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Ma X, Cao Z, Zhu Z, Chen X, Wen D, Cao Z. VO 2max (VO 2peak) in elite athletes under high-intensity interval training: A meta-analysis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16663. [PMID: 37346345 PMCID: PMC10279791 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Consensus is lacking regarding whether high-intensity interval training (HIIT) effectively improves VO2max (VO2peak) in elite athletes (Athlete must be involved in regular competition at the national level). This meta-analysis compared the effects of HIIT and conventional training methods (continuous training, repeated-sprint training, high volume low-intensity training, high-intensity continuous running, sprint-interval training, moderate-intensity continuous training)on VO2max in elite athletes. Nine studies were included, comprising 176 elite athletes (80 female). Compared to that with conventional training, VO2max was significantly increased after HIIT (overall: 0.58 [0.30, 0.87], I2 = 0.49, P = 0.03; males: 0.41 [0.06, 0.76], I2 = 0%, P = 0.89). VO2max had positive training effects when the HIIT recovery period had an interval time ≥2 min (0.44 [0.03, 0.84], I2 = 0%, P = 0.99) and recovery phase intensity ≤40% (0.38 [0.05, 0.71], I2 = 0%, P = 0.96). Thus, HIIT shows superiority over conventional training methods in improving VO2max, promoting aerobic capacity, in elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghua Ma
- Shanghai University of Sport, China
- Xi'an Physical Education University, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Ziwei Cao
- Xi'an Physical Education University, China
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Ruiz-Navarro JJ, Plaza-Florido A, Alcantara JMA, Gay A, Arellano R. Detraining Effect on Cardiac Autonomic Response to an All-Out Sprint Exercise in Trained Adolescent Swimmers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:573-578. [PMID: 36965487 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 5-week training cessation on the cardiac autonomic response after a 50-m swimming time-trial test. METHODS Twenty trained and highly trained adolescent swimmers (17.1 [2.7] y) performed a 50-m front-crawl all-out test before (visit 1) and after a 5-week training cessation (visit 2). After the warm-up, heart-rate variability (HRV) was recorded in a seated position using a Polar RS800CX heart-rate monitor during the 10 minutes before (preexercise) and immediately after the 50-m front-crawl all-out test (postexercise). Two-way analysis of variance (time × visit) and analysis of covariance were conducted to compute the effect of the 50-m all-out test on vagal-related HRV parameters (mean R-R, standard deviation of R-R intervals [SDNN], square root of the mean squared differences between successive R-R intervals [RMSSD], the percentage number of pairs of adjacent normal R-R intervals differing by more than 50 milliseconds in the entire recording [pNN50], and power in the high frequency [HF]) with Bonferroni post hoc test. RESULTS All the HRV parameters had a time main effect (P < .05), showing a reduction after the 50 m in both visits (P < .05). All the variables exhibited a visit main effect (P < .05); the preexercise and postexercise mean R-R, natural logarithm SDNN, natural logarithm RMSSD, and natural logarithm HF values declined after the training cessation (P < .05). Natural logarithm pNN50 preexercise values were reduced in visit 2 compared with visit 1 (P < .05). Only mean R-R was further reduced in response to the test in visit 2 compared with visit 1 (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS After 5 weeks of training cessation, all the preexercise and postexercise vagal-related HRV parameters evidenced a reduction, suggesting an impairment in swimmers' physical status. Coaches should be cautious with training loads at the start of the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús J Ruiz-Navarro
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada,Spain
| | - Abel Plaza-Florido
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada,Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA,USA
| | - Juan M A Alcantara
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute for Innovation & Sustainable Food Chain Development, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona,Spain
| | - Ana Gay
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada,Spain
| | - Raúl Arellano
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada,Spain
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Fernández-Elías VE, Tobía D, Recarey A, Fernández Á, Clemente-Suárez VJ, Burgos-Postigo S. Acute Effects of Whole-Body Electromyostimulation during a Single Maximal Strength Training Session. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13753. [PMID: 36360629 PMCID: PMC9657354 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192113753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) training is effective in improving training adaptation. However, WB-EMS may have side effects and contraindications that can lead to excessive muscle damage and physiological impairment. This randomized crossover study aimed to analyze the acute effects of WB-EMS on muscle damage, autonomic modulation and performance during a single maximal strength session in physically active participants. Twenty healthy and physically active participants randomly performed three maximal strength training sessions (90% 1RM) consisting of bench presses and squat exercises, with a continuous stimulus, a coordinated stimulus with concentric and eccentric phases, and without WB-EMS. Data showed no significant differences between the trials for muscle damage (blood creatine kinase levels), lactate blood levels and performance after exercise. Likewise, the heart rate, blood oxygen saturation and the rate of perceived exertion were similar during exercise between trials. The heart rate variability analysis also showed a similar autonomic response among the trials. Training with WB-EMS seemed to be safe at the observed time intervals while offering a stimulus similar to regular training in physically active participants, regardless of the delivery of the electrical stimuli. More studies are needed to assess the effectiveness of WB-EMS in improving exercise adaptations during training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Tobía
