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Pinedo M, Escobar C. Childhood Parental Deportations, Immigration Enforcement Experiences, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among US-Born Latino Adults, 2021. Am J Public Health 2024; 114:S495-S504. [PMID: 39083744 PMCID: PMC11292276 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2024.307660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Objectives. To examine how having a parent deported in childhood and immigration enforcement encounters relate to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among a sample of US-born Latinos. Methods. In 2021, a national sample of 1784 US-born Latinos was recruited to complete a questionnaire. The questionnaire elicited data on sociodemographics, mental health, and immigration-related experiences. The dependent variable was past-year symptoms of PTSD. Immigration-related variables included (1) having a parent deported during their childhood, (2) having a (nonparent) family member deported, (3) fear of having a parent or loved one deported, (4) fear of immigration enforcement encounters, and (5) having experienced an immigration raid. A multivariable logistic regression was conducted to examine independent associations between immigration-related variables and PTSD. Results. Having a parent deported during childhood was associated with more than twice the odds of meeting criteria for PTSD symptoms. Having a loved one deported, fearing the deportation of a loved one, and having experienced an immigration raid were all associated with PTSD. Conclusions. It is imperative to better understand the long-term implications of immigration policies in perpetuating health inequities among US-born Latinos. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(S6):S495-S504. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307660) [Formula: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Pinedo
- Miguel Pinedo and Christian Escobar are with the Department of Kinesiology & Health Education, College of Education, University of Texas, Austin
| | - Christian Escobar
- Miguel Pinedo and Christian Escobar are with the Department of Kinesiology & Health Education, College of Education, University of Texas, Austin
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Criss S, Kim M, De La Cruz MM, Thai N, Nguyen QC, Nguyen TT. Experiences of racism in the U.S. - A perspective from Asian & Pacific Islander, Black, Latina, and Middle Eastern women. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28823. [PMID: 38596122 PMCID: PMC11002583 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Racism is a critical social determinant of health because it can have a direct impact on health and well-being, as well as infiltrate systems, policies, and practices. Few studies have explored the similarities and differences of experiences with racism and health between different minoritized groups. The objective of this paper is to examine how racism influences life experiences from the perspectives of Asian & Pacific Islander, Black, Latina, and Middle Eastern women. Methods Eleven online racially/ethnically homogeneous focus groups with a total of 52 participants were conducted in the U.S., with representation from the North, South, and West coast. The online focus groups were recorded, transcribed, and two were translated into English (from Vietnamese and Spanish). The data was coded through NVivo and analyzed through a series of team meetings to establish themes. Results Participants reported experiences of racism and discrimination, including physical and verbal personal attacks. They shared the role of microaggressions in their daily life, along with the ubiquitous anti-Black sentiment discussed in every group. Our participants discussed the complexities of intersectionality in their experience of discrimination, specifically regarding immigration status, language spoken, and gender. Participants also reported the role of direct racism and vicarious racism (e.g., the experiences with racism of friends or family, awareness of racist incidents via the news) in affecting their mental health. Some effects were fear, stress, anxiety, depression, and self-censoring. For participants in the Black and Latina focus groups, mental health stressors often manifested into physical issues. Discussion Understanding the nuances in experiences across racial/ethnic groups is beneficial in identifying potential interventions to prevent and address racism and its negative health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaniece Criss
- Department of Health Sciences, Furman University, Greenville, SC, 29613, USA
| | - Melanie Kim
- Department of Anthropology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | | | - Nhung Thai
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Quynh C. Nguyen
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Thu T. Nguyen
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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Singh US, Kanupriya, Bogam RR. Job Satisfaction among Indian Migrants and Nonmigrants and its Relationship with their Psychological Profile-A Cross-Sectional Study. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2023; 27:49-54. [PMID: 37303996 PMCID: PMC10257246 DOI: 10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_174_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Unemployment, insufficient resources, family poverty, and poor financial benefits are crucial determinants for internal or external migration of large sections of educated youth. Aims To perform a comparative analysis of different levels of job satisfaction and the status of mental morbidity among migrant and nonmigrant population. Settings and Design A cross-sectional study was employed between March 2016 and October 2017 at the field practice area of one of the tertiary health care institutes in Anand District of Gujarat State of India. Methods and Material A total of 456 educated and skilled professionals participated in the study. Job descriptive index, Job in General, and Global Health Questionnaire-28 were utilized. Statistical Analysis The data entry was performed in Epi Info™ 7 followed by data analysis in EPI-INFO Software. Results and Conclusions The overall job satisfaction in the study was found to be significantly higher among nonmigrants than migrants. All three scores were correlated with each other significantly. Overall, migrants were found to be significantly less satisfied with their jobs in general and more psychologically distressed, as compared to their nonmigrant counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday Shankar Singh
