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Azka MA, Sapuan SM, Abral H, Zainudin ES, Aziz FA. An examination of recent research of water absorption behavior of natural fiber reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) composites: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131845. [PMID: 38677695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Researchers have begun focusing on developing biodegradable materials, such as natural fiber/polymer composites (NFPC), since the growing of environmental concerns related to waste management. One crucial aspect that must be established in the development of these composites is their water-absorption behavior. This paper examines the water absorption (WA) behavior of NFPC, with a specific emphasis on natural fiber/polylactic acid (PLA) composites. It discusses processes and numerous aspects related to this behavior, based on recent published research. This review analyzes the influence of several factors, such as the loading of natural fiber, the combination of different natural fibers, the methods used in manufacturing, and the temperature of the water, on the WA behavior of natural fiber/PLA composites. It also explores how WA affects the properties of these composites. In addition, this review also presented techniques for improving the WA resistance of the composites. This review paper provides researchers with insights into the WA behavior of the composites, aiming to facilitate the development of a versatile and eco-friendly material that may effectively address waste disposal challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adlan Azka
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S M Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Hairul Abral
- Laboratory of Nanoscience and Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andalas University, Padang 25163, Indonesia; Research Collaboration Center for Nanocellulose, BRIN-Andalas University, Padang 25163, Indonesia
| | - E S Zainudin
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Faieza Abdul Aziz
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Khan A, Sapuan SM, Siddiqui VU, Zainudin ES, Zuhri MYM, Harussani MM. A review of recent developments in kenaf fiber/polylactic acid composites research. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127119. [PMID: 37776930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Kenaf fiber has recently garnered exponential interest as reinforcement in composite materials across diverse industries owing to its superior mechanical attributes, ease of manufacture, and inherent biodegradability. In the discourse of this review, various methods of manufacturing kenaf/Polylactic acid (PLA) composites have been discussed meticulously, as delineated in recently published scientific literatures. This paper delves into the chemical modification of kenaf fiber, examining its consequential impact on tensile strength and thermal stability of the kenaf/PLA composites. Further, this review illuminates the role of innovative 3D printing techniques and fiber orientation in augmenting the mechanical robustness of the kenaf/PLA composites. Simultaneously, recent insightful explorations into the acoustic properties of the kenaf/PLA composites, underscoring their potential as sustainable alternative to conventional materials have been reviewed. Serving as a comprehensive repository of knowledge, this review paper holds immense value for researchers aiming to utilize the capabilities of kenaf fiber reinforced PLA composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Khan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; National Institute of Textile Engineering and Research (NITER), Nayarhat, Savar, Dhaka 1350, Bangladesh
| | - S M Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 4300, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Vasi Uddin Siddiqui
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - E S Zainudin
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M Y M Zuhri
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M M Harussani
- Energy Science and Engineering, Department of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro 152-8552, Tokyo, Japan
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Tarique J, Sapuan SM, Khalina A, Ilyas RA, Zainudin ES. Thermal, flammability, and antimicrobial properties of arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) fiber reinforced arrowroot starch biopolymer composites for food packaging applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 213:1-10. [PMID: 35594940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Using the solution casting method, a novel biodegradable thermoplastic arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) starch (TPAS) films containing arrowroot fiber (AF) at different concentrations (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 wt%) were developed and characterized in terms of thermal, antibacterial activity, water vapor permeability (WVP), biodegradability, and light transmittance properties. The TPAS/AF-10 biocomposite film revealed a higher degradation temperature (313.02 °C) than other biocomposite films, indicating better thermal stability. Furthermore, increasing AF concentration led to a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the linear burning rate and WVP of the biocomposite films from 248.9 to 115.2 mm/min and 8.18 × 10-10 ×g. s-1.m-1. Pa-1 to 5.20 × 10-10 ×g. s-1.m-1. Pa-1, respectively. The addition of fibers in the surface structure had a significant impact on remarkable drop in opacity (91.1 to 74.1%). In addition, the incorporation of AF and control film showed an insignificant effect against three pathogenic bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 43300), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), and Bacillus subtilis (B29). The soil burial findings demonstrated that the weight loss of TPAS/AF biocomposite films was significantly higher than TPAS film. Overall, the reinforcement of arrowroot fiber with TPAS film improved the properties of biocomposites for environmentally friendly food packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tarique
- Advanced Engineering Materials and composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S M Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forest and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - A Khalina
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forest and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - R A Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - E S Zainudin
- Advanced Engineering Materials and composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forest and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Azlin MNM, Sapuan SM, Zuhri MYM, Zainudin ES, Ilyas RA. Thermal Stability, Dynamic Mechanical Analysis and Flammability Properties of Woven Kenaf/Polyester-Reinforced Polylactic Acid Hybrid Laminated Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:2690. [PMID: 35808734 PMCID: PMC9269322 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the thermal and flammability properties of woven kenaf/polyester-reinforced polylactic acid hybrid laminated composites. The effects of the fiber content and stacking sequences of hybrid composites were examined. The hybrid composites were fabricated using the hot press method. Thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and flammability properties of woven kenaf/polyester-reinforced polylactic hybrid composites were reported. The thermal results have demonstrated the effect of the hybridization of the composites on the thermal stability and viscoelastic properties of the laminates. The work also measured the burning rate of the hybrid composites during the flammability test. The S7 sample that consisted of all woven kenaf layers in composite recorded the highest char residue of 10%, and the S8 sample displayed the highest decomposition temperature among all samples. However, as for hybrid composites, the S5 sample shows the optimum result with a high char yield and exhibited the lowest burning rate at 29 mm/min. The S5 sample also shows the optimum viscoelastic properties such as storage and loss modulus among hybrid composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. N. M. Azlin
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.N.M.A.); (M.Y.M.Z.); (E.S.Z.)
