1
|
Suomi A, Lucas N, Dowling N, Delfabbro P. Gambling Harm Experienced by Children Exposed to Parental Gambling: An Online Survey of Australians. J Gambl Stud 2024; 40:181-200. [PMID: 37149814 PMCID: PMC10904496 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-023-10211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Although child wellbeing is known to be negatively affected by gambling, relatively little is known about the specific harms experienced by children exposed to parental gambling problems. The current study aimed to better understand gambling harm directly attributed to regular parental gambling in key areas of child wellbeing: financial, psychological, interpersonal wellbeing and intergenerational transmission of problem gambling. Using data from a national survey of Australian adults exposed to parental gambling under the age of 18 (n = 211), the results show that parental gambling was related significant levels of financial harm, abuse, neglect as well as relational and psychological problems as a direct result of parental gambling. The likelihood of experiencing gambling harms was positively associated with parental problem gambling severity. Harmful impacts of parental gambling as a child were also associated with a range of psychological problems in adulthood including depression, anxiety, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and intimate partner violence victimisation. Parental problem gambling severity was negatively associated with own lifetime gambling problems, suggesting a specific pattern of intergenerational transmission of problem gambling in children of regular, or heavy, gamblers. This research highlights the need for more supports for families with children in which at least one parent gambles regularly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aino Suomi
- Centre for Gambling Research, ANU Centre for Social Research and Methods, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
- Institute of Child Protection Studies, Australian Catholic University, Canberra, Australia.
| | - Nina Lucas
- Institute of Child Protection Studies, Australian Catholic University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Nicki Dowling
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Paul Delfabbro
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vassallo M, DeGiovanni K, Montgomery P. The Efficacy of Psychosocial Interventions in Minimising the Harm Caused to Affected Others of Problem Gambling: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Gambl Stud 2023; 39:1927-1958. [PMID: 37294395 PMCID: PMC10627969 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-023-10220-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Problem gambling not only impacts gamblers but also protrudes onto several affected others who experience adverse impacts, including financial, health, relationships, and psychological problems. The aims of this systematic review were twofold; to identify the psychosocial interventions to minimise the harm caused to affected others of problem gambling and to assess their efficacy. This study was conducted as outlined in the research protocol PROSPERO (CRD42021239138). Database searches were conducted in CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Social Science Database, CINHAL Complete, Academic Search Ultimate and PsycINFO. Randomised controlled trials of psychosocial interventions that aimed to minimise the harm caused to affected others of problem gambling written in English were eligible for inclusion. Risk of bias for included studies was assessed using the Cochrane ROB 2.0 tool. The identified interventions focused on two approaches to supporting affected others: interventions involving both the problem gambler and affected others, and interventions involving affected others only. As the interventions and outcome measures used were sufficiently similar, a meta-analysis was conducted. The quantitative synthesis revealed that generally, treatment groups were unable to show greater benefits over control groups. The goal for future interventions aimed at affected others of problem gambling should focus primarily on the wellbeing of affected others. The standardisation of outcome measures and data collection time points for better comparison of future research is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Montgomery
- School of Social Policy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hagen AEF, Nogueira-Arjona R, Sherry SB, Rodriguez LM, Yakovenko I, Stewart SH. What explains the link between romantic conflict with gambling problems? Testing a serial mediational model. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1018098. [PMID: 37502746 PMCID: PMC10370473 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1018098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction While individuals have many motives to gamble, one particularly risky motive for gambling is to cope with negative affect. Conflict with one's romantic partner is a strong predictor of negative affect, which may elicit coping motives for gambling and, in turn, gambling-related problems. Support for this mediational model was demonstrated in relation to drinking-related problems. We extended this model to gambling. Method Using a cross-sectional design, we examined links between romantic conflict (Partner-Specific Rejecting Behaviors Scale), negative affect (Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales-21), coping gambling motives (Gambling Motives Questionnaire, coping subscale), and gambling-related problems [Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI)] in 206 regular gamblers (64% men; mean age = 44.7 years; mean PGSI = 8.7) who were in a romantic relationship and recruited through Qualtrics Panels in July 2021. Results Results supported our hypothesis that the association between romantic conflict and gambling-related problems would be sequentially mediated through negative affect and coping gambling motives, β = 0.38, 95% CI [0.27, 0.39], and also showed a strong single mediation pathway through negative affect alone, β = 0.27, 95% CI [0.17, 0.38]. Discussion Negative affect and coping gambling motives partially explain the link between romantic conflict and gambling-related problems. Interventions should target both negative affect and coping gambling motives in response to romantic conflict to reduce gambling-related problems in partnered gamblers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E. F. Hagen
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Simon B. Sherry
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Lindsey M. Rodriguez
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida St. Petersburg Campus, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Igor Yakovenko
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Sherry H. Stewart
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hopfgartner N, Auer M, Griffiths MD, Helic D. Predicting self-exclusion among online gamblers: An empirical real-world study. J Gambl Stud 2023; 39:447-465. [PMID: 35947331 PMCID: PMC9364293 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-022-10149-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Protecting gamblers from problematic gambling behavior is a major concern for clinicians, researchers, and gambling regulators. Most gambling operators offer a range of so-called responsible gambling tools to help players better understand and control their gambling behavior. One such tool is voluntary self-exclusion, which allows players to block themselves from gambling for a self-selected period. Using player tracking data from three online gambling platforms operating across six countries, this study empirically investigated the factors that led players to self-exclude. Specifically, the study tested (i) which behavioral features led to future self-exclusion, and (ii) whether monetary gambling intensity features (i.e., amount of stakes, losses, and deposits) additionally improved the prediction. A total of 25,720 online gamblers (13% female; mean age = 39.9 years) were analyzed, of whom 414 (1.61%) had a future self-exclusion. Results showed that higher odds of future self-exclusion across countries was associated with a (i) higher number of previous voluntary limit changes and self-exclusions, (ii) higher number of different payment methods for deposits, (iii) higher average number of deposits per session, and (iv) higher number of different types of games played. In five out of six countries, none of the monetary gambling intensity features appeared to affect the odds of future self-exclusion given the inclusion of the aforementioned behavioral variables. Finally, the study examined whether the identified behavioral variables could be used by machine learning algorithms to predict future self-exclusions and generalize to gambling populations of other countries and operators. Overall, machine learning algorithms were able to generalize to other countries in predicting future self-exclusions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Hopfgartner
- Institute of Interactive Systems and Data Science, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 16C, 8010, Graz, Austria. .,neccton GmbH, Davidgasse 5, 7052, Müllendorf, Austria.
