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Friesen OC, Aukema HM, Detwiler JT. Species-specific oxylipins and the effects of ontogeny and predation on their emission from freshwater snails. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 291:111607. [PMID: 38360203 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Chemical cues play important roles in mediating ecological interactions. Oxylipins, oxygenated metabolites of fatty acids, are one signalling molecule type that influences the physiology and function of species, suggesting their broader significance in chemical communication within aquatic systems. Yet, our current understanding of their function is restricted taxonomically and contextually making it difficult to infer their ecological significance. Snails and leeches are ubiquitous in freshwater ecosystems worldwide, yet little is known about their oxylipin profiles and the factors that cause their profiles to change. As snails and leeches differ taxonomically and represent different trophic groups, we postulated oxylipin profile differences. For snails, we hypothesized that ontogeny (non-reproductive vs reproductive) and predation (non-infested vs leech-infested) would affect oxylipin profiles. Oxylipins were characterized from water conditioned with the snail Planorbella duryi and leech Helobdella lineata, and included three treatment types (snails, leeches, and leech-infested snails) with the snails consisting of three size classes: small (5-6 mm, non-reproductive) and medium and large (13-14 and 19-20 mm, reproductive). The two species differed in the composition of their oxylipin profiles both in diversity and amounts. Further, ontogeny and predation affected the diversity of oxylipins emitted by snails. Our experimental profiles of oxylipins show that chemical cues within freshwater systems vary depending upon the species emitting the signals, the developmental stage of the species, as well as from ecological interactions such as predation. We also identified some candidates, like 9-HETE and PGE2, that could be explored more directly for their physiological and ecological roles in freshwater systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olwyn C Friesen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Harold M Aukema
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Canada
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2
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Caroca-Valencia S, Rivas J, Araya M, Núñez A, Piña F, Toro-Mellado F, Contreras-Porcia L. Indoor and Outdoor Cultures of Gracilaria chilensis: Determination of Biomass Growth and Molecular Markers for Biomass Quality Evaluation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1340. [PMID: 36987029 PMCID: PMC10057914 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Taking into consideration climate change scenarios, marine contamination, and a constantly expanding world population, seaweed aquaculture has become an important option for the large-scale production of high-quality biomass. Due to existing biological knowledge of Gracilaria chilensis, several cultivation strategies have been established for obtaining diverse biomolecules (lipids, fatty acids, pigments, among others) with nutraceutical properties. In this research, indoor and outdoor cultivation methodologies were applied to generate high biomass of G. chilensis with positive quality for productive purposes, where the quality was determined according to the concentrations of lipoperoxides and phenolic compounds and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC). The results showed that G. chilensis cultures, which were fertilized for three weeks with Basfoliar® Aktiv (BF) at concentrations of 0.05-1% v/v, obtained high biomass (1-1.3 kg m-2) and DGR (0.35-4.66% d-1), low lipoperoxides (0.5-2.8 µmol g-1 DT), and high phenolic compounds (0.4-0.92 µ eq. GA g-1 FT) and TAC (5-7.5 nmol eq. TROLOX g-1 FT) as compared with other culture media. Lower stress was determined under indoor cultures, due to the operative control of diverse physicochemical stressor parameters (T°, light intensity, photoperiod, among others). Therefore, the cultures developed allow scaling the biomass in productive terms and are suitable for obtaining compounds of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Caroca-Valencia
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República 440, Santiago 8370251, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Valparaíso 2531015, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago 8370251, Chile
| | - Jorge Rivas
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República 440, Santiago 8370251, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Valparaíso 2531015, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago 8370251, Chile
| | - Matías Araya
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República 440, Santiago 8370251, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Valparaíso 2531015, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago 8370251, Chile
| | - Alejandra Núñez
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República 440, Santiago 8370251, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Valparaíso 2531015, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago 8370251, Chile
| | - Florentina Piña
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República 440, Santiago 8370251, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Valparaíso 2531015, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago 8370251, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370251, Chile
| | - Fernanda Toro-Mellado
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República 440, Santiago 8370251, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Valparaíso 2531015, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago 8370251, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370251, Chile
| | - Loretto Contreras-Porcia
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República 440, Santiago 8370251, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Valparaíso 2531015, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago 8370251, Chile
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Saha M, Fink P. Algal volatiles - the overlooked chemical language of aquatic primary producers. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:2162-2173. [PMID: 35912802 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Volatiles are important 'infochemicals' that play a crucial role in structuring life on our planet, fulfilling diverse functions in natural and artificial systems. Algae contribute significant quantities to the global budget of volatiles, but the ecological roles of aquatic volatiles are not well understood. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of volatile compounds from freshwater and marine microalgae and marine macroalgae, with a focus on their ecological roles. We highlight the multiple reported functions of biogenic volatiles, ranging from intraspecific communication for reproduction, intra-bloom signalling and antioxidant functions, to various interspecific signal exchanges that may allow herbivores to locate them and function in defence against competitors and predators. Beyond reviewing our current understanding, we specifically highlight major knowledge gaps and emerging questions for algal volatile research. These novel perspectives have the potential to improve our understanding of aquatic ecosystems and thus need to be addressed in future research. Filling these gaps and addressing these questions will facilitate humanity's efforts to exploit aquatic volatiles in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahasweta Saha
