1
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Svoboda R, Machotová J. How Depolymerization-Based Plasticization Affects the Process of Cold Crystallization in Poly(P-Dioxanone). Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400369. [PMID: 38923170 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The self-plasticization, i.e., the increase in the polymer chains' mobility by including its monomer, has a major impact on a polymer's structural, thermal, and mechanical properties. In this study, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), optical and Raman microscopies, thermo-mechanical analysis (TMA), size exclusion chromatography equipped with a multi-angle light scattering detector (SEC-MALS), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) are used to investigate the effect of thermally induced self-plasticization of poly-(p-dioxanone), PDX, on the crystal growths from the amorphous and molten states. Significant changes in the crystallization behavior and mechanical properties of PDX are found only for samples self-plasticized at the depolymerization temperature (Td) above 150 °C. The intense self-plasticization leads to the decrease of the crystallization temperature, increase of the crystal growth rapidity, disappearance of the distinct α→α' polymorphic transition, reduction of the overall melting temperature, and segregation of the redundant monomer. Although the morphology of the crystalline phase has a major impact on the mechanical properties of PDX, the self-plasticization itself does not seem to result in any major changes in the magnitude, localization, or morphology of formed crystallites (these are primarily driven by the temperature of crystal growth). The manifestation of the variable activation energy concept is discussed for the present crystallization data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Svoboda
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Machotová
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Macromolecular Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic
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2
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Portoacă AI, Diniță A, Tănase M, Săvulescu A, Sirbu EE, Călin C, Brănoiu G. Analyzing Sustainable 3D Printing Processes: Mechanical, Thermal, and Crystallographic Insights. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1364. [PMID: 38794556 PMCID: PMC11125246 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, the objective was to optimize energy consumption in the fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing process via a detailed analysis of printing parameters. By utilizing thermal analysis techniques, this research aimed to identify lower printing temperatures that could lead to reduced energy usage. Experimental analysis was conducted using a three-level L9 Taguchi orthogonal array, which involved a systematic combination of different extruder temperatures and cooling fan capacities. Furthermore, the research incorporated differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods to analyze the thermal properties and crystallinity of the 3D-printed specimens. The results indicated that temperature was a key factor affecting crystallinity, with samples printed at 190 °C and 60% fan capacity showing the highest mean values. By conducting a multi-objective desirability analysis, the optimal conditions for maximizing ultimate tensile strength (UTS), tensile modulus, and elongation at break while minimizing energy consumption for PLA 3D-printed samples were determined to be a temperature of 180 °C and a fan speed of 80%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alin Diniță
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiești, 100680 Ploiesti, Romania;
| | - Maria Tănase
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiești, 100680 Ploiesti, Romania;
| | - Alexandru Săvulescu
- Automation, Computers and Electronics Department, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiești, 100680 Ploiesti, Romania;
| | - Elena-Emilia Sirbu
- Chemistry Department, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiești, 100680 Ploiesti, Romania; (E.-E.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Catălina Călin
- Chemistry Department, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiești, 100680 Ploiesti, Romania; (E.-E.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Gheorghe Brănoiu
- Petroleum Geology and Reservoir Engineering Department, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiești, 100680 Ploiesti, Romania;
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3
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Grząbka-Zasadzińska A, Woźniak M, Kaszubowska-Rzepka A, Baranowska M, Sip A, Ratajczak I, Borysiak S. Enhancing Sustainability and Antifungal Properties of Biodegradable Composites: Caffeine-Treated Wood as a Filler for Polylactide. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:698. [PMID: 38592001 PMCID: PMC10856079 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the suitability of using caffeine-treated and untreated black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) wood as a polylactide filler. Composites containing 10%, 20%, and 30% filler were investigated in terms of increasing the nucleating ability of polylactide, as well as enhancing its resistance to microorganisms. Differential scanning calorimetry studies showed that the addition of caffeine-treated wood significantly altered the crystallization behavior of the polymer matrix, increasing its crystallization temperature and degree of crystallinity. Polarized light microscopic observations revealed that only the caffeine-treated wood induced the formation of transcrystalline structures in the polylactide. Incorporation of the modified filler into the matrix was also responsible for changes in the thermal stability and decreased hydrophilicity of the material. Most importantly, the use of black cherry wood treated with caffeine imparted antifungal properties to the polylactide-based composite, effectively reducing growth of Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium culmorum, Alternaria alternata, and Trichoderma viride. For the first time, it was reported that treatment of wood with a caffeine compound of natural origin alters the supermolecular structure, nucleating abilities, and imparts antifungal properties of polylactide/wood composites, providing promising insights into the structure-properties relationship of such composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Grząbka-Zasadzińska
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland; (A.G.-Z.); (A.K.-R.)
