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Sutton EJ, Beck AT, Gamm KO, McCormick JB, Kullo IJ, Sharp RR. "They're Not Going to Do Nothing for Me": Research Participants' Attitudes towards Elective Genetic Counseling. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10040143. [PMID: 32987879 PMCID: PMC7711758 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10040143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As applications of genomic sequencing have expanded, offering genetic counseling support to all patients is arguably no longer practical. Additionally, whether individuals desire and value genetic counseling services for genomic screening is unclear. We offered elective genetic counseling to 5110 individuals prior to undergoing sequencing and 2310 participants who received neutral results to assess demand. A total of 0.2% of the study participants accessed genetic counseling services prior to sequencing, and 0.3% reached out after receiving neutral results. We later conducted 50 interviews with participants to understand why they did not access these services. Many interviewees did not recall the availability of genetic counseling and were unfamiliar with the profession. Interviewees described not needing counseling before sequencing because they understood the study and felt that they could cope with any result. Counseling was considered equally unnecessary after learning neutral results. Although the participants had questions about their results, they did not feel that speaking with a genetic counselor would be helpful. Genomic screening efforts that employ opt-in models of genetic counseling may need to clarify the potential value of genetic counseling support from the outset and feature genetic counseling services more prominently in program materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica J. Sutton
- Biomedical Ethics Research Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (E.J.S.); (A.T.B.)
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Annika T. Beck
- Biomedical Ethics Research Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (E.J.S.); (A.T.B.)
| | - Kylie O. Gamm
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Jennifer B. McCormick
- College of Medicine, Department of Humanities, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
| | - Iftikhar J. Kullo
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Richard R. Sharp
- Biomedical Ethics Research Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (E.J.S.); (A.T.B.)
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-507-538-6502
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2
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Patient reactions to receiving negative genomic screening results by mail. Genet Med 2020; 22:1994-2002. [PMID: 32669678 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-020-0906-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE As genomic screening is incorporated into a wider array of clinical settings, it is critical that we understand how patients may respond to a various screening results. Although multiple studies have examined how patients understand positive genomic screening results, few data exist regarding patient engagement with negative screening results. METHODS An 82-item survey was administered to 1712 individuals who received negative genomic screening results by mail following evaluation of 109 medically actionable genes. Genetic counselors were available to assist with the interpretation of screening results. RESULTS One thousand four hundred forty-two participants completed the survey (84.2%). The vast majority of respondents valued the information they received, with 98% of respondents reporting that negative genomic screening results were valuable and 72% indicating they would recommend genomic screening to others. Nonetheless, many respondents had questions about their genomic screening results (28%) and would have preferred to receive their screening results in person (18%). CONCLUSION These data suggest most patients value receiving negative genomic screening results and are comfortable receiving their results by mail. Nevertheless, a significant proportion of patients also reported difficulty understanding some aspects of their results. This finding challenges the idea that communicating genomic screening results by mail alone is sufficient to meet patients' needs.
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Pharmacogenomic (PGx) Counseling: Exploring Participant Questions about PGx Test Results. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10020029. [PMID: 32340147 PMCID: PMC7354504 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As pharmacogenomic (PGx) use in healthcare increases, a better understanding of patient needs will be necessary to guide PGx result delivery. The Coriell Personalized Medicine Collaborative (CPMC) is a prospective study investigating the utility of personalized medicine. Participants received online genetic risk reports for 27 potentially actionable complex diseases and 7 drug–gene pairs and could request free, telephone-based genetic counseling (GC). To explore the needs of individuals receiving PGx results, we conducted a retrospective qualitative review of inquiries from CPMC participants who requested counseling from March 2009 to February 2017. Eighty out of 690 (12%) total GC inquiries were focused on the discussion of PGx results, and six salient themes emerged: “general help”, “issues with drugs”, “relevant disease experience”, “what do I do now?”, “sharing results”, and “other drugs”. The number of reported medications with a corresponding PGx result and participant engagement were significantly associated with PGx GC requests (p < 0.01 and p < 0.02, respectively). Our work illustrates a range of questions raised by study participants receiving PGx test results, most of which were addressed by a genetic counselor with few requiring referrals to prescribing providers or pharmacists. These results further support a role for genetic counselors in the team-based approach to optimal PGx result delivery.