- Marine Ecology and Biodiversity, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Patrick Fink
- Department River Ecology, Helmholtz Centre of Environmental Research - UFZ, Brückstrasse 3a, 39114, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis and Management, Helmholtz Centre of Environmental Research - UFZ, Brückstrasse 3a, 39114, Magdeburg, Germany
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Changes in Snail Chemical Profiles through Host-Parasite Interactions. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2022; 249:111464. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2022.111464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Friesen OC, Li CH, Sykes EME, Stout JM, Aukema HM, Kumar A, Detwiler JT. Density-Dependent Prophylaxis in Freshwater Snails Driven by Oxylipin Chemical Cues. Front Immunol 2022; 13:826500. [PMID: 35173735 PMCID: PMC8841777 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.826500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While animal aggregations can benefit the fitness of group members, the behaviour may also lead to higher risks of parasite infection as group density increases. Some animals are known to moderate their investment in immunity relative to the risk of infection. These animals exhibit density-dependent prophylaxis (DDP) by increasing their immune investment as group density increases. Despite being documented in many taxa, the mechanisms of DDP remain largely unexplored. Snails are known to aggregate and experience large fluctuations in density and serve as required hosts for many parasites. Further, they are known to use chemical cues to aggregate. To test whether freshwater snails exhibit DDP and investigate the role that chemical signaling compounds may play in triggering this phenomenon, we performed four experiments on the freshwater snail Stagnicola elodes, which is a common host for many trematode parasite species. First, we tested if DDP occurred in snails in laboratory-controlled conditions (control vs snail-conditioned water) and whether differences in exposure to chemical cues affected immune function. Second, we used gas chromatography to characterize fatty acids expressed in snail-conditioned water to determine if precursors for particular signaling molecules, such as oxylipins, were being produced by snails. Third, we characterized the oxylipins released by infected and uninfected field-collected snails, to better understand how differences in oxylipin cocktails may play a role in inducing DDP. Finally, we tested the immune response of snails exposed to four oxylipins to test the ability of specific oxylipins to affect DDP. We found that snails exposed to water with higher densities of snails and raised in snail-conditioned water had higher counts of haemocytes. Additionally, lipid analysis demonstrated that fatty acid molecules that are also precursors for oxylipins were present in snail-conditioned water. Trematode-infected snails emitted 50 oxylipins in higher amounts, with 24 of these oxylipins only detected in this group. Finally, oxylipins that were higher in infected snails induced naïve snails to increase their immune responses compared to sham-exposed snails. Our results provide evidence that snails exhibit DDP, and the changes in oxylipins emitted by infected hosts may be one of the molecular mechanisms driving this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olwyn C. Friesen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Olwyn C. Friesen,
| | - Chen-Hua Li
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ellen M. E. Sykes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jake M. Stout
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Harold M. Aukema
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ayush Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jillian T. Detwiler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Sabatino V, Orefice I, Marotta P, Ambrosino L, Chiusano ML, d'Ippolito G, Romano G, Fontana A, Ferrante MI. Silencing of a Pseudo-nitzschia arenysensis lipoxygenase transcript leads to reduced oxylipin production and impaired growth. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:809-822. [PMID: 34533849 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Because of their importance as chemical mediators, the presence of a rich and varied family of lipoxygenase (LOX) products, collectively named oxylipins, has been investigated thoroughly in diatoms, and the involvement of these products in important processes such as bloom regulation has been postulated. Nevertheless, little information is available on the enzymes and pathways operating in these protists. Exploiting transcriptome data, we identified and characterized a LOX gene, PaLOX, in Pseudo-nitzschia arenysensis, a marine diatom known to produce different species of oxylipins by stereo- and regio-selective oxidation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) at C12 and C15. PaLOX RNA interference correlated with a decrease of the lipid-peroxidizing activity and oxylipin synthesis, as well as with a reduction of growth of P. arenysensis. In addition, sequence analysis and structure models of the C-terminal part of the predicted protein closely fitted with the data for established LOXs from other organisms. The presence in the genome of a single LOX gene, whose downregulation impairs both 12- and 15-oxylipins synthesis, together with the in silico 3D protein modelling suggest that PaLOX encodes for a 12/15S-LOX with a dual specificity, and provides additional support to the correlation between cell growth and oxylipin biosynthesis in diatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Sabatino
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, Naples, 80121, Italy
| | - Ida Orefice
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, Naples, 80121, Italy
| | - Pina Marotta
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, Naples, 80121, Italy
| | - Luca Ambrosino
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, Naples, 80121, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Chiusano
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, Naples, 80121, Italy
- Department of Agriculture, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Portici, 80055, Italy
| | - Giuliana d'Ippolito
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli - Naples, I-80078, Italy
| | - Giovanna Romano
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, Naples, 80121, Italy
| | - Angelo Fontana
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli - Naples, I-80078, Italy
- Laboratory of Bio-Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via Cupa Nuova Cinthia 21, Napoli, 80126, Italy
