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Pi L, Wang Y, Zou L, Mo X, Guo L. An Analysis of the Latent Class and Influencing Factors of Problematic Mobile Social Media Usage Among Chinese College Students. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2024; 17:367-378. [PMID: 38327872 PMCID: PMC10848824 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s438713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To explore the potential classification of Problematic Mobile Social Media Usage (PMSMU) in Chinese college students, analyze whether there is group heterogeneity in PMSMU, and discuss the differences in the latent profile of PMSMU in fear of missing out, online positive feedback, and boredom proneness. Methods A total of 2591 Chinese college students were investigated using the Problematic Mobile Social Media Usage Questionnaire, Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) Scale, Online Positive Feedback Scale and Short-form Boredom Proneness Scale, and heterogeneity was tested by latent profile analysis. Results The PMSMU of college students can be divided into three latent profiles: no-problem use group (26.44%), mild problem use group (56.66%), and severe problem use group (16.91%). Male students, as compared to female students, showed a significantly lower likelihood of being classified as mild problematic users (OR=0.50, p<0.001) and severe problematic users (OR=0.29, p<0.001). Additionally, students with higher levels of FOMO, a stronger craving for online positive feedback, and increased boredom proneness are more likely to belong to the severe problematic use group (OR=2.91, p<0.001; OR=1.42, p<0.01; OR=8.72, p<0.001). Conclusion The results of this study highlight the factors influencing the heterogeneity of individual PMSMU. Specifically, female college students and those with a higher fear of missing out, greater susceptibility to boredom, and a stronger craving for positive online feedback are more likely to exhibit severe PMSMU. These findings provide valuable empirical evidence for developing preventive strategies to address PMSMU among college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyang Pi
- College of Humanities and Law, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Humanities and Law, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lirong Zou
- College of Humanities and Law, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Mo
- School of Education Science, Guangdong Preschool Normal College in Maoming, Maoming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Leilei Guo
- School of Marxism, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Xie J, Xu X, Zhang Y, Tan Y, Wu D, Shi M, Huang H. The effect of short-form video addiction on undergraduates' academic procrastination: a moderated mediation model. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1298361. [PMID: 38162977 PMCID: PMC10756502 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1298361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Short-form videos have become one of the most popular ways for people to entertain and relax. However, the intense interest in short-form videos has given rise to short-video addiction, which poses risks to both physical and mental health of individuals. Undergraduates are one of the important users for short-form videos, and the influence of short-form video addiction calls for more attention. This study aimed to investigate the association between short-form video addiction and academic procrastination among undergraduates, exploring the role of executive functions (i.e., attentional control) and personality traits (i.e., boredom proneness) in the association. Methods Using stratified random cluster sampling method, the data of 1,047 college students were used in the study. All variables were measured by empirical instruments, and all instruments were highly reliable. Mediation and moderation analysis was conducted using Model 4 and 7 in PROCESS macro powered by SPSS. Results Results revealed that short-form video addiction not only directly impacted academic procrastination but also placed indirect effect on academic procrastination through attentional control. Furthermore, the mediating effect of attentional control was contingent upon individuals' boredom proneness. Higher levels of boredom proneness weakened the impact of short-form video addiction on attentional control. Conclusion The findings expand our knowledge of the negative effects of short-form video addiction and the underlying mechanisms, providing implications for mitigating undergraduates' academic procrastination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xie
- Education Research Institute, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyu Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Electric Information, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, China
| | - Yamei Zhang
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuxin Tan
- Education Research Institute, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, China
| | - Dazhou Wu
- School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingjian Shi
- Political Officer Education Department, Dalian Naval Academy, Dalian, China
| | - Hai Huang
- Education Research Institute, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, China
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Doering EL, Weybright E, Anderson AJ, Murphy K, Caldwell L. Associations Between Trait Boredom and Frequency of Cannabis, Alcohol, and Tobacco Use in College Students. Cannabis 2023; 6:149-164. [PMID: 38035167 PMCID: PMC10683743 DOI: 10.26828/cannabis/2023/000177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective Boredom is a common emotion associated with substance use in college students - a group already at risk for substance misuse. The purpose of this study is to understand how two types of trait boredom (susceptibility and proneness) in college students are associated with frequency of cannabis, alcohol, and tobacco use. Method Data were collected from an online survey completed by a sample of undergraduate students (N = 414, Mage = 19.55, 84.5% female; 64.3% White) enrolled at a large public university in the northwest. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between trait boredom and frequency of cannabis, alcohol, and tobacco use after controlling for age, sex, and race. Results Boredom susceptibility was a significant predictor of annual, monthly, and weekly cannabis and alcohol use, but only annual and monthly tobacco use. Boredom proneness was only a significant predictor for monthly alcohol use. Conclusions Findings were generally consistent across types of substances and frequency of use for boredom susceptibility, indicating students higher in susceptibility, rather than proneness, are a subgroup to target prevention interventions to alleviate boredom and subsequent maladaptive coping mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Doering
- Department of Human Development, Washington State University
| | | | | | - Kyle Murphy
- Department of Human Development, Washington State University
| | - Linda Caldwell
- Department of Recreation, Park, and Tourism Management, The Pennsylvania State University