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Stuttgen K, Pacyna J, Kullo I, Sharp R. Neutral, Negative, or Negligible? Changes in Patient Perceptions of Disease Risk Following Receipt of a Negative Genomic Screening Result. J Pers Med 2020; 10:E24. [PMID: 32316380 PMCID: PMC7354612 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Most individuals who undergo genomic screening will receive negative results or results not sufficient to warrant a clinical response. Even though a majority of individuals receive negative results, little is known about how negative results may impact individuals' perception of disease risk. Changes in risk perception (specifically reductions in perceived risk) may affect both probands and their family members if inaccurate information is communicated to family members. We surveyed patients who received negative results as part of their participation in a genomic screening study and assessed their perceptions of disease risk following receipt of results. Participants had either hyperlipidemia or colon polyps (or both) and received their negative genomic screening results by mail. Of 1712 total individuals recruited, 1442 completed the survey (84.2% completion rate). Approximately one quarter of individuals believed their risk for heart disease to be lower and approximately one third of individuals believed their risk for colon cancer to be lower after receiving and evaluating their negative genomic screening result. 78% of those who believed their risk for one or both diseases had declined had already shared or intended to share their result with family members. Our study suggests patients may interpret a negative genomic screening result as implying a reduction in their overall disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Stuttgen
- Biomedical Ethics Research Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55901, USA; (K.S.); (J.P.)
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
| | - Joel Pacyna
- Biomedical Ethics Research Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55901, USA; (K.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Iftikhar Kullo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55901, USA;
| | - Richard Sharp
- Biomedical Ethics Research Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55901, USA; (K.S.); (J.P.)
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
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5
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Personal genomic screening: How best to facilitate preparedness of future clients. Eur J Med Genet 2019; 62:397-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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6
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Schmidt JL, Maas R, Altmeyer SR. Genetic counseling for consumer‐driven whole exome and whole genome sequencing: A commentary on early experiences. J Genet Couns 2019; 28:449-455. [DOI: 10.1002/jgc4.1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roxanne Maas
- Roxanne Maas Consulting Redondo Beach California
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7
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Kaphingst KA, Ivanovich J, Lyons S, Biesecker B, Dresser R, Elrick A, Matsen C, Goodman M. Preferences for learning different types of genome sequencing results among young breast cancer patients: Role of psychological and clinical factors. Transl Behav Med 2018; 8:71-79. [PMID: 29385583 DOI: 10.1093/tbm/ibx042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing importance of genome sequencing means that patients will increasingly face decisions regarding what results they would like to learn. The present study examined psychological and clinical factors that might affect these preferences. 1,080 women diagnosed with breast cancer at age 40 or younger completed an online survey. We assessed their interest in learning various types of genome sequencing results: risk of preventable disease or unpreventable disease, cancer treatment response, uncertain meaning, risk to relatives' health, and ancestry/physical traits. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine whether being "very" interested in each result type was associated with clinical factors: BRCA1/2 mutation status, prior genetic testing, family history of breast cancer, and psychological factors: cancer recurrence worry, genetic risk worry, future orientation, health information orientation, and genome sequencing knowledge. The proportion of respondents who were very interested in learning each type of result ranged from 16% to 77%. In all multivariable models, those who were very interested in learning a result type had significantly higher knowledge about sequencing benefits, greater genetic risks worry, and stronger health information orientation compared to those with less interest (p-values < .05). Our findings indicate that high interest in return of various types of genome sequencing results was more closely related to psychological factors. Shared decision-making approaches that increase knowledge about genome sequencing and incorporate patient preferences for health information and learning about genetic risks may help support patients' informed choices about learning different types of sequencing results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Ivanovich
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sarah Lyons
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Barbara Biesecker
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca Dresser
- School of Law, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ashley Elrick
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Cindy Matsen
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Melody Goodman
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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Sturm AC, Schmidlen T, Scheinfeldt L, Hovick S, McElroy JP, Toland AE, Roberts JS, Sweet K. Early Outcome Data Assessing Utility of a Post-Test Genomic Counseling Framework for the Scalable Delivery of Precision Health. J Pers Med 2018; 8:jpm8030025. [PMID: 30046027 PMCID: PMC6164140 DOI: 10.3390/jpm8030025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Information on patients’ preferences is essential to guide the development of more efficient genomic counseling service delivery models. We examined patient preferences in the context of use of a post-test genomic counseling framework on patients (n = 44) with chronic disease receiving online test reports for eight different diseases and one drug-response result. We also explored patients’ disease risk awareness, recall of test report information, and confidence in knowing what to do with their test results. Prior to the post-test genomic counseling session, all participants viewed at least one test report; 81.6% of available test reports were reviewed in total. Participants requested more phone (36) than in-person counseling sessions (8), and phone sessions were shorter (mean 29.1 min; range 12–75 min) than in-person sessions (mean 52.8 min; range 23–85 min). A total of 182 test reports were discussed over the course of 44 counseling sessions (mean 4.13, range 1–9). Thirty-six (81.8%) participants requested assessment for additional medical/family history concerns. In exploring patient experiences of disease risk awareness and recall, no significant differences were identified in comparison to those of participants (n = 199) that had received in-person post-test genomic counseling in a parent study randomized controlled trial (RCT). In summary, a novel post-test genomic counseling framework allowed for a tailored approach to counseling based on the participants’ predetermined choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Sturm
- Division of Human Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43221, USA.