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Mizuta H, Uji T, Yasui H. Extracellular silicate uptake and deposition induced by oxidative burst in Saccharina japonica sporophytes (Phaeophyceae). ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Pinto C, Ibáñez MR, Loyola G, León L, Salvatore Y, González C, Barraza V, Castañeda F, Aldunate R, Contreras-Porcia L, Fuenzalida K, Bronfman FC. Characterization of an Agarophyton chilense Oleoresin Containing PPARγ Natural Ligands with Insulin-Sensitizing Effects in a C57Bl/6J Mouse Model of Diet-Induced Obesity and Antioxidant Activity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nutrients 2021; 13:1828. [PMID: 34071972 PMCID: PMC8227508 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The biomedical potential of the edible red seaweed Agarophyton chilense (formerly Gracilaria chilensis) has not been explored. Red seaweeds are enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids and eicosanoids, which are known natural ligands of the PPARγ nuclear receptor. PPARγ is the molecular target of thiazolidinediones (TZDs), drugs used as insulin sensitizers to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. Medical use of TZDs is limited due to undesired side effects, a problem that has triggered the search for selective PPARγ modulators (SPPARMs) without the TZD side effects. We produced Agarophyton chilense oleoresin (Gracilex®), which induces PPARγ activation without inducing adipocyte differentiation, similar to SPPARMs. In a diet-induced obesity model of male mice, we showed that treatment with Gracilex® improves insulin sensitivity by normalizing altered glucose and insulin parameters. Gracilex® is enriched in palmitic acid, arachidonic acid, oleic acid, and lipophilic antioxidants such as tocopherols and β-carotene. Accordingly, Gracilex® possesses antioxidant activity in vitro and increased antioxidant capacity in vivo in Caenorhabditis elegans. These findings support the idea that Gracilex® represents a good source of natural PPARγ ligands and antioxidants with the potential to mitigate metabolic disorders. Thus, its nutraceutical value in humans warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Pinto
- Postgraduate Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile;
- Center for Aging and Regeneration (CARE), Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - María Raquel Ibáñez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (M.R.I.); (G.L.); (L.L.); (Y.S.); (C.G.); (V.B.)
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Gloria Loyola
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (M.R.I.); (G.L.); (L.L.); (Y.S.); (C.G.); (V.B.)
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Luisa León
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (M.R.I.); (G.L.); (L.L.); (Y.S.); (C.G.); (V.B.)
| | - Yasmin Salvatore
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (M.R.I.); (G.L.); (L.L.); (Y.S.); (C.G.); (V.B.)
| | - Carla González
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (M.R.I.); (G.L.); (L.L.); (Y.S.); (C.G.); (V.B.)
| | - Víctor Barraza
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (M.R.I.); (G.L.); (L.L.); (Y.S.); (C.G.); (V.B.)
| | - Francisco Castañeda
- Department of Ecology and Biodiversity, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (F.C.); (L.C.-P.)
- Quintay Marine Research Center (CIMARQ), Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Valparaiso, Quintay 2480000, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago 8370251, Chile
| | - Rebeca Aldunate
- Faculty of Sciences, School of Biotechnology, Universidad Santo Tomas, Santiago 8320000, Chile;
| | - Loretto Contreras-Porcia
- Department of Ecology and Biodiversity, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (F.C.); (L.C.-P.)
- Quintay Marine Research Center (CIMARQ), Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Valparaiso, Quintay 2480000, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago 8370251, Chile
| | - Karen Fuenzalida
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (M.R.I.); (G.L.); (L.L.); (Y.S.); (C.G.); (V.B.)
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Francisca C. Bronfman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (M.R.I.); (G.L.); (L.L.); (Y.S.); (C.G.); (V.B.)
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8320000, Chile
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Im SH, Klochkova TA, Lee DJ, Gachon CMM, Kim GH. Genetic toolkits of the red alga Pyropia tenera against the three most common diseases in Pyropia farms. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2019; 55:801-815. [PMID: 30897208 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Disease outbreaks devastate Pyropia aquaculture farms every year. The three most common and serious diseases are Olpidiopsis-blight and red-rot disease caused by oomycete pathogens and green-spot disease caused by the PyroV1 virus. We hypothesized that a basic genetic profile of molecular defenses will be revealed by comparing and analyzing the genetic response of Pyropia tenera against the above three pathogens. RNAs isolated from infected thalli were hybridized onto an oligochip containing 15,115 primers designed from P. tenera expressed sequence tags (EST)s. Microarray profiles of the three diseases were compared and interpreted together with histochemical observation. Massive amounts of reactive oxygen species accumulated in P. tenera cells exposed to oomycete pathogens. Heat shock genes and serine proteases were the most highly up-regulated genes in all infection experiments. Genes involved in RNA metabolism, ribosomal proteins and antioxidant metabolism were also highly up-regulated. Genetic profiles of P. tenera in response to pathogens were most similar between the two biotrophic pathogens, Olpidiopsis pyropiae and PyroV1 virus. A group of plant resistance genes were specifically regulated against each pathogen. Our results suggested that disease response in P. tenera consists of a general constitutive defense and a genetic toolkit against specific pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hyun Im
- Department of Biology, Kongju National University, Kongju, 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Tatyana A Klochkova
- Department of Biology, Kongju National University, Kongju, 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Jeoung Lee
- Department of Biology, Kongju National University, Kongju, 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Claire M M Gachon
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Gwang Hoon Kim
- Department of Biology, Kongju National University, Kongju, 32588, Republic of Korea
