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Battaglini AM, Rnic K, Jopling E, Tracy A, LeMoult J. Communication modality matters: Co-rumination via in-person versus digital modalities has different prospective associations with depression and friendship quality. J Adolesc 2024; 96:645-658. [PMID: 38167782 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Co-rumination is an interpersonal emotion regulation strategy in which negative feelings and problems are discussed perseveratively with another person. Although co-rumination is salient in adolescence, research to date has focused on co-rumination occurring in person and has not kept pace with the surge in digital communication that begins in adolescence. This study examined the degree, associations among, and consequences (i.e., depressive symptoms, and friendship quality) of adolescents' co-rumination via in-person, text, social media, and phone modalities. METHODS Adolescents (n = 109; 51 girls, 57 boys, 1 nonbinary; Mage = 12.83 years) residing in Canada, completed self-report questionnaires on co-rumination, depressive symptoms, and friendship quality for up to 2 years. RESULTS Adolescents engaged in co-rumination across all modalities, particularly in-person. Findings indicated a negative association between in-person co-rumination at baseline and in-person co-rumination over time. Whereas less text co-rumination was associated with increased depressive symptoms over time, greater phone co-rumination was associated with increased depressive symptoms over time. Although greater in-person co-rumination was positively associated with friendship quality concurrently, it was negatively associated with friendship quality prospectively. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, co-rumination outcomes may vary depending on communication modality. Implications for adolescents' mental and social wellbeing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katerina Rnic
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ellen Jopling
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Alison Tracy
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Joelle LeMoult
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Monte V, Ang JYZ, Tsai W. Negative COVID-19 impacts and depressive symptoms over time among first-year college students. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2024; 72:219-228. [PMID: 35113772 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2022.2032085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This study examined the disruptions to social life, financial impact, and academic concerns caused by COVID-19 experienced by first-year college students, as well as their associations with depressive symptoms over time. Participants and Methods: Five hundred and thirty freshman college students completed an online survey at baseline and 14-week follow-up. Results: We found that female students reported greater COVID-19 academic concerns than males. Black students endorsed lower COVID-19 academic concerns and Latinx students reported greater negative COVID-19 financial impact compared to other ethnic groups. First-generation college students reported greater negative COVID-19 financial impact than domestic students. COVID-19 academic concerns and negative social and financial impacts were associated with greater depressive symptoms at baseline. However, only COVID-19 academic concerns were associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms over time. Conclusions: Findings suggest that the academic, social, and financial disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have negative mental health consequences that should be addressed in research and university settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Monte
- Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - William Tsai
- Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
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Hartson KR, Hall LA, Choate SA. Stressors and resilience are associated with well-being in young adult college students. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023; 71:821-829. [PMID: 34280317 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1908309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The purposes were to describe stressors and resilience behaviors of college students and examine the relationships among stressors, resilience, and well-being. Hypothesis: Resilience will modify the relationship between stressors and well-being. Participants: The sample included 1,010 college students, ages 18-26, from an urban Midwestern university. Methods: A secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from an anonymous survey was conducted using multiple regression and simple slopes analysis. Results: Resilience did not modify the relationship between stressors and well-being. Stressors (β = -.44, p < .0001) and resilience (β = .33, p < .0001) accounted for 42% of the variance in well-being (adjusted R2 = .42, F2,999 = 365.98, p < .0001). The most frequently endorsed stressors were sleep problems, anxiety, and relationships. Conclusions: Stressors and resilience warrant special attention in the allocation of resources and development of programs to improve student well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lynne A Hall
- School of Nursing, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Sara A Choate