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, PA 17821, USA.
| | - Tara Schmidlen
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, PA 17821, USA.
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, 403 Haddon Avenue, Camden, NJ 08103, USA.
| | - Laura Scheinfeldt
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, 403 Haddon Avenue, Camden, NJ 08103, USA.
| | - Shelly Hovick
- School of Communication, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43214, USA.
| | - Joseph P McElroy
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43221, USA.
| | - Amanda E Toland
- Division of Human Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43221, USA.
| | - J Scott Roberts
- Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Kevin Sweet
- Division of Human Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43221, USA.
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Schmidlen T, Sturm AC, Hovick S, Scheinfeldt L, Scott Roberts J, Morr L, McElroy J, Toland AE, Christman M, O'Daniel JM, Gordon ES, Bernhardt BA, Ormond KE, Sweet K. Operationalizing the Reciprocal Engagement Model of Genetic Counseling Practice: a Framework for the Scalable Delivery of Genomic Counseling and Testing. J Genet Couns 2018; 27:1111-1129. [PMID: 29460110 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-018-0230-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With the advent of widespread genomic testing for diagnostic indications and disease risk assessment, there is increased need to optimize genetic counseling services to support the scalable delivery of precision medicine. Here, we describe how we operationalized the reciprocal engagement model of genetic counseling practice to develop a framework of counseling components and strategies for the delivery of genomic results. This framework was constructed based upon qualitative research with patients receiving genomic counseling following online receipt of potentially actionable complex disease and pharmacogenomics reports. Consultation with a transdisciplinary group of investigators, including practicing genetic counselors, was sought to ensure broad scope and applicability of these strategies for use with any large-scale genomic testing effort. We preserve the provision of pre-test education and informed consent as established in Mendelian/single-gene disease genetic counseling practice. Following receipt of genomic results, patients are afforded the opportunity to tailor the counseling agenda by selecting the specific test results they wish to discuss, specifying questions for discussion, and indicating their preference for counseling modality. The genetic counselor uses these patient preferences to set the genomic counseling session and to personalize result communication and risk reduction recommendations. Tailored visual aids and result summary reports divide areas of risk (genetic variant, family history, lifestyle) for each disease to facilitate discussion of multiple disease risks. Post-counseling, session summary reports are actively routed to both the patient and their physician team to encourage review and follow-up. Given the breadth of genomic information potentially resulting from genomic testing, this framework is put forth as a starting point to meet the need for scalable genetic counseling services in the delivery of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Schmidlen
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA.,Coriell Institute for Medical Research, 403 Haddon Avenue, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
| | - Amy C Sturm
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA.,Division of Human Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 2012 Kenny Road, Columbus, OH, 43221, USA
| | - Shelly Hovick
- School of Communication, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43214, USA
| | - Laura Scheinfeldt
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, 403 Haddon Avenue, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
| | - J Scott Roberts
- Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lindsey Morr
- School of Communication, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43214, USA
| | - Joseph McElroy
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Biostatistics, Columbus, OH, 43221, USA
| | - Amanda E Toland
- Division of Human Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 2012 Kenny Road, Columbus, OH, 43221, USA
| | - Michael Christman
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, 403 Haddon Avenue, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
| | - Julianne M O'Daniel
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Erynn S Gordon
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, 403 Haddon Avenue, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA.,Genome Medical, Monterey, CA, 93940, USA
| | - Barbara A Bernhardt
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kelly E Ormond
- Department of Genetics and Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kevin Sweet
- Division of Human Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 2012 Kenny Road, Columbus, OH, 43221, USA.
