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de Almeida RF, Arévalo-Rodrigues G, de Morais IL, Cardoso-Gustavson P. Evolution of connective glands reveals a new synapomorphy for Malpighiaceae and the hidden potential of staminal glands for Malpighiales systematics. PHYTOKEYS 2023; 232:109-131. [PMID: 37746324 PMCID: PMC10517415 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.232.110162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Connective glands are important morphological characters for the taxonomy of some genera of Malpighiaceae, with few recent studies having just elucidated these glands' anatomical and ecological functions. In order to test the systematic relevance of connective glands to the currently accepted phylogenetic informal clades of Malpighiaceae, we characterised the anatomy and/or histochemistry of two-thirds of Malpighiaceae genera and ten species from nine families of Malpighiales to test: 1. Do connective glands occur in the flowers of all informal clades of Malpighiaceae?; and 2. Are they taxonomically relevant to characterise those clades? We sampled 25 genera and 26 species of Malpighiaceae, processing their anthers using traditional anatomical methods and characterising their glands using light microscopy and SEM imaging. Selected species were subjected to histochemical tests, and an additional 21 genera and 33 species of Malpighiaceae and nine families (ten species) of Malpighiales were included in our sampling from the literature. Three anatomical characters were scored, coded and mapped using Maximum Likelihood methods onto the molecular phylogeny of Malpighiaceae. All sampled species of Malpighiaceae showed connective glands characterised as epidermal or trichomal elaiophores. Our character-mapping analyses recovered connective elaiophores as a new synapomorphy for Malpighiaceae. Different types of epidermal or trichomal elaiophores were recovered as homoplasies for the Christianella and Banisteriopsis clades and the genera Byrsonima, Camarea and Cottsia. Our analyses also recovered the glands' place of insertion in the stamen and the exudate type as potential new synapomorphies or homoplasies for the families of Malpighiales sampled. Our results propose the connective elaiophores as a new synapomorphy for Malpighiaceae and hypothesise the role that different staminal glands might play in the systematics of Malpighiales. Further comprehensive anatomical studies are still needed for the staminal glands of most families of this order to shed new light on the patterns recovered in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Felipe de Almeida
- Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Quirinópolis, Goiás, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de GoiásQuirinópolisBrazil
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UKRoyal Botanical GardensRichmondUnited Kingdom
| | - Gustavo Arévalo-Rodrigues
- Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais, São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilInstituto de Pesquisas AmbientaisSao PauloBrazil
| | - Isa L. de Morais
- Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Quirinópolis, Goiás, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de GoiásQuirinópolisBrazil
| | - Poliana Cardoso-Gustavson
- Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal do ABCSão PauloBrazil
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Neves NCV, de Mello MP, Zaidan I, Sousa LP, Braga AV, Machado RR, Kukula-Koch W, Boylan F, Caliari MV, Castilho RO. Campomanesia lineatifolia Ruiz & Pavón (Myrtaceae): Isolation of major and minor compounds of phenolic-rich extract by high-speed countercurrent chromatography and anti-inflammatory evaluation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 310:116417. [PMID: 36990302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Campomanesia lineatifolia Ruiz & Pavón (Myrtaceae), an edible species found in Brazilian Forest, possesses leaves that are traditionally used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in Brazil. Extracts of C. lineatifolia are rich in phenolics and exhibit antioxidant, and gastric antiulcer properties. Furthermore, Campomanesia spp. have been described to possess anti-inflammatory properties, but studies related to chemical constituents of C. lineatifolia are scarce in the literature. AIM OF THE STUDY This work aims to identify the chemical composition of the phenolic-rich ethanol extract (PEE) from C. lineatifolia leaves and evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity that could be related to its ethnopharmacological use. MATERIALS AND METHODS The high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC), using an isocratic and a step gradient elution method, and NMR, HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS were used to isolate and identify the chemicals of PEE, respectively. Lipopolysaccharide-(LPS)-stimulated THP-1 cells were used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activities from PEE and the two majority flavonoids isolated by measure TNF-α and NF-κB inhibition assays. RESULTS Fourteen compounds were isolated from the PEE, further identified by NMR and HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS, twelve of them are new compounds, and two others are already known for the species. The PEE, quercitrin and myricitrin promoted a concentration-dependent inhibition of TNF-α, and PEE promoted an inhibition of NF-κB pathway. CONCLUSIONS PEE from C. lineatifolia leaves demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity that may be related to the traditional use to treat gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nívea Cristina Vieira Neves
- GnosiaH, Pharmacognosy and Homeopathy Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Campus Pampulha, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Department of Pharmacy, Centro Universitário Santa Rita, Área Rural, SN, KM 206, Caixa Postal 26, 31.270-901, Conselheiro Lafaiete, MG, Brazil.