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Torres P, Santos JP, Chow F, dos Santos DY. A comprehensive review of traditional uses, bioactivity potential, and chemical diversity of the genus Gracilaria (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta). ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Shanab SM, Hafez RM, Fouad AS. A review on algae and plants as potential source of arachidonic acid. J Adv Res 2018; 11:3-13. [PMID: 30034871 PMCID: PMC6052662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Some of the essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) as ARA (arachidonic acid, n-6), EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid, n-3) and DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid, n-3) cannot be synthesized by mammals and it must be provided as food supplement. ARA and DHA are the major PUFAs that constitute the brain membrane phospholipid. n-3 PUFAs are contained in fish oil and animal sources, while the n-6 PUFAs are mostly provided by vegetable oils. Inappropriate fatty acids consumption from the n-6 and n-3 families is the major cause of chronic diseases as cancer, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. The n-6: n-3 ratio (lower than 10) recommended by the WHO can be achieved by consuming certain edible sources rich in n-3 and n-6 in daily food meal. Many researches have been screened for alternative sources of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs of plant origin, microbes, algae, lower and higher plants, which biosynthesize these valuable PUFAs needed for our body health. Biosynthesis of C18 PUFAs, in entire plant kingdom, takes place through certain pathways using elongases and desaturases to synthesize their needs of ARA (C20-PUFAs). This review is an attempt to highlight the importance and function of PUFAs mainly ARA, its occurrence throughout the plant kingdom (and others), its biosynthetic pathways and the enzymes involved. The methods used to enhance ARA productions through environmental factors and metabolic engineering are also presented. It also deals with advising people that healthy life is affected by their dietary intake of both n-3 and n-6 FAs. The review also addresses the scientist to carry on their work to enrich organisms with ARA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rehab M. Hafez
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
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12
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d'Ippolito G, Nuzzo G, Sardo A, Manzo E, Gallo C, Fontana A. Lipoxygenases and Lipoxygenase Products in Marine Diatoms. Methods Enzymol 2018; 605:69-100. [PMID: 29909839 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Marine diatoms negatively affect reproduction and later larval development of dominant zooplankton grazers such as copepods, thereby lowering the recruitment of the next generations of these small crustaceans that are a major food source for larval fish species. The phenomenon has been explained in terms of chemical defense due to grazer-induced synthesis of oxylipins, lipoxygenase-derived oxygenated fatty acid derivatives. Since this first report, studies about diatom oxylipins have multiplied and broadened toward other aspects concerning bloom dynamics, cell growth, and cell differentiation. Diatom oxylipins embrace a number of diverse structures that are recognized as chemical signals in ecological and physiological processes in many other organisms. In diatoms, the most studied examples include polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs) and nonvolatile oxylipins (NVOs). The purpose of this chapter is to provide the analytical tools to deal with identification, analysis and biosynthesis of these compounds. Emphasis is given to identification of the enzymatic steps and characterization of the species-specific lipoxygenases even in absence of the availability of molecular information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana d'Ippolito
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Genoveffa Nuzzo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Sardo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Emiliano Manzo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmela Gallo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Angelo Fontana
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy.
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13
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Xiong Y, Yang R, Sun X, Yang H, Chen H. Effect of the epiphytic bacterium Bacillus sp. WPySW2 on the metabolism of Pyropia haitanensis. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY 2017; 30:1225-1237. [PMID: 29755207 PMCID: PMC5928181 DOI: 10.1007/s10811-017-1279-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A variety of different symbiotic microbial communities are harbored on the surface of seaweeds, the interactions of which depend upon nutritional exchanges between the microbes and the hosts. Metabolomic profiling is able to provide a comprehensive and unbiased snapshot of the metabolites associated with seaweed-microbe interactions. In this study, the relationships between phycosphere bacteria and the red alga Pyropia haitanensis were investigated on a metabolomic basis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the pathways of the interactions between the seaweed and its associated phycospheric microbes were revealed. Bacillus sp. WPySW2, one bacterial species isolated from the phycosphere of Pyropia species, had a significant influence on the metabolomic profile of the algae. Some of the intracellular metabolites such as phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, proline, tyrosine, threonine, octadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, and citric acid were downregulated in the thalli of P. haitanensis when it was co-cultured with Bacillus sp. WPySW2, while several special metabolites including melibiose, serine, glycerol-3-phosphate, galactosylglycerol, and alanine were upregulated. The results demonstrated that P. haitanensis grew better when it was co-cultured with Bacillus sp. WPySW2 at 20 °C. In conclusion, several main intracellular metabolites were downregulated and upregulated, which might have facilitated bacterial colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, No. 818 Fenghua Road, Post Box 71, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211 China
| | - Rui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, No. 818 Fenghua Road, Post Box 71, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211 China
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211 China
| | - Xiaoxiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, No. 818 Fenghua Road, Post Box 71, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211 China
| | - Huatian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, No. 818 Fenghua Road, Post Box 71, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211 China
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211 China
| | - Haimin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, No. 818 Fenghua Road, Post Box 71, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211 China
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211 China
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14
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Garcia-Jimenez P, Montero-Fernández M, Robaina RR. Molecular mechanisms underlying Grateloupia imbricata (Rhodophyta) carposporogenesis induced by methyl jasmonate. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2017; 53:1340-1344. [PMID: 28990186 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