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | - Anel Recarey
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | - Álvaro Fernández
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | - Vicente J. Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080007, Colombia
| | - Silvia Burgos-Postigo
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
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The Effect of Expertise during Simulated Flight Emergencies on the Autonomic Response and Operative Performance in Military Pilots. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159141. [PMID: 35897511 PMCID: PMC9332753 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) and performance response during emergency flight maneuvers were analyzed. Two expert pilots (ages 35 and 33) and two rookie pilots (ages 25) from the Portuguese Air Force participated in this case-control report study. Participants had to complete the following emergency protocols in a flight simulator: (1) take-off engine failure, (2) flight engine failure close to the base, (3) flight engine failure far away from the base, and (4) alternator failure. The HRV was collected during all these maneuvers, as well as the performance data (the time it took to go through the emergency protocol and the subjective information from the flight simulator operator). Results regarding autonomic modulation showed a higher sympathetic response during the emergency maneuvers when compared to baseline. In some cases, there was also a higher sympathetic response during the emergency maneuvers when compared with the take-off protocol. Regarding performance data, the expert pilots accomplished the missions in less time than the rookie pilots. Autonomic modulation measured from HRV through portable devices can easily relay important information. This information is relevant since characterizing these maneuvers can provide helpful information to design training strategies to improve those psychophysiological responses.
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New Training Program for the New Requirements of Combat of Tactical Athletes. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14031216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Actual theaters of operations are complex contexts where soldiers must face different situations, such as symmetrical, asymmetrical, or close quarter combat. The requirements of the actual battlefield are different to the traditional conditioning military training. This new changing scenario produces an activation of the innate fight or flight defense mechanisms with large activations of the anaerobic metabolic pathways and the sympathetic autonomic nervous system. In these scenarios, the anaerobic, aerobic, and strength demands are so specific and the time to improve all training demands in the units is limited. We propose a new training periodization for the military population based on the latest research into the psychophysiological response of soldiers in actual theaters of operations (actual military missions) and actual civilian models of training and periodization to develop a specific, easy, and reliable periodization model for actual tactical athletes. This training intervention was developed in order to improve operational training according to the demands of actual theaters of operations, based on recent research in military and civilian populations. We tried to conduct a proposal that is easy to apply, with minimal use of material different to what could be found in a military base and that could be implemented in a short period of time.
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Clemente-Suárez VJ, Ruisoto P, Isorna-Folgar M, Cancelo-Martínez J, Beltrán-Velasco AI, Tornero-Aguilera JF. Psychophysiological and Psychosocial Profile of Patients Attending Drug Addiction Centers. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2021; 47:77-84. [PMID: 34958443 PMCID: PMC9098533 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-021-09531-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Drug treatment centres provide the highest level of rehab services for patients diagnosed with drug addictions. Most inpatient drug rehab programs focus on medical detox and mental health interventions. However, how to optimize the later remains a challenge. The aim of this study was to examine the psychophysiological and psychosocial profile of patients attending drug addiction centres in comparation with the general population. A total of 105 inpatient drug rehab patients and 50 participants from the general population were compared based on standardized psychophysiological and psychosocial measures. Results of this study suggest that patients attending drug addiction centers differ from general population in several different psychophysiological and psychosocial factors. Patients reported significantly lower levels of physical activity and increased sympathetic responsiveness, and significantly higher levels in loneliness, psychologically inflexibility and neuroticism. The results of this study highlight the importance of address healthy lifestyle behaviors such as sport practice and psychological variables such as loneliness, psychological (in)flexibility and neuroticism to improve current programs aim to prevent or reduce problematic drug consumptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670, Madrid, Spain. .,Studies Centre in Applied Combat (CESCA), Toledo, Spain. .,Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia.
