1
|
Gori A, Topino E. Problematic Gambling Behavior in a Sample of Gamblers: The Role of Alexithymia, Dissociation Features, and External Locus of Control. J Gambl Stud 2024:10.1007/s10899-024-10322-6. [PMID: 38831237 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-024-10322-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Gambling disorder is a severe condition that significantly compromises the lives of those affected. In light of this clinical relevance, the literature on the antecedents of this form of addiction is constant and continually evolving. Consistently with this framework, the present research aimed at investigating the role of some risk factors in gambling disorder, with a specific focus on alexithymia, dissociation, and locus of control. The research involved a sample of 290 participants (183 males and 107 females; Mage = 34.43, SD = 14.65) who practice gambling at least occasionally. They completed an online survey including the South Oaks Gambling Screen, Twenty-Items Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Dissociative Experience Scale-II, and Locus of Control of Behavior. ANOVA and a moderated-mediation model were implemented to analyse the collected data. Results showed that 19.0% of the participants were At Risk and Problem Gamblers, while 27.6% fell into the category of Problematic Gamblers. Problematic Gamblers showed significantly higher levels of alexithymia, dissociation, and external locus of control. Moreover, a significant association between alexithymia and the severity of problematic gambling behaviour was found and was significantly mediated by absorption (a dissociation feature). Furthermore, the external locus of control significantly moderated this indirect effect. The role of gender as a covariate was also investigated. Such findings may offer further insights into the field of clinical research on gambling disorder and may provide useful information for effective clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Gori
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Via di San Salvi 12, Pad. 26, Firenze, 50135, Italy.
- Integrated Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Institute (IPPI), Via Ricasoli 32, Florence, 50122, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Topino
- Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA University of Rome, Via della Traspontina 21, Rome, 00193, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gori A, Topino E, Gioia F, Casale S. Problematic Social Media Use in Young Adults: A Mixed Serial-Parallel Mediation Model Involving Alexithymia, Defense Mechanisms, and Fear of Missing Out. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2024; 27:340-346. [PMID: 38407872 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2023.0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Problematic social media use (PSMU) can have profound and detrimental effects across various domains of life. As a result, scientific investigations into the risk factors associated with this phenomenon can hold substantial practical implications within the clinical and preventive realms. Consistently with this framework, this study aimed to examine the relationship between certain variables and PSMU, with a specific focus on alexithymia, defense mechanisms, and fear of missing out (FoMO). A sample of 340 young adults (Mage = 26.42 years; SD = 3.689) completed an online survey, including the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale, FoMO scale, 40-Item Defense Style Questionnaire, and 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Results showed a statistically significant mixed serial-parallel mediation model. A significant total effect in the association between alexithymia and FoMO emerged. Furthermore, defense mechanisms and FoMO significantly and totally mediated this relationship. These findings have the potential to provide valuable insights in the field of clinical research on PSMU, and can offer practical information for enhancing clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Gori
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Eleonora Topino
- Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Gioia
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Casale
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hurel E, Grall-Bronnec M, Challet-Bouju G. Online Assessment of Social Cognition in a Population of Gamers and Gamblers: Results of the eSMILE Study. J Gambl Stud 2023; 39:1611-1633. [PMID: 37742231 PMCID: PMC10627996 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-023-10254-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the eSMILE study was to explore social cognition (SC) in the two behavioural addictions (BAs) included in international classifications: gaming disorder and gambling disorder. In these disorders, cognitive functioning is involved in the development and maintenance of addiction. Nevertheless, SC have received less attention than other cognitive functions. The eSMILE study was conducted online and included 105 participants (gamers and gamblers). This study included: the Penn emotion recognition task, the Condensed and Revised Multifaced Empathy Test, the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, the Chicken Game, social metacognition questions, and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. We analysed the relationships among SC measures, addiction levels, and behaviour frequency. For gamers, we showed that the higher their level of addiction was, the lower their self-confidence following the identification of basic emotions, although the more frequently they played, the better their performance on this task. Additionally, we found lower performance on the identification of more complex emotions by gamblers, which seems to be the result of their levels of addiction rather than the frequency of their gambling behaviour. This study contributes to our understanding of the cognitive processes underlying BAs. Additionally, working on SC abilities may be an additional management mode for BAs that could be added to existing treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Hurel
- CHU de Nantes, UIC Psychiatrie et Santé Mentale, Nantes Université, Nantes, France.