- Department of Community Medicine, Pramukhswami Medical College, Karamsad, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Kanupriya
- Catholic Health Association of India, Secundarabad, Telangana, India
| | - Rahul Ramesh Bogam
- Community Medicine Residency Programme, Primary Health Care Corporation (PHCC), Doha, Qatar
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Valdez CR, Walsdorf AA, Wagner KM, Salgado de Snyder VN, Garcia D, Villatoro AP. The intersection of immigration policy impacts and COVID-19 for Latinx young adults. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 70:420-432. [PMID: 35901500 PMCID: PMC9353277 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
For many Latinx young adults, COVID-19 has exposed exclusionary policies that heighten risk for contracting the virus and that leave them and their parents unprotected. This study has a dual purpose; first, to quantitatively examine immigration policy impacts of discrimination, isolation, threats to family, and vulnerability, and their association to economic consequences experienced by Latinx young adults in Central Texas during the initial months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Second, to qualitatively explore how policy impacts affected Latinx young adults during the pandemic, and the coping mechanisms they utilized to minimize these impacts. Quantitative results show that on average, Latinx young adults (N = 83) reported low discrimination and isolation but moderate threats to family and vulnerability, with rates of isolation and vulnerability higher for foreign-born than U.S.-born Latinx young adults. Perceived discrimination due to one's own or family immigration status was associated with economic hardship. Qualitative findings show that Latinx young adults (n = 21) experienced (a) precarious conditions that pose a threat of COVID-19 infection for Latinxs, (b) parental job loss due to vulnerable employment leads to deprivation, and (c) policies that disproportionally discriminate against the Latinx community and exclude them from vital services. Despite these challenges, participants also drew on resilience and expressed hope for the future. The article concludes with implications for policymakers and practitioners to provide protections and services to Latinx young adults and their family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen R. Valdez
- Department of Population Health, Steve Hicks School of Social WorkThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTexasUSA
| | - Ashley A. Walsdorf
- Department of Population Health, Steve Hicks School of Social WorkThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTexasUSA
| | - Kevin M. Wagner
- Department of Population Health, Steve Hicks School of Social WorkThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTexasUSA
| | - V. Nelly Salgado de Snyder
- Latino Research InstituteThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTexasUSA
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública de MéxicoCuernavacaMéxicoUSA
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Pinedo M, Rivera JR. 'I like to protect my protector': How US-born Latinos safeguard the livelihood of their immigrant communities from immigration enforcement encounters. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2022; 30:e5979-e5987. [PMID: 36124655 PMCID: PMC10246879 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.14030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Using a qualitative phenomenological design, the objective of this study was to explore in-depth how US-born Latinos provide social support to their immigrant counterparts during a time of heightened anti-immigrant rhetoric. A sample of 22 US-born Latino adult was recruited in 2019 for qualitative interviews, following a period of intense immigration raids. Eligible participants were adults who reported experiencing an immigration-related stressor and screened positive for a mental health concern or substance misuse. Open-ended questions focused on topics of immigration and health. Using a thematic analysis approach, interview transcripts were coded to identify common themes within the domains of social support: instrumental; informational; emotional; and appraisal. We found that US-born Latinos provide diverse forms of social support to immigrants with the intention of protecting them from immigration enforcement encounters (e.g. deportation), thereby safeguarding the livelihoods of their communities. US-born Latinos are integral pillars of support and resiliency for immigrant communities, and the domains identified within this study suggest important implications for immigrant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Pinedo
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Education, College of Education, University of Texas, Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Jazmin R Rivera