- School of Industrial Technology, Department of Textile Technology, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Negeri Sembilan, Kampus Kuala Pilah, Kuala Pilah 72000, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M. Y. M. Zuhri
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.N.M.A.); (M.Y.M.Z.); (E.S.Z.)
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - E. S. Zainudin
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.N.M.A.); (M.Y.M.Z.); (E.S.Z.)
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia;
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
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Tarique J, Zainudin ES, Sapuan SM, Ilyas RA, Khalina A. Physical, Mechanical, and Morphological Performances of Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) Fiber Reinforced Arrowroot Starch Biopolymer Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030388. [PMID: 35160378 PMCID: PMC8838641 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This research is driven by stringent environmental legislation requiring the consumption and use of environmentally friendly materials. In this context, this paper is concerned with the development and characterization of thermoplastic arrowroot starch (TPAS) based biocomposite films by incorporating arrowroot fiber (AF) (0–10%) into a glycerol plasticized matrix by using the solution casting method. Developed TPAS/AF composite films were investigated, such as physical, morphological (FESEM), tensile, and tear strength characteristics. The tensile and tear strengths of TPAS/AF composites were increased significantly from 4.77 to 15.22 MPa and 0.87 to 1.28 MPa, respectively, as compared to the control TPAS films, which were 2.42 MPa and 0.83 MPa, respectively, while elongation was significantly decreased from 25.57 to 6.21% compared to control TPAS film, which was 46.62%. The findings revealed that after the fiber was reinforced, the mechanical properties were enhanced, and the optimum filler content was 10%. Regardless of fiber loadings, the results of water absorption testing revealed that the composite films immersed in seawater and rainwater absorbed more water than distilled water. Overall, the results of this research focus on providing information on biopolymer composite film and revealing the great potential it has for the food packaging industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Tarique
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (J.T.); (S.M.S.)
| | - E. S. Zainudin
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (J.T.); (S.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forest and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-13-7792580
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (J.T.); (S.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forest and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknology Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia;
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknology Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - A. Khalina
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forest and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
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Ilyas RA, Zuhri MYM, Aisyah HA, Asyraf MRM, Hassan SA, Zainudin ES, Sapuan SM, Sharma S, Bangar SP, Jumaidin R, Nawab Y, Faudzi AAM, Abral H, Asrofi M, Syafri E, Sari NH. Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polylactic Acid, Polylactic Acid Blends and Their Composites for Advanced Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:202. [PMID: 35012228 PMCID: PMC8747475 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is a thermoplastic polymer produced from lactic acid that has been chiefly utilized in biodegradable material and as a composite matrix material. PLA is a prominent biomaterial that is widely used to replace traditional petrochemical-based polymers in various applications owing environmental concerns. Green composites have gained greater attention as ecological consciousness has grown since they have the potential to be more appealing than conventional petroleum-based composites, which are toxic and nonbiodegradable. PLA-based composites with natural fiber have been extensively utilized in a variety of applications, from packaging to medicine, due to their biodegradable, recyclable, high mechanical strength, low toxicity, good barrier properties, friendly processing, and excellent characteristics. A summary of natural fibers, green composites, and PLA, along with their respective properties, classification, functionality, and different processing methods, are discussed to discover the natural fiber-reinforced PLA composite material development for a wide range of applications. This work also emphasizes the research and properties of PLA-based green composites, PLA blend composites, and PLA hybrid composites over the past few years. PLA's potential as a strong material in engineering applications areas is addressed. This review also covers issues, challenges, opportunities, and perspectives in developing and characterizing PLA-based green composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia;
| | - M. Y. M. Zuhri
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (H.A.A.); (E.S.Z.); (S.M.S.)