- School of Nursing, Campus Health Services, Division of Health Promotion, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Ferreira AI, Rodrigues R, Carvalho H, Truxillo D. Social interaction matters to job search over the long haul. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 42:1-19. [PMID: 36684465 PMCID: PMC9838532 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-04123-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Based on social cognitive, reasoned action, and basic needs theories, this study examines whether co-rumination with others about the job search mediates the positive relation between state negative affect and job search intentions. In addition, we looked at how this positive indirect effect interacts with the social support received from different sources (such as friends, family, and significant others) at the beginning and six months after the initial job search process. Using a sample of 87 graduates (job seekers) from a Portuguese masters program, we used multilevel modeling to test this moderated mediation. Ages ranged from 22 to 53 years old (M = 29.45; SD = 7.60). Data were collected using measures to assess negative affect, co-rumination, perceived social support, and job search intentions. We found an indirect effect of state negative affect on job search intentions; when job seekers perceive higher levels of social support from significant others at the beginning of the job search, the positive, mediating role of co-rumination in this relationship is increased. Further, for a sub-sample of six-month job seekers, this positive indirect effect increased when there was also an increased perception of social support from family. Discussion focuses on implications for theory and practice and the role of co-rumination for unemployed people during job search.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristides I. Ferreira
- Iscte – Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, Business Research Unit (BRU-IUL), Avenida das Forças Armadas, 1649-026 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rosa Rodrigues
- Instituto Superior de Gestão - Business & Economics School, Avenida Merechal Craveiro Lopes, nº 2, 1700-097 Lisboa, Portugal
- CEFAGE – Center for Advanced Studies in Management and Economics, Évora, Portugal
| | - Helena Carvalho
- Iscte – Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, Centro de Investigação e Estudos de Sociologia (CIES-IUL), Avenida das Forças Armadas, 1649-026 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Donald Truxillo
- Kemmy Business School, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
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Chang B, Hou J. The Association Between Perceived Risk of COVID-19, Psychological Distress, and Internet Addiction in College Students: An Application of Stress Process Model. Front Psychol 2022; 13:898203. [PMID: 35795419 PMCID: PMC9252417 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.898203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The closed-off management of the university during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may be associated with an elevated odds of psychological and behavioral issues among college students. We aimed to use the stress-process model to explore the potential mechanisms for this phenomenon. A total of 924 college students were recruited via posters, peer referrals, and class attendance. Among them, 82 (9%) were probable depression, 190 (20.8%) were probable anxiety, and 69 (7.5%) were internet addiction. Parallel mediation was used to test this theoretical model. For personal resources, the perceived risk of COVID-19 was positively associated with psychological distress via negative coping style (β = 0.051) and internet addiction via negative coping style or self-esteem (β = 0.023 for negative coping style, β = 0.015 for self-esteem). For social resources, the perceived risk of COVID-19 was positively associated with psychological distress and internet addiction via roommate relationships (β = 0.19 for psychological distress, β = 0.046 for internet addiction). Negative coping styles and roommate relationships are possible psychological mechanisms linking the perceived risk of COVID-19, psychological distress, and internet addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biru Chang
- School of Preschool Education, Xi’an University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jianhua Hou
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Strickland MG, Anastasio P. Co-Rumination May Mitigate Depressive and Anxious Symptoms for Those High in Social Interaction Anxiety. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2021.40.5.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Early co-rumination research has demonstrated that engagement in co-rumination, or persistent discussion of one's problems at length, can lead to increased depressive and anxious symptoms. There is limited research examining the direct relationship between a specialized type of anxiety—social interaction anxiety—and co-rumination, and that research has conflicting results, making it unclear what the relationship between the two is. The purpose of the present study was to further examine the relationship between co-rumination and social interaction anxiety, depressive symptoms, and symptoms of anxiety. Method: Ninety-six college women and men completed online questionnaires twice, separated by one month. Results: We found that co-rumination at Time 1 negatively predicted social interaction anxiety at Time 2. We also found co-rumination predicted reduced depressive symptoms, but only among those who had moderate and high levels of social interaction anxiety. In that respect, our findings replicate van Zalk and Tillfors (2017), who found that co-rumination acts as a buffer against depressive symptoms for individuals high in social anxiety. Our study also offers an extension of van Zalk and Tillfors in that the same pattern was found for anxious symptoms, but only among those with the highest levels of social interaction anxiety. Discussion: Therefore, co-rumination for highly socially-anxious individuals may serve as a form of positive social support, which highlights important individual differences on internalizing symptoms.