| | - Pablo Ruisoto
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Manuel Isorna-Folgar
- Facultad Ciencias Educación y Trabajo Social, Universidad de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | | | | | - José Francisco Tornero-Aguilera
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670, Madrid, Spain.,Studies Centre in Applied Combat (CESCA), Toledo, Spain
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Castillo-Aguilar M, Valdés-Badilla P, Herrera-Valenzuela T, Guzmán-Muñoz E, Delgado-Floody P, Andrade DC, Moraes MM, Arantes RME, Núñez-Espinosa C. Cardiac Autonomic Modulation in Response to Muscle Fatigue and Sex Differences During Consecutive Competition Periods in Young Swimmers: A Longitudinal Study. Front Physiol 2021; 12:769085. [PMID: 34867474 PMCID: PMC8637437 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.769085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To study the differences in cardiac autonomic modulation in response to muscle fatigue caused by high-intensity exercise during two consecutive competition periods in young swimmers. Methods: Twenty-six competitive swimmers, selected by their training volume, were separated in two groups, females (n = 12 [46%], age: 13.5 ± 1.4 years) and males (n = 14 [54%], age: 13.9 ± 1.7 years), aged between 10 and 16 years, were evaluated five times as follow: (i) 21 days before the first competition (t-0); (ii) two days before (t-1; t-3); and (iii) two days after (t-2; t-4) of the first and second competitions. Morphological measurements (body mass, percentage of total body fat and height), blood pressure, power, and resting heart rate variability (RR with Polar band) were recorded before and after Wingate test at each time. Results: Body fat was higher in females compared to males. However, no differences were found in other morphological parameters. An intra-subject analysis grouped by sex in cardiovascular parameters shows longitudinal variations in systolic pressure and mean pressure among females. Additionally, females depicted higher, very low frequency (VLF, which is intrinsically generated by the heart and strongly associated with emotional stress) after physical fatigue compared to males at t-1. Further, before the competition, the high frequency (HF) component of HRV (parasympathetic drive) was higher in males than females at t-0 and t-4. Conclusion: Our data revealed that males displayed greater parasympathetic reactivity after an anaerobic muscle fatigue test during their competition periods. Contrarily, females had a less cardiac autonomic modulation when comparing the pre-post Wingate test after two consecutive competition periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Castillo-Aguilar
- Kinesiology Department, University of Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
- Austral Integrative Neurophysiology Group, CADI-UMAG, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Pablo Valdés-Badilla
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Education Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
- Carrera de Entrenador Deportivo, Escuela de Educación, Universidad Viña del Mar, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Tomás Herrera-Valenzuela
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Activity, Faculty of Health, Universidad Santo Tomás (UST), Santiago, Chile
- Department of Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Guzmán-Muñoz
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro Delgado-Floody
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - David Cristóbal Andrade
- Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura (MedAlt), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Michele M. Moraes
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Newborn Screening and Genetics Diagnosis, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (NUPAD-FM/UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rosa M. E. Arantes
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Newborn Screening and Genetics Diagnosis, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (NUPAD-FM/UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cristian Núñez-Espinosa
- Austral Integrative Neurophysiology Group, CADI-UMAG, Punta Arenas, Chile
- School of Medicine, University of Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
- Interuniversity Center for Healthy Aging, Chile
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Clemente-Suárez VJ, Fuentes-García JP, Fernandes RJ, Vilas-Boas JP. Psychological and Physiological Features Associated with Swimming Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:4561. [PMID: 33923113 PMCID: PMC8123453 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present research was to study the psychological and physiological features associated with aerobic and anaerobic performance in trained swimmers. METHODS A correlation and stepwise regression analyses were conducted with the data obtained in a RESTQ-76 sport questionnaire, a heart rate variability test, and an anaerobic and aerobic swimming performance efforts of 20 swimmers. RESULTS Aerobic performance correlated, principally, with parameters related to parasympathetic modulation measured in the frequency and time domains of the heart rate variability (LF/HF r: -0.806, p < 0.001; NN50 r: 0.937, p < 0.001). Swimmers' anaerobic performance correlated to psychological features (low stress r: 0.526, p: 0.025, and high fatigue r: -0.506, p: 0.032). CONCLUSION Swimming performance presented different psychological and physiological features depending on the probe characteristic. Specifically, swimmers' anaerobic performance was associated with psychological features (low stress and high fatigue perception) and aerobic performance with physiological features (high parasympathetic modulation). This information could help coaches to know the variables to control in their swimmers, depending on the probe in which they compete (anaerobic or aerobic).