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10
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Sutton EJ, Kullo IJ, Sharp RR. Making pretest genomic counseling optional: lessons from the RAVE study. Genet Med 2018; 20:1157-1158. [PMID: 29388941 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2017.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erica J Sutton
- Biomedical Ethics Research Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Iftikhar J Kullo
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Gonda Vascular Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Richard R Sharp
- Biomedical Ethics Research Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. .,Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
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11
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Development and Evaluation of a Telephone Communication Protocol for the Delivery of Personalized Melanoma Genomic Risk to the General Population. J Genet Couns 2017; 27:370-380. [DOI: 10.1007/s10897-017-0183-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Seo J, Ivanovich J, Goodman MS, Biesecker BB, Kaphingst KA. Information Topics of Greatest Interest for Return of Genome Sequencing Results among Women Diagnosed with Breast Cancer at a Young Age. J Genet Couns 2017; 26:511-521. [PMID: 27542972 PMCID: PMC5318287 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-016-0006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigated what information women diagnosed with breast cancer at a young age would want to learn when genome sequencing results are returned. We conducted 60 semi-structured interviews with women diagnosed with breast cancer at age 40 or younger. We examined what specific information participants would want to learn across result types and for each type of result, as well as how much information they would want. Genome sequencing was not offered to participants as part of the study. Two coders independently coded interview transcripts; analysis was conducted using NVivo10. Across result types, participants wanted to learn about health implications, risk and prevalence in quantitative terms, causes of variants, and causes of diseases. Participants wanted to learn actionable information for variants affecting risk of preventable or treatable disease, medication response, and carrier status. The amount of desired information differed for variants affecting risk of unpreventable or untreatable disease, with uncertain significance, and not health-related. Women diagnosed with breast cancer at a young age recognize the value of genome sequencing results in identifying potential causes and effective treatments and expressed interest in using the information to help relatives and to further understand their other health risks. Our findings can inform the development of effective feedback strategies for genome sequencing that meet patients' information needs and preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joann Seo
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8100, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Jennifer Ivanovich
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8100, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Melody S Goodman
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8100, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Barbara B Biesecker
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kimberly A Kaphingst
- Department of Communication, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Sweet K, Sturm AC, Schmidlen T, McElroy J, Scheinfeldt L, Manickam K, Gordon ES, Hovick S, Scott Roberts J, Toland AE, Christman M. Outcomes of a Randomized Controlled Trial of Genomic Counseling for Patients Receiving Personalized and Actionable Complex Disease Reports. J Genet Couns 2017; 26:980-998. [PMID: 28345121 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-017-0073-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
There has been very limited study of patients with chronic disease receiving potentially actionable genomic based results or the utilization of genetic counselors in the online result delivery process. We conducted a randomized controlled trial on 199 patients with chronic disease each receiving eight personalized and actionable complex disease reports online. Primary study aims were to assess the impact of in-person genomic counseling on 1) causal attribution of disease risk, 2) personal awareness of disease risk, and 3) perceived risk of developing a particular disease. Of 98 intervention arm participants (mean age = 57.8; 39% female) randomized for in-person genomic counseling, 76 (78%) were seen. In contrast, control arm participants (n = 101; mean age = 58.5; 54% female) were initially not offered genomic counseling as part of the study protocol but were able to access in-person genomic counseling, if they requested it, 3-months post viewing of at least one test report and post-completion of the study-specific follow-up survey. A total of 64 intervention arm and 59 control arm participants completed follow-up survey measures. We found that participants receiving in-person genomic counseling had enhanced objective understanding of the genetic variant risk contribution for multiple complex diseases. Genomic counseling was associated with lowered participant causal beliefs in genetic influence across all eight diseases, compared to control participants. Our findings also illustrate that for the majority of diseases under study, intervention arm participants believed they knew their genetic risk status better than control arm subjects. Disease risk was modified for the majority during genomic counseling, due to the assessment of more comprehensive family history. In conclusion, for patients receiving personalized and actionable genomic results through a web portal, genomic counseling enhanced their objective understanding of the genetic variant risk contribution to multiple common diseases. These results support the development of additional genomic counseling interventions to ensure a high level of patient comprehension and improve patient-centered health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Sweet
- Division of Human Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43420, USA.