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Zhu Y, Liu J, Wang Q, Huang J, Li X, Liu J. Examining the Association Between Boredom Proneness and Bedtime Procrastination Among Chinese College Students: A Sequential Mediation Model with Mobile Phone Addiction and Negative Emotions. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2023; 16:4329-4340. [PMID: 37908682 PMCID: PMC10613565 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s431615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The phenomenon of bedtime procrastination has become very common in China in recent years, especially among college students, and it can have numerous negative implications for both physical and mental health. However, the impacting factors and possible underlying mechanisms of bedtime procrastination have not yet been fully clarified. The present study aims to explore the relationship between boredom proneness and bedtime procrastination in Chinese college students, and propose a multiple mediation model to further explore the mediating effects of mobile phone addiction and negative emotions in this link. Participants and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 668 Chinese college students aged 18 to 32 years old (M=20.36 years [SD=1.69]; 35.03% male). A series of self-rating questionnaires measuring degrees of boredom proneness, mobile phone addiction, bedtime procrastination, as well as negative emotions (depression, anxiety and stress) were administered. Results The results showed that boredom proneness, mobile phone addiction, negative emotions and bedtime procrastination were significantly and positively correlated with each other in college students. Mobile phone addiction and negative emotions separately played partial mediating roles in the relationship between boredom proneness and bedtime procrastination. Furthermore, a sequential mediation pathway was significant whereby boredom proneness predicted mobile phone addiction, which was associated with higher levels of negative emotions, which were then associated with more bedtime procrastination behaviors. Conclusion The present findings indicate that both mobile phone addiction and negative emotions are important risk-enhancing mediators in the association between boredom proneness and bedtime procrastination in Chinese college students. Therefore, intervention management that concentrating on reducing mobile phone addiction as well as improving negative emotions may be useful for decreasing bedtime procrastination among college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhu
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin Social Science Laboratory of Students’ Mental Development and Learning, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junling Liu
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiahao Huang
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaying Liu
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
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Gao B, Liu Y, Shen Q, Fu C, Li W, Li X. Why Cannot I Stop Phubbing? Boredom Proneness and Phubbing: A Multiple Mediation Model. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2023; 16:3727-3738. [PMID: 37705851 PMCID: PMC10497055 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s423371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background With the popularity of smartphone and their increasingly rich functions, people's attachment to their phones is increasing. While people enjoy the convenience that smartphone bring (eg, accessing information and socializing), it also leads to problematic smartphone use (eg, phubbing). Previous research has shown that boredom proneness can trigger phubbing. However, the underlying psychological mechanisms are not yet clear. Methods To address this research gap, we surveyed 556 Chinese college students (Mage = 18.89 years, SD = 1.18) during the COVID-19 pandemic and all participants completed a self-report questionnaire. Drawing the Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution model (I-PACE) for addictive behaviors, this study developed and examined a multiple mediation model incorporating boredom proneness, loneliness, fear of missing out (FoMO), and phubbing. Results (1) Boredom proneness could positively predict phubbing; (2) loneliness and FoMO mediated the relationship between boredom proneness and phubbing, respectively; and (3) loneliness and FoMO sequentially mediated the relationship between boredom proneness and phubbing. Conclusion These findings are not only valuable for understanding the underlying mechanisms linking boredom proneness and phubbing, but also suggest that three types of interventions could be effectively used to decrease the risk of phubbing among college students, namely, reducing boredom proneness, relieving loneliness, and decreasing FoMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Gao
- Research Institute for International and Comparative Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, People’s Republic of China
- Lab for Educational Big Data and Policymaking, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Mental Health Center, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Quanwei Shen
- School of Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changqing Fu
- Mental Health Center, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiyi Li
- School of Business Administration, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu Li
- School of Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang L, Wang B, Xu Q, Fu C. The role of boredom proneness and self-control in the association between anxiety and smartphone addiction among college students: a multiple mediation model. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1201079. [PMID: 37564421 PMCID: PMC10409989 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1201079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Smartphone addiction has been found to be a widespread public health issue, especially among youth. Previous studies reported a significant association between anxiety and smartphone addiction, but the underlying mechanism in this relationship is unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating roles of boredom proneness and self-control in the relationship between anxiety and smartphone addiction. Methods Self-reported measures of anxiety, boredom proneness, self-control and smartphone addiction were administered to 1,526 Chinese college students. Results Smartphone addiction scores varied between 10 and 60 with an average of 30.89 ± 10.57 points. Anxiety had a direct and positive effect on smartphone addiction (effect = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.11-0.25), and an indirect effect on smartphone addiction through boredom proneness (effect = 0.10, 95% CI = 0.06-0.15) and self-control (effect = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.13-0.20). Boredom proneness and self-control sequentially mediated the relationship between anxiety and smartphone addiction (effect = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.10-0.15). Conclusion Anxiety is positively associated with smartphone addiction, and boredom proneness and self-control are important mediators in this relationship. Strengthening self-control and mitigating boredom could prevent smartphone addiction in anxious college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Baokai Wang
- Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Qi Xu
- School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Chang Fu
- School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