| | - Michael Auer
- neccton GmbH, Davidgasse 5, 7052 Müllendorf, Austria
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, NG1 4FQ Nottingham, UK
| | - Denis Helic
- Institute of Interactive Systems and Data Science, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 16C, 8010 Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Azemi F, Avdyli M, Bytyqi V. Understanding gambling in the United Kingdom: A qualitative study on the experiences of gamblers' families. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1009923. [PMID: 36949903 PMCID: PMC10026345 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1009923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on understanding the experiences of family members of problem gamblers in the United Kingdom and the gambling consequences in their lives. Family members of problem gamblers, even though they suffer from gambling consequences, the impacts of gambling are under-researched. Qualitative research through in-depth interviews was employed. Thematic analysis was used to gain a deeper insight into gambling. Nine female participants were interviewed based on a semi-structured questionnaire. The results of this study indicated that close family members of problem gamblers had suffered not only financial devastation but also harsh psychological and mental health damages. Furthermore, family members suffer from gamblers' abusive and violent behaviors. Addiction was a key factor of gamblers' habit; fear, anxiety, and depression were some of the health issues derived from gambling. Overall, gambling addiction leads to further addiction, crime, and severe, family-relation sufferings. The study results suggest that the London Gambling Commission and regulating authority should change gambling policy, reduce gambling points, and limit gambling slot machines in food markets and community areas. More support is needed for family members affected by gamblers' addictive gambling behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferid Azemi
- Kosovo Academy for Public Safety, Vushtrri, Kosovo, Albania
| | | | - Vilard Bytyqi
- Kosovo Academy for Public Safety, Vushtrri, Kosovo, Albania
- *Correspondence: Vilard Bytyqi,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hing N, O’Mullan C, Mainey L, Greer N, Breen H. An integrative review of research on gambling and domestic and family violence: Fresh perspectives to guide future research. Front Psychol 2022; 13:987379. [PMID: 36312076 PMCID: PMC9606773 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.987379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents an integrative review of research on domestic and family violence (DFV), including intimate partner violence (IPV), experienced by victims and perpetrators with a gambling problem. It aims to review, critique, and synthesize research on this topic to generate fresh and alternative perspectives to guide future research. Based on a systematic search of the academic literature and a targeted search of gray literature, the paper summarizes findings from empirical studies pertaining to the prevalence of perpetration and victimization, characteristics of perpetrators and victims, and explanations for this violence. Based on this review, the paper suggests several potential improvements that can be considered in future studies. These include a shift from focusing on situational violence to also include coercive control; greater sensitivity in research design and interpretation to gender differences in experiences of violence; and the need to include economic abuse as a form of DFV/IPV. Adopting a public health lens is also recommended to broaden the research focus from victims and perpetrators to also consider contextual factors. In particular, gambling research should examine the contribution of gambling products, practices, environments, and marketing to DFV/IPV and how this might be ameliorated. While research to date has drawn much needed attention to the risks that gambling presents for DFV/IPV, this review provides some suggestions for future research so that it can provide more nuanced findings to inform policy and practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nerilee Hing
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Nerilee Hing,
| | - Cathy O’Mullan
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia
| | - Lydia Mainey
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Central Queensland University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Nancy Greer
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia
| | - Helen Breen
- Faculty of Business and Law and Arts, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hing N, O'Mullan C, Nuske E, Breen H, Mainey L, Taylor A, Greer N, Jenkinson R, Thomas A, Lee J, Jackson A. Gambling-Related Intimate Partner Violence Against Women: A Grounded Theory Model of Individual and Relationship Determinants. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP18639-NP18665. [PMID: 34404246 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211037425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine how problem gambling interacts with gendered drivers of intimate partner violence (IPV) against women to exacerbate this violence. Interviews were conducted with 48 female victims of IPV linked to a male partner's gambling; 24 female victims of IPV linked to their own gambling; and 39 service practitioners from 25 services. Given limited research into gambling-related IPV, but a stronger theoretical base relating to IPV against women, this study used an adaptive grounded theory approach. It engaged with existing theories on gendered drivers of violence against women, while also developing a grounded theory model of individual and relationship determinants based on emergent findings from the data. Gambling-related IPV against women was found to occur in the context of expressions of gender inequality, including men's attitudes and behaviors that support violence and rigid gender expectations, controlling behaviors, and relationships condoning disrespect of women. Within this context, the characteristics of problem gambling and the financial, emotional and relationship stressors gambling causes intensified the IPV. Alcohol and other drug use, and co-morbid mental health issues, also interacted with gambling to intensify the IPV. Major implications. Reducing gambling-related IPV against women requires integrated, multi-level interventions that reduce both problem gambling and gendered drivers of violence. Gambling operators can act to reduce problem gambling and train staff in responding to IPV. Financial institutions can assist people to limit their gambling expenditure and families to protect their assets. Service providers can be alert to the co-occurrence of gambling problems and IPV and screen, treat, and refer clients appropriately. Public education can raise awareness that problem gambling increases the risk of IPV. Reducing gender inequality is also critical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nerilee Hing
- Central Queensland University, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Elaine Nuske
- Southern Cross University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Helen Breen
- Southern Cross University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lydia Mainey
- Central Queensland University, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Nancy Greer
- Central Queensland University, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Anna Thomas
- Independent researcher, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jamie Lee