- Division of Human Genetics, Ohio State University, 2001 Polaris Parkway, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA.
| | - Amy C Sturm
- Division of Human Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43420, USA
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43420, USA
| | - Tara Schmidlen
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, 403 Haddon Avenue, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
| | - Joseph McElroy
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Biostatistics, Columbus, OH, 43221, USA
| | - Laura Scheinfeldt
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, 403 Haddon Avenue, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
- Temple University, SERC Building, 1925 N. 12th St, Philadelphia, PA, 19122-1801, USA
| | - Kandamurugu Manickam
- Geisinger Health System, Genomic Medicine Institute, Precision Health Center, 190 Welles Street, Suite 128, Forty Fort, PA, 18704, USA
| | - Erynn S Gordon
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, 403 Haddon Avenue, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
- Genome Medical, Monterey, CA, 93940, USA
| | - Shelly Hovick
- School of Communication, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43214, USA
| | - J Scott Roberts
- Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amanda Ewart Toland
- Division of Human Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43420, USA
| | - Michael Christman
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, 403 Haddon Avenue, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
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Precision Military Medicine: Conducting a multi-site clinical utility study of genomic and lifestyle risk factors in the United States Air Force. NPJ Genom Med 2017; 2:2. [PMID: 29263822 PMCID: PMC5677975 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-016-0004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Following several years enrolling disease-specific and otherwise healthy cohorts into the Coriell Personalized Medicine Collaborative, a prospective study aimed at evaluating the clinical utility of personal genomic information for common complex disease and pharmacogenomics, the Coriell Personalized Medicine Collaborative expanded to create a military cohort, specifically, the United States Air Force. Initial recruitment focused on Air Force Medical Service personnel and later expanded to include all Active Duty Air Force members and beneficiaries. Now in its 6th year, the study has produced a wide variety of insights, including optimal study design for military-sponsored genomic research, and discussion on genetic information sharing between and amongst Air Force study participants, civilian and military researchers, and the United States Department of Defense. Over the longer term, analyses will further contribute to the development of policies and processes relevant to clinical decision support and data sharing within the US military, and on-going work with the Air Force Medical Service sub-cohort will generate critical insights into how best to deploy useful genomic information in clinical care. Here we discuss challenges faced and critical success factors for military-civilian collaborations around genomic research.
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Sweet K, Hovick S, Sturm AC, Schmidlen T, Gordon E, Bernhardt B, Wawak L, Wernke K, McElroy J, Scheinfeldt L, Toland AE, Roberts JS, Christman M. Counselees' Perspectives of Genomic Counseling Following Online Receipt of Multiple Actionable Complex Disease and Pharmacogenomic Results: a Qualitative Research Study. J Genet Couns 2016; 26:738-751. [PMID: 27921197 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-016-0044-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Genomic applications raise multiple challenges including the optimization of genomic counseling (GC) services as part of the results delivery process. More information on patients' motivations, preferences, and informational needs are essential to guide the development of new, more efficient practice delivery models that capitalize on the existing strengths of a limited genetic counseling workforce. Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with a subset of counselees from the Coriell Personalized Medicine Collaborative following online receipt of multiple personalized genomic test reports. Participants previously had either in-person GC (chronic disease cohort, n = 20; mean age 60 years) or telephone GC (community cohort, n = 31; mean age 46.8 years). Transcripts were analyzed using a Grounded Theory framework. Major themes that emerged from the interviews include 1) primary reasons for seeking GC were to clarify results, put results into perspective relative to other health-related concerns, and to receive personalized recommendations; 2) there is need for a more participant driven approach in terms of mode of GC communication (in-person, phone, video), and refining the counseling agenda pre-session; and 3) there was strong interest in the option of follow up GC. By clarifying counselees' expectations, views and desired outcomes, we have uncovered a need for a more participant-driven GC model when potentially actionable genomic results are received online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Sweet
- Division of Human Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 2012 Kenny Road, Columbus, OH, 43221, USA.