- Univ Tours, CHU Nantes, INSERM, MethodS in Patient Centered Outcomes and HEalth ResEarch, SPHERE, Nantes Université, 44000, Nantes, France.
| | - Marie Grall-Bronnec
- CHU de Nantes, UIC Psychiatrie et Santé Mentale, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
- Univ Tours, CHU Nantes, INSERM, MethodS in Patient Centered Outcomes and HEalth ResEarch, SPHERE, Nantes Université, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Gaëlle Challet-Bouju
- CHU de Nantes, UIC Psychiatrie et Santé Mentale, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
- Univ Tours, CHU Nantes, INSERM, MethodS in Patient Centered Outcomes and HEalth ResEarch, SPHERE, Nantes Université, 44000, Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Topino E, Gori A, Jimeno MV, Ortega B, Cacioppo M. The relationship between social media addiction, fear of missing out and family functioning: a structural equation mediation model. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:383. [PMID: 37941011 PMCID: PMC10634114 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01409-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of social media became a daily activity for many individuals, with recreational, informational, and social purposes, to name a few. However, for some subjects, the use of these platforms may become problematic and generate functioning impairments in many life areas. Given this, the present research aimed at investigating the factor that may contribute to Social Media Addiction, by focusing on Fear of Missing Out and Family Functioning Patterns. METHODS A sample of 303 social media users (Mage = 35.29; SD = 14.87; 65% females, 35% males) completed a survey including the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale, Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales-IV, and Fear of Missing Out Scale. Data were analysed by implementing Pearson correlation and testing a mediation with the Structural Equation Model approach. RESULTS Cohesion, flexibility, and disengagement family functioning patterns were significantly associated with the levels of social media addiction. These dimensions were inserted in the structural equation model, where the full mediation of fear of missing out in their relationship with social media addiction was shown. CONCLUSIONS The data showed the protective effect of flexible and cohesive family functioning patterns, as well as the role of disengagement and, sequentially, fear of missing out as risk factors. These findings may provide useful indications to elaborate tailored and effective therapeutic and preventive activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Topino
- Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA University of Rome, Via della Traspontina 21, Rome, 00193, Italy.
| | - Alessio Gori
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Via di San Salvi 12, Pad. 26, Florence, 50135, Italy
| | - María Verónica Jimeno
- Department of Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, 02071, Spain
- Criminology Research Centre, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Benjamín Palencia Building Campus Universitario s/n, Albacete, 02071, Spain
| | - Beatriz Ortega
- Department of Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, 02071, Spain
- Criminology Research Centre, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Benjamín Palencia Building Campus Universitario s/n, Albacete, 02071, Spain
| | - Marco Cacioppo
- Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA University of Rome, Via della Traspontina 21, Rome, 00193, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Allahvirdie Rezaieh S, Ghorbani N, Farahani H. Mediating role of splitting in relation to attachment styles and shopping addiction. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1249591. [PMID: 37854143 PMCID: PMC10581345 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1249591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Shopping can provide a sense of satisfaction and pleasure; however, if a person's excessive involvement in this behavior starts to negatively impact other aspects of their life, similar to other addictive behaviors like excessive internet use, gaming, and gambling, it may be classified as pathological. Given the lack of agreement regarding the classification of excessive shopping tendencies as a separate mental health condition or addictive behavior, taking a socio-emotional approach to explore the psychological factors that precede this behavior, may offer a better comprehension of it. Methods The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between attachment styles and excessive shopping behavior, as well as to investigate the potential mediating effect of defense mechanisms like splitting on this relationship. Using convenience sampling, a group of 457 stock market employees (116 female, 341 male) between the ages of 24 and 60 were recruited. The researchers utilized a set of validated psychological questionnaires to assess the employees attachment styles, shopping addiction, and splitting tendencies. Results The results obtained from both the mediation model and path analysis suggest that attachment styles do not have a direct relationship with shopping addiction. Nonetheless, the study supports the impact of insecure anxious and avoidan attachment styles on splitting. Furthermore, the findings confirm that splitting has a mediating effect on the relationship between attachment styles and splitting. Discussion The present study enhanced our comprehension of the subconscious mechanisms underlying shopping tendencies. Specifically, the findings suggest that excessive tendencies towards shopping can be considered a maladaptive response resulting from insecure attachment styles and the unconscious utilization of the splitting defense mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nima Ghorbani