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Yang Y, Luo Y, Chen M, Zhai J. Life Events, Boredom Proneness and Mobile Phone Addiction Tendency: A Longitudinal Mediation Analysis Based on Latent Growth Modeling (LGM). Psychol Res Behav Manag 2023; 16:2407-2416. [PMID: 37426385 PMCID: PMC10327903 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s416183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Mobile phone addiction has motivated a widespread concern in recent years. From a developmental perspective, this study explored the predictive relations between life events, boredom proneness (BP), and mobile phone addiction tendency (MPAT) among undergraduate students. It also tested the longitudinal mediation of BP between life events and MPAT. Methods Five hundred and eighty-four undergraduate students completed the Mobile Phone Addiction Tendency Scale, the Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Checklist, and the Boredom Proneness Scale-Short Form. A longitudinal mediation analysis based on latent growth modeling was conducted to test the hypothesized relationships among life events, BP and MPAT. Results Latent growth modeling (LGM) showed that the BP and MPAT of undergraduate students both increased linearly. A longitudinal model based on LGM showed that negative life events both directly and indirectly affected the initial level and the growth rate of the MPAT through the mediating effect of the initial level of BP. Conclusion These results reveal that negative life events are an indicator of the development of MPAT. It has practical implications for calling for adopting health coping styles when facing negative life events. Supported for reducing college students' boredom proneness in order to lessen the tendency towards mobile phone addiction to improve their mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntong Yang
- Department of Applied Psychology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Luo
- Department of Applied Psychology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Applied Psychology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhai
- Department of Applied Psychology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
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8
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Liu Y, Liu J, Wang W. The Effect of Future Time Perspective on Internet Dependence Among College Students in Pandemic Time: A Moderated Mediation Analysis. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2023; 16:509-520. [PMID: 36860351 PMCID: PMC9968868 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s396622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic has greatly increased the probability of Internet dependence. This study sought to examine the relation between future time perspective and college students' Internet dependence, as well as the mediating role of boredom proneness and the moderating effect of self-control in the link between boredom proneness and Internet dependence. Materials and Methods A questionnaire survey was carried out among college students from two universities in China. A sample of 448 participants varying from freshmen to seniors completed questionnaires on future time perspective, Internet dependence, boredom proneness and self-control. Results Results indicated that college students with high future time perspective were less likely to fall into Internet dependence and boredom proneness mediated this relationship. The relation between boredom proneness and Internet dependence was moderated by self-control. Boredom proneness had a greater impact on Internet dependence for students with low self-control. Conclusion Future time perspective could influence Internet dependence through the mediating role of boredom proneness, which is moderated by self-control. The results advanced our understanding of how future time perspective affected college students' Internet dependence, revealing that intervention strategies which could improve students' self-control would be instrumental in reducing Internet dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Liu
- Department of Education, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Journalism, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Psychology, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Wei Wang, Professor of Department of Psychology, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, People’s Republic of China, Email
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Bieleke M, Ripper L, Schüler J, Wolff W. Boredom is the root of all evil-or is it? A psychometric network approach to individual differences in behavioural responses to boredom. R Soc Open Sci 2022; 9:211998. [PMID: 36177193 PMCID: PMC9515645 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Functional accounts of boredom propose that boredom serves as an impartial signal to change something about the current situation, which should give rise to adaptive and maladaptive behaviour alike. This seemingly contrasts with research on boredom proneness, which has overwhelmingly shown associations with maladaptive behaviour. To shed light on this discrepancy, we disentangled boredom proneness from individual differences in (i) the urge to avoid and escape boredom and (ii) adaptive and maladaptive ways of dealing with boredom by developing corresponding trait scales. In a study with N = 636 participants, psychometric network modelling revealed tight associations between boredom proneness and less adaptive and (especially) more maladaptive ways of dealing with boredom. However, its associations with the urge to avoid and escape boredom were rather weak. Importantly, a higher urge to avoid and escape boredom was linked not only to more maladaptive but also to more adaptive ways of dealing with boredom. This pattern of results was robust across various specific behaviours that have previously been linked to boredom. Our findings provide novel evidence for functional accounts of boredom from an individual difference perspective, cautioning against a shallow view of boredom as being associated with purely maladaptive behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Bieleke
- Department of Sport Science, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Leonie Ripper
- Department of Sport Science, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Julia Schüler
- Department of Sport Science, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Wanja Wolff
- Department of Sport Science, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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10
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Weiss ER, Todman M, Maple E, Bunn RR. Boredom in a Time of Uncertainty: State and Trait Boredom's Associations with Psychological Health during COVID-19. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12080298. [PMID: 36004869 PMCID: PMC9405470 DOI: 10.3390/bs12080298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, studies have demonstrated increases in boredom and its negative impact on mental health. This cross-sectional study examines state and trait boredom at four different points of the pandemic using an online sample of participants from the United States (n = 783). The results showed significant increases in boredom proneness, state boredom, substance use, loneliness, and distress. Boredom was associated with increases in each of these variables and a greater likelihood of testing positive for COVID-19. Moreover, the increases in distress, loneliness, and substance use became non-significant when controlling for boredom. Boredom proneness remained associated with all adverse outcomes when accounting for state boredom. In contrast, the relationships between state boredom and most adverse outcomes lost significance when controlling for boredom proneness, and state boredom was positively associated with increased hope for the future. Overall, the results suggest that high boredom proneness is an important vulnerability factor for poor psychological health and risky behaviors during the pandemic. However, high levels of recent state boredom, independent of boredom proneness, do not predict similarly negative outcomes. State boredom may indicate the extent to which one remains hopeful that circumstances will improve without resorting to risky, potentially maladaptive coping strategies.