| | - Shelly Hovick
- School of Communication, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43214, USA
| | - Amy C Sturm
- Division of Human Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 2012 Kenny Road, Columbus, OH, 43221, USA.,Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43420, USA
| | - Tara Schmidlen
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, 403 Haddon Avenue, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
| | | | - Barbara Bernhardt
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Lisa Wawak
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, 403 Haddon Avenue, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
| | - Karen Wernke
- Division of Human Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 2012 Kenny Road, Columbus, OH, 43221, USA
| | - Joseph McElroy
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Biostatistics, Columbus, OH, 43221, USA
| | - Laura Scheinfeldt
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, 403 Haddon Avenue, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA.,Temple University, SERC Building 1925 N. 12th St, Philadelphia, PA, 19122-1801, USA
| | - Amanda E Toland
- Division of Human Genetics, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 2012 Kenny Road, Columbus, OH, 43221, USA
| | - J S Roberts
- Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael Christman
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, 403 Haddon Avenue, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
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16
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Challenges in Translating GWAS Results to Clinical Care. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081267. [PMID: 27527156 PMCID: PMC5000665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical genetic testing for Mendelian disorders is standard of care in many cases; however, it is less clear to what extent and in which situations clinical genetic testing may improve preventive efforts, diagnosis and/or prognosis of complex disease. One challenge is that much of the reported research relies on tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to act as proxies for assumed underlying functional variants that are not yet known. Here we use coronary artery disease and melanoma as case studies to evaluate how well reported genetic risk variants tag surrounding variants across population samples in the 1000 Genomes Project Phase 3 data. We performed a simulation study where we randomly assigned a "functional" variant and evaluated how often this simulated functional variant was correctly tagged in diverse population samples. Our results indicate a relatively large error rate when generalizing increased genetic risk of complex disease across diverse population samples, even when generalizing within geographic regions. Our results further highlight the importance of including diverse populations in genome-wide association studies. Future work focused on identifying functional variants will eliminate the need for tag SNPs; however, until functional variants are known, caution should be used in the interpretation of genetic risk for complex disease using tag SNPs.
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17
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Shahabi P, Scheinfeldt LB, Lynch DE, Schmidlen TJ, Perreault S, Keller MA, Kasper R, Wawak L, Jarvis JP, Gerry NP, Gordon ES, Christman MF, Dubé MP, Gharani N. An expanded pharmacogenomics warfarin dosing table with utility in generalised dosing guidance. Thromb Haemost 2016; 116:337-48. [PMID: 27121899 PMCID: PMC6375065 DOI: 10.1160/th15-12-0955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacogenomics (PGx) guided warfarin dosing, using a comprehensive dosing algorithm, is expected to improve dose optimisation and lower the risk of adverse drug reactions. As a complementary tool, a simple genotype-dosing table, such as in the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Coumadin drug label, may be utilised for general risk assessment of likely over- or under-anticoagulation on a standard dose of warfarin. This tool may be used as part of the clinical decision support for the interpretation of genetic data, serving as a first step in the anticoagulation therapy decision making process. Here we used a publicly available warfarin dosing calculator (www.warfarindosing.org) to create an expanded gene-based warfarin dosing table, the CPMC-WD table that includes nine genetic variants in CYP2C9, VKORC1, and CYP4F2. Using two datasets, a European American cohort (EUA, n=73) and the Quebec Warfarin Cohort (QWC, n=769), we show that the CPMC-WD table more accurately predicts therapeutic dose than the FDA table (51 % vs 33 %, respectively, in the EUA, McNemar's two-sided p=0.02; 52 % vs 37 % in the QWC, p<1×10(-6)). It also outperforms both the standard of care 5 mg/day dosing (51 % vs 34 % in the EUA, p=0.04; 52 % vs 31 % in the QWC, p<1×10(-6)) as well as a clinical-only algorithm (51 % vs 38 % in the EUA, trend p=0.11; 52 % vs 45 % in the QWC, p=0.003). This table offers a valuable update to the PGx dosing guideline in the drug label.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Neda Gharani
- Neda Gharani, PhD, 1 Templemere, Weybridge, Surrey KT13 9PA, UK, Tel.: +44 7984005796, Fax:+44 1932976519, E-mail:
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18
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Scheinfeldt LB, Schmidlen TJ, Gharani N, MacKnight M, Jarvis JP, Delaney SK, Gordon ES, Kronenthal CJ, Gerry NP, Christman MF. Coronary artery disease genetic risk awareness motivates heart health behaviors in the Coriell Personalized Medicine Collaborative. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2016.1197039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura B. Scheinfeldt