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ghinassi S, Casale S. The Role of Attachment in Gambling Behaviors and Gambling Disorder: A Systematic Review. J Gambl Stud 2023; 39:713-749. [PMID: 36322300 PMCID: PMC10175436 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-022-10163-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a growing number of attachment-based studies have contributed to the understanding of both substance and behavioral addictions. Although gambling is a form of addictive behavior widespread all over the world, both among young people and adults, the evidence on the association between attachment-related phenomena and gambling has not yet been systematized in literature. The aim of the present study, therefore, is to provide a systematic literature review aimed at summarizing the empirical evidence on this topic. Following the updated 2020 PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search in four electronic scientific databases (Scopus, PubMed, PsycInfo and Web of Science) was conducted. After removing duplicates, 146 records were double-screened, with 12 articles meeting the inclusion criteria. Additionally, by means of a backward search a further article was selected. Altogether, 13 articles were selected for the present systematic review. With few exceptions, the results underline the significant role played by attachment-related phenomena in gambling behaviors, highlighting that specific attachment contexts have a different influence on gambling, also depending on whether gamblers are youths or adults. In particular, while secure attachment has proven to be a protective factor for the onset of gambling behavior, insecure attachment has emerged to be a vulnerability factor in two ways. On the one hand, it directly favors gambling behaviors; on the other, it affects coping strategies and the individual's ability to identify and regulate emotions, which in turn predict gambling. Limitations, strengths, and implications of the present systematic review are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ghinassi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Casale
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychology Unit, University of Florence, Via di San Salvi, 12, 50135, Florence, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gori A, Topino E, Griffiths MD. The associations between attachment, self-esteem, fear of missing out, daily time expenditure, and problematic social media use: A path analysis model. Addict Behav 2023; 141:107633. [PMID: 36753932 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the factors that may be associated with a dysfunctional use of social media use, by exploring the association between adult attachment patterns and problematic social media use and analyzing the sequential mediation of self-esteem, fear of missing out (FoMO), and time spent on social media. A sample of 470 social media users (Mage = 33.76 years; SD = 14.267; 70 % women) completed the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale, Fear of Missing Out Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and Relationship Questionnaire. Results showed a path analysis model providing an excellent fit to the data (χ2 = 2.939, p = 0.230; GFI = 0.998, TLI = 0.987, CFI = 0.998, RMSEA = 0.032, SRMR = 0.016). A significant and positive total effect in the associations between preoccupied and fearful attachment patterns and problematic social media use emerged. Both preoccupied and fearful attachment patterns were also related to self-esteem, FoMO, and time spent on social media, which were sequentially associated and were, in turn, significantly related to problematic social media use. Finally, when self-esteem, FoMO, and time spent on social media were added into the model, they totally mediated the relationships between preoccupied and fearful attachment patterns and problematic social media use, suggesting a full multiple mediation model (R2 = 0.33). Such data may provide useful information for clinical practice to develop tailored interventions and prevention programs to address the compensatory and problematic use of social media.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Gori
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Via di San Salvi 12, Pad. 26, 50135 Florence, Italy; Integrated Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Institute (IPPI), via Ricasoli 32, 50122 Florence, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Topino
- Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA University of Rome, Via della Traspontina 21, 00193 Rome, Italy
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Risk Factors for Gambling Disorder: A Systematic Review. J Gambl Stud 2023; 39:483-511. [PMID: 36884150 PMCID: PMC9994414 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-023-10195-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Gambling disorder is a common and problematic behavioral disorder associated with depression, substance abuse, domestic violence, bankruptcy, and high suicide rates. In the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), pathological gambling was renamed "gambling disorder" and moved to the Substance-Related and Addiction Disorders chapter to acknowledge that research suggests that pathological gambling and alcohol and drug addiction are related. Therefore, this paper provides a systematic review of risk factors for gambling disorder. Systematic searches of EBSCO, PubMed, and Web of Science identified 33 records that met study inclusion criteria. A revised study acknowledges as risk factors for developing/maintaining a gambling disorder being a single young male, or married for less than 5 years, living alone, having a poor education, and struggling financially.