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Liu Y, Chen L, Wang Z, Guo G, Zhang M, Chen S. Role of Alexithymia in Predicting Internet Novel Addiction through Boredom Proneness. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:8708. [PMID: 35886561 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
With the development of the internet, people’s pursuit of reading entertainment has enriched internet novels, but the relevant influencing factors are still unclear. Therefore, we recruited 344 Chinese college students and employed a questionnaire survey to explore the relationship between alexithymia, boredom proneness, and internet novel addiction. The results showed that (1) there was no significant difference between female and male college students in terms of alexithymia and boredom proneness, whereas male college students had a higher total score of internet novel addiction than females. (2) There were significant positive correlations between alexithymia, boredom proneness, and internet novel addiction. (3) Boredom proneness played a partial mediating role in the impact of alexithymia on the internet novel addiction. Taken together, alexithymia may directly and indirectly predict internet novel addiction through boredom proneness.
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Coleman E, Rahm-Knigge RL, Danielson S, Nielsen KH, Gleason N, Jennings T, Miner MH. The Relationship between Boredom Proneness, Attachment Styles and Compulsive Sexual Behavior. J Sex Marital Ther 2022; 49:172-188. [PMID: 35695090 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2022.2086511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Affect regulation is associated with compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) despite ongoing debate about its inclusion in diagnostic criteria. Previous studies on two specific affect regulation constructs - boredom proneness and attachment styles - suggest that affect regulation is associated with CSB. We tested a moderation model of the effects of attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance on the relationship between boredom proneness and CSB. Results indicate that the relationship between boredom proneness and CSB is stronger at higher levels of attachment anxiety, with no interaction between boredom proneness and attachment avoidance. Overall findings support the importance of affect regulation in conceptualizing and treating CSB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Coleman
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Health, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ryan L Rahm-Knigge
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Health, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Samuel Danielson
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Minnesota State University, Mankato, Minnesota, USA
| | - Katja H Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Minnesota State University, Mankato, Minnesota, USA
| | - Neil Gleason
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Todd Jennings
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Michael H Miner
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Health, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Drody AC, Ralph BCW, Danckert J, Smilek D. Boredom and Media Multitasking. Front Psychol 2022; 13:807667. [PMID: 35386895 PMCID: PMC8978561 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.807667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Media multitasking entails simultaneously engaging in multiple tasks when at least one of the tasks involves media (e.g., online activities and streaming videos). Across two studies, we investigated one potential trigger of media multitasking, state boredom, and its relation to media multitasking. To this end, we manipulated participants' levels of state boredom using video mood inductions prior to administering an attention-demanding 2-back task during which participants could media multitask by playing a task-irrelevant video. We also examined whether trait boredom proneness was associated media multitasking. We found no direct evidence that state boredom leads to media multitasking. However, trait boredom proneness correlated with greater amounts of media multitasking in Experiment 1, but not in Experiment 2. Surprisingly, in both experiments, post-task ratings of state boredom were equivalent across conditions, alerting us to the short-lived effects of video mood inductions and the boring nature of cognitive tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison C Drody
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Brandon C W Ralph
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - James Danckert
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Smilek
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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14
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Xiao W, Zhou H, Li X, Lin X. Why are Individuals with Alexithymia Symptoms More Likely to Have Mobile Phone Addiction? The Multiple Mediating Roles of Social Interaction Anxiousness and Boredom Proneness. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2021; 14:1631-1641. [PMID: 34675703 PMCID: PMC8518138 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s328768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Previous studies have investigated the relationship between alexithymia and problematic mobile phone use (PMPU). However, yet gaps in identifying the internal mechanisms of this relationship remain. Hence, based on the Interaction of Person–Affect–Cognition–Execution model, the current research examined the mediating roles of college students’ social interaction anxiousness (SIA) and boredom proneness (BPS) in the relationship between alexithymia and PMPU. Methods A total of 1300 college students (Mage = 20.36 years, SD = 0.97) were recruited from two universities in the southeast of China to complete a series of questionnaires, including the Toronto alexithymia scale, SIA scale, BPS scale, and mobile phone addiction index questionnaire. In order to conduct conservative predictions, the demographic variables (ie, gender) were controlled as covariates. Results The results of multiple mediation analysis showed that (1) alexithymia was positively linked with PMPU; (2) both SIA and BPS mediated the link between alexithymia and PMPU; and (3) a serial indirect pathway emerged (ie, alexithymia → SIA → BPS → PMPU). Conclusion These findings indicated that alexithymia could influence PMPU in a simple indirect way (parallel mediation) and in a complex indirect way (serial mediation). Besides, these findings provide some insights into the prevention and intervention of PMPU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Xiao