- Relationships Australia South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hing N, Russell AMT, Browne M, Rockloff M, Tulloch C, Rawat V, Greer N, Dowling NA, Merkouris SS, King DL, Stevens M, Salonen AH, Breen H, Woo L. Gambling-related harms to concerned significant others: A national Australian prevalence study. J Behav Addict 2022; 11:361-372. [PMID: 35895474 PMCID: PMC9295213 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2022.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Gambling-related harm to concerned significant others (CSOs) is an important public health issue since it reduces CSOs' health and wellbeing in numerous life domains. This study aimed to 1) estimate the first national prevalence of CSOs harmed by gambling in Australia; 2) identify the characteristics of CSOs most at risk of harm from another person's gambling; 3) compare the types and number of harms experienced by CSOs based on their relationship to the person who gambles; and 4) compare the number of harms experienced by CSOs by self-identified gender. Methods Based on a national CATI survey weighted to population norms, 11,560 respondents reported whether they had been personally and negatively affected by another person's gambling in the past 12 months; and if so, answered detailed questions about the harms experienced from the person's gambling who had harmed them the most. Results Past-year prevalence of gambling-related harm to adult Australian CSOs was (6.0%; 95% CI 5.6%-6.5%). CSOs most commonly reported emotional harms, followed by relationship, financial, health and vocational harms, respectively. Former partners reported the most harm, followed by current partners, other family members and non-family members, respectively. Female CSOs were more likely to report more harm and being harmed by a partner or other family member, and male CSOs from a non-family member. Discussion and conclusions The findings provide new insights into the wider societal burden of gambling and inform measures aimed at reducing harm to CSOs from gambling and supporting them to seek help.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nerilee Hing
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, CQUniversity, Australia
| | | | - Matthew Browne
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, CQUniversity, Australia
| | - Matthew Rockloff
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, CQUniversity, Australia
| | | | - Vijay Rawat
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, CQUniversity, Australia
| | - Nancy Greer
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, CQUniversity, Australia
| | - Nicki A. Dowling
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | | | - Daniel L. King
- College of Education, Psychology & Social Work, Flinders University, Australia
| | - Matthew Stevens
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Suomi A, Watson N, Butterworth P. How many children are exposed to at-risk parental gambling in Australia? Results from a representative national sample. Addict Behav 2022; 130:107305. [PMID: 35307616 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Children of problem gamblers are at risk of harm, however, there are no population level estimates as to how many children are currently exposed to parental problem- and at-risk gambling. The current study analysed data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey, a nationally representative survey, to derive the first ever national estimates of the proportion of problem, moderate, and low risk gamblers (as measured by PGSI) in the Australian parent population. It also reports how many children under 15 years of age in Australia are exposed to parental gambling across the gambling risk categories. The results show that 13.7% of all Australian families with dependent children are currently exposed to some level of gambling risk due to parental gambling, and nearly 4% of families with children are exposed to parental moderate risk or problem gambling. This corresponds to almost 200,000 children each year. The results and approach of this study will guide future examination of child wellbeing in families where parents experience problems with gambling. The results are discussed in the context of public health approaches to familial gambling harm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aino Suomi
- Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Australia; Centre for Gambling Research, Centre for Social Research and Methods, The Australian National University, Australia; Institute of Child Protection Studies, The Australian Catholic University, Australia.
| | - Nicole Watson
- Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, University of Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Peter Butterworth
- Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Australia; Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, University of Melbourne, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lind K, Castrén S, Hagfors H, Salonen AH. Harm as reported by affected others: A population-based cross-sectional Finnish Gambling 2019 study. Addict Behav 2022; 129:107263. [PMID: 35134630 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the prevalence of being an affected other (AO) of a person with problem gambling; and the associations between being an AO and socio-demographics, gambling behaviour, health-related correlates and the amount and type of gambling-related harm (GRH) for the AOs. Furthermore, perspectives of the affected family members (AFMs) and close friends (ACFs) were acknowledged. Cross-sectional, random sample Finnish Gambling population-based survey data (n = 3,994) were collected in 2019. AOs were identified using a question with seven options. Information on GRH was sought using structured questions. One-fifth (21.2 %) of all respondents were AOs, men being typically ACFs and women being more often AFMs. Being an AO was associated with younger age, gambling participation, having a gambling problem of their own and health barriers such as psychological distress. AFMs experienced GRH more often and the amount of different GRHs was greater among the AFMs. The most common harm category experienced by the AOs was emotional harm. Both health-related issues and the amount of GRHs was largest among the AFMs. A substantial amount of GRH was also experienced by ACFs. The study suggests that support could be tailored for AFMs and ACFs, based on their AO status and individual needs. A public health approach for effective harm prevention in primary, secondary and tertiary levels are discussed.
Collapse
|
11
|
Parental problem gambling and child wellbeing: Systematic review and synthesis of evidence. Addict Behav 2022; 126:107205. [PMID: 34890890 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children living with a problem gambling parent are at risk of harm but no previous systematic reviews have specifically focused on the relationship of parental problem gambling and child wellbeing outcomes. The current review aimed to redress this gap by reviewing all available empirical evidence on parental problem gambling and child wellbeing. METHOD Articles were identified by searching PsychINFO, CINAHL, Medline and Scopus. The search included terminology pertaining to parents, problem gambling and children and we included all peer-reviewed articles that reported parental problem gambling and child wellbeing outcome(s). RESULTS Overall, 35 studies reporting a relationship between parental problem gambling and child wellbeing were included. Child wellbeing outcomes were reported across six domains: (1) psychological (k = 14); (2) family relationships (k = 17); (3) violence (k = 9); (4) behavioural (k = 7); (5) financial (k = 9); and (6) physical health (k = 3). The included studies were mostly unequivocal about negative impacts of parental problem gambling across the six domains. Sixteen studies provided evidence of negative child outcomes that were directly attributed to parental problem gambling (e.g., as a result of your parent's problematic gambling, you felt depressed). Nineteen studies reported evidence of the association of child negative outcomes and parental problem gambling but child outcomes were not directly attributed to parental problem gambling (e.g., parent is a problem gambler, child is depressed). Evidence was particularly robust on child distress and family dysfunction directly attributed to parental problem gambling. CONCLUSION This is the first systematic review focusing exclusively on specific intra- and interpersonal problems experienced by children whose parents have a gambling problem.