When applied in vitro, methyl jasmonate is sensed by the red seaweed Grateloupia imbricate, substantially and visually affecting its carposporogenesis. However, although there is some understanding of the morphological changes induced by methyl jasmonate in vitro, little is known about the genes that are involved in red seaweed carposporogenesis and how their protein products act. For the work reported herein, the expression of genes in red seaweed that encode enzymes involved in the synthesis of methyl jasmonate (jasmonic acid carboxyl methyl transferase and a putative methyl transferase) was monitored. Additionally the genes involved in oxidation (cytochrome P450 and WD40), jasmonate synthesis, signal transduction, and regulation of reactive oxygen species (MYB), and reproduction (ornithine decarboxylase) were monitored. To determine when or if the aforementioned genes were expressed during cystocarp development, fertilized and fertile thalli were exposed to methyl jasmonate and gene expression was measured after 24 and 48 h. The results showed that methyl jasmonate promoted differential gene expression in fertilized thalli by 24 h and upregulated expression of the ornithine decarboxylase gene only by 48 h in fertile thalli (0.75 ± 003 copies · μL-1 at 24 h vs. 1.11 ± 0.04 copies · μL-1 at 48 h). We conclude that Ornithine decarboxylase expression involves methyl jasmonate signaling as well as development and maturation of cystocarps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Garcia-Jimenez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, 35017, Spain
| | - Montserrat Montero-Fernández
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, 35017, Spain
| | - Rafael R Robaina
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, 35017, Spain
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15
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Antonsen SG, Gallantree-Smith H, Görbitz CH, Hansen TV, Stenstrøm YH, Nolsøe JMJ. Stereopermutation on the Putative Structure of the Marine Natural Product Mucosin. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101720. [PMID: 29027970 PMCID: PMC6151738 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A stereodivergent total synthesis has been executed based on the plausibly misassigned structure of the unusual marine hydrindane mucosin (1). The topological connectivity of the four contiguous all-carbon stereocenters has been examined by selective permutation on the highlighted core. Thus, capitalizing on an unprecedented stereofacial preference of the cis-fused bicycle[4.3.0]non-3-ene system when a Michael acceptor motif is incorporated, copper-mediated conjugate addition furnished a single diastereomer. Cued by the relative relationship reported for the appendices in the natural product, the resulting anti-adduct was elaborated into a probative target structure 1*.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simen G Antonsen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway.
| | - Harrison Gallantree-Smith
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway.
| | - Carl Henrik Görbitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, 0315 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Trond Vidar Hansen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Yngve H Stenstrøm
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway.
| | - Jens M J Nolsøe
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway.
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16
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Belghit I, Rasinger JD, Heesch S, Biancarosa I, Liland N, Torstensen B, Waagbø R, Lock EJ, Bruckner CG. In-depth metabolic profiling of marine macroalgae confirms strong biochemical differences between brown, red and green algae. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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Han GZ. Evolution of jasmonate biosynthesis and signaling mechanisms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1323-1331. [PMID: 28007954 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates are phytohormones that modulate a wide spectrum of plant physiological processes, especially defense against herbivores and necrotrophs. The molecular mechanisms of jasmonate biosynthesis and signaling have been well characterized in model plants. In this review, we provide an in-depth analysis and overview of the origin and evolution of the jasmonate biosynthesis and signaling pathways. Furthermore, we discuss the striking parallels between jasmonate and auxin signaling mechanisms, which reveals a common ancestry of these signaling mechanisms. Finally, we highlight the importance of studying jasmonate biosynthesis and signaling in lower plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Zhu Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
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18
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Pilar GJ, Olegario BR, Rafael RR. Occurrence of jasmonates during cystocarp development in the red alga Grateloupia imbricata. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2016; 52:1085-1093. [PMID: 27643610 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we highlight the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJa) on cystocarp development in the red macroscopic alga Grateloupia imbricata. In G. imbricata, jasmonate release is related to the reproductive state, as fertile thalli (i.e., those that have cystocarps) released significant amounts of this volatile compound (1.27 ± 0.20 mM · mg fw-1 · h-1 ) compared with infertile thalli (0.95 ± 0.12 mM · mg fw-1 · h-1 ). Treating G. imbricata thalli with MeJa revealed a significant increase in cystocarp number (1.5 ± 0.27 cystocarps · mm-2 ), which was ~7.5-fold greater than in untreated thalli (0.2 ± 0.07 cystocarps · mm-2 ). Maturation was completed within 48 h with MeJa treatment, a shortening of the typical >3-week maturation period, and included the opening of cystocarps and the presence of dehiscent cavities. Release rates of jasmonates after exogenous MeJa treatment were also modified based on the cystocarp maturation level. All of these effects were reduced in the presence of phenidone, which blocks MeJa production, indicating that the MeJa action is genuine. The effects of MeJa during cystocarp maturation were not replicated by derivatives of reactive oxygen species from the same jasmonic acid biosynthetic pathway, as the activities of scavenger enzymes and lipid peroxidation were unchanged between infertile and fertile thalli. Therefore, a reactive oxygen species-based mechanism is not involved during cystocarp development. We conclude that MeJa has an independent function as a growth regulator during G. imbricata reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garcia-Jimenez Pilar
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Brito-Romano Olegario
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Robaina R Rafael
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
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19
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Gallantree-Smith HC, Antonsen SG, Görbitz CH, Hansen TV, Nolsøe JMJ, Stenstrøm YH. Total synthesis based on the originally claimed structure of mucosin. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:8433-7. [PMID: 27529324 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01511e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The first total synthesis aimed at the naturally occurring eicosanoid bicycle mucosin is reported. A practical route has been devised allowing the issues relating to the previous assignment of stereochemistry to be examined. X-ray crystallography was performed on a late stage intermediate to pinpoint the topological relationship displayed by the featured bicyclo[4.3.0]non-3-ene scaffold.