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sport Science, European University of Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain;
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 11501-2060, Colombia
| | | | - Ricardo J. Fernandes
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Plácido Costa, 91 4200 Porto, Portugal;
| | - João Paulo Vilas-Boas
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Plácido Costa, 91 4200 Porto, Portugal;
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Predictors of Athlete's Performance in Ultra-Endurance Mountain Races. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18030956. [PMID: 33499204 PMCID: PMC7908619 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18030956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: In previous studies, ultra-endurance performance has been associated with training and psychological variables. However, performance under extreme conditions is understudied, mainly due to difficulties in making field measures. Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze the role of training, hydration, nutrition, oral health status, and stress-related psychological factors in athletes’ performance in ultra-endurance mountain events. Methods: We analyzed the variables of race time and training, hydration state, nutrition, oral health status, and stress-related psychological factors in 448 ultra-endurance mountain race finishers divided into three groups according to race length (less than 45 km, 45–90 km, and greater than 90 km), using a questionnaire. Results: Higher performance in ultra-endurance mountain races was associated with better oral health status and higher accumulative altitude covered per week as well as higher positive accumulative change of altitude per week during training. In longer distance races, experience, a larger volume of training, and better hydration/nutrition prior to the competition were associated with better performance. Conclusions: Ultra-endurance mountain athletes competing in longer races (>90 km) have more experience and follow harder training schedules compared with athletes competing in shorter distances. In longer races, a larger fluid intake before the competition was the single best predictor of performance. For races between 45 and 90 km, training intensity and volume were key predictors of performance, and for races below 45 km, oral health status was a key predictor of performance. Psychological factors previously reported as ultra-endurance mountain race performance predictors were inconsistent or failed to predict the performance of athletes in the present research.
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Hematological and Running Performance Modification of Trained Athletes after Reverse vs. Block Training Periodization. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17134825. [PMID: 32635515 PMCID: PMC7369883 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of block (BP) and a reverse training periodization (RP) in the hematological and running performance of amateur trained athletes. Modifications in hematological, aerobic, and anaerobic running performance and countermovement jump before and after twelve weeks of BP vs. RP training programs were analyzed in 16 trained athletes (eight males: 40.0 ± 6.2 years; 179.2 ± 12.8 cm; 73.8 ± 12.2 kg; and eight females: 34.2 ± 4.1 years; 163.4 ± 9.6 cm; 57.0 ± 11.0 kg). A significant decrease in heart rate (HR) at ventilatory threshold (VT1) (p = 0.031; ES = 1.40) was observed in RP without changes in BP. In addition, RP increased significantly VO2max (p = 0.004; ES = 0.47), speed at VO2max (p = 0.001; ES = 1.07), HR at VT2 (p < 0.001; ES = 1.32) and VT1 (p = 0.046; ES = 0.57), while BP improved VO2max (p = 0.004; ES = 0.51), speed at VO2max (p = 0.016; ES = 0.92), and HR at VT2 (p = 0.023; ES = 0.78). In addition, only RP increased anaerobic performance in a running-based anaerobic sprint test (RAST) (mean sprint: p = 0.009; ES = 0.40, best sprint: p = 0.019; ES = 0.30 and total time: p = 0.009; ES = 0.40). Moreover, both types of training periodization proposed in this study maintained hematological values and efficiently improved jump performance (p = 0.044; ES = 0.6) in RP and p = 0.001; ES = 0.75 in BP). Therefore, twelve weeks of either RP or BP is an effective strategy to increase jump and aerobic running performance maintaining hematological values, but only RP increases anaerobic running performance.