- School of Teacher Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, People's Republic of China.,School of Education, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Jinhua Advanced Research Institute, Jinhua, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinwei Li
- School of Teacher Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Lin
- Psychological Counseling Center of Student Affairs Office, Zhangzhou City College, Zhangzhou, People's Republic of China
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15
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Zhao J, Ye B, Yu L. Peer Phubbing and Chinese College Students' Smartphone Addiction During COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Role of Boredom Proneness and the Moderating Role of Refusal Self-Efficacy. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2021; 14:1725-1736. [PMID: 34703335 PMCID: PMC8536884 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s335407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE COVID-19 has had a huge impact on the physical behavior and mental health of people. Long-term and strict isolation policies are widely used to ensure social distancing, which may cause excessive smartphone use and increase the risk of smartphone addiction. Previous researchers have identified that some factors that affect smartphone addiction, but there was little research conducted during COVID-19 pandemic. The present study aims to examine the effect of peer phubbing on smartphone addiction, how boredom proneness may mediate this effect, and lastly how refusal self-efficacy may moderate the indirect and direct pathways during COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS A total of 1396 college students (mean age=20.48, SD=1.08) were surveyed and completed four scales (Peer Phubbing Scale, Refusal Self-efficacy Scale, Smartphone Addiction Index Scale, Boredom Proneness Scale). The statistical analyses were conducted by SPSS 22.0 and SPSS PROCESS macro. RESULTS This study found that peer phubbing was positively associated with smartphone addiction. Boredom proneness mediated the effect of peer phubbing and smartphone addiction. Furthermore, refusal self-efficacy moderated the relationship between peer phubbing and smartphone addiction as well as boredom proneness and smartphone addiction. Specifically, peer phubbing had a greater impact on smartphone addiction for college students with higher levels of refusal self-efficacy, and the boredom proneness on smartphone addiction was stronger for college students with low levels of refusal self-efficacy. CONCLUSION This study is important in investigating how peer phubbing is related to the smartphone addiction of Chinese college students during COVID-19 pandemic. The results suggest that college students' boredom proneness and refusal self-efficacy may be prime targets for prevention and intervention programs. Thus, this study explored "how" and "when" peer phubbing may enhance college students' smartphone addiction during COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhao
- Center of Mental Health Education and Research, School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, People’s Republic of China
- Mental Health Education and Counseling Center, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baojuan Ye
- Center of Mental Health Education and Research, School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Yu
- Nanchang Institute of Science and Technology, School of Education, Nanchang, 330108, People’s Republic of China
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16
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Casale S, Fioravanti G, Spada MM. Modelling the contribution of metacognitions and expectancies to problematic smartphone use. J Behav Addict 2021; 10:788-798. [PMID: 34613932 PMCID: PMC8997219 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2021.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In the current study we have sought to clarify the contribution of metacognitions concerning smartphone use relative to smartphone use expectancies in the relationship between well-established predisposing psychological factors and problematic smartphone use (PSU). We tested a model where psychological distress, impulsivity, and proneness to boredom predict metacognitions about smartphone use and smartphone use expectancies, which in turn predict PSU. METHODS A sample of 535 participants (F = 71.2%; mean age = 27.38 ± 9.05 years) was recruited. RESULTS The model accounted for 64% of the PSU variance and showed good fit indices (χ 2 = 16.01, df = 13, P = 0.24; RMSEA [90%CI] = 0.02 [0-0.05], CFI = 0.99; SRMR = 0.03). We found that: (i) when it comes to psychological distress and boredom proneness, negative metacognitions, and both positive and negative expectancies play a mediating role in the association with PSU, with negative metacognitions showing a dominant role; (ii) there is no overlap between positive expectancies and positive metacognitions, especially when it comes to smartphone use as a means for socializing; (iii) impulsivity did not show a significant effect on PSU Direct effects of the predictors on PSU were not found. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The current study found additional support for applying metacognitive theory to the understanding of PSU and highlight the dominant role of negative metacognitions about smartphone in predicting PSU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Casale
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Fioravanti
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy,Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Marcantonio M. Spada
- Division of Psychology, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, UK
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17