| | - Magdalena Woźniak
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznan, Poland; (M.W.); (I.R.)
| | - Agata Kaszubowska-Rzepka
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland; (A.G.-Z.); (A.K.-R.)
| | - Marlena Baranowska
- Department of Silviculture, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 42, 60-625 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Anna Sip
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48, 60-625 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Izabela Ratajczak
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznan, Poland; (M.W.); (I.R.)
| | - Sławomir Borysiak
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland; (A.G.-Z.); (A.K.-R.)
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4
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Mastalygina EE, Aleksanyan KV. Recent Approaches to the Plasticization of Poly(lactic Acid) (PLA) (A Review). Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:87. [PMID: 38201752 PMCID: PMC10781029 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a polyester attracting growing interest every year in different application fields, such as packaging, cosmetics, food, medicine, etc. Despite its significant advantages, it has low elasticity that may hinder further development and a corresponding rise in volume of consumption. This review opens a discussion of basic approaches to PLA plasticization. These considerations include copolymerization and blending with flexible polymers, introducing oligomers and low-molecular additives, as well as structural modification. It was demonstrated that each approach has its advantages, such as simplicity and low cost, but with disadvantages, including complex processing and the need for additional reagents. According to the analysis of different approaches, it was concluded that the optimal option is the application of copolymers as the additives obtained via reactive mixing to PLA and its blends with other polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena E. Mastalygina
- Scientific Laboratory “Advanced Composite Materials and Technologies”, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanny Ln., Moscow 117997, Russia
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygin St., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Kristine V. Aleksanyan
- Engineering Center, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanny Ln., Moscow 117997, Russia
- Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygin St, Moscow 119991, Russia
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5
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Ortega Z, Douglas P, Hanna PR, Garrett G, Clarke A, Cunningham E, Suárez L. Characterization of PLA Sheets Prepared by Stretching under Different Conditions: Influence of Reprocessing and Establishing Optimal Conditions. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5114. [PMID: 37512389 PMCID: PMC10386445 DOI: 10.3390/ma16145114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Polylactide (PLA) is one of the most commonly used biomaterials nowadays, with many recognized benefits, particularly in the packaging and single-use products industries. However, little research has been conducted on its stretching behavior. This work investigates the optimal conditions of biaxial stretching of injection-molded PLA samples produced under different processing conditions (pressure, drying, and pre-processing by extrusion, to simulate a recycling step). The injection-molded samples were characterized to determine their mechanical, thermal and thermo-mechanical behavior, water absorption, thermal behavior, and crystallization kinetics. The extruded samples showed reduced thermal stability, lower viscosity, decreased mechanical properties, and higher crystallization rates due to thermal degradation. However, the stretched samples provided similar properties regardless of the materials pre-processing. Regarding the assessment of the biaxial stretching process, processing at lower temperatures provides the films with a higher yield and breaking strength, while the time and strain rates have little influence on such properties. It was then determined that 82 °C is the optimal temperature for stretching the PLA samples. An increase in the stretch ratio provided a higher elastic modulus and higher values of opacity due to an increased crystallinity induced by stress during the process. Films as thin as 50 μm can be obtained by biaxially stretching injection-molded preforms, producing a deformation over 150% and acquiring good mechanical properties: about 90 MPa for the yield and a breaking strength and elastic modulus of 4000 MPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaida Ortega
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Procesos, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Paula Douglas
- Polymer Processing Research Centre, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Ashby Building, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AH, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Paul R Hanna
- Polymer Processing Research Centre, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Ashby Building, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AH, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Graham Garrett
- Polymer Processing Research Centre, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Ashby Building, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AH, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Alan Clarke