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20
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Kumar M, Kuzhiumparambil U, Pernice M, Jiang Z, Ralph PJ. Metabolomics: an emerging frontier of systems biology in marine macrophytes. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Barbosa M, Valentão P, Andrade PB. Biologically Active Oxylipins from Enzymatic and Nonenzymatic Routes in Macroalgae. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:23. [PMID: 26805855 PMCID: PMC4728519 DOI: 10.3390/md14010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine algae are rich and heterogeneous sources of great chemical diversity, among which oxylipins are a well-recognized class of natural products. Algal oxylipins comprise an assortment of oxygenated, halogenated, and unsaturated functional groups and also several carbocycles, varying in ring size and position in lipid chain. Besides the discovery of structurally diverse oxylipins in macroalgae, research has recently deciphered the role of some of these metabolites in the defense and innate immunity of photosynthetic marine organisms. This review is an attempt to comprehensively cover the available literature on the chemistry, biosynthesis, ecology, and potential bioactivity of oxylipins from marine macroalgae. For a better understanding, enzymatic and nonenzymatic routes were separated; however, both processes often occur concomitantly and may influence each other, even producing structurally related molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Barbosa
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia Valentão
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal.
| | - Paula B Andrade
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal.
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22
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Hammann M, Rempt M, Pohnert G, Wang G, Boo SM, Weinberger F. Increased potential for wound activated production of Prostaglandin E 2 and related toxic compounds in non-native populations of Gracilaria vermiculophylla. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 51:81-88. [PMID: 28003063 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of the East Asian seaweed Gracilaria vermiculophylla ("Ogonori") for production of prostaglandin E2 from arachidonic acid occasionally causes food poisoning after ingestion. During the last two decades the alga has been introduced to Europe and North America. Non-native populations have been shown to be generally less palatable to marine herbivores than native populations. We hypothesized that the difference in palatability among populations could be due to differences in the algal content of prostaglandins. We therefore compared the capacity for wound-activated production of prostaglandins and other eicosatetraenoid oxylipins among five native populations in East Asia and seven non-native populations in Europe and NW Mexico, using a targeted metabolomics approach. In two independent experiments non-native populations exhibited a significant tendency to produce more eicosatetraenoids than native populations after acclimation to identical conditions and subsequent artificial wounding. Fourteen out of 15 eicosatetraenoids that were detected in experiment I and all 19 eicosatetraenoids that were detected in experiment II reached higher mean concentrations in non-native than in native specimens. Wounding of non-native specimens resulted on average in 390% more 15-keto-PGE2, in 90% more PGE2, in 37% more PGA2 and in 96% more 7,8-di-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid than wounding of native specimens. Not only PGE2, but also PGA2 and dihydroxylated eicosatetraenoic acid are known to deter various biological enemies of G. vermiculophylla that cause tissue or cell wounding, and in the present study the latter two compounds also repelled the mesograzer Littorina brevicula. Non-native populations of G. vermiculophylla are thus more defended against herbivory than native populations. This increased capacity for activated chemical defense may have contributed to their invasion success and at the same time it poses an elevated risk for human food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Hammann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung GEOMAR, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Martin Rempt
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Instrumental Analytics/Bioorganic Analytics, Friedrich Schiller University, Lessingstraße 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Pohnert
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Instrumental Analytics/Bioorganic Analytics, Friedrich Schiller University, Lessingstraße 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Gaoge Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, 266003 Qingdao, China
| | - Sung Min Boo
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Florian Weinberger
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung GEOMAR, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
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Kumari P, Reddy CRK, Jha B. Methyl Jasmonate-Induced Lipidomic and Biochemical Alterations in the Intertidal Macroalga Gracilaria dura (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta). PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:1877-89. [PMID: 26276825 PMCID: PMC4715227 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of exogenously added methyl jasmonate (MeJA), a lipid-derived signaling compound, in inducing oxidative stress in the marine red macroalga Gracilaria dura was investigated. MeJA at a concentration of 1-100 µM was a strong stimulant of reactive oxygen species (H(2)O(2), HO· and O(2) (·-)) (P < 0.05) causing considerable oxidative stress in G. dura. This further led to lipid peroxidation and degradation of the pigments Chl a and phycocyanin, with a concomitant increase in phycoerythrin. The MeJA-induced oxidative burst also led to the induction of a fatty acid oxidation cascade, resulting in the synthesis of hydroxy-oxylipins and the up-regulation of the 13-lipoxygenase pathway. Electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry-based shotgun lipidomic analysis revealed that monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (a chloroplastic glycerolipid) and phosphatidylcholine (extrachloroplastidic phopholipid) were the most affected lipid classes. The degradation of 18:3-fatty acid-containing monogalactosyldiacylglycerol inferred that it provided fatty acyl chains for the biosynthesis of 13-hydroperoxylinolenic acid, which was further directed towards either the jasmonate pathway or other alternative pathways of the fatty acid oxidation cascade, analogous to higher plants. Also, G. dura modulated the lipid acyl chains in such a way that no significant change was observed in the fatty acid profile of the treated thalli as compared with those of the control, except for C16:0, C16:1 (n-9), C20:3 (n-6) and C20:4 (n-6) (P < 0.05). Furthermore, MeJA caused the accumulation of phenolic compounds and the up-regulation of enzymes involved in secondary metabolism such as polyphenol oxidase, shikimate dehydrogenase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, indicating a shift towards secondary metabolism as a defense strategy to combat the induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Kumari
