative for IL-2Rα, IL-2Rβ, and IL-2Rγ defects, but gene therapy may yield comparable results for X-SCID. SUMMARY Defects in IL-2R subunits present with infectious and inflammatory phenotypes that should raise clinician's concern for IEI. Immunophenotyping may support the suspicion for diagnosis, but ultimately genetic studies will confirm the diagnosis and enable family counseling. Management of infectious and inflammatory complications will determine the success of gene therapy or HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D. Hernandez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital
| | - Elena W.Y. Hsieh
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Children’s Hospital Colorado
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado
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6
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Calcified Granulomatous Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia in a Toddler with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency—A Case Report. TRANSPLANTOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/transplantology3040029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumocysis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) is a type of pneumonia originating from the fungus Pneumocystis jiroveci and is a major cause of serious pneumonia in immunocompromised conditions. PJP typically appears as bilateral diffuse pulmonary infiltrates. Granulomatous PJP is an uncommon form of pneumocystis infection, occurring in only 3% to 5% of patients. Calcification is exceptional. We present a 9-month-old boy affected by Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) that has been diagnosed at the age of 7 months following a lung Pneumocystis jirovecii infection. He underwent a routine total-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) prior to an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The MRI showed significant alterations of the pulmonary parenchyma; hence, a computer tomography of the lung was performed showing the presence of 11 calcified granulomatous nodules. We report a unique case of calcified granulomatous PJP in a toddler affected by SCID. Awareness of this rare yet possible presentation in patients with SCID is important given the potential clinical implications when managing a patient undergoing HSCT and it further enhances the importance of advanced radiologic imaging prior to HSCT.
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7
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Hay M, Kumar V, Ricaño-Ponce I. The role of the X chromosome in infectious diseases. Brief Funct Genomics 2021; 21:143-158. [PMID: 34651167 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elab039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many infectious diseases in humans present with a sex bias. This bias arises from a combination of environmental factors, hormones and genetics. In this study, we review the contribution of the X chromosome to the genetic factor associated with infectious diseases. First, we give an overview of the X-linked genes that have been described in the context of infectious diseases and group them in four main pathways that seem to be dysregulated in infectious diseases: nuclear factor kappa-B, interleukin 2 and interferon γ cascade, toll-like receptors and programmed death ligand 1. Then, we review the infectious disease associations in existing genome-wide association studies (GWAS) from the GWAS Catalog and the Pan-UK Biobank, describing the main associations and their possible implications for the disease. Finally, we highlight the importance of including the X chromosome in GWAS analysis and the importance of sex-specific analysis.
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8
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Belaid B, Lamara Mahammed L, Mohand Oussaid A, Migaud M, Khadri Y, Casanova JL, Puel A, Ben Halla N, Djidjik R. Case Report: Interleukin-2 Receptor Common Gamma Chain Defect Presented as a Hyper-IgE Syndrome. Front Immunol 2021; 12:696350. [PMID: 34248995 PMCID: PMC8264782 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.696350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID) is caused by mutations of IL2RG, the gene encoding the interleukin common gamma chain (IL-2Rγ or γc) of cytokine receptors for interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21. Hypomorphic mutations of IL2RG may cause combined immunodeficiencies with atypical clinical and immunological presentations. Here, we report a clinical, immunological, and functional characterization of a missense mutation in exon 1 (c.115G>A; p. Asp39Asn) of IL2RG in a 7-year-old boy. The patient suffered from recurrent sinopulmonary infections and refractory eczema. His total lymphocyte counts have remained normal despite skewed T cell subsets, with a pronounced serum IgE elevation. Surface expression of IL-2Rγ was reduced on his lymphocytes. Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) phosphorylation in response to IL-2, IL-4, and IL-7 showed a partially preserved receptor function. T-cell proliferation in response to mitogens and anti-CD3/anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies was significantly reduced. Further analysis revealed a decreased percentage of CD4+ T cells capable of secreting IFN-γ, but not IL-4 or IL-17. Studies on the functional consequences of IL-2Rγ variants are important to get more insight into the pathogenesis of atypical phenotypes which may lay the ground for novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahim Belaid
- Department of Medical Immunology, Beni-Messous University Hospital Center, Algiers, Algeria.,Faculty of Medicine, Benyoucef Benkhedda University of Algiers 1, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Lydia Lamara Mahammed