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Education, College of Education, University of Texas, Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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M P, P MZ, Ke P, Sj S. Immigration policies as political determinants of alcohol and drug misuse among US-born Latinos. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2022; 106:103754. [PMID: 35688060 PMCID: PMC10676018 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of immigration policies as political determinants of health among US-born Latinos is significantly understudied. Immigration policies can produce immigration-related stressors that have 'spill over' effects on the health behaviors of US-born Latinos. However, less is known about how immigration-related stressors relate to substance misuse among US-born Latinos. METHODS 1,784 US-born Latinos were recruited via web-panels in September 2021 to complete an online questionnaire. Inclusion criteria included: (1) self-identifying as Latino; (2) born in the US; and (3) being 18 years of age or older. Participants were asked 14-items related to immigration-related stressors and past-year substance use behaviors. Dependent variables included past-year: heavy drinking, high intensity drinking, illicit drug use, prescription drug misuse, cannabis use, cocaine use, methamphetamine use, prescription sedative misuse, and prescription opioid misuse. Two separate multivariable logistic regression models were conducted for each outcome to investigate associations between (1) specific immigration-related stressors and substance misuse; and (2) experiencing greater (vs. fewer) number of immigration-related stressors and substance misuse. RESULTS On average, US-born Latinos reported experiencing 3 immigration-related stressors. In multivariable analyses, being fearful or worried about being detained for immigration reasons was associated with increased odds of engaging in heavy drinking, high intensity drinking, and illicit drug use. Having ever feared or worried about being potentially deported for immigration reasons and having ever witnessed or experienced an immigration raid was associated with high intensity drinking. Parental detentions and deportations in childhood were independently associated with high intensity drinking, illicit drug use, and prescription drug misuse. Notably, greater number of immigration-related stressor experiences increased the odds of substance misuse. CONCLUSION Punitive immigration and enforcement policies give rise to multiple stressors that may render US-born Latinos vulnerable to misusing substances as a way of coping. Policies and public health interventions aimed at preventing and treating substance misuse should consider how immigration policies impact the behaviors of US-born Latinos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinedo M
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Education, College of Education, University of Texas at Austin, United States.
| | - Montero-Zamora P
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Education, College of Education, University of Texas at Austin, United States
| | - Pasch Ke
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Education, College of Education, University of Texas at Austin, United States
| | - Schwartz Sj
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Education, College of Education, University of Texas at Austin, United States
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Merced K, Ohayagha C, Grover R, Garcia-Rodriguez I, Moreno O, Perrin PB. Spanish Translation and Psychometric Validation of a Measure of Acculturative Stress among Latinx Immigrants in the USA. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:2808. [PMID: 35270500 PMCID: PMC8910284 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States, the Latinx community is growing at a faster rate than any other racial or ethnic minority group. Members of this community have been found to experience a number of acculturative stressors after immigrating, including xenophobia, racism, and discrimination. Although several scales have been created in recent years to measure acculturative stress in Spanish-speaking immigrants, they are long, do not have nuanced subscales, or have not been validated in an extremely diverse sample of Latinx immigrants. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the current study was to translate and psychometrically validate the Riverside Acculturative Stress Inventory (RASI) in a diverse sample of Spanish-speaking immigrants. METHODS A sample of 202 Latinx immigrants in the United States completed the RASI as well as measures of depression and anxiety. RESULTS An initial confirmatory factor analysis suggested that the overall subscale factor structure was not an ideal fit for the data. An exploratory factor analysis suggested the retention of four subscales, each with three items, forming a 12-item Spanish RASI short form. As indices of convergent validity, the RASI total score was positively associated with depression and anxiety. CONCLUSIONS The findings from the study contribute to the literature a brief and valid assessment of acculturative stress in Spanish-speaking immigrants. The RASI Spanish short form holds promise to stimulate research on the unique adversities experienced by Latinx immigrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritzia Merced
- Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Richmond, VA 23249, USA;
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (C.O.); (R.G.); (I.G.-R.); (O.M.)
| | - Chimdindu Ohayagha
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (C.O.); (R.G.); (I.G.-R.); (O.M.)
| | - Ria Grover
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (C.O.); (R.G.); (I.G.-R.); (O.M.)
| | - Isis Garcia-Rodriguez
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (C.O.); (R.G.); (I.G.-R.); (O.M.)
| | - Oswaldo Moreno
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (C.O.); (R.G.); (I.G.-R.); (O.M.)
| | - Paul B. Perrin
- Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Richmond, VA 23249, USA;
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (C.O.); (R.G.); (I.G.-R.); (O.M.)
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