| | - Morgana Pinheiro de Mello
- GnosiaH, Pharmacognosy and Homeopathy Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Campus Pampulha, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Isabella Zaidan
- Signalling in Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Campus Pampulha, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Lirlândia Pires Sousa
- Signalling in Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Campus Pampulha, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Alysson Vinícius Braga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Campus Pampulha, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Renes Resende Machado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Campus Pampulha, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Wirginia Kukula-Koch
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Garden, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Str., 20-093, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Fabio Boylan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Marcelo Vidigal Caliari
- Department of General Pathology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Campus Pampulha, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Rachel Oliveira Castilho
- GnosiaH, Pharmacognosy and Homeopathy Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Campus Pampulha, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Consórcio Acadêmico Brasileiro de Saúde Integrativa, CABSIN, São Paulo, 05449-070, Brazil.
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Castro JB, Machado G, Singer RB. Müllerian mimicry between oil-producing orchids and Malpighiaceae? An old hypothesis finally tested. Naturwissenschaften 2021; 109:3. [PMID: 34874484 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-021-01771-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The concept of mimicry has been developed for animals, but it also applies to plants. Plant species may be Müllerian mimics if they have similar reproductive traits and offer similar rewards to the pollinators. Several Oncidiinae orchids offer floral oils to their pollinators and have been suggested to form a Müllerian complex with species of Malpighiaceae. We provide a test of this hypothesis using Gomesa flexuosa (Orchidaceae) and Janusia guaranitica (Malpighiaceae), which are sympatric and phenologically synchronous, secrete the same floral resource (oils), and show similar flower morphology. We exposed individuals of Gomesa near and far from individuals of Janusia and monitored floral visitation. Both species were exclusively pollinated by oil-collecting bees, sharing Centris trigonoides as a pollinator. Nevertheless, the probability of bee visitation, number of contact approximations, and number of visits to flowers of Gomesa were similar when individuals were near and far from Janusia. These findings do not support the Müllerian mimicry hypothesis in these two species. Their resemblances can be better explained by the "exploitation of perceptual biases" hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, pre-existing traits in Oncidiinae orchids (e.g. colour, shape, rewards) may coopt oil-collecting bees that usually search for rewards in Malpighiaceae species with similar flower traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas B Castro
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970, Brazil.