Collapse
|
12
|
Dowling NA, Oldenhof E, Cockman S, Suomi A, Merkouris SS, Jackson AC. Problem Gambling and Family Violence: Factors Associated With Family Violence Victimization and Perpetration in Treatment-Seeking Gamblers. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:7645-7669. [PMID: 30894040 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519835877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although problem gambling and family violence are related, there is little available research exploring the factors associated with this relationship. The primary aim was to predict family violence (victimization and perpetration) in a sample of treatment-seeking gamblers by gambling indices (gambling symptom severity, gambling time spent, gambling frequency, gambling expenditure), psychological distress, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, gambling coping motives, alcohol and drug use, gambling-related legal consequences, work and social adjustment, impulsivity, and gender. A secondary aim was to explore the degree to which these factors moderate the relationship between gambling symptom severity and family violence. Participants (n = 141) were consecutively recruited gamblers presenting to a gambling counseling service. The prevalence of family violence was 25.5%, with 18.4% reporting victimization and 19.1% reporting perpetration. Intimate partners and parents were most likely to be both perpetrators and victims of family violence. Victimization was significantly predicted by psychological distress, symptoms of PTSD, and gambling-related legal consequences, while perpetration was significantly predicted by gambling symptom severity, gambling-related legal consequences, and impulsivity. The association between gambling symptom severity and victimization was significant only for gamblers with low levels of gambling coping motives and moderate or high levels of alcohol use. These findings provide further support for routine screening in problem gambling and family violence services, particularly those who report gambling-related legal consequences; highlight the need for prevention and intervention programs to lower the co-occurrence of these behaviors; and suggest that reducing psychological distress, symptoms of PTSD, alcohol use, and impulsivity may be important in these efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicki A Dowling
- Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Sue Cockman
- University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aino Suomi
- University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Increased risk for developing gambling disorder under the treatment with pramipexole, ropinirole, and aripiprazole: A nationwide register study in Sweden. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252516. [PMID: 34061895 PMCID: PMC8168838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gambling Disorder (GD) has recently been reclassified from an impulse-control disorder to a behavioural addiction and, as in other addictive disorders, the dopaminergic reward system is involved. According to neuroimaging studies, alterations within the striatal dopaminergic signalling can occur in GD. However, the findings to date are controversial and there has been no agreement yet on how the reward system is affected on a molecular basis. Within the last 20 years, there has been growing evidence for a higher risk to develop GD in response to certain dopaminergic medication. Especially the dopamine agonists pramipexole and ropinirole, and the dopamine modulator aripiprazole seem to increase the likelihood for GD. The goal of this study was to examine the association between a prescription for either of the three pharmaceuticals and a GD diagnosis in a large cross-sectional study of the Swedish population. Compared to patients with any other dopaminergic drug prescription (38.7% with GD), the diagnosis was more common in patients with a dopamine agonist prescription (69.8% with GD), resulting in an odds ratio of 3.2. A similar association was found between aripiprazole prescriptions and GD diagnoses, which were analysed within the subgroup of all patients with schizophrenia or a schizotypal, delusional, or another non-mood psychotic disorder. An aripiprazole prescription increased the likelihood of GD (88.8%) in comparison to patients without an aripiprazole prescription (71.2%) with an odds ratio of 3.4. This study contributes to the increasingly reliable evidence for an association between several dopaminergic drugs and a higher risk for developing GD. Therefore, one future research goal should be a better understanding of the neurobiology in GD to be able to design more selective dopaminergic medication with less severe side effects. Additionally, this knowledge could enable the development of pharmacotherapy in GD and other addictive disorders.
Collapse
|
14
|
Gavriel-Fried B, Lev-El N. Negative Recovery Capital in Gambling Disorder: A Conceptual Model of Barriers to Recovery. J Gambl Stud 2021; 38:279-296. [PMID: 33689101 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-021-10016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recovery from any addiction, including gambling, involves continuous efforts to improve wellness despite the obstacles and challenges. The recovery capital (RC) model is a holistic conceptual framework operationalized along a continuum ranging from positive internal and external RC resources that enhance recovery to negative recovery capital (NRC) which are defined as obstacles that impede individuals from coping with their addiction. Although previous studies have conceptualized the positive side of the RC model, no study has systematically explored NRC. This study develops a model that maps and conceptualizes the elements that impede recovery from gambling disorder (GD). In the current study, 133 individuals with a lifetime GD were interviewed about the factors that have hindered their recovery. A content analysis identified 14 NRC categories that were classified into four domains: Human NRC (urges and uncontrolled urges, cognitive distortions, inaction, sensation seeking, stressful life events, negative emotions, ability to conceal, a lack of motivation to recover), Social NRC (lack of social or familial networks, conflictual or dangerous social networks), Community NRC (an environment that encourages gambling, money lenders), and Financial NRC (financial distress and debt, money as a risk factor). The discussion centers on a holistic perspective of the elements that hinder recovery from GD, and calls for intervention methods that aim to minimize NRC to provide more holistic solutions to GD and possibly other addictions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belle Gavriel-Fried
- The Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Niva Lev-El
- The Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tulloch C, Browne M, Hing N, Rockloff M. The Relationship Between Family Gambling Problems, Other Family Stressors, and Health Indicators in a Large Population-Representative Sample of Australian Adults. J Gambl Stud 2020; 37:1139-1162. [PMID: 33245501 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-020-09990-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Harms due to excessive gambling can be experienced by gamblers and those close to them. Family gambling problems (FGPs) are currently under-researched, particularly in population-representative samples. This study aimed to identify prevalence, risk factors, and the complex of stressors and health-related consequences associated with FGPs, as well as isolating the impact of FGPs on physical and psychological health problems. METHODS We analysed data from the National Health Survey 2011-13, a large (N = 15,475) nationally representative sample of Australian adults. Participants reported on the presence of 14 family stressors (including FGPs), self-assessed health status, and risky health behaviours. Psychological impact was measured by the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale-10, as well as several indicators of the presence of mental health problems. RESULTS Overall, 1.7% of households reported a FGP. Interviewees in these households reported three times the number of other stressors than those without a FGP. In addition, they were around eight times more likely to be experiencing other addictions (drug and alcohol related problems) and stressors associated with socially deviant behaviours (trouble with police, abuse or violent crime, and witness to violence). Once age, gender, socioeconomic disadvantage, and other stressors were controlled for, FGPs significantly predicted lower self-assessed health and higher psychological distress. CONCLUSIONS FGPs occur within a complex of other addictions and stressors, impacting the quality of life of people close to problem gambling. The findings are discussed in relation to their support for General Strain Theory (Agnew, Criminology 30:47-87, 1992).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Tulloch
- School of Medical, Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia.