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Miller AE, Mehak A, Trolio V, Racine SE. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the psychological health of individuals with mental health conditions: A mixed methods study. J Clin Psychol 2021; 78:710-728. [PMID: 34560819 PMCID: PMC8656623 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Objectives This study explored how the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has affected individuals with mental health conditions. Methods Participants were 477 adults (82% female) who reported a past‐year mental health condition. They completed an online survey that included an open‐ended question. Mixed methods analysis was conducted. Results While all mental health conditions were moderately impacted by the COVID‐19 pandemic, self‐reported impact on anxiety disorder and obsessive‐compulsive disorder symptoms was greater than for all other mental health symptoms. Thematic analysis revealed five themes: (1) the contribution of the pandemic to worsening mental health; (2) life interruptions due to the pandemic; (3) increased loneliness/isolation; (4) upsides of the pandemic; and (5) normalization of the anxieties previously experienced by those with mental health conditions. Conclusion Individuals with pre‐existing mental health conditions reported a worsening of symptoms during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Governments and organizations must focus on supporting and increasing access to treatment for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia E Miller
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Adrienne Mehak
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Vittoria Trolio
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sarah E Racine
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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Battaglini AM, Rnic K, Tracy A, Jopling E, LeMoult J. Co-rumination across in-person and digital communication: Associations with affect and relationship closeness in adolescents. J Adolesc 2021; 89:161-169. [PMID: 34000603 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the prominence of interpersonal emotion regulation, particularly during adolescence, it is a relatively understudied area of investigation. Co-rumination is an interpersonal emotion regulation strategy that is frequently used by adolescents. Traditional examinations of co-rumination have focused on its occurrence in person, while largely overlooking digital modes of communication. This study was the first to investigate adolescents' co-rumination across multiple communication modalities (i.e., in person, text, social media, phone) and its downstream association with affect and relationship closeness. Specifically, we examined: (1) the frequency of co-rumination across modalities, (2) the effect of co-rumination in one modality on the future use of co-rumination within that same modality (i.e., stability) and across other modalities (i.e., generalization); and (3) the prospective relation of co-rumination on negative affect, positive affect, and relationship closeness. METHODS Adolescents (n = 71; 33 girls and 38 boys; Mage = 12.70 years) residing in Canada completed twice-daily diary surveys for 14 days. RESULTS Findings indicated that adolescents co-ruminate across all modes of communication, particularly in person. There also was evidence of co-rumination stability and generalization over time for some modes of communication (within phone and from social media to in-person interactions), but not for others. Co-rumination through text and over the phone had affective and/or social benefits, whereas co-rumination through social media predicted diminished positive affect. We also identified ways these findings differed by gender. CONCLUSIONS Implications for adolescents' emotional and social development and the field of co-rumination are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katerina Rnic
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alison Tracy
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ellen Jopling
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joelle LeMoult
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Canada
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Predictors of rumination and co-rumination: the role of attachment dimensions, self-compassion and self-esteem. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01799-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Felton JW, Cole DA, Havewala M, Kurdziel G, Brown V. Talking Together, Thinking Alone: Relations among Co-Rumination, Peer Relationships, and Rumination. J Youth Adolesc 2019; 48:731-743. [PMID: 30298225 PMCID: PMC6441632 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-018-0937-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Girls are more likely to engage in rumination, associated with the development of mental health problems, as well as report higher levels of friendship quality, hypothesized to protect against these disorders. The current study examined whether co-rumination may drive simultaneous increases in rumination and changes in friendship quality among adolescents. The project included 360 participants (43% boys), ages 9.8 to 15.8 years, and analyses revealed that co-rumination mediated the link between female sex and both rumination and negative friendship quality. There was also a bidirectional relation between co-rumination and positive friendship quality. These findings highlight several pathways by which co-rumination mediates the relation between sex and both maladaptive (i.e. rumination, negative friendship quality) and adaptive (i.e. positive friendship quality) outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia W Felton
- Division of Public Health, Michigan State University, Flint, MI, USA.