- Division of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India Present address: Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - C R K Reddy
- Division of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhavanath Jha
- Division of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India
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Extraction and Analysis of Oxylipins from Macroalgae Illustrated on the Example Gracilaria vermiculophylla. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1308:159-72. [PMID: 26108505 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2684-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Oxylipins are natural products that are derived by oxidative transformations of unsaturated fatty acids. These metabolites are found in a wide range of organisms from the animal kingdom to plants and algae. They represent an important class of signaling molecules, mediating intra- and intercellular processes such as development, inflammation, and other stress responses. In addition, these metabolites directly function as chemical defense against grazers and pathogens. In the red alga Gracilaria vermiculophylla, oxylipin production is initiated by mechanical tissue disruption and can also be induced in intact algae in response to external stress signals. The defense metabolites mostly result from the lipase- and lipoxygenase-mediated conversion of phospho- and galactolipids. Oxylipins can vary greatly in their size, degree of unsaturation, oxidation state, and functional groups. But also isomers with only subtle chemical differences are found. A variety of methods have been developed for separation, detection, and identification of oxylipins. This chapter focuses on the analysis of oxylipins in macroalgae and covers all aspects from sample preparation (including protocols for the investigation of oxylipins in wounded and intact algal tissue), extraction, purification, and subsequent analysis using liquid chromatography coupled to a UV detector or a mass spectrometer. The protocols developed for G. vermiculophylla can be readily adapted to the investigation of other macroalgae.
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25
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Puglisi MP, Sneed JM, Sharp KH, Ritson-Williams R, Paul VJ. Marine chemical ecology in benthic environments. Nat Prod Rep 2014; 31:1510-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c4np00017j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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26
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Kumari P, Reddy R, Jha B. Quantification of selected endogenous hydroxy-oxylipins from tropical marine macroalgae. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 16:74-87. [PMID: 24052492 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-013-9533-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the contents of hydroxy-oxylipins hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (HODEs), hydroxyoctadecatrienoic acids (HOTrEs), and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) in 40 macroalgae belonging to the Chlorophyceae, Rhodophyceae and, Phaeophyceae. The hydroxy-oxylipin content was low and ranged from 0.14 ± 0.012 ng/g (Codium dwarkense) to 8,161.9 ± 253 ng/g (Chaetomorpha linum) among the Chlorophyceae, 345.4 ± 56.8 ng/g (Scytosiphon lomentaria) to 2,574.5 ± 155.5 ng/g (Stoechospermum marginatum) among the Phaeophyceae, and 19.4 ± 2.2 ng/g (Laurencia cruciata) to 1,753.1 ± 268.2 ng/g in Gracilaria corticata v. folifera) among the Rhodophyceae on fresh weight basis (p ≤ 0.01). The concentrations of C18-oxylipins were greater than C20-oxylipins in all the investigated macroalgae, except forUlva linza, Codium sursum, Dictyopteris deliculata, S. marginatum, Sargassum tenerrimum, Gracilaria spp. (except G. textorii), Rhodymenia sonderi, and Odonthalia veravalensis.The macroalgal species rich in HODEs, HOTrEs, and HETEs were segregated using principal component analysis. The red macroalgae showed the highest contents of HETEs, followed by brown and green macroalgae in consistent with their PUFA profiles. The relative contents of isomeric forms of oxylipins displayed the species-specific positional selectivity of lipoxygenase (LOX) enzyme in macroalgae. All the species exhibited 13-LOX specificity for linoleic acid analogous of higher plants, while 21 out of 40 species showed 9-LOX selectivity for the oxygenation of α-linolenic acid. No trend was observed for the oxygenation of arachidonic acid in macroalgae, except for in the Halymeniales, Ceramiales (except L. cruciata), and Corallinales. This study infers that LOX products, octadecanoids and eicosanoids, described in macroalgal taxa were similar to those of higher plants and mammals, respectively, and thus can be utilized as an alternative source of chemically synthesized oxylipin analogues in therapeutics, cosmetics, and nutritional oil supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Kumari
- Discipline of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, 364002, Gujarat, India
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Heuberger AL, Robison FM, Lyons SMA, Broeckling CD, Prenni JE. Evaluating plant immunity using mass spectrometry-based metabolomics workflows. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:291. [PMID: 25009545 PMCID: PMC4068199 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic processes in plants are key components of physiological and biochemical disease resistance. Metabolomics, the analysis of a broad range of small molecule compounds in a biological system, has been used to provide a systems-wide overview of plant metabolism associated with defense responses. Plant immunity has been examined using multiple metabolomics workflows that vary in methods of detection, annotation, and interpretation, and the choice of workflow can significantly impact the conclusions inferred from a metabolomics investigation. The broad range of metabolites involved in plant defense often requires multiple chemical detection platforms and implementation of a non-targeted approach. A review of the current literature reveals a wide range of workflows that are currently used in plant metabolomics, and new methods for analyzing and reporting mass spectrometry (MS) data can improve the ability to translate investigative findings among different plant-pathogen systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L. Heuberger
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO, USA