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Li X, Feng X, Xiao W, Zhou H. Loneliness and Mobile Phone Addiction Among Chinese College Students: The Mediating Roles of Boredom Proneness and Self-Control. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2021; 14:687-694. [PMID: 34149289 PMCID: PMC8206064 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s315879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mobile phones bring convenience to people's lives, but also affect their physical and mental health (especially in college students). Previous studies have revealed that mobile phone addiction is positively related to loneliness. This study further explored the mediating effects of boredom proneness and self-control on the relationship between loneliness and mobile phone addiction. METHODS A cross-sectional design was conducted in the present study. The investigation employed the Chinese version of the UCLA Loneliness Self-report Scale, Boredom Proneness Scale-Short Form, the Chinese version of the Self-control scale, and the Mobile Phone Addiction Index. Out of 1122 college students, 1078 completed the questionnaire survey and became our final subjects. PROCESS macro of SPSS 21 was used to conduct explore the mediating roles of boredom proneness and self-control in the relationship between loneliness and mobile phone addiction. RESULTS Loneliness, boredom proneness, and mobile phone addiction were significantly and positively correlated with each other, as well as significantly negatively correlated with self-control. Boredom proneness and self-control, when operating in parallel, partially mediated the relationship between loneliness and mobile phone addiction. By contrast, when occurring sequentially, they fully mediated the relationship between loneliness and mobile phone addiction. CONCLUSION Mobile phone addiction among lonely college students can be eliminated by exercising self-control and alleviating boredom proneness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Li
- College of Education and Human Development, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuechao Feng
- Yuxiu Secondary School, Changyi, 261300, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weilong Xiao
- College of Education and Human Development, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Jinhua Advanced Research Institute, Jinhua, 321004, People’s Republic of China
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18
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Abstract
We synthesize established and emerging research to propose a feedback process model that explicates key antecedents, experiences, and consequences of the emotion boredom. The proposed Boredom Feedback Model posits that the dynamic process of boredom resembles a feedback loop that centers on attention shifts instigated by inadequate attentional engagement. Inadequate attentional engagement is a discrepancy between desired and actual levels of attentional engagement and is a product of external and internal influences, reflected in objective resources and cognitive appraisals. The model sheds light on several essential yet unresolved puzzles in the literature, including how people learn to cope with boredom, how to understand the relation between self-control and boredom, how the roles of attention and meaning in boredom can be integrated, why boredom is associated with both high- and low-arousal negative emotions, and what contributes to chronic boredom. The model offers testable hypotheses for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy Y Y Tam
- The University of Hong Kong, China.,King's College London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Hakwan Lau
- University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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19
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Tam KYY, van Tilburg WAP, Chan CS. What is boredom proneness? A comparison of three characterizations. J Pers 2021; 89:831-846. [PMID: 33484603 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Boredom proneness is associated with various problematic behaviors and mental health issues. Despite its wide-ranging implication, boredom proneness as a trait-like construct suffers from conceptual ambiguity and measurement issues. We examined whether boredom proneness represents individual differences in (a) the frequency of getting bored, (b) the intensity of boredom, and/or (c) a holistic perception of life being boring (perceived life boredom). METHOD Across Study 1 (U.S. Sample, N = 495; HK Sample, N = 231) and Study 2 (N = 608), we tested the construct validity of boredom proneness by estimating its association with measures of the three possible characterizations (convergent validity), and examined to what extent associations between boredom proneness and variables relevant to well-being (e.g., life satisfaction, psychological distress) could be reproduced with the three potential characterizations (concurrent validity). RESULTS Results suggest that each of the three characterizations represents some aspect of boredom proneness, and they generally reproduced boredom proneness' associations with other variables. Among them, perceived life boredom had the strongest convergent and concurrent validity. CONCLUSION Our findings provide novel insights into the characterization of boredom proneness and its hitherto poorly understood relationship with psychological well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy Y Y Tam
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Psychology, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Christian S Chan
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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20
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Mugon J, Boylan J, Danckert J. Boredom Proneness and Self-Control as Unique Risk Factors in Achievement Settings. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E9116. [PMID: 33291292 PMCID: PMC7730515 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17239116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The state of boredom arises when we have the desire to be engaged in goal pursuit, but for whatever reason we cannot fulfil that desire. Boredom proneness is characterized by both frequent and intense feelings of boredom and is an enduring individual difference trait associated with a raft of negative outcomes. There has been some work in educational settings, but relatively little is known about the consequences of boredom proneness for learning. Here we explored the unique contributions of boredom proneness, self-control and self-esteem to undergraduate self-reported higher grade point average (GPA). Within educational settings, prior research has shown self-control and self-esteem to be associated with better academic performance. In contrast, boredom proneness is associated with lower levels of self-control and self-esteem. Our analyses replicate those previous findings showing that self-control acts as a positive predictor of GPA. Importantly, we further demonstrated, for the first time, that boredom proneness has a unique contribution to GPA over and above the contribution of self-control, such that as boredom proneness increases, GPA decreases. We discuss potential mechanisms through which boredom proneness may influence academic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhotisha Mugon
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (J.B.); (J.D.)