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - H. A. Aisyah
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (H.A.A.); (E.S.Z.); (S.M.S.)
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - M. R. M. Asyraf
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan Ikram-Uniten, Kajang 43000, Malaysia;
| | - S. A. Hassan
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia;
| | - E. S. Zainudin
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (H.A.A.); (E.S.Z.); (S.M.S.)
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (H.A.A.); (E.S.Z.); (S.M.S.)
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - S. Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Punjab 144603, India;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Centre for Research and Development and Chandigarh Universiti, Pubjab 140413, India
| | - S. P. Bangar
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA;
| | - R. Jumaidin
- Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Jalan Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal, Melaka 76100, Malaysia;
| | - Y. Nawab
- Textile Composite Materials Research Group, National Center for Composite Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, National Textile University, Faisalabad 37610, Pakistan;
| | - A. A. M. Faudzi
- School of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia;
| | - H. Abral
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andalas University, Padang 25163, Indonesia;
| | - M. Asrofi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Jember, Kampus Tegalboto, Jember 68121, Indonesia;
| | - E. Syafri
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Agricultural Polytechnic, Payakumbuh 26271, Indonesia;
| | - N. H. Sari
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mataram, Mataram 83115, Indonesia;
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Sherwani SFK, Zainudin ES, Sapuan SM, Leman Z, Khalina A. Physical, Mechanical, and Morphological Properties of Treated Sugar Palm/Glass Reinforced Poly(Lactic Acid) Hybrid Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3620. [PMID: 34771176 PMCID: PMC8587872 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This research was performed to evaluate the physical, mechanical, and morphological properties of treated sugar palm fiber (SPF)/glass fiber (GF) reinforced poly(lactic acid) (PLA) hybrid composites. Morphological investigations of tensile and flexural fractured samples of composites were conducted with the help of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Alkaline and benzoyl chloride (BC) treatments of SPFs were performed. A constant weight fraction of 30% total fiber loading and 70% poly(lactic acid) were considered. The composites were initially prepared by a Brabender Plastograph, followed by a hot-pressing machine. The results reported that the best tensile and flexural strengths of 26.3 MPa and 27.3 MPa were recorded after alkaline treatment of SPF, while the highest values of tensile and flexural moduli of 607 MPa and 1847 MPa were recorded after BC treatment of SPF for SPF/GF/PLA hybrid composites. The novel SPF/GF/PLA hybrid composites could be suitable for fabricating automotive components.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. F. K. Sherwani
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.F.K.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - E. S. Zainudin
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.F.K.S.); (Z.L.)
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.F.K.S.); (Z.L.)
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Z. Leman
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.F.K.S.); (Z.L.)
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - A. Khalina
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
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Sherwani SFK, Zainudin ES, Sapuan SM, Leman Z, Abdan K. Mechanical Properties of Sugar Palm ( Arenga pinnata Wurmb. Merr)/Glass Fiber-Reinforced Poly(lactic acid) Hybrid Composites for Potential Use in Motorcycle Components. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3061. [PMID: 34577962 PMCID: PMC8470235 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This research aims to determine the mechanical properties of sugar palm fiber (Arenga pinnata Wurmb. Merr) (SPF)/glass fiber (GF)-reinforced poly(lactic acid) (PLA) hybrid composites for potential use in motorcycle components. The mechanical (hardness, compressive, impact, and creep) and flammability properties of SPF/GF/PLA hybrid composites were investigated and compared to commercially available motorcycle Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) plastic components. The composites were initially prepared using a Brabender Plastograph, followed by a compression molding method. This study also illustrated the tensile and flexural stress-strain curves. The results revealed that alkaline-treated SPF/GF/PLA had the highest hardness and impact strength values of 88.6 HRS and 3.10 kJ/m2, respectively. According to the results, both alkaline and benzoyl chloride treatments may improve the mechanical properties of SPF/GF/PLA hybrid composites, and a short-term creep test revealed that the alkaline treated SPF/GF/PLA composite displayed the least creep deformation. The findings of the horizontal UL 94 testing indicated that the alkaline-treated SPF/GF/PLA hybrid composites had good flame resistance. However, alkaline-treated SPF/GF/PLA composites are more suitable materials for motorcycle components.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. F. K. Sherwani
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UMP, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.F.K.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - E. S. Zainudin
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UMP, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.F.K.S.); (Z.L.)