- *Correspondence: Adam L. Heuberger, Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, 2021 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80525, USA e-mail:
| | - Faith M. Robison
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sarah Marie A. Lyons
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Corey D. Broeckling
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jessica E. Prenni
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO, USA
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Egan S, Fernandes ND, Kumar V, Gardiner M, Thomas T. Bacterial pathogens, virulence mechanism and host defence in marine macroalgae. Environ Microbiol 2013; 16:925-38. [PMID: 24112830 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Macroalgae are important ecosystem engineers in temperate marine waters. The function of macroalgae is intimately linked to the composition and structure of their epibiotic bacterial, communities, and evidence has emerged that bacteria can also have a negative impact on their host by causing disease. A few examples exist where bacteria have been unambiguously linked to macroalgal disease, however in many cases, pathogenicity has not been clearly separated from saprophytic behaviour or secondary colonization after disease initiation. Nevertheless, pathogenic pressure by bacteria might be substantial, as macroalgae have evolved a range of innate and induced defence mechanism that have the potential to control bacterial attacks. The presence and abundance of virulence factors in marine bacteria, which have not previously been recognized as pathogens, also represents an underappreciated, opportunistic potential for disease. Given that virulence expression in opportunistic pathogens is often dependent on environmental conditions, we predict that current and future anthropogenic changes in the marine environment will lead to an increase in the occurrence of macroalgal disease. This review highlights important areas of research that require future attention to understand the link between environmental change, opportunistic pathogens and macroalgal health in the world's oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhelen Egan
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation and School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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Rempt M, Weinberger F, Grosser K, Pohnert G. Conserved and species-specific oxylipin pathways in the wound-activated chemical defense of the noninvasive red alga Gracilaria chilensis and the invasive Gracilaria vermiculophylla. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:283-9. [PMID: 22423296 PMCID: PMC3302091 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical defense of the invasive red alga Gracilaria vermiculophylla has been studied and compared to that of the noninvasive but related Gracilaria chilensis. Both species rely on a wound-activated chemical defense that makes them less attractive to the herbivorous sea snail Echinolittorina peruviana. The chemical stress response of both species was monitored by LC–ESIMS-based metabolic profiling and revealed commonalities and differences. Both algae rely on a rapid lipoxygenase mediated transformation of arachidonic acid to known and novel oxylipins. Common products are 7,8-dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and a novel eicosanoid with an unusual γ-lactone moiety. Several prostaglandins were predominantly formed by the invasive species. The role of some of these metabolites was investigated by surveying the attachment of E. peruviana on artificial food containing the respective oxylipins. Both algae species are defended against this general herbivore by 7,8-dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, whereas the prostaglandins and the novel oxylipins were inactive at naturally occurring concentrations. The role of different oxylipins in the invasive potential of Gracilaria spp. is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rempt
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Lessingstr. 8, Friedrich-Schiller-University, D-07743 Jena, Germany, Tel: +493641948171; Fax +493641948172
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Nylund GM, Weinberger F, Rempt M, Pohnert G. Metabolomic assessment of induced and activated chemical defence in the invasive red alga Gracilaria vermiculophylla. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29359. [PMID: 22216258 PMCID: PMC3244454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In comparison with terrestrial plants the mechanistic knowledge of chemical defences is poor for marine macroalgae. This restricts our understanding in the chemically mediated interactions that take place between algae and other organisms. Technical advances such as metabolomics, however, enable new approaches towards the characterisation of the chemically mediated interactions of organisms with their environment. We address defence responses in the red alga Gracilaria vermiculophylla using mass spectrometry based metabolomics in combination with bioassays. Being invasive in the north Atlantic this alga is likely to possess chemical defences according to the prediction that well-defended exotics are most likely to become successful invaders in systems dominated by generalist grazers, such as marine macroalgal communities. We investigated the effect of intense herbivore feeding and simulated herbivory by mechanical wounding of the algae. Both processes led to similar changes in the metabolic profile. Feeding experiments with the generalist isopod grazer Idotea baltica showed that mechanical wounding caused a significant increase in grazer resistance. Structure elucidation of the metabolites of which some were up-regulated more than 100 times in the wounded tissue, revealed known and novel eicosanoids as major components. Among these were prostaglandins, hydroxylated fatty acids and arachidonic acid derived conjugated lactones. Bioassays with pure metabolites showed that these eicosanoids are part of the innate defence system of macroalgae, similarly to animal systems. In accordance with an induced defence mechanism application of extracts from wounded tissue caused a significant increase in grazer resistance and the up-regulation of other pathways than in the activated defence. Thus, this study suggests that G. vermiculophylla chemically deters herbivory by two lines of defence, a rapid wound-activated process followed by a slower inducible defence. By unravelling involved pathways using metabolomics this work contributes significantly to the understanding of activated and inducible defences for marine macroalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göran M Nylund
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Instrumental Analytics/Bioorganic Analytics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany.
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