- Department of Medical Immunology, Beni-Messous University Hospital Center, Algiers, Algeria.,Faculty of Medicine, Benyoucef Benkhedda University of Algiers 1, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Aida Mohand Oussaid
- Faculty of Medicine, Benyoucef Benkhedda University of Algiers 1, Algiers, Algeria.,Department of Pediatrics A, Beni-Messous University Hospital Center, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Melanie Migaud
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Yasmine Khadri
- Department of Pediatrics A, Beni-Messous University Hospital Center, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Jean Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, University of Paris, Paris, France.,St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anne Puel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, University of Paris, Paris, France.,St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nafissa Ben Halla
- Faculty of Medicine, Benyoucef Benkhedda University of Algiers 1, Algiers, Algeria.,Department of Pediatrics A, Beni-Messous University Hospital Center, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Reda Djidjik
- Department of Medical Immunology, Beni-Messous University Hospital Center, Algiers, Algeria.,Faculty of Medicine, Benyoucef Benkhedda University of Algiers 1, Algiers, Algeria
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Aly KA, Moutaoufik MT, Phanse S, Zhang Q, Babu M. From fuzziness to precision medicine: on the rapidly evolving proteomics with implications in mitochondrial connectivity to rare human disease. iScience 2021; 24:102030. [PMID: 33521598 PMCID: PMC7820543 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.102030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial (mt) dysfunction is linked to rare diseases (RDs) such as respiratory chain complex (RCC) deficiency, MELAS, and ARSACS. Yet, how altered mt protein networks contribute to these ailments remains understudied. In this perspective article, we identified 21 mt proteins from public repositories that associate with RCC deficiency, MELAS, or ARSACS, engaging in a relatively small number of protein-protein interactions (PPIs), underscoring the need for advanced proteomic and interactomic platforms to uncover the complete scope of mt connectivity to RDs. Accordingly, we discuss innovative untargeted label-free proteomics in identifying RD-specific mt or other macromolecular assemblies and mapping of protein networks in complex tissue, organoid, and stem cell-differentiated neurons. Furthermore, tag- and label-based proteomics, genealogical proteomics, and combinatorial affinity purification-mass spectrometry, along with advancements in detecting and integrating transient PPIs with single-cell proteomics and transcriptomics, collectively offer seminal follow-ups to enrich for RD-relevant networks, with implications in RD precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled A. Aly
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | | | - Sadhna Phanse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Qingzhou Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Mohan Babu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
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Blanco E, Izotova N, Booth C, Thrasher AJ. Immune Reconstitution After Gene Therapy Approaches in Patients With X-Linked Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:608653. [PMID: 33329605 PMCID: PMC7729079 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.608653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked severe immunodeficiency disease (SCID-X1) is an inherited, rare, and life-threating disease. The genetic origin is a defect in the interleukin 2 receptor γ chain (IL2RG) gene and patients are classically characterized by absence of T and NK cells, as well as presence of partially-functional B cells. Without any treatment the disease is usually lethal during the first year of life. The treatment of choice for these patients is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, with an excellent survival rate (>90%) if an HLA-matched sibling donor is available. However, when alternative donors are used, the success and survival rates are often lower. Gene therapy has been developed as an alternative treatment initially using γ-retroviral vectors to correct the defective γ chain in the absence of pre-conditioning treatment. The results were highly promising in SCID-X1 infants, showing long-term T-cell recovery and clinical benefit, although NK and B cell recovery was less robust. However, some infants developed T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia after the gene therapy, due to vector-mediated insertional mutagenesis. Consequently, considerable efforts have been made to develop safer vectors. The most recent clinical trials using lentiviral vectors together with a low-dose pre-conditioning regimen have demonstrated excellent sustained T cell recovery, but also B and NK cells, in both children and adults. This review provides an overview about the different gene therapy approaches used over the last 20 years to treat SCID-X1 patients, particularly focusing on lymphoid immune reconstitution, as well as the developments that have improved the process and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Blanco
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Izotova
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Booth
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatric Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian James Thrasher
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatric Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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