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UMP, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UMP, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.F.K.S.); (Z.L.)
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UMP, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Z. Leman
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UMP, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.F.K.S.); (Z.L.)
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UMP, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - K. Abdan
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UMP, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
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Nurazzi NM, Sabaruddin FA, Harussani MM, Kamarudin SH, Rayung M, Asyraf MRM, Aisyah HA, Norrrahim MNF, Ilyas RA, Abdullah N, Zainudin ES, Sapuan SM, Khalina A. Mechanical Performance and Applications of CNTs Reinforced Polymer Composites-A Review. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:2186. [PMID: 34578502 PMCID: PMC8472375 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Developments in the synthesis and scalable manufacturing of carbon nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been widely used in the polymer material industry over the last few decades, resulting in a series of fascinating multifunctional composites used in fields ranging from portable electronic devices, entertainment and sports to the military, aerospace, and automotive sectors. CNTs offer good thermal and electrical properties, as well as a low density and a high Young's modulus, making them suitable nanofillers for polymer composites. As mechanical reinforcements for structural applications CNTs are unique due to their nano-dimensions and size, as well as their incredible strength. Although a large number of studies have been conducted on these novel materials, there have only been a few reviews published on their mechanical performance in polymer composites. As a result, in this review we have covered some of the key application factors as well as the mechanical properties of CNTs-reinforced polymer composites. Finally, the potential uses of CNTs hybridised with polymer composites reinforced with natural fibres such as kenaf fibre, oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fibre, bamboo fibre, and sugar palm fibre have been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. M. Nurazzi
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (F.A.S.); (E.S.Z.); (S.M.S.)
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - F. A. Sabaruddin
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (F.A.S.); (E.S.Z.); (S.M.S.)
| | - M. M. Harussani
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - S. H. Kamarudin
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia;
| | - M. Rayung
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - M. R. M. Asyraf
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - H. A. Aisyah
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (F.A.S.); (E.S.Z.); (S.M.S.)
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - M. N. F. Norrrahim
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- Faculty of Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Malaysia
| | - N. Abdullah
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - E. S. Zainudin
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (F.A.S.); (E.S.Z.); (S.M.S.)
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (F.A.S.); (E.S.Z.); (S.M.S.)
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - A. Khalina
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (F.A.S.); (E.S.Z.); (S.M.S.)
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Nurazzi NM, Asyraf MRM, Rayung M, Norrrahim MNF, Shazleen SS, Rani MSA, Shafi AR, Aisyah HA, Radzi MHM, Sabaruddin FA, Ilyas RA, Zainudin ES, Abdan K. Thermogravimetric Analysis Properties of Cellulosic Natural Fiber Polymer Composites: A Review on Influence of Chemical Treatments. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162710. [PMID: 34451248 PMCID: PMC8399699 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural fiber such as bamboo fiber, oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fiber, kenaf fiber, and sugar palm fiber-reinforced polymer composites are being increasingly developed for lightweight structures with high specific strength in the automotive, marine, aerospace, and construction industries with significant economic benefits, sustainability, and environmental benefits. The plant-based natural fibers are hydrophilic, which is incompatible with hydrophobic polymer matrices. This leads to a reduction of their interfacial bonding and to the poor thermal stability performance of the resulting fiber-reinforced polymer composite. Based on the literature, the effect of chemical treatment of natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites had significantly influenced the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) together with the thermal stability performance of the composite structure. In this review, the effect of chemical treatments used on cellulose natural fiber-reinforced thermoplastic and thermosetting polymer composites has been reviewed. From the present review, the TGA data are useful as guidance in determining the purity and composition of the composites’ structures, drying, and the ignition temperatures of materials. Knowing the stability temperatures of compounds based on their weight, changes in the temperature dependence is another factor to consider regarding the effectiveness of chemical treatments for the purpose of synergizing the chemical bonding between the natural fiber with polymer matrix or with the synthetic fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. M. Nurazzi
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.S.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.H.M.R.)
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - M. R. M. Asyraf
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - M. Rayung
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - M. N. F. Norrrahim
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - S. S. Shazleen
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.S.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.H.M.R.)
| | - M. S. A. Rani
- School of Materials and Minerals Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Penang, Malaysia;
| | - A. R. Shafi
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.S.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.H.M.R.)
| | - H. A. Aisyah
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.S.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.H.M.R.)