| | - Matthew Browne
- School of Medical, Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Nerilee Hing
- School of Medical, Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew Rockloff
- School of Medical, Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Swanton TB, Gainsbury SM. Debt stress partly explains the relationship between problem gambling and comorbid mental health problems. Soc Sci Med 2020; 265:113476. [PMID: 33143953 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Easy access to consumer credit products, such as credit cards, overdrafts, and personal loans, may facilitate gambling beyond affordable levels, which can result in debt problems. Debt and mental health problems are both potential motivators and core consequences of problem gambling. Debt stress (i.e., worry regarding ability to repay debts) is one potential psychological mechanism underlying the relationship between debt and mental health problems. Few previous studies have investigated debt stress among gamblers. OBJECTIVE This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the mediating effect of debt stress between gambling frequency and mental health and wellbeing. METHODS & RESULTS A sample of 309 Australian past-month gamblers (83.8% male; mean age 41.5 years) completed an online survey. There was no evidence for the preregistered association between gambling frequency and debt stress, ruling out a predicted mediating effect for debt stress between gambling frequency and mental health and wellbeing. However, exploratory path analysis showed debt stress has statistically significant mediating effects between problem gambling and psychological distress, depression, wellbeing, and gambling-related family impacts, after controlling for sociodemographic factors and psychiatric history. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS Debt stress is a robust indicator of financial problems and may indicate underlying problem gambling and mental health issues, making debt stress a useful risk indicator. Clinical services should conduct screening for debt stress and address subjective worry about debts as a standard part of treatment plans as this may help to mitigate some of the impact of gambling and/or financial problems on poor mental health. Health practitioners should develop strong referral networks with gambling and financial counselling services. Government investment in making gambling and financial counselling services freely available and easily accessible is recommended to ensure appropriate support is received via effective care pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Swanton
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, Brain & Mind Centre, Gambling Treatment & Research Clinic, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.
| | - Sally M Gainsbury
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, Brain & Mind Centre, Gambling Treatment & Research Clinic, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dowling NA, Francis KL, Dixon R, Merkouris SS, Thomas SA, Frydenberg E, Jackson AC. "It Runs in Your Blood": Reflections from Treatment Seeking Gamblers on Their Family History of Gambling. J Gambl Stud 2020; 37:689-710. [PMID: 32671673 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-020-09959-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There are considerable gaps in our understanding of the familial transmission of gambling problems. This convergent mixed-methods study aimed to explore the: (1) sources of heterogeneity in the familial (paternal, maternal, and sibling) transmission of gambling problems; (2) degree to which family-of-origin characteristics are associated with family-of-origin problem gambling; and (3) beliefs of gamblers about the nature of the familial transmission of problem gambling. The sample consisted of 97 treatment-seeking gamblers in Australia. One-quarter (25.5%) of participants reported that at least one family member (16.5% father, 7.5% mother, 7.6% siblings) living with them when they were growing up had a gambling problem. Most participants reported that family members with a positive history of problem gambling were biological relatives, lived with them full-time, and experienced long-term difficulties with gambling. Participants with a family history of problem gambling were young (less than 12 years of age) at the onset of parental, but not sibling, problem gambling, were women, and reported difficulties with the same gambling activity as their family member. Participants raised in families with problem gambling were more likely to report parental separation (risk ratio [RR] = 2.32) and divorce (RR = 2.83), and extreme family financial hardship (RR = 1.80), as well as low levels of paternal authoritative parenting than participants raised in non-problem gambling families. Qualitatively, both social learning and genetics were perceived to play a central role in the familial transmission of gambling problems. These findings inform theories of the familial transmission of gambling problems and the design of targeted prevention and intervention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N A Dowling
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Deakin Geelong, Geelong, Australia. .,Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
| | - K L Francis
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - R Dixon
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - S S Merkouris
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Deakin Geelong, Geelong, Australia
| | - S A Thomas
- Research School in Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,International Primary Health Care Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - E Frydenberg
- Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - A C Jackson
- Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dowling NA. Commentary on Nilsson et al. (2020): The development of effective interventions for concerned significant others affected by gambling harms. Addiction 2020; 115:1343-1344. [PMID: 32196805 DOI: 10.1111/add.15026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicki A Dowling
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
The Impact of Problem Gambling on the Female Spouses of Male Chinese Gamblers in Hong Kong: Emergence of a Multiple-Self Model. Int J Ment Health Addict 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00349-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
|
20
|
Järvinen-Tassopoulos J. The impact of problem gambling: are there enough services available for families with children? Public Health 2020; 184:28-32. [PMID: 32473729 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to contribute to research on the help-seeking behaviours of the concerned significant others of gamblers. STUDY DESIGN This is a qualitative study. METHODS The message data were written by 40 partners of gamblers and collected from a Finnish-language online discussion forum designed for problem gamblers and their significant others. The method used was qualitative content analysis. RESULTS The partners of gamblers who contacted the forum sought help and peer support. The discovery of gambling and debts caused shame, fear of stigmatisation and trust issues among the partners. For many partners, managing the financial matters in the household was a means of saving the family from incurring further debts. The partners had to cope with mixed feelings towards the gambler: some wanted to give their family a chance, whereas others were concerned about their children's well-being and decided to divorce the gambler. CONCLUSIONS As long as family members cannot find help for themselves owing to a lack of awareness or fear of stigmatisation, they may suffer from health inequality and social marginalisation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Järvinen-Tassopoulos
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Public Health Solutions, Mannerheimintie 166, 00271, Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Gambling addiction (GA) is now considered a worldwide health issue. Although the topic of disorder awareness is a central issue in clinical practice, there are few studies examining this dimension in relation to GA. To bridge this gap, we conducted a qualitative study, administering interviews focused on awareness of GA and eliciting narratives of both the disorder and the whole life of participants. We adopted both qualitative and quantitative methods of research, using computer-aided content analysis. We administered to a sample of 15 treatment-seeking gamblers the Psychiatric Interview for Gambling Addiction and performed a qualitative analysis of the text using the T-Lab software. Five main thematic domains and four factors emerged, shedding light on specific aspects underlying the development of and recovery from GA. Specifically, the results suggested that dissociation processes, materialistic thinking and difficulties in social achievement underlie the subjective experience of GA. Moreover, closeness in interpersonal relationships and awareness of the disorder emerged as core features in the process of change. As a whole, the results highlight the specificities of disorder awareness in addicted gamblers. We discuss these results within the context of previous research and suggest clinical implications for the treatment of GA.