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Bustamante-Sánchez Á, Clemente-Suárez VJ. Psychophysiological response in night and instrument helicopter flights. ERGONOMICS 2020; 63:399-406. [PMID: 31957600 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2020.1718772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Instrument and night flights are sources of mishaps: they produce stressful contexts to aircrews in which operability can be affected. This study aimed to analyse the effect of night and instrument flights in cortical arousal, autonomic modulation, muscle strength, and stress perception. 23 people were analysed (8 helicopter pilots, 4 helicopter mechanics - Spanish Air Forces - and 11 controls) before and after instrument and night flight exposition. Lactate and perceived exertion rose after flights. Anxiety was higher in instrument than in night flights. Pilots had a higher sense of anxiety before a flight compared to mechanics, although mechanics experienced a higher raise of heart rate during flight, with lower heart rate variability. Breath capacity was affected in pilots. Cortical arousal was more affected in unexperienced than in experienced aircrew during flights. These data suggest differences in their previous training. Practitioner summary: Night and instrument helicopter flights produced a different psychophysiological response of aircrew. These results could help to design specific training for aircrew that usually face instrument and night manoeuvres. Specific training based on high-intensity interval training integrated with reverse periodisation could improve their preparation. Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; BOS: blood oxygen saturation; BT: body temperature; CA: cognitive anxiety; CFFT: critical flicker fusion threshold; ES: effect size; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC: forced vital capacity; HF: high frequency; HR: heart rate; HRV: heart rate variability; HIS: isometric handgrip strength; LF: low frequency; NVG: night vision googles; PEF: peak expiratory flow; pNN50: proportion of differences between R-R intervals higher than 50 ms; RMSSD: square root of the mean of the sum of the squared differences between adjacent normal R-R intervals; RPE: rated of perceived exertion; SA: somatic anxiety; SC: self confidence; STAI: state trait anxiety inventory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Bustamante-Sánchez
- Department of Sport Science, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Department of Sport Science, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Madrid, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia
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Vicente-Rodriguez M, Clemente-Suárez VJ. Psychophysiological anxiety response of a rescue helicopter crew in a crane rescue manoeuvre. BMJ Mil Health 2020; 167:413-417. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjmilitary-2019-001345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundThis research aimed to analyse the psychophysiological modifications of a rescuer helicopter crew in a crane rescue manoeuvre.MethodsWe analysed in eight participants (32.5±6.6 years) divided in four categories (pilot, mechanic, rescuer and control) with variables of anxiety, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), stress subjective perception (SSP), heart rate, blood oxygen saturation (BOS), skin temperature, blood lactate, cortical arousal, autonomic modulation, legs and hands strength, legs flexibility, spirometry, urine, and short-term memory before and after a helicopter crane rescue manoeuvre.ResultsThe manoeuvre produced a significant (p≤0.05) increment in the RPE, SSP, anxiety, blood lactate and sympathetic modulation, and a decrease in BOS and pulmonary capacity.ConclusionA helicopter rescue crane manoeuvre produced an increase in the sympathetic nervous system modulation, increasing the psychophysiological response of the crew independently of their experience or role. This information allowed us to improve actual specific operative training in this population.
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Multiannual, Intensive Strength-Endurance Training Modulates the Activity of the Cardiovascular and Autonomic Nervous System among Rowers of the International Level. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:3989304. [PMID: 31662977 PMCID: PMC6791253 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3989304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Professional athlete training is significantly different from recreational physical activity, and sustained, repetitive exposure to over-strenuous and intensive training may result in critical changes of most systems and organs in a sportsman's body. Aim The assessment of the influence of multiannual strength-endurance training on the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and cardiovascular system (CVS) among the rowers of Polish national team. Materials and Methods 20 rowers, aged 20–30, seniors of Polish national team were qualified into the study. The functional examination of ANS was conducted by means of Task Force® Monitor system. The assessed parameters included hemodynamic parameters, heart rate, and blood pressure variability and reflexes sensitivity of baroreceptors. In order to examine and compare the reaction of autonomic nervous system the subjects underwent a tilt test. Results In the study group, significantly higher levels of sBP (129.3 ± 12.2 vs 118.3 ± 8.4, p = 0.0030), SI (59.9 ± 8.8 vs 41.2 ± 6.8, p > 0.001), CI (3.2 ± 0.5 vs 2.4 ± 0.4, p > 0.001), and significantly lower levels of HR (54.2 ± 5.3 vs 60.1 ± 5.7, p = 0.0034) and TPRI (2333.3 ± 389.9 vs 2950.2 ± 604.2, p = 0.0012) compared to the control group, were found. After the tilt test the levels of HR (p = 0.0005) and TPRI (p = 0.0128) were significantly higher but SI (p > 0.001) and CI (p = 0.0006) were significantly lower in the study group compared to the control. Conclusions Multiannual strength-endurance training connected with rowing activities substantially modulates the activity of cardiovascular and autonomic nervous system, influences the volumetric workload of the heart and structural changes, and increases the sensitivity of reflexes of arterial baroreceptors.