| | - Glauco Machado
- LAGE do Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, trav. 14, nº 321, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo B Singer
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970, Brazil
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Pansarin LM, Pansarin ER, Alves-Dos-Santos I, Teixeira SP. So small and so rich: diversity of floral resources in miniature Oncidiinae (Orchidaceae) and their relation to pollinators. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23:259-266. [PMID: 33222376 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Oncidiinae is one of the most important subtribes among the Neotropical orchids, with an enormous diversity of floral morphology and secretory structures. This subtribe attracts a diverse array of pollinators which explore a variety of floral resources of its flowers. In this paper we provide a detailed investigation of the floral anatomy of 32 species of micro Oncidiinae. We applied histochemical tests in order to determine the diversity of the glands and rewards. The diversity of secretory flower structures and rewards was related to the group of pollinators known for this subtribe. We verified that half of the species (16 species, 50%) secrete oil as a resource, being pollinated by female of solitary bees. Species of some distinct nectar-secreting genera (four species, 12.5%) are pollinated by a range of nectar-searching animals. Species of the genus Notylia (four species, 12.5%) release floral perfumes that reward male Euglossini bees. Most of the investigated species (six species, 18.75%) possess osmophores that are involved in pollinator attraction. Two species of Capanemia (6.25%) do not offer any floral reward, suggesting that pollination by food deception is involved. There are strong variations in the anatomy of reward-producing structures and resources in Oncidiinae. The diversity of floral rewards affects the range of pollinators, which are related to the diversification of this subtribe throughout the Neotropics. The understanding of relationships between Oncidiinae species and their pollinators is crucial to our knowledge of the evolution of pollination systems in this huge plant family represented by the orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Pansarin
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - E R Pansarin
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - I Alves-Dos-Santos
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S P Teixeira
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Avalos AA, Pablo TJ, Lattar EC, Ferrucci MS. Structure and development of anthers and connective glands in two species of Stigmaphyllon (Malpighiaceae): are heteromorphic anthers related to division of labour? PROTOPLASMA 2020; 257:1165-1181. [PMID: 32212021 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01497-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Heteranthery has been largely associated with a division of labour between anthers. Most species of Stigmaphyllon (Malpighiaceae) present heteromorphic anthers and glandular connectives of different development; yet, the functional meaning of this condition has never been explored in the genus. The aims of this study were to provide a comparative description of the structure and development of anthers and their connective glands in S. bonariense and S. jatrophifolium and to assess the existence of division of functions. Natural populations were selected to collect flowers at different stages. Anthers were subjected to morpho-anatomical, histochemical and pollen viability studies. For both species, abundance of pollen grains and size of anther and their connective glands were estimated. Three types of stamens are recognized: stamen with small, intermediate and large anthers. Anthers of both species exhibit a similar glandular tissue in the connective, and the histochemical analysis revealed that it produce a mucilagous secretion. The pattern of anther wall development, stainability and release of pollen grains was identical among anther types. For both species, we observed a positive relationship between anther size and abundance of pollen grains, but an inverse relationship between area of anthers and size (area and thickness) of connective glands in small anthers vs. intermediate and large ones. Our results evidence a specialization of anthers related to division of labour between heteromorphic stamens in two species of Stigmaphyllon. Thus, one set of anthers produces large amount of pollen grains for pollination and another sets large quantities of mucilage, which would improve pollen transport (better adherence to pollinator body and dampness maintenance). Nevertheless, heteranthery in both Stigmaphyllon species would represent a transitional state towards the division of labour rather than a stable state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adan Alberto Avalos
- IBONE-UNNE-CONICET, Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Torretta Juan Pablo
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Botánica General, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elsa Clorinda Lattar
- IBONE-UNNE-CONICET, Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina
- Cátedra de Morfología de Plantas Vasculares, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, FCA-UNNE, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - María Silvia Ferrucci