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
Treatment for Family Members of People Experiencing Gambling Problems: Family Members Want Both Gambler-Focused and Family-Focused Options. Int J Ment Health Addict 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-019-00143-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
24
|
Examining the Factor Structure of the Victorian Gambling Screen in Chinese Casino Workers. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-017-9699-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
25
|
Pathological gambling and romantic relationships: The perception of the members of the couple regarding the quality of their relationship. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00385-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
26
|
Abstract
While the evidence about the statistical co-occurrence of family violence and problem gambling is growing, the mechanism by which the two behaviours are related is less clear. This study sought to clarify the dynamics of the problem behaviours, including the role of gender in victimisation and perpetration of violence in the family. Two-hundred-and-twelve treatment seeking problem gamblers (50.5% females) were recruited for interviews about past year FV and IPV experiences. The interviews included questions about the types of FV and IPV using the HITS tool (Sherin et al. in Fam Med Kans City 30:508-512, 1998). The questions addressed multiple family members, the temporal order of violence and gambling and the perceived associations between the two behaviours. The result show that well over half (60.8%; 95 CI = 54.1-67.2) of the participants reported some form of violence in the past 12 months, with no gender differences in relation to perpetration and victimisation. Bidirectional violence (43.9%; 95 CI = 37.4-50.6) was significantly more common than 'perpetration only' (11.3%; 95 CI = 7.7-16.3) or 'victimisation only' (5.7%; 95 CI = 3.3-9.6). Violence was mostly verbal, although considerable rates of physical violence also featured in the responses. 'Participants' own gambling preceded violence in a majority of the interviews but a small group of IPV victims reported that being a victim had led to their problematic gambling. These results can be used inform prevention, better treatment matching and capacity building in family violence and problem gambling services, where a significant focus should be on situational IPV.
Collapse
|
27
|
McCarthy S, Thomas SL, Bellringer ME, Cassidy R. Women and gambling-related harm: a narrative literature review and implications for research, policy, and practice. Harm Reduct J 2019; 16:18. [PMID: 30832672 PMCID: PMC6399932 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-019-0284-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While the prevalence of women’s participation in gambling is steadily increasing, there is a well-recognised male bias in gambling research and policy. Few papers have sought to synthesise the literature relating to women and gambling-related harm and provide practical suggestions to guide future research, policy, and practice which take into account the specific nuances associated with women’s gambling. Methods A narrative literature review was conducted to review the evidence base on women’s gambling behaviours and experiences of harm. Drawing from strategies used effectively in other areas of public health, key elements for a gendered approach to harm prevention were identified and adapted into practical public health research, policy and practice strategies. Results Results indicated a lack of research that explores women’s gambling. Few studies have examined the impact of gambling on the lives of women, with limited understanding of the factors that influence women’s engagement with gambling products, and the impact of industry tactics. A gendered approach was identified as a strategy used successfully in other areas of public health to shift the focus onto women and to ensure they are considered in research. In tobacco control, increasing trends in women’s smoking behaviour were combatted with targeted research, policy and practical initiatives. These key elements were adapted to create a conceptual framework for reducing and preventing gambling harm in women. The framework provides regulatory direction and a research agenda to minimise gambling-related harm for women both in Australia and internationally. Evidence-based policies should be implemented to focus on the influence of gender and associated factors to address gambling-related harm. Practical interventions must take into account how women conceptualise and respond to gambling risk in order to develop specific harm prevention programs which respond to their needs. Conclusion A gendered approach to gambling harm prevention shifts the focus onto the unique factors associated with women’s gambling and specific ways to prevent harm. As seen in other areas of public health, such a framework enables harm measures, policies, and interventions to be developed that are salient to girls and women’s lives, experiences and circumstances. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12954-019-0284-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone McCarthy
- Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Samantha L Thomas
- Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Maria E Bellringer
- Gambling and Addictions Research Centre, School of Public Health and Psychosocial Studies, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca Cassidy
- Department of Anthropology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Browne M, Goodwin BC, Rockloff MJ. Validation of the Short Gambling Harm Screen (SGHS): A Tool for Assessment of Harms from Gambling. J Gambl Stud 2018; 34:499-512. [PMID: 28578519 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-017-9698-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It is common for jurisdictions tasked with minimising gambling-related harm to conduct problem gambling prevalence studies for the purpose of monitoring the impact of gambling on the community. However, given that both public health theory and empirical findings suggest that harms can occur without individuals satisfying clinical criteria of addiction, there is a recognized conceptual disconnect between the prevalence of clinical problem gamblers, and aggregate harm to the community. Starting with an initial item pool of 72 specific harms caused by problematic gambling, our aim was to develop a short gambling harms scale (SGHS) to screen for the presence and degree of harm caused by gambling. An Internet panel of 1524 individuals who had gambled in the last year completed a 72-item checklist, along with the Personal Wellbeing Index, the PGSI, and other measures. We selected 10 items for the SGHS, with the goals of maximising sensitivity and construct coverage. Psychometric analysis suggests very strong reliability, homogeneity and unidimensionality. Non-zero responses on the SGHS were associated with a large decrease in personal wellbeing, with wellbeing decreasing linearly with the number of harms indicated. We conclude that weighted SGHS scores can be aggregated at the population level to yield a sensitive and valid measure of gambling harm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Browne
- School of Human Health and Social Sciences, Central Queensland University, B8 G.47 University Dr Branyan, Bundaberg, QLD, 4670, Australia.