Collapse
|
9
|
Gori A, Topino E, Cacioppo M, Craparo G, Schimmenti A, Caretti V. An Integrated Approach to Addictive Behaviors: A Study on Vulnerability and Maintenance Factors. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2023; 13:512-524. [PMID: 36975391 PMCID: PMC10047755 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe13030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the relationships among the variables involved in a Comprehensive Model of Addiction (CMA), which posits that the presence and severity of addictive behaviors are related to the configuration of seven psychological variables, namely childhood trauma, insecure attachment, affect dysregulation, dissociation, impulsivity, compulsiveness, and obsessiveness. A vulnerability model was proposed, in which it was suggested that affect dysregulation and complex trauma mediated the association between insecure attachment and dissociation. Furthermore, a maintenance model was elaborated, in which it was hypothesized that dissociation influenced affect dysregulation via impulsivity, compulsiveness, and obsessiveness. A clinical sample of 430 individuals with substance use disorder was involved. All participants received a DSM-5 clinical diagnosis of Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders and were recruited from the Italian National Health System. A parallel mediation emerged, confirming the vulnerability model, with complex trauma and affect dysregulation mediating the relationship between insecure attachment and dissociation. Furthermore, a mixed serial–parallel mediation described the maintenance model, where impulsiveness, compulsiveness, and obsessiveness significantly mediated the relationship between dissociation and affect dysregulation. Our findings offer a better understanding of the variables associated with addictive disorders, thus providing important indications for both treatment and preventive interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Gori
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Via di San Salvi 12, Pad. 26, 50135 Firenze, Italy
- Integrated Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Institute (IPPI), Via Ricasoli 32, 50122 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Eleonora Topino
- Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA University of Rome, Via della Traspontina, 21, 00193 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Cacioppo
- Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA University of Rome, Via della Traspontina, 21, 00193 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Craparo
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, UKE—Kore University of Enna, Cittadella Universitaria, 94100 Enna, Italy
| | - Adriano Schimmenti
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, UKE—Kore University of Enna, Cittadella Universitaria, 94100 Enna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Caretti
- Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA University of Rome, Via della Traspontina, 21, 00193 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Love Addiction, Adult Attachment Patterns and Self-Esteem: Testing for Mediation Using Path Analysis. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13020247. [PMID: 36836480 PMCID: PMC9964255 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13020247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Love addiction is a dysfunctional relational modality that takes on the addiction characteristics and which, for the individuals who suffer from it, can have a negative and pervasive impact on various areas of functioning. The objective of this research was the analysis the factors that can be associated with love addiction, particularly focusing on adult attachment patterns and self-esteem. A sample group of 300 individuals who declared themselves to have a romantic relationship was involved in this research (Mage = 37.83 years, SD = 12.937). They completed an online survey including the Love Addiction Inventory-Short form, Relationship Questionnaire, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Results showed significant and positive associations between preoccupied and fearful adult attachment and love addiction. Furthermore, these relationships were totally mediated by self-esteem. Gender and age were controlled as potential covariates and showed significant effects in influencing the levels of self-esteem and love addiction. Such findings may provide useful information for orienting future research and supporting an effective clinical practice.
Collapse
|
11
|
Gori A, Topino E. The Association between Alexithymia and Social Media Addiction: Exploring the Role of Dysmorphic Symptoms, Symptoms Interference, and Self-Esteem, Controlling for Age and Gender. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13010152. [PMID: 36675813 PMCID: PMC9865469 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the popularity of social media and the growing presence of these tools in the daily lives of individuals, research about the elements that can be linked to their problematic use appears to be of great importance. The objective of this study was to investigate the factors that may contribute to the levels of social media addiction, by focusing on the role of alexithymia, body image concern, and self-esteem, controlled for age and gender. A sample of 437 social media users (32.5% men, 67.5% women; Mage = 33.44 years, SD = 13.284) completed an online survey, including the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale, Body Image Concern Inventory, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and Twenty-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale, together with a demographic questionnaire. Results showed a significant association between alexithymia and social media addiction, with the total mediation of body image concern (and more in detail, body dissatisfaction) and the significant moderation of self-esteem. Gender and age showed significant effects in these relationships. Such findings may offer further insights into the field of clinical research on social media addiction and may provide useful information for effective clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Gori