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Effectiveness of Reverse vs. Traditional Linear Training Periodization in Triathlon. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16152807. [PMID: 31390818 PMCID: PMC6696421 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16152807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present research aimed to analyze the modification in performance, body composition, and autonomic modulation of reverse and traditional linear training periodization in amateur triathletes. We analyzed running and swimming performance, strength manifestation, body composition, and autonomic modulation before and after a traditional linear training periodization (four weeks of volume-based training plus four weeks of intensity-based training plus two-week tapering), a reverse linear training periodization (four weeks of intensity-based training plus four weeks of volume-based training plus two-week tapering), and a free training control physical active group (10-week free training) in 32 amateur athletes. Independently of the periodization model, the combination of two four-week mesocycles followed by a two-week taper is an efficiency strategy to avoid overreaching, obtaining an increase in parasympathetic modulation. Moreover, both types of training periodization proposed in this study do not modified body composition of amateur triathletes. Also, compared with traditional periodization, reverse periodization efficiently improves horizontal jump performance. Finally, reverse and traditional periodization were an effective strategy to improve running biomechanical, performance, and physiological variables, as well as efficient periodization strategies to improve swimming technical ability, aerobic, and anaerobic swimming performance.
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Gómez-Oliva E, Robles-Pérez JJ, Ruiz-Barquín R, Hidalgo-Bellota F, de la Vega R. Psychophysiological response to the use of nuclear, biological and chemical equipment with military tasks. Physiol Behav 2019; 204:186-190. [PMID: 30831181 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The current military training requires the development and optimization of different strategies to improve performance in extreme conditions as well as the possible risk of suffering attacks with chemical and/ or radioactive substances. It turns out mandatory to research the psychophysiological response of soldiers and sanitary personnel when wearing the nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) equipment. A longitudinal prospective experimental quantitative study has been developed, using a pre-treatment and post-treatment design. A total of 20 soldiers (33.3 ± 5.4 years), belonging to the Spanish Armed Forces have been analyzed, divided into two groups, when carrying out different training activities designed to that effect. The following variables were analyzed right before and after accomplishing the different tasks: heart rate, heart variability, thermoregulation, blood glucose, explosive strength, perceived effort and motion performance in a munitioning task. The results showed a significant increase (p < 05) in heart rate, blood glucose, perceived effort and the time required when developing the triage tasks and when putting a tourniquet on other person in the group wearing NBC equipment compared to the other group, as well as a longer time required in a munitioning task. These results highlight the importance of training and preparing the sanitary and military personnel in the use of NBC equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roberto Ruiz-Barquín
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Education Faculty. Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ricardo de la Vega
- Department of Physical Education, Sport & Human Movement, Education Faculty. Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Belinchón-deMiguel P, Ruisoto-Palomera P, Clemente-Suárez VJ. Psychophysiological Stress Response of a Paralympic Athlete During an Ultra-Endurance Event. A Case Study. J Med Syst 2019; 43:70. [PMID: 30737600 DOI: 10.1007/s10916-019-1188-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Psychophysiological response of athletes with spinal cord injurie has not been reported yet in scientific literature. The aim of this study is to examine the psychophysiological stress response of Paralympic athlete during competitive activities. We collected the following psychophysiological measurements: anxiety-trait, anxiety-state, locus of control, perceived psychological stress, stress-copying style, rate of perceived exertion, perceived muscle pain, body temperature, forced vital capacity, blood oxygen saturation, blood glucose and lactate concentrations, isometric hand strength, cortical arousal, heart rate variability, heart rate and velocities of a female Paralympic spinal cord injured athlete in a 11 h and 44 min ultraendurance mountain event. An ultraendurance mountain even produced an increase in the sympathetic autonomous modulation, heart rate, lactate, muscular pain and rated of perceived exertion and a decrease in cortical arousal, hand strength and respiratory muscle in a spinal cord injurie female athlete during. The Paralympic athletes presented a low psychological inflexibility, high life engagement, strong internal locus of control, a low trait and state anxiety and medium perceived psychological stress. These results are consistent with the expected response during a highly stressful situation and consistent with previous findings in athletes without spinal cord injurie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Belinchón-deMiguel
- Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas y de la Salud, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Ruisoto-Palomera
- Department of Basic Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology of Human Behavior, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. .,Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia. .,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Sport Science, Calle Tajo, s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain.