| | - Belinda C Goodwin
- Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, QLD, 4300, Australia
| | - Matthew J Rockloff
- School of Human Health and Social Sciences, Central Queensland University, B8 G.47 University Dr Branyan, Bundaberg, QLD, 4670, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Afifi TO, Sareen J, Taillieu T, Turner S, Fortier J. Life Interference Due to Gambling in Three Canadian Provinces. J Gambl Stud 2018; 35:671-687. [PMID: 29594641 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-018-9771-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The gambling landscape among provinces in Canada is diverse. Yet, few studies have investigated provincial differences related to life interference due to gambling. The objectives of the current study were to examine: (1) provincial differences with regard to gambling types and (2) if gender, family history of gambling, and alcohol or drug use while gambling were related to an increased likelihood of life interference in three Canadian provinces. Data were drawn from the 2013 and 2014 cycles of the Canadian Community Health Survey from Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and British Columbia (n = 30,150). Analyses were conducted stratified by provinces and also combined using logistic regression models. Provincial differences were noted with individuals from British Columbia compared to Manitoba being less likely to play VLTs outside of casinos, play live horse racing at a track or off track, and participate in sports gambling. Those in Saskatchewan compared to Manitoba were more likely to play VLTs inside a casino. When examining all provinces combined, family history of gambling was associated with increased odds of life interference. Gender was not associated with life interference. Provincial differences were noted, which may be in part related to differences in gambling landscapes. Family history of gambling may have clinical relevance for understanding which individuals may be more likely to experience life interference due to gambling. Further research is needed to clarify the link between alcohol and drug use while gambling and life interference due to gambling as the models in the current research were likely underpowered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracie O Afifi
- Departments of Community Health Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, S113 750 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W5, Canada.
| | - Jitender Sareen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, PZ-430 771 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3N4, Canada
| | - Tamara Taillieu
- Applied Health Sciences Program, 202 Active Living Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Sarah Turner
- Departments of Community Health Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, PZ-489 771 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3N4, Canada
| | - Janique Fortier
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, S113 750 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Narcissistic Implications in Gambling Disorder: The Mediating Role of Emotion Dysregulation. J Gambl Stud 2018; 34:1241-1260. [DOI: 10.1007/s10899-018-9759-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
31
|
Tremblay J, Dufour M, Bertrand K, Blanchette-Martin N, Ferland F, Savard AC, Saint-Jacques M, Côté M. The Experience of Couples in the Process of Treatment of Pathological Gambling: Couple vs. Individual Therapy. Front Psychol 2018; 8:2344. [PMID: 29416520 PMCID: PMC5787580 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Couple treatment for pathological gambling is an innovative strategy. There are some results supporting its potential effectiveness, but little is known about the subjective experiences of the participants. Objective: The aim of this article is to document the experiences of gamblers and their partners participating in one of two treatments, namely individual or couple. Method: In a study aiming to evaluate the efficacy of the Integrative Couple Treatment for Pathological Gambling (ICT-PG), couples who were entering specialized treatment for the addiction of one member who was a pathological gambler were randomly assigned to individual or ICT-PG. Nine months after their admission to treatment, gamblers and partners (n = 21 couples; n = 13 ICT-PG; n = 8 individual treatment) were interviewed in semi-structured interviews. A sequenced thematization method was used to extract the major themes. Results: This study highlighted five major themes in the therapeutic process noted by the gamblers and their partners mainly after the couple treatment but also partly through the individual therapy. These were: (1) the gamblers' anxiety about having to reveal their gambling problems in couple therapy; (2) the wish to develop a mutually beneficial understanding of gambling and its effects on the partners in the two types of treatments; (3) the transformation of negative attributions through a more effective intra-couple communication fostered by the couple therapy; (4) the partners' contribution to changes in gambling behavior and prevention of relapses, which were both better supported in couple therapy; and (5) the interpersonal nature of gambling and its connections with the couples' relationship. However, gamblers who were in individual treatment were more likely to mention that their partners' involvement was not necessary. Participants likewise made a few recommendations about the conditions underlying the choice of one treatment method or the other. Discussion: Participants reported satisfaction with both treatment models, but their experience was more positive in couple treatment. Complementary benefits emerged from each form of treatment, which points to future treatments involving both types. Future research should explore both the couple processes associated with attempts to stop pathological gambling and the various ways of involving partners in the gamblers' treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joël Tremblay
- Psychoeducation Department, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Magali Dufour
- Addiction Program, Medicine and Health Sciences Faculty, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Karine Bertrand
- Addiction Program, Medicine and Health Sciences Faculty, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Nadine Blanchette-Martin
- Research Service in Addiction, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Centre Intégré de Santé et Services Sociaux de Chaudière-Appalaches, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Francine Ferland
- Research Service in Addiction, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Centre Intégré de Santé et Services Sociaux de Chaudière-Appalaches, Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Marianne Saint-Jacques
- Addiction Program, Medicine and Health Sciences Faculty, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Mélissa Côté