- Polymer Processing Research Centre, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Ashby Building, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AH, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Eoin Cunningham
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Ashby Building, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AH, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Luis Suárez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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6
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Olewnik-Kruszkowska E, Gierszewska M, Wrona M, Richert A, Rudawska A. Polylactide-Based Films Incorporated with Berberine-Physicochemical and Antibacterial Properties. Foods 2022; 12:foods12010091. [PMID: 36613307 PMCID: PMC9818973 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of new polymeric materials consisting of polylactide (PLA), polyethylene glycol (PEG) and berberine chloride (B) was evaluated. PEG was incorporated into the polymer matrix with the aim of obtaining a plasticizing effect, while berberine was added in order to obtain antibacterial properties in formed packaging materials. Materials were formed using the solvent-casting procedure. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used so as to establish the structural changes resulting from the introduction of berberine. Thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry were applied to study the thermal properties. Further, mechanical properties and differences in colour and transparency between the control sample and films containing berberine were also studied. The recorded data indicates that berberine formed a network on the surface of the PLA-based materials. Introduction of an active compound significantly improved thermal stability and greatly affected the Young's modulus values of the studied polymeric films. Moreover, it should be stressed that the addition of the studied active compound leads to an improvement of the antibacterial properties, resulting in a significant decrease in growth of E. coli and the S. aureus bacteria cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Olewnik-Kruszkowska
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Physicochemistry of Polymers Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarin 7 Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-56-611-2210
| | - Magdalena Gierszewska
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Physicochemistry of Polymers Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarin 7 Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wrona
- Aragon Institute of Engineering Research I3A, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Zaragoza, Torres Quevedo Building, María de Luna St. 3, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Agnieszka Richert
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1 Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Anna Rudawska
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36 St., 20-618 Lublin, Poland
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7
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Injorhor P, Trongsatitkul T, Wittayakun J, Ruksakulpiwat C, Ruksakulpiwat Y. Nano-Hydroxyapatite from White Seabass Scales as a Bio-Filler in Polylactic Acid Biocomposite: Preparation and Characterization. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194158. [PMID: 36236110 PMCID: PMC9571318 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp) as a bio-filler used in PLA composites was prepared from fish by acid deproteinization (1DP) and a combination of acid-alkali deproteinization (2DP) followed by alkali heat treatment. Moreover, the PLA/nHAp composite films were developed using solution casting method. The mechanical and thermal properties of the PLA composite films with nHAp from different steps deproteinization and contents were compared. The physical properties analysis confirmed that the nHAp can be prepared from fish scales using both steps deproteinization. 1DP-nHAp showed higher surface area and lower crystallinity than 2DP-nHAp. This gave advantage of 1DP-nHAp for use as filler. PLA composite with 1DP-nHAp gave tensile strength of 66.41 ± 3.63 MPa and Young’s modulus of 2.65 ± 0.05 GPa which were higher than 2DP-nHAp at the same content. The addition of 5 phr 1DP-nHAp into PLA significantly improved the tensile strength and Young’s modulus. PLA composite solution with 1DP-nHAp at 5 phr showed electrospinnability by giving continuous fibers without beads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeyaporn Injorhor
- School of Polymer Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
- Research Center for Biocomposite Materials for Medical Industry and Agricultural and Food Industry, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Tatiya Trongsatitkul
- School of Polymer Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
- Research Center for Biocomposite Materials for Medical Industry and Agricultural and Food Industry, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Jatuporn Wittayakun
- Research Center for Biocomposite Materials for Medical Industry and Agricultural and Food Industry, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Chaiwat Ruksakulpiwat
- School of Polymer Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
- Research Center for Biocomposite Materials for Medical Industry and Agricultural and Food Industry, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
- Correspondence: (C.R.); (Y.R.); Tel.: +66-44-22-4430 (C.R.); +66-44-22-3033 (Y.R.)