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Via di San Salvi 12, Pad. 26, 50135 Firenze, Italy
- Integrated Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Institute (IPPI), Via Ricasoli 32, 50122 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Eleonora Topino
- Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA University of Rome, Via della Traspontina 21, 00193 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gori A, Topino E, Cacioppo M, Craparo G, Schimmenti A, Caretti V. An addictive disorders severity model: a chained mediation analysis using structural equation modeling. J Addict Dis 2023; 41:98-109. [PMID: 35616192 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2022.2074762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical relevance of the degree of severity in addiction disorders supports the need to investigate the variables underlying this aspect of the phenomenon. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the relationships between factors that may influence the severity of addiction disorder, with a particular focus on temperamental disinhibition, emotion dysregulation, interpersonal vulnerability, and their interactions. METHODS A clinical sample of 502 (77% males and 22% females) was involved. All participants received a DSM-5 clinical diagnosis of "Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders" and were recruited from the Italian National Health System. The collected data were analyzed by implementing a chained mediation model using structural equation modeling. RESULTS The statistical appropriateness of the hypothesized latent 4- factors model was confirmed. Specifically, temperamental disinhibition (composed of impulsiveness, compulsiveness, and obsessiveness), emotion dysregulation (composed of affect dysregulation, alexithymia, and dissociation), interpersonal vulnerability (composed of traumatic experiences, preoccupied, avoidant and unresolved attachment), and Addictive Disorders Severity (composed by substance use severity, alcohol use severity, gambling severity, and Internet use severity) were the four factors which have been identified. Furthermore, a total chained mediation model emerged, where emotion dysregulation and interpersonal vulnerability mediated the relationship between temperamental disinhibition and Addictive Disorders Severity. CONCLUSIONS Our findings offer a better understanding of the variables associated with addictive disorder severity, providing important indications for therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Gori
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Integrated Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Institute (IPPI), Florence, Italy
| | - Eleonora Topino
- Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Cacioppo
- Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Craparo
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, UKE-Kore University of Enna, Enna, Italy
| | - Adriano Schimmenti
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, UKE-Kore University of Enna, Enna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Caretti
- Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gori A, Topino E, Fioravanti G, Casale S. Exploring the Psychodynamics of Compulsive Shopping: Single and Moderated Mediation Analyses. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-022-00977-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
|
14
|
Schimmenti A, Billieux J, Santoro G, Casale S, Starcevic V. A trauma model of substance use: Elaboration and preliminary validation. Addict Behav 2022; 134:107431. [PMID: 35905595 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The current study expands on and integrates previous theoretical models concerning the pathways that link child maltreatment to substance use disorder. The proposed model, based on the self-medication hypothesis, suggests that experiences of neglect and abuse during childhood can lead to substance use and abuse both directly and indirectly, via dissociation resulting from failed attempts to integrate experiences of maltreatment in childhood. The model was tested on ten substances (painkillers, stimulants, sedatives, marijuana, cocaine, ecstasy, hallucinogens, heroin, inhalants, and methamphetamine) via structural equation modeling (SEM) in a sample comprising 1040 community-dwelling adults (67 % women) aged between 18 and 78 (M = 29.55, SD = 11.37). Fit indexes of the SEM were good, thus supporting the hypothesized model. Specific forms of child maltreatment were related to increased use of specific substances; however, experience of childhood neglect (both physical and emotional) was found to have a central role in predicting use of most substances. Although no single pathway can fully explain the origins of substance abuse, the current study provides evidence of a critical developmental pathway to it, with implications for theory and clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Schimmenti
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, UKE - Kore University of Enna, Cittadella Universitaria, 94100 Enna, Italy.
| | - Joël Billieux
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Géopolis CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland; Center for Excessive Gambling, Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospitals (CHUV), CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Gianluca Santoro
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, UKE - Kore University of Enna, Cittadella Universitaria, 94100 Enna, Italy.
| | - Silvia Casale
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychology Unit, University of Florence, Via di San Salvi12, 50135 Florence, Italy.