- Psychoeducation Department, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Québec, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Background and aims Families play an important role in the evolution of gambling and are also adversely affected by the disordered gambling of any one of their members. The aims of this study were to explore both the role families play in gambling initiation, maintenance, and help-seeking, and the harm caused to families by the gambling behavior using a qualitative approach. Methods Regular older adult gamblers were included in the study. In-depth interviews were conducted with 25 older adults to gain an understanding of gambling from their perspective. Older adult gamblers described their lived experience of gambling ranging from initiation to harm and attempts to cut down or limit gambling. Data were analyzed using thematic network analysis. Results The mean age of the 25 participants was 66.2 years. The majority were male (n = 18), of Chinese ethnicity (n = 16), had secondary education (n = 9), were married (n = 20), and currently employed (n = 15). Four organizing themes related to the role of families in initiation and maintenance of gambling, harm caused to family members, and their role in help-seeking were identified. Discussion and conclusions The study emphasizes the role of Asian families in both initiation and maintenance of gambling. Hence, families must be involved in prevention and outreach programs. Family members must be educated, so that they can encourage help-seeking to ensure early treatment and recovery. There is a need for interventional studies for reducing stress and improving coping among family members.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mythily Subramaniam
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore,Corresponding author: Mythily Subramaniam; Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Buangkok Green Medical Park, 10 Buangkok View, Singapore 539747, Singapore; Phone: +65 6389 3633; Fax: +65 6343 7962; E-mail:
| | - Siow Ann Chong
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pratika Satghare
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Colette J. Browning
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia,School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia,International Institute for Primary Health Care Research, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shane Thomas
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia,School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia,International Institute for Primary Health Care Research, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
The intergenerational transmission of problem gambling: The mediating role of parental psychopathology. Addict Behav 2016; 59:12-7. [PMID: 26999631 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the intergenerational transmission of problem gambling and the potential mediating role of parental psychopathology (problem drinking, drug use problems, and mental health issues). The study comprised 3953 participants (1938 males, 2015 females) recruited from a large-scale Australian community telephone survey of adults retrospectively reporting on parental problem gambling and psychopathology during their childhood. Overall, 4.0% [95%CI 3.0, 5.0] (n=157) of participants reported paternal problem gambling and 1.7% [95%CI 1.0, 2.0] (n=68) reported maternal problem gambling. Compared to their peers, participants reporting paternal problem gambling were 5.1 times more likely to be moderate risk gamblers and 10.7 times more likely to be problem gamblers. Participants reporting maternal problem gambling were 1.7 times more likely to be moderate risk gamblers and 10.6 times more likely to be problem gamblers. The results revealed that the relationships between paternal-and-participant and maternal-and-participant problem gambling were significant, but that only the relationship between paternal-and-participant problem gambling remained statistically significant after controlling for maternal problem gambling and sociodemographic factors. Paternal problem drinking and maternal drug use problems partially mediated the relationship between paternal-and-participant problem gambling, and fully mediated the relationship between maternal-and-participant problem gambling. In contrast, parental mental health issues failed to significantly mediate the transmission of gambling problems by either parent. When parental problem gambling was the mediator, there was full mediation of the effect between parental psychopathology and offspring problem gambling for fathers but not mothers. Overall, the study highlights the vulnerability of children from problem gambling households and suggests that it would be of value to target prevention and intervention efforts towards this cohort.
Collapse
|
34
|
Li E, Browne M, Rawat V, Langham E, Rockloff M. Breaking Bad: Comparing Gambling Harms Among Gamblers and Affected Others. J Gambl Stud 2016; 33:223-248. [DOI: 10.1007/s10899-016-9632-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
35
|
Chan EML, Dowling NA, Jackson AC, Shek DTL. Gambling related family coping and the impact of problem gambling on families in Hong Kong. ASIAN JOURNAL OF GAMBLING ISSUES AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 6:1. [PMID: 27630808 PMCID: PMC4998161 DOI: 10.1186/s40405-016-0009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Despite substantial evidence that problem gambling is associated with a wide range of family difficulties, limited effort has been devoted to studying the negative impacts on family members as a result of problem gambling and how they cope and function under the impacts of problem gambling in Chinese communities. Among the very few Chinese-specific gambling-related family impact studies, none have examined how gambling-related family coping responses are related to gambling-related family impacts. Based on a sample of treatment-seeking Chinese family members of problem gamblers, this study aimed to explore: (1) the demographic characteristics and health and psychological well-being of the family members; (2) the gambling-related family member impacts (active disturbance, worrying behavior); (3) the family coping strategies (engaged, tolerant-inactive and withdrawal coping); (4) the relationship between gambling-related family member impacts, psychological distress and family coping strategies. It was hypothesized that positive significant relationships would be found between family member impacts, psychological distress and family coping strategies. From March 2011 to February 2012, a total of 103 family members of problem gamblers who sought help from Tung Wah Group of Hospitals Even Centre in Hong Kong were interviewed. Results showed that a majority of family members were partners or ex-partners of the gambler with low or no income. A large proportion of participants reported moderate to high psychological distress (72.6 %), poor to fair general health (60.2 %), and poor to neither good nor bad quality of life (61.1 %). Family member impacts were positively significantly correlated to all family coping strategies and psychological distress. Tolerant-inactive coping had the strongest relationships with family member impacts and psychological distress. Strong relationships between family member impacts and psychological distress were also found. The results provide preliminary support for aspects of the stress-strain-coping-support model in the Chinese culture. It is suggested that family member-specific treatment groups targeting family coping are required to alleviate the level of negative impacts of gambling disorder on family members.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elda Mei Lo Chan
- Integrated Centre on Addiction Prevention and Treatment, Tung Wah Group of Hospitals, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Nicki A. Dowling
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
- Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alun C. Jackson
- Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre on Behavioural Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Daniel Tan-lei Shek
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|