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21
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Kübel SL, Wittmann M. A German Validation of Four Questionnaires Crucial to the Study of Time Perception: BPS, CFC-14, SAQ, and MQT. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E8477. [PMID: 33207676 PMCID: PMC7696851 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17228477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to validate four established questionnaires related to time perception in German (Consideration of Future Consequences-14 scale (CFC-14), Boredom Proneness Scale (BPS), Metacognitive Questionnaire on Time (MQT), and Self-Awareness Questionnaire (SAQ)) using a back-translation method. Exploratory factor analyses were conducted on the data of 273 German-speaking participants to evaluate the factorial structures. Internal consistencies indicated good reliability values of the questionnaires and the respective subscales, except for the MQT. Intercorrelations between the questionnaires were examined to test their external validities and gain additional insight into the associations among the constructs. The consideration of future consequences was negatively linked to boredom proneness, whereas interoceptive awareness of one's bodily sensations was positively associated with boredom proneness. Additionally, interoceptive awareness was linked to metacognitive beliefs about which factors influence time perception. The results are discussed in regard to human time perception. Conclusion: The validated German questionnaires can now be used in research projects. Initial observations on how the questionnaires are related to each other fit the current knowledge on how human time perception works, yielding the first evidence for the external validity of the German versions of these established questionnaires. For evidence of criterion validity, future studies should more thoroughly investigate the external validities analyzing the correlations with other validated measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian L. Kübel
- Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health, 79098 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany;
- Department of Criminology, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Crime, Security and Law, 79100 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Marc Wittmann
- Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health, 79098 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany;
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22
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Hong W, Liu RD, Ding Y, Zhen R, Jiang R, Fu X. Autonomy Need Dissatisfaction in Daily Life and Problematic Mobile Phone Use: The Mediating Roles of Boredom Proneness and Mobile Phone Gaming. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17155305. [PMID: 32717969 PMCID: PMC7432443 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Psychological needs dissatisfaction has been identified as hindering adaptive development, in which autonomy need dissatisfaction, as one core component, may be associated with adolescents' maladaptive online behaviors. Sporadic research has examined the association between autonomy need dissatisfaction and problematic mobile phone use (PMPU). Boredom proneness and mobile phone gaming were suggested to be linked to this association. This study aimed to examine the mediating effects of boredom proneness and mobile phone gaming in the association between autonomy need dissatisfaction and PMPU. A total of 358 secondary school students completed questionnaires at three waves; autonomy need dissatisfaction was measured in time 1 (T1); boredom proneness and mobile phone gaming were measured one year later (time 2, T2); PMPU was measured two years later (time 3, T3). The structural equation model results showed that T1 autonomy need dissatisfaction not only directly predicted T3 PMPU, but also exerted effects via the mediating role of T2 boredom proneness and the chain mediating role of T2 boredom proneness and T2 mobile phone gaming. These findings reveal the unique role of specific psychological need in engaging PMPU, which provides support to targeted interventions, such that promoting autonomy need satisfaction may be an instrumental procedure to prevent adolescents from addiction-like online behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (W.H.); (R.J.); (X.F.)
| | - Ru-De Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (W.H.); (R.J.); (X.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-58806324
| | - Yi Ding
- Graduate School of Education, Fordham University, New York, NY 10023, USA;
| | - Rui Zhen
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China;
| | - Ronghuan Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (W.H.); (R.J.); (X.F.)
| | - Xinchen Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (W.H.); (R.J.); (X.F.)
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23
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P Sederlund A, R Burns L, Rogers W. Multidimensional Models of Perfectionism and Procrastination: Seeking Determinants of Both. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E5099. [PMID: 32679730 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background: Perfectionism is currently conceptualized using a multidimensional model, with extensive research establishing the presence of both maladaptive and adaptive forms. However, the potential adaptability of procrastination, largely considered as a maladaptive construct, and its possible developmental connection to perfectionism remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the individual differences of the multidimensional models of both perfectionism and procrastination, as well as investigating potential links between the two constructs. Methods: A convenience sample of 206 undergraduate students participated in this study. Participants completed a questionnaire consisting of 236 questions regarding the variables under investigation. Results: The adaptive model of procrastination yielded largely insignificant results and demonstrated limited links with adaptive perfectionism, while maladaptive procrastination was consistently associated with maladaptive perfectionism, lending further evidence of a unidimensional model of procrastination. Conclusions: Many previous findings regarding the multidimensional model of perfectionism were replicated, along with new contributions focusing on the dual-process model and temporal orientation.