| | - David A Cole
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mazneen Havewala
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Gretchen Kurdziel
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Felton JW, Cole DA, Havewala M, Kurdziel G, Brown V. Talking Together, Thinking Alone: Relations among Co-Rumination, Peer Relationships, and Rumination. J Youth Adolesc 2019. [PMID: 30298225 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-018-0937-z.talking] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Girls are more likely to engage in rumination, associated with the development of mental health problems, as well as report higher levels of friendship quality, hypothesized to protect against these disorders. The current study examined whether co-rumination may drive simultaneous increases in rumination and changes in friendship quality among adolescents. The project included 360 participants (43% boys), ages 9.8 to 15.8 years, and analyses revealed that co-rumination mediated the link between female sex and both rumination and negative friendship quality. There was also a bidirectional relation between co-rumination and positive friendship quality. These findings highlight several pathways by which co-rumination mediates the relation between sex and both maladaptive (i.e. rumination, negative friendship quality) and adaptive (i.e. positive friendship quality) outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia W Felton
- Division of Public Health, Michigan State University, Flint, MI, USA.
| | - David A Cole
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mazneen Havewala
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Gretchen Kurdziel
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Ames-Sikora AM, Donohue MR, Tully EC. Nonlinear Associations Between Co-Rumination and Both Social Support and Depression Symptoms. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 151:597-612. [PMID: 28985150 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2017.1372345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-ruminating about one's problems appears to involve both beneficial self-disclosure and harmful rumination, suggesting that moderate levels may be the most adaptive. This study used nonlinear regression to determine whether moderate levels of self-reported co-rumination in relationships with a sibling, parent, friend, and romantic partner are linked to the highest levels of self-perceived social support and lowest levels of self-reported depression symptoms in 175 emerging adults (77% female; M = 19.66 years). As expected, moderate co-rumination was associated with high social support across all four relationship types, but, somewhat unexpectedly, high levels of co-rumination were also associated with high social support. As predicted, moderate levels of co-rumination with friends and siblings were associated with low levels of depression. Contrary to hypotheses, high levels of co-rumination were associated with high depression within romantic relationships. Co-rumination with a parent did not have a linear or quadratic association with depression. These findings suggest that high co-ruminating in supportive relationships and to a lesser extent low co-ruminating in unsupportive relationships are maladaptive interpersonal processes but that co-rumination's relation to depression depends on the co-ruminating partner. Psychotherapies for depression may target these maladaptive processes by supporting clients' development of balanced self-focused negative talk.
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Van Zalk N, Tillfors M. Co-rumination buffers the link between social anxiety and depressive symptoms in early adolescence. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2017; 11:41. [PMID: 28852420 PMCID: PMC5568713 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-017-0179-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined whether co-rumination with online friends buffered the link between social anxiety and depressive symptoms over time in a community sample. METHODS In a sample of 526 participants (358 girls; Mage = 14.05) followed at three time points, we conducted a latent cross-lagged model with social anxiety, depressive symptoms, and co-rumination, controlling for friendship stability and friendship quality, and adding a latent interaction between social anxiety and co-rumination predicting depressive symptoms. RESULTS Social anxiety predicted depressive symptoms, but no direct links between social anxiety and co-rumination emerged. Instead, co-rumination buffered the link between social anxiety and depressive symptoms for adolescents with higher but not lower levels of social anxiety. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that co-rumination exerted a positive influence on interpersonal relationships by diminishing the influence from social anxiety on depressive symptoms over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nejra Van Zalk
- Department of Psychology, Social Work and Counselling, University of Greenwich, London, SE9 2UG UK
| | - Maria Tillfors
- Center for Health and Medical Psychology, JPS: Psychology, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
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