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, USA
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Neda Gharani
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, USA
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19
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Delaney SK, Christman MF. Encouraging physician adoption of genetic testing for precision medicine. Per Med 2016; 13:201-204. [DOI: 10.2217/pme-2016-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan K Delaney
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, 403 Haddon Avenue, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Michael F Christman
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, 403 Haddon Avenue, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
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20
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Schmidlen TJ, Scheinfeldt L, Zhaoyang R, Kasper R, Sweet K, Gordon ES, Keller M, Stack C, Gharani N, Daly MB, Jarvis J, Christman MF. Genetic Knowledge Among Participants in the Coriell Personalized Medicine Collaborative. J Genet Couns 2016; 25:385-94. [PMID: 26306685 PMCID: PMC4769688 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-015-9883-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Genetic literacy is essential for the effective integration of genomic information into healthcare; yet few recent studies have been conducted to assess the current state of this knowledge base. Participants in the Coriell Personalized Medicine Collaborative (CPMC), a prospective study assessing the impact of personalized genetic risk reports for complex diseases and drug response on behavior and health outcomes, completed genetic knowledge questionnaires and other surveys through an online portal. To assess the association between genetic knowledge and genetic education background, multivariate linear regression was performed. 4 062 participants completed a genetic knowledge and genetic education background questionnaire. Most were older (mean age: 50), Caucasian (90 %), female (59 %), highly educated (69 % bachelor's or higher), with annual household income over $100 000 (49 %). Mean percent correct was 76 %. Controlling for demographics revealed that health care providers, participants previously exposed to genetics, and participants with 'better than most' self-rated knowledge were significantly more likely to have a higher knowledge score (p < 0.001). Overall, genetic knowledge was high with previous genetic education experience predictive of higher genetic knowledge score. Education is likely to improve genetic literacy, an important component to expanded use of genomics in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara J Schmidlen
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, 403 Haddon Avenue, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA.
| | - Laura Scheinfeldt
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, 403 Haddon Avenue, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
| | - Ruixue Zhaoyang
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, 403 Haddon Avenue, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
| | - Rachel Kasper
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, 403 Haddon Avenue, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
| | | | | | | | - Cathy Stack
- Annals of Internal Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Neda Gharani
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, 403 Haddon Avenue, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
| | - Mary B Daly
- Temple Health, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph Jarvis
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, 403 Haddon Avenue, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
| | - Michael F Christman
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, 403 Haddon Avenue, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
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21
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Acceptability of, and Information Needs Regarding, Next-Generation Sequencing in People Tested for Hereditary Cancer: A Qualitative Study. J Genet Couns 2015; 25:218-27. [PMID: 26259529 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-015-9861-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Next generation sequencing (NGS) for patients at risk of hereditary cancer syndromes can also identify non-cancer related mutations, as well as variants of unknown significance. This study aimed to determine what benefits and shortcomings patients perceive in relation to NGS, as well as their interest and information preferences in regards to such testing. Eligible patients had previously received inconclusive results from clinical mutation testing for cancer susceptibility. Semi-structured telephone interviews were subjected to qualitative analysis guided by the approach developed by Miles and Huberman. The majority of the 19 participants reported they would be interested in panel/genomic testing. Advantages identified included that it would enable better preparation and allow implementation of individualized preventative strategies, with few disadvantages mentioned. Almost all participants said they would want all results, not just those related to their previous diagnosis. Participants felt that a face-to-face discussion supplemented by an information booklet would be the best way to convey information and achieve informed consent. All participants wanted their information stored and reviewed in accordance with new developments. Although the findings indicate strong interest among these individuals, it seems that the consent process, and the interpretation and communication of results will be areas that will require revision to meet the needs of patients.