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Clemente-Suárez VJ, Diaz-Manzano M. Evaluation of Central Fatigue by the Critical Flicker Fusion Threshold in Cyclists. J Med Syst 2019; 43:61. [PMID: 30715619 DOI: 10.1007/s10916-019-1170-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Central fatigue related in sport stimuli was studied by Critical Flicker Fusion Threshold (CFFT) to know the influence of exercise on the central nervous system (CNS), but there is a lack of knowledge about the central or peripheral fatigue in endurance events. This study aimed to analyze changes in CFFT before and after the incremental cycle ergometer test as a means to assess the fatigue of the CNS. CFFT ascending and descending, the subjective criterion and sensory sensitivity were analysed in 8 professional male cyclists (72.1 ± 5.59 kg, 180.3 ± 6.43 cm, 17.4 ± 0.7 years) before and after a maximum incremental cycle ergometer test (start 50w increases 50w each 5 min). In this incremental test, the induced fatigue was probably more a peripheral phenomenon than one due to central nervous system fatigue, because sensory sensitivity did not significantly decrease. In conclusion, an incremental cycle ergometer test increased the cortical arousal and does not affect negatively the CNS of professional cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo street, s/n, 28670, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain.
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia.
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Diaz-Manzano M, Fuentes JP, Fernandez-Lucas J, Aznar-Lain S, Clemente-Suárez VJ. Higher use of techniques studied and performance in melee combat produce a higher psychophysiological stress response. Stress Health 2018; 34:622-628. [PMID: 30051964 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to analyse the effectiveness of an operative training in soldiers' psychophysiological and melee combat performance. Nineteen soldiers performed a 50-hr training for 10 weeks. After training, they were divided into two groups: higher performance group (HPG) and lower performance group (LPG), then they conducted a realistic melee simulation where psychophysiological response, task performance, and the utilization of techniques learned were measured. HPG presented a significantly (p < 0.05) higher heart rate, blood lactate, and jump height; a lower blood oxygen saturation, task performance mark, use of studied techniques than LPG after the simulation; and a higher low frequency/high frequency ratio of heart rate variability previous the simulation than LPG. Independent of performance and the use of studied techniques by the participants, the melee simulation produced an increase in fight or flight response, increasing rated of stress and perceived exertion, sympathetic modulation, and physiological response. A specific melee combat training program induced different modifications in psychophysiological and task performance depending on the level of studied technique used. HPG presented a significantly higher cardiovascular response than LPG and time perception, and memory presented no differences between groups; also HPG presented a significantly higher use of studied techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan P Fuentes
- Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Jesús Fernandez-Lucas
- Biomedical Science School, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Grupo de Investigación en Desarrollo Agroindustrial Sostenible, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Susana Aznar-Lain
- PAFS Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sport Science, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia
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Psychophysiological response of air mobile protection teams in an air accident manoeuvre. Physiol Behav 2018; 199:79-83. [PMID: 30414882 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Different extreme contexts elicit a stress response on human body, specifically on combat produces an increase of sympathetic nervous system and a direct effect on the organic response. This research aimed to study the psychophysiological response of an air security force in a simulated air accident in a hostile area and its subsequent subterfuge to a safe area. We analyzed 13 soldiers (32.4 ± 8.0 years) from an air security force unit of the Spanish Air Force who were divided into three teams to conduct the manoeuvre. We analyzed before and after the manoeuvre psychological well-being scale, personal views survey, recovery-stress questionnaire (REST-52 Sport); heart rate variability, visual analogue scale, rated of perceived exertion, spirometry, hydration and hand strength were analyzed during the four days of the manoeuvre: This produced a significantly (p < .05) increase in sympathetic modulation, hand strength, dehydration status, general and specific stress from RESTQ-52. With this data we can conclude that an air accident manoeuvre of three nights and four days causes in the air mobile protection team a high sympathetic nervous system modulation, increases on muscle strength manifestations and stress and a dehydration status.
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