| | - Yupaporn Ruksakulpiwat
- School of Polymer Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
- Research Center for Biocomposite Materials for Medical Industry and Agricultural and Food Industry, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
- Correspondence: (C.R.); (Y.R.); Tel.: +66-44-22-4430 (C.R.); +66-44-22-3033 (Y.R.)
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8
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Azlin MNM, Sapuan SM, Zuhri MYM, Zainudin ES, Ilyas RA. Thermal Stability, Dynamic Mechanical Analysis and Flammability Properties of Woven Kenaf/Polyester-Reinforced Polylactic Acid Hybrid Laminated Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:2690. [PMID: 35808734 PMCID: PMC9269322 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the thermal and flammability properties of woven kenaf/polyester-reinforced polylactic acid hybrid laminated composites. The effects of the fiber content and stacking sequences of hybrid composites were examined. The hybrid composites were fabricated using the hot press method. Thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and flammability properties of woven kenaf/polyester-reinforced polylactic hybrid composites were reported. The thermal results have demonstrated the effect of the hybridization of the composites on the thermal stability and viscoelastic properties of the laminates. The work also measured the burning rate of the hybrid composites during the flammability test. The S7 sample that consisted of all woven kenaf layers in composite recorded the highest char residue of 10%, and the S8 sample displayed the highest decomposition temperature among all samples. However, as for hybrid composites, the S5 sample shows the optimum result with a high char yield and exhibited the lowest burning rate at 29 mm/min. The S5 sample also shows the optimum viscoelastic properties such as storage and loss modulus among hybrid composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. N. M. Azlin
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.N.M.A.); (M.Y.M.Z.); (E.S.Z.)
- School of Industrial Technology, Department of Textile Technology, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Negeri Sembilan, Kampus Kuala Pilah, Kuala Pilah 72000, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M. Y. M. Zuhri
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.N.M.A.); (M.Y.M.Z.); (E.S.Z.)
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - E. S. Zainudin
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.N.M.A.); (M.Y.M.Z.); (E.S.Z.)
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia;
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
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Vahabi H, Laoutid F, Formela K, Saeb MR, Dubois P. Flame-Retardant Polymer Materials Developed by Reactive Extrusion: Present Status and Future Perspectives. POLYM REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2022.2052897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henri Vahabi
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, Metz, France
| | - Fouad Laoutid
- Laboratory of Polymeric & Composite Materials, Materia Nova Research Center, Mons, Belgium
| | - Krzysztof Formela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Philippe Dubois
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Materia Nova/University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
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10
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Recent Advances in Development of Waste-Based Polymer Materials: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14051050. [PMID: 35267873 PMCID: PMC8914771 DOI: 10.3390/polym14051050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited petroleum sources, suitable law regulations, and higher awareness within society has caused sustainable development of manufacturing and recycling of polymer blends and composites to be gaining increasing attention. This work aims to report recent advances in the manufacturing of environmentally friendly and low-cost polymer materials based on post-production and post-consumer wastes. Sustainable development of three groups of materials: wood polymer composites, polyurethane foams, and rubber recycling products were comprehensively described. Special attention was focused on examples of industrially applicable technologies developed in Poland over the last five years. Moreover, current trends and limitations in the future “green” development of waste-based polymer materials were also discussed.