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22
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Parents’ Experience with Pediatric Microarray: Transferrable Lessons in the Era of Genomic Counseling. J Genet Couns 2015; 25:298-304. [DOI: 10.1007/s10897-015-9871-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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23
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Khan CM, Rini C, Bernhardt BA, Roberts JS, Christensen KD, Evans JP, Brothers KB, Roche MI, Berg JS, Henderson GE. How can psychological science inform research about genetic counseling for clinical genomic sequencing? J Genet Couns 2015; 24:193-204. [PMID: 25488723 PMCID: PMC4777349 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-014-9804-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Next generation genomic sequencing technologies (including whole genome or whole exome sequencing) are being increasingly applied to clinical care. Yet, the breadth and complexity of sequencing information raise questions about how best to communicate and return sequencing information to patients and families in ways that facilitate comprehension and optimal health decisions. Obtaining answers to such questions will require multidisciplinary research. In this paper, we focus on how psychological science research can address questions related to clinical genomic sequencing by explaining emotional, cognitive, and behavioral processes in response to different types of genomic sequencing information (e.g., diagnostic results and incidental findings). We highlight examples of psychological science that can be applied to genetic counseling research to inform the following questions: (1) What factors influence patients' and providers' informational needs for developing an accurate understanding of what genomic sequencing results do and do not mean?; (2) How and by whom should genomic sequencing results be communicated to patients and their family members?; and (3) How do patients and their families respond to uncertainties related to genomic information?
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Khan
- Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 312 Rosenau Hall, CB#7440, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7440, USA,
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24
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Garfeld S, Douglas MP, MacDonald KV, Marshall DA, Phillips KA. Consumer familiarity, perspectives and expected value of personalized medicine with a focus on applications in oncology. Per Med 2015; 12:13-22. [PMID: 25620993 DOI: 10.2217/pme.14.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Knowledge of consumer perspectives of personalized medicine (PM) is limited. Our study assessed consumer perspectives of PM, with a focus on oncology care, to inform industry, clinician and payer stakeholders' programs and policy. MATERIALS & METHODS A nationally representative survey of 602 US consumers' ≥30 years old explored familiarity, perspectives and expected value of PM. RESULTS Most (73%) respondents have not heard of 'personalized medicine,' though after understanding the term most (95%) expect PM to have a positive beneft. Consumer's willingness to pay is associated with products' impact on survival, rather than predicting disease risk. If testing indicates consumers are not candidates for oncology therapies, most (84%) would seek a second opinion or want therapy anyway. CONCLUSIONS Understanding heterogeneity in consumer perspectives of PM can inform program and policy development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael P Douglas
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Center for Translational & Policy Research on Personalized Medicine (TRANSPERS), University of California at San Francisco, 3333 California St, Room 420, Box 0613 San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Karen V MacDonald
- Health Research Innovation Centre (HRIC) - 3C62, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, USA
| | - Deborah A Marshall
- Health Research Innovation Centre (HRIC) - 3C62, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, USA
| | - Kathryn A Phillips
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Center for Translational & Policy Research on Personalized Medicine (TRANSPERS), University of California at San Francisco, 3333 California St, Room 420, Box 0613 San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
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25
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Shelton CA, Whitcomb DC. Genetics and treatment options for recurrent acute and chronic pancreatitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 12:359-71. [PMID: 24954874 DOI: 10.1007/s11938-014-0022-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Worldwide research efforts demonstrate a major role of gene-environment interactions for the risk, development, and progression of most pancreatic diseases, including recurrent acute and chronic pancreatitis. New findings of pancreas disease-associated risk variants have been reported in the CPA1, GGT1, CLDN2, MMP1, MTHFR, and other genes. These risk genes and their regulatory regions must be added to the known pathogenic variants in the PRSS1, SPINK1, CFTR, CTRC, CASR, UBR1, SBDS, CEL, and CTSB genes. This new knowledge promises to improve disease management and prevention through personalized medicine. At the same time, however, knowledge of an increasing number of pathogenic variants, and their complicated effects when present in combination, results in increasing difficulty in interpretation and development of recommendations. Direct-to-consumer marketing of genetic testing results also adds complexity to disease management paradigms, especially without interpretation and, in many cases, proven accuracy. While improvements in the ability to rapidly and accurately interpret complex genetic tests are clearly needed, some results, such as pathogenic CFTR variants, including a new class of bicarbonate-defective mutations, and PRSS1 variants have immediate implications that direct management. In addition, discovery of pancreatitis-associated genetic variants in patients with glucose intolerance may suggest underlying type 3c diabetes, which also has implications for treatment and disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste A Shelton
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Crabtree Hall 130 De Soto Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA,
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