- IBONE-UNNE-CONICET, Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Diversity of Floral Glands and Their Secretions in Pollinator Attraction. REFERENCE SERIES IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96397-6_48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Chemical study of the flowers of the orchid Oncidium baueri Lindley and their visiting bees Trigona spinipes Fabricius. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2019.103918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Bloor S, Catchpole O, Mitchell K, Webby R, Davis P. Antiproliferative Acylated Glycerols from New Zealand Propolis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:2359-2367. [PMID: 31429567 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous work has shown that a number of phenolic components of NZ propolis possess antiproliferative activity against certain human gastrointestinal cancer cell lines. Here we report on a series of acylglycerols isolated from the nonpolar fraction of propolis resin, which represent further bioactive constituents unrelated to the more usual phenolic compounds generally found in propolis. NZ propolis is sourced from poplar trees, and the acylglycerols have been shown to be present in the leaves and buds of some common poplars. The compounds are a series of monoglycerides containing 3,8-dihydroxy fatty acids, many of which are further acylated with acetic acid residues. The dihydroxy fatty acids are C18 to C24, with the most abundant being C20 and C22. These acylglycerols were found to have strong antiproliferative activity against three human gastrointestinal cell lines, particularly gastric cancer cell line NCI-N87, where one example shows an IC50 of less than 50 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Bloor
- Callaghan Innovation , 69 Gracefield Road , PO Box 31310, Lower Hutt 5040 , New Zealand
| | - Owen Catchpole
- Callaghan Innovation , 69 Gracefield Road , PO Box 31310, Lower Hutt 5040 , New Zealand
- Manuka Health NZ Ltd , PO Box 87429, Meadowbank, Auckland 1742 , New Zealand
| | - Kevin Mitchell
- Callaghan Innovation , 69 Gracefield Road , PO Box 31310, Lower Hutt 5040 , New Zealand
| | - Rosemary Webby
- Callaghan Innovation , 69 Gracefield Road , PO Box 31310, Lower Hutt 5040 , New Zealand
| | - Paul Davis
- Trinity Bioactives , Lower Hutt 5040 , New Zealand
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9
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Floral colour change in Byrsonima variabilis (Malpighiaceae) as a visual cue for pollen but not oil foraging by oil-collecting bees. Naturwissenschaften 2018; 105:46. [PMID: 29978336 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-018-1572-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Pollinators search for multiple flora resources throughout their life cycle. Most studies, however, only assess how bees discriminate floral cues in the context of nectar foraging. In the present study, we sought to elucidate whether oil-collecting bees discriminate flowers of Byrsonima variabilis (Malpighiaceae) with petals of different colours when foraging for pollen or oil. As the colour of the standard petal changes during anthesis, we characterised the spectral reflectance patterns of flowers throughout anthesis and modelled chromatic perceptual space to determine how these colour patterns are perceived by bees. Through the quantification of flower pollen in the different phases, we found that the colour of the standard petal is an honest cue of the presence of pollen. Centridine bees preferentially visited flowers with a yellow (bee's green) colour when searching for pollen, but indiscriminately visited flowers with different petal colours when searching for floral oil. We suggest that standard petals, in the species studied and others of the genus, like nectar guides, act as pollen guides, which oil-collecting females use to detect pollen-rich flowers. Moreover, they use different floral clues during foraging for different resources in the same host plant.
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10
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Pansarin ER, Alves-Dos-Santos I, Pansarin LM. Comparative reproductive biology and pollinator specificity among sympatric Gomesa (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2017; 19:147-155. [PMID: 27860055 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The incredible pollination mechanisms displayed by orchid flowers has inspired biologists over the centuries. Based on the intriguing flower structures, the relationship among orchid species and their pollinators has been frequently regarded as very specialised. Given that visits on flowers pollinated by oil-collecting bees are regularly rare, and in Oncidiinae the flowers frequently attractexclusively species that act as effective pollinators, the comparative reproductive biology and pollinator specificity of two sympatric Gomesa (G. varicosa and G. montana; Oncidiinae) were analysedbased on records of floral morphology, production of floral rewards, pollinators and pollination mechanisms. Furthermore, experimental pollinations were carried out in order to examine the breeding systems. The results have show that in the studied population, both Gomesa are visited by several bee species, but these orchids present a specific pollination system.Pollinaria are deposited on the head of Centridini (G. varicosa and G. montana) and Epicharitini (G. varicosa) bees when landed on the central callus of the labellumto collect lipoidal substances produced by glandular elaiophores on lateral lobes of the labellum. Both species are dependent on a biotic pollen vector to set fruits. Gomesamontana is completely self-incompatible, while G. varicosa is partially self-compatible. Our results indicate that although the occurrence of self-sterile species seems to be common in Oncidiinae, in partially self-incompatible species, as is the case of G. varicosa, self-compatibility has been considered as an important factor favouring reproductive assurance in populations with low visitation frequencies, despite occurrence of inbreeding depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Pansarin