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11
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Evaluation of the Oil-Rich Waste Fillers' Influence on the Tribological Properties of Polylactide-Based Composites. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15031237. [PMID: 35161180 PMCID: PMC8840766 DOI: 10.3390/ma15031237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, natural-based polymeric composites have gained the attention of researchers and the industry due to their low environmental impact and good applicational properties. A promising example of these materials is polylactide-based composites filled with linseed cake. Even though they can be characterized by reduced brittleness and enhanced crystallization rate, their applicational potential cannot be fully evaluated without knowing their tribological properties. This paper is aimed to analyze the influence of the oil contained by the filler on the mechanical and frictional properties of polylactide-based composites. Specimens of unfilled polylactide and its composites containing 10 wt % of linseed cake with different oil content were prepared by injection molding. Their microhardness was measured by the Vickers method. The softening temperature was determined by the Vicat method. The scratch resistance of the samples was tested with the loading of 10, 20 and 40 N. The coefficient of friction was evaluated by the pin-on-plate method, using CoCrMo alloy as the counter surface. It was found that the oil content in the filler does not directly influence the mechanical and tribological properties, but the composite samples present comparable hardness and lower coefficient of friction than the unfilled polymer, so they can be a good eco-friendly alternative to the unfilled polylactide when the frictional properties are an important factor.
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12
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Andrzejewski J, Nowakowski M. Development of Toughened Flax Fiber Reinforced Composites. Modification of Poly(lactic acid)/Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Blends by Reactive Extrusion Process. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:1523. [PMID: 33804651 PMCID: PMC8003650 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The presented study focuses on the development of flax fiber (FF) reinforced composites prepared with the use of poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)-PLA/PBAT blend system. This type of modification was aimed to increase impact properties of PLA-based composites, which are usually characterized by high brittleness. The PLA/PBAT blends preparation was carried out using melt blending technique, while part of the samples was prepared by reactive extrusion process with the addition of chain extender (CE) in the form of epoxy-functionalized oligomer. The properties of unreinforced blends was evaluated using injection molded samples. The composite samples were prepared by compression molding technique, while flax fibers reinforcement was in the form of plain fabric. The properties of the laminated sheets were investigated during mechanical test measurements (tensile, flexural, impact). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis was used to determine the thermal properties, while dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and heat deflection temperature (HDT) measurements were conducted in order to measure the thermomechanical properties. Research procedure was supplemented with structure evaluation using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The comparative study reveals that the properties of PLA/PBAT-based composites were more favorable, especially in the context of impact resistance improvement. However, for CE modified samples also the modulus and strength was improved. Structural observations after the impact tests confirmed the presence of the plastic deformation of PLA/PBAT matrix, which confirmed the favorable properties of the developed materials. The use of PBAT phase as the impact modifier strongly reduced the PLA brittleness, while the reactive extrusion process improves the fiber-matrix interactions leading to higher stiffness and strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Andrzejewski
- Polymer Processing Division, Institute of Materials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland
- MATRIX Students Club, Polymer Processing Division, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Michał Nowakowski
- MATRIX Students Club, Polymer Processing Division, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland;
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
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Coir Fibers Treated with Henna as a Potential Reinforcing Filler in the Synthesis of Polyurethane Composites. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14051128. [PMID: 33673702 PMCID: PMC7957822 DOI: 10.3390/ma14051128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, coir fibers were successfully modified with henna (derived from the Lawsonia inermis plant) using a high-energy ball-milling process. In the next step, such developed filler was used as a reinforcing filler in the production of rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams. The impact of 1, 2, and 5 wt % of coir-fiber filler on structural and physico-mechanical properties was evaluated. Among all modified series of PUR composites, the greatest improvement in physico-mechanical performances was observed for PUR composites reinforced with 1 wt % of the coir-fiber filler. For example, on the addition of 1 wt % of coir-fiber filler, the compression strength was improved by 23%, while the flexural strength increased by 9%. Similar dependence was observed in the case of dynamic-mechanical properties—on the addition of 1 wt % of the filler, the value of glass transition temperature increased from 149 °C to 178 °C, while the value of storage modulus increased by ~80%. It was found that PUR composites reinforced with coir-fiber filler were characterized by better mechanical performances after the UV-aging.
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