| | - Vladan Starcevic
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Nepean Clinical School, PO Box 63, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rueda Ruiz MB, Larracoechea UA, Herrero M, Estévez A. Problematic Gambling Behavior in a Sample with Substance Use Disorder: The Role of Attachment Style and Alexithymia. J Gambl Stud 2022; 39:513-529. [PMID: 36152111 PMCID: PMC10175442 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-022-10154-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Gambling disorder is a high comorbid disorder in substance abusers which conjunct appearance is related to worse symptomatology and evolution. Nevertheless, the research on the risk factors that may explain this comorbidity is scarce. We build of the self-regulation theory of attachment and addiction to examine if insecure attachment is related to gambling comorbidity in substance abuse disorder and the mediating role of alexithymia in this process. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 369 clinical patients with substance use disorder of which 69 presented comorbid gambling disorder diagnosed with the DSM-5 criteria. Results showed that insecure attachment was more prevalent in the group with comorbid gambling. In this group, the alexithymia levels were also higher and mediated the relationship in between attachment and gambling disorder comorbidity even controlling for several sociodemographic variables. This research indicates that insecure attachment enhances the risk of gambling comorbidity on substance abusers due to the detrimental effect on the self-regulation of emotion. Thus, interventions directed to increase the identification, expression and awareness of emotions might help to reduce comorbidity of gambling of substance use disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mª Begoña Rueda Ruiz
- Psychiatry Service of the Barrualde-Galdakao Hospital, Galdakao Hospital, Labeaga Auzoa 46A - 48960, Galdakao, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Urko Aguirre Larracoechea
- Psychiatry Service of the Barrualde-Galdakao Hospital, Galdakao Hospital, Labeaga Auzoa 46A - 48960, Galdakao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Marta Herrero
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Deusto University, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ana Estévez
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Deusto University, Bilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
The Relationship between Attachment Styles and Compulsive Online Shopping: The Mediating Roles of Family Functioning Patterns. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19138162. [PMID: 35805821 PMCID: PMC9266044 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19138162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The rapid expansion of e-commerce has made the buying experience faster, potentially anonymous, and without limits of space and time. While this may produce benefits, for some individuals, online shopping can become an addiction. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the psychological factors that may be associated with Compulsive Online Shopping, with a specific focus on the role of Attachment Styles and Family Functioning patterns as risk or protective factors. The study involved a sample of 306 participants (Mage = 31.86 years, SD = 11.925) who filled out an online survey consisting of the Compulsive Online Shopping Scale, Relationship Questionnaire, Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales-IV, as well as a demographic questionnaire. The results showed two significant parallel mediation models. In the first one, Secure Attachment was negatively and significantly related to Compulsive Online Shopping, with the mediation of Cohesion and Enmeshed Family Functioning. In the second one, Fearful Attachment was positively and significantly related to Compulsive Online Shopping, with the mediation of Cohesion and Enmeshed Family Functioning. Important implications for preventive activity and tailored interventions may emerge from these data.
Collapse
|
17
|
Coleman E, Rahm-Knigge RL, Danielson S, Nielsen KH, Gleason N, Jennings T, Miner MH. The Relationship between Boredom Proneness, Attachment Styles and Compulsive Sexual Behavior. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2022; 49:172-188. [PMID: 35695090 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2022.2086511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Affect regulation is associated with compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) despite ongoing debate about its inclusion in diagnostic criteria. Previous studies on two specific affect regulation constructs - boredom proneness and attachment styles - suggest that affect regulation is associated with CSB. We tested a moderation model of the effects of attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance on the relationship between boredom proneness and CSB. Results indicate that the relationship between boredom proneness and CSB is stronger at higher levels of attachment anxiety, with no interaction between boredom proneness and attachment avoidance. Overall findings support the importance of affect regulation in conceptualizing and treating CSB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eli Coleman
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Health, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ryan L Rahm-Knigge
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Health, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Samuel Danielson
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Minnesota State University, Mankato, Minnesota, USA
| | - Katja H Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Minnesota State University, Mankato, Minnesota, USA
| | - Neil Gleason
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Todd Jennings
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Michael H Miner