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brasil
| | - I Alves-Dos-Santos
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - L M Pansarin
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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Haleem MA, Capellari SC, Sympson BB, Marsaioli AJ. Pterandric Acid – its Isolation, Synthesis and Stereochemistry. Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501000125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Some plant families have a specialized type of pollination system, with floral lipid rewards for pollinators, which is common. In neotropical Malpighiaceae species like Pterandra pyroidea, this specialized type of pollination system is apparently shifting from floral oils/lipids to pollen reward. Mass spectrometric analysis (GC/MS-EI) indicated that P. pyroidea floral oil has a unique chemical composition, i.e., few fatty acid constituents possessing acetoxy groups at positions 5 and 7, which is distinct from the other floral oils of sympatric Malpighiaceae species. The structure of the major floral oil constituent, a novel fatty acid, a nti-5,7-diacetoxydocosanoic acid, was confirmed based on synthesis, mass fragmentation, and 1H and 13C NMR analyses; the compound is herein named pterandric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A. Haleem
- Chemistry Institute, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6154, Campinas, 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Simone C. Capellari
- The University of Texas at Austin, One University Station A6700, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Beryl B. Sympson
- The University of Texas at Austin, One University Station A6700, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Anita J. Marsaioli
- Chemistry Institute, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6154, Campinas, 13083-970, SP, Brazil
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Cristiane BDS, Katlin SR, Fernanda MMO, Luciane D, Vanessa CGJ, Josiane DFATGD, Sandra MWZ, Vitor AK, Juliana DK, Gislene MF, Maislian DO, Obd uacute lio GM, Marilis DM. Byrsonima intermedia preparations inhibits trypsin and chymotrypsin activities from Aedes aegypti larval gut. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.5897/jmpr2013.5254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Papadopulos AST, Powell MP, Pupulin F, Warner J, Hawkins JA, Salamin N, Chittka L, Williams NH, Whitten WM, Loader D, Valente LM, Chase MW, Savolainen V. Convergent evolution of floral signals underlies the success of Neotropical orchids. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20130960. [PMID: 23804617 PMCID: PMC3712443 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.0960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The great majority of plant species in the tropics require animals to achieve pollination, but the exact role of floral signals in attraction of animal pollinators is often debated. Many plants provide a floral reward to attract a guild of pollinators, and it has been proposed that floral signals of non-rewarding species may converge on those of rewarding species to exploit the relationship of the latter with their pollinators. In the orchid family (Orchidaceae), pollination is almost universally animal-mediated, but a third of species provide no floral reward, which suggests that deceptive pollination mechanisms are prevalent. Here, we examine floral colour and shape convergence in Neotropical plant communities, focusing on certain food-deceptive Oncidiinae orchids (e.g. Trichocentrum ascendens and Oncidium nebulosum) and rewarding species of Malpighiaceae. We show that the species from these two distantly related families are often more similar in floral colour and shape than expected by chance and propose that a system of multifarious floral mimicry—a form of Batesian mimicry that involves multiple models and is more complex than a simple one model–one mimic system—operates in these orchids. The same mimetic pollination system has evolved at least 14 times within the species-rich Oncidiinae throughout the Neotropics. These results help explain the extraordinary diversification of Neotropical orchids and highlight the complexity of plant–animal interactions.
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Pansarin ER, Pansarin LM. Reproductive biology of Trichocentrum pumilum: an orchid pollinated by oil-collecting bees. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2011; 13:576-581. [PMID: 21668598 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2010.00420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The reproductive biology, reward production and pollination mechanism of Trichocentrum pumilum were studied in a gallery forest in the interior of the State of São Paulo, southeast Brazil. The floral visitors and pollination mechanism were recorded, and experimental pollinations were carried out in order to determine the breeding system of this species. Trichocentrum pumilum blooms in spring. Each paniculate inflorescence bears an average of 85 flowers that present a central yellow callus and finger-like trichomes on the lateral lobes of the lip. A lipoidal substance is produced and stored among these trichomes. In the studied population, T. pumilum is exclusively visited and pollinated by two bee species (Tetrapedia diversipes and Lophopedia nigrispinis). Pollinaria are deposited on mouthparts of bees during collection of the lipoidal substance from the lateral lobes of the labellum. Trichocentrum pumilum is self-incompatible and pollinator-limited. Natural fruit set was low (9%, compared to 45% in experimentally cross-pollinated flowers). Potentially viable seed exceed 97% in fruits obtained through cross-pollination and in natural conditions (open pollination).