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24
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Golubchik P, Manor I, Shoval G, Weizman A. Levels of Proneness to Boredom in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder On and Off Methylphenidate Treatment. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2020; 30:173-176. [PMID: 32031873 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2019.0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the relationship between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) severity and propensity for boredom in children with ADHD, both on and off methylphenidate (MPH). Methods: A group of children and adolescents with ADHD (n = 30), aged 7-18 years, were assessed using the Parent-Reported-ADHD Rating Scale-5 (PR-ADHD-RS-5) and Short Boredom Proneness Scale (SBPS), at baseline, after 3 months of MPH treatment, and again after 3 weeks of MPH treatment discontinuation. Results: Significant correlation was found at baseline between PR-ADHD-RS-5 and SBPS scores [n = 30, r = 0.40 (95% confidence interval {CI} = 0.048-0.67), p = 0.027]. Both ADHD and boredom levels decreased significantly after 3 months of MPH treatment. Significant correlation was found between the reductions in PR-ADHD-RS-5 and SBPS scores at this time [n = 30, r = 0.39 (95% CI = 0.035-0.66), p = 0.045]. MPH discontinuation for 3 weeks resulted in mild but statistically significant increases in ADHD and SBPS levels. No significant correlation was detected between the changes in PR-ADHD-RS-5 and SBPS scores after 3 weeks of MPH discontinuation. Conclusions: Three months of MPH treatment resulted in parallel improvement in ADHD severity and in the level of proneness to boredom (PtB), whereas discontinuation of MPH administration is associated with increases in the two parameters, causing them to approach pretreatment levels. Clinicians and parents should be aware of the possibility of increased PtB in children with ADHD who discontinue MPH treatment. Structured daily activity and continuation of MPH treatment may preserve the beneficial effects of MPH on academic and leisure activities and may prevent aggravation of subjective boredom sensations that could lead to risky sensation-seeking behaviors and overuse of electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Golubchik
- Child and Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Geha Mental Health Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Department of Psychiatry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Iris Manor
- Child and Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Geha Mental Health Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Department of Psychiatry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gal Shoval
- Child and Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Geha Mental Health Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Department of Psychiatry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Abraham Weizman
- Department of Psychiatry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Research Unit, Geha Mental Health Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel
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25
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Abstract
As a clinical condition, boredom is an emotional state, widespread among young people, characterized by unpleasant feelings, lack of motivation, and low physiological arousal in which the level of stimulation is perceived as unsatisfactorily low. Boredom is an important emotional state due to its spread among young people. Recent research has mainly studied the complex connection between boredom and leisure-time experiences, which may be involved in adolescents' risk-taking behaviors. The current study aims to investigate boredom proneness, conceived as a personality trait, in adolescents' free time, and its involvement in more extreme behaviors, such as binge drinking and addictive Internet use, which may represent ways to cope with the search for additional stimuli. Data from a large sample of Italian adolescents ( n = 478, aged between 14 years and 19 years, M = 16.31, SD = 1.47) revealed significant differences between low-boredom and high-boredom subjects. Both girls and boys with high boredom proneness used technology more, engaged less in hobbies and activities such as sports, more frequently consumed strong drinks and binge drank, and were more at risk of Internet addiction than non-bored adolescents. These findings suggest a hypothetical risk profile linked to boredom proneness in adolescence. The results are discussed in light of the literature from a psychosocial and clinical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Biolcati
- Department of Education, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giacomo Mancini
- Department of Education, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Trombini
- Department of Psychology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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26
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Abstract
A detailed review of the psychometric measures of boredom was published approximately 12 years ago (Vodanovich, 2003). Since that time, numerous studies have been conducted on existing scales, and new measures of boredom have been developed. Given these assessment advancements, an updated review of self-report boredom scales is warranted. The primary focus of the current review is research published since 2003, and it includes a total of 16 boredom scales. The measures reviewed consist of two trait assessments (Boredom Proneness Scale, Boredom Susceptibility subscale of the Sensation Seeking Scale), five context-specific trait boredom scales (Boredom Coping Scale, Leisure Boredom Scale, Free Time Boredom Scale, Sexual Boredom Scale, Relational Boredom Scale), three assessments of state boredom (Multidimensional State Boredom Scale, State Boredom Measure, Boredom Experience Scale), and six context-specific state boredom measures-Lee's Job Boredom Scale, Dutch Boredom Scale, Boredom Coping Scale (Academic), the Boredom subscale of the Achievement Emotions Questionnaire, Academic Boredom Scale, Precursors to Boredom Scale. In addition to providing a review of these measures, a brief critique of each scale is included, as well as suggestions for needed research focus.
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27
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Stephens AN, Sullman MJM. Trait Predictors of Aggression and Crash-Related Behaviors Across Drivers from the United Kingdom and the Irish Republic. Risk Anal 2015; 35:1730-1745. [PMID: 25809573 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Aggressive driving is acknowledged as a contributor to motor vehicle crashes. This study explored a theoretical model of aggressive expression and crash-related outcomes using self-report data collected, using an online questionnaire, from drivers in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. The proposed model tested whether the personality traits of boredom proneness, sensation seeking, and impulsivity, coupled with trait driving anger, predicted aggressive driving; and whether aggressive driving predicted crash-related outcomes (loss of concentration and control, near misses, and moving violations). The structural model was confirmed, with aggressive expressions of anger being found to mediate the relationships driving anger and impulsivity had with the crash-related outcomes. Multigroup invariance analysis showed that the model remained invariant across drivers from the United Kingdom and Ireland, suggesting that the contributing factors for aggressive expression and crash involvement are similar across both countries. When self-reported crash-related conditions were compared between drivers in the United Kingdom and Ireland, drivers in the United Kingdom reported more aggressive driving, more minor crashes, more incidents of road rage, and more frequent losses of concentration and vehicle control.
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