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Health, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Manfredi P. Benefits, Risks and Gender Differences in Sport, and Exercise Dependence: Key Role of Alexithymia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095288. [PMID: 35564683 PMCID: PMC9101628 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The literature has long highlighted the benefits of sport, but too much sport could indicate a dependence without a substance, namely exercise dependence. The literature has only recently investigated this issue and therefore several questions are open, particularly with regard to psychopathological significance and gender differences. The aim of this paper is to investigate whether young subjects (M = 20 years) with a risk of exercise dependency and non-dependent symptomatic display other behavioural and psychological suffering and discomforts, or whether such an investment in physical activity is compatible with a framework of relative well-being; and if there are differences related to gender. A total of 396 subjects were involved in this study. Exercise Dependence Scale, Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Subjective Happiness Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale and an ad hoc questionnaire with information relating to the consumption of alcohol, soft and hard drugs, quality of sleep and nutrition, affective and friendship relationships, hobbies, presence of psychological or physical disorders, motivations for sporting activity, and any traumatic experiences were used. With regard to the Exercise Dependence Scale (EDS), the prevalence of subjects at risk of exercise dependence was 1.5% and that of non-dependents symptomatic was 31.3%. Considering only men, the percentage of subjects at risk of exercise dependence rose to 3% and that of non-dependents symptomatic to 47.9%. Our data support the hypothesis that the risk of exercise dependence and the symptomatic condition without dependence can occur in situations of relative well-being (happiness, satisfaction, relationships) without significant associations with other problematic behaviours. Modest consumption of soft drugs is reported in non-dependent symptomatic subjects. The hypothesis of increased levels of alexithymia is confirmed but limited to the male gender. Gender differences are confirmed in the frequency and motivation to practice sport and in the risk of dependence. It is important that the assessment of addiction risk is integrated with the assessment of alexithymia and personal and social resources over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Manfredi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Topino E, Gori A, Cacioppo M. Alexithymia, Dissociation, and Family Functioning in a Sample of Online Gamblers: A Moderated Mediation Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:13291. [PMID: 34948900 PMCID: PMC8707594 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The diffusion of the internet and technological progress have made gambling on online platforms possible, also making it more anonymous, convenient, and available, increasing the risk of pathological outcomes for vulnerable individuals. Given this context, the present study explores the role of some protective and risk factors for problematic gambling in online gamblers by focusing on the interaction between alexithymia, dissociation, and family functioning. A sample of 193 online gamblers (Mage = 28.8 years, SD = 10.59; 17% females, 83% males) completed the South Oaks Gambling Screen, Twenty-Items Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Dissociative Experience Scale-II, and Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales-IV through an online survey. MANOVA, ANOVA and moderated mediation analyses were carried out to analyse the data. Significant differences in cohesive family functioning, alexithymia and dissociation have been found between online gamblers with problematic, at-risk or absent levels of gambling disease. Furthermore, the results showed a significant and positive association between alexithymia and problematic online gambling, partially mediated by dissociation, with the moderation of cohesive family functioning. Such data may have relevant clinical implications, highlighting the interaction of some core personal and environmental variables that may be involved in the etiology of online pathological gambling and could be kept in mind to tailor preventive interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Topino
- Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA University of Rome, Via della Traspontina 21, 00193 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessio Gori
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Via di San Salvi 12, Pad. 26, 50135 Florence, Italy;
| | - Marco Cacioppo
- Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA University of Rome, Via della Traspontina 21, 00193 Rome, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
A Screening Tool for Exercise Addiction: The Psychometric Properties of the Italian Exercise Addiction Inventory. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00681-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
|
21
|
Gori A, Topino E, Pucci C, Griffiths MD. The Relationship between Alexithymia, Dysmorphic Concern, and Exercise Addiction: The Moderating Effect of Self-Esteem. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11111111. [PMID: 34834464 PMCID: PMC8621958 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11111111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As with other addictions, exercise addiction can severely impact individuals' lives and have significant psychophysical consequences. Consequently, the study of the mechanisms involved in this psychopathological condition has great clinical and practical relevance. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to explore the risk factors and protective factors for exercise addiction, with a particular focus on the roles of alexithymia, body image concerns, and self-esteem. A sample of 288 regular exercisers (mean age = 28.35 years, SD = 8.26; 72% females, 18% males) completed the Exercise Addiction Inventory, 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Body Image Concern Inventory, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Data were analyzed by implementing a moderated mediation model. Results showed a significant and positive association between alexithymia and exercise addiction, totally mediated by body image concerns. Furthermore, self-esteem showed a relevant moderating effect, such that at high levels of self-esteem the effect of alexithymia on body image concerns became insignificant. Such data have important implications, highlighting some core variables on which it might be useful to keep a focus in order to elaborate tailored interventions, from both preventive and treatment perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Gori
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Via di San Salvi 12, Pad. 26, 50135 Florence, Italy;
- Integrated Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Institute (IPPI), via Ricasoli 32, 50122 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence: Correspondence:
| | - Eleonora Topino
- Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA University of Rome, Via della Traspontina 21, 00193 Rome, Italy;
| | - Caterina Pucci
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Via di San Salvi 12, Pad. 26, 50135 Florence, Italy;
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK;
| |
Collapse
|