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Pansarin
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Cappellari SC, Haleem MA, Marsaioli AJ, Tidon R, Simpson BB. Pterandra pyroidea: a case of pollination shift within neotropical Malpighiaceae. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 107:1323-1334. [PMID: 21610210 PMCID: PMC3101150 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Most Neotropical species of Malpighiaceae produce floral fatty oils in calyx glands to attract pollinating oil-collecting bees, which depend on this resource for reproduction. This specialized type of pollination system tends to be lost in members of the family that occur outside the geographic distribution (e.g. Africa) of Neotropical oil-collecting bees. This study focused on the pollination ecology, chemical ecology and reproductive biology of an oil flower species, Pterandra pyroidea (Malpighiaceae) from the Brazilian Cerrado. Populations of this species consist of plants with oil-secreting (glandular) flowers, plants with non-oil-secreting flowers (eglandular) or a mix of both plant types. This study specifically aims to clarify the role of eglandular morphs in this species. METHODS Data on pollinators were recorded by in situ observations. Breeding system experiments were conducted by isolating inflorescences and by enzymatic reactions. Floral resources, pollen and floral oils offered by this species were analysed by staining and a combination of various spectroscopic methods. KEY RESULTS Eglandular flowers of P. pyroidea do not act as mimics of their oil-producing conspecifics to attract pollinators. Instead, both oil-producing and oil-free flowers depend on pollen-collecting bees for reproduction, and their main pollinators are bumble-bees. Floral oils produced by glandular flowers are less complex than those described in closely related genera. CONCLUSIONS Eglandular flowers represent a shift in the pollination system in which oil is being lost and pollen is becoming the main reward of P. pyroidea flowers. Pollination shifts of this kind have hitherto not been demonstrated empirically within Neotropical Malpighiaceae and this species exhibits an unusual transition from a specialized towards a generalized pollination system in an area considered the hotspot of oil-collecting bee diversity in the Neotropics. Transitions of this type provide an opportunity to study ongoing evolutionary mechanisms that promote the persistence of species previously involved in specialized mutualistic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone C Cappellari
- Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, One University Station, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Renner SS, Schaefer H. The evolution and loss of oil-offering flowers: new insights from dated phylogenies for angiosperms and bees. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2010; 365:423-35. [PMID: 20047869 PMCID: PMC2838259 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between bees that depend on floral oil for their larvae and flowers that offer oil involve an intricate mix of obligate and facultative mutualisms. Using recent phylogenies, new data on oil-offering Cucurbitaceae, and molecular-dating, we ask when and how often oil-offering flowers and oil-foraging bees evolved, and how frequently these traits were lost in the cause of evolution. Local phylogenies and an angiosperm-wide tree show that oil flowers evolved at least 28 times and that floral oil was lost at least 36-40 times. The oldest oil flower systems evolved shortly after the K/T boundary independently in American Malpighiaceae, tropical African Cucurbitaceae and Laurasian Lysimachia (Myrsinaceae); the ages of the South African oil flower/oil bee systems are less clear. Youngest oil flower clades include Calceolaria (Calceolariaceae), Iridaceae, Krameria (Krameriaceae) and numerous Orchidaceae, many just a few million years old. In bees, oil foraging evolved minimally seven times and dates back to at least 56 Ma (Ctenoplectra) and 53 Ma (Macropis). The co-occurrence of older and younger oil-offering clades in three of the four geographical regions (but not the Holarctic) implies that oil-foraging bees acquired additional oil hosts over evolutionary time. Such niche-broadening probably started with exploratory visits to flowers resembling oil hosts in scent or colour, as suggested by several cases of Muellerian or Batesian mimicry involving oil flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. S. Renner
- Systematic Botany and Mycology, University of Munich, Menzinger Street 67, 80638 Munich, Germany
| | - H. Schaefer
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
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Asai T, Hara N, Kobayashi S, Kohshima S, Fujimoto Y. Acylglycerols (=Glycerides) from the Glandular Trichome Exudate on the Leaves ofPaulownia tomentosa. Helv Chim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200800456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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