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (H.A.A.); (F.A.S.); (E.S.Z.); (K.A.)
| | - M. H. M. Radzi
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.S.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.H.M.R.)
- Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Padang Besar 02100, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - F. A. Sabaruddin
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (H.A.A.); (F.A.S.); (E.S.Z.); (K.A.)
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia;
| | - E. S. Zainudin
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.S.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.H.M.R.)
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (H.A.A.); (F.A.S.); (E.S.Z.); (K.A.)
| | - K. Abdan
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.S.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.H.M.R.)
- Correspondence: (H.A.A.); (F.A.S.); (E.S.Z.); (K.A.)
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Nurazzi NM, Asyraf MRM, Fatimah Athiyah S, Shazleen SS, Rafiqah SA, Harussani MM, Kamarudin SH, Razman MR, Rahmah M, Zainudin ES, Ilyas RA, Aisyah HA, Norrrahim MNF, Abdullah N, Sapuan SM, Khalina A. A Review on Mechanical Performance of Hybrid Natural Fiber Polymer Composites for Structural Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2170. [PMID: 34209030 PMCID: PMC8271713 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In the field of hybrid natural fiber polymer composites, there has been a recent surge in research and innovation for structural applications. To expand the strengths and applications of this category of materials, significant effort was put into improving their mechanical properties. Hybridization is a designed technique for fiber-reinforced composite materials that involves combining two or more fibers of different groups within a single matrix to manipulate the desired properties. They may be made from a mix of natural and synthetic fibers, synthetic and synthetic fibers, or natural fiber and carbonaceous materials. Owing to their diverse properties, hybrid natural fiber composite materials are manufactured from a variety of materials, including rubber, elastomer, metal, ceramics, glasses, and plants, which come in composite, sandwich laminate, lattice, and segmented shapes. Hybrid composites have a wide range of uses, including in aerospace interiors, naval, civil building, industrial, and sporting goods. This study intends to provide a summary of the factors that contribute to natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites' mechanical and structural failure as well as overview the details and developments that have been achieved with the composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. M. Nurazzi
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.F.A.); (S.S.S.); (S.A.R.); (M.M.H.); (E.S.Z.)
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana, Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - M. R. M. Asyraf
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia;
| | - S. Fatimah Athiyah
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.F.A.); (S.S.S.); (S.A.R.); (M.M.H.); (E.S.Z.)
| | - S. S. Shazleen
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.F.A.); (S.S.S.); (S.A.R.); (M.M.H.); (E.S.Z.)
| | - S. Ayu Rafiqah
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.F.A.); (S.S.S.); (S.A.R.); (M.M.H.); (E.S.Z.)
| | - M. M. Harussani
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.F.A.); (S.S.S.); (S.A.R.); (M.M.H.); (E.S.Z.)
| | - S. H. Kamarudin
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia; (S.H.K.); (M.R.)
| | - M. R. Razman
- Research Centre for Sustainability Science and Governance (SGK), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia;
| | - M. Rahmah
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia; (S.H.K.); (M.R.)
| | - E. S. Zainudin
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.F.A.); (S.S.S.); (S.A.R.); (M.M.H.); (E.S.Z.)
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.F.A.); (S.S.S.); (S.A.R.); (M.M.H.); (E.S.Z.)
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - H. A. Aisyah
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.F.A.); (S.S.S.); (S.A.R.); (M.M.H.); (E.S.Z.)
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia
| | - M. N. F. Norrrahim
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana, Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - N. Abdullah
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana, Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.F.A.); (S.S.S.); (S.A.R.); (M.M.H.); (E.S.Z.)
| | - A. Khalina
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.F.A.); (S.S.S.); (S.A.R.); (M.M.H.); (E.S.Z.)
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Alaaeddin MH, Sapuan SM, Zuhri MYM, Zainudin ES, M Al-Oqla F. Development of Photovoltaic Module with Fabricated and Evaluated Novel Backsheet-Based Biocomposite Materials. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:ma12183007. [PMID: 31533207 PMCID: PMC6766262 DOI: 10.3390/ma12183007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Photovoltaic backsheets have considerable impact on the collective performance of solar cells. Material components should withstand certain temperatures and loads while maintaining high thermal stability under various weather conditions. Solar modules must demonstrate increased reliability, adequate performance, safety, and durability throughout the course of their lifetime. This work presents a novel solar module. The module consists of an innovative polyvinylidene fluoride-short sugar palm fiber (PVDF-SSPF) composite backsheet within its structure. It was electrically and thermally evaluated. The current-voltage characteristics (I-V) were obtained using the solar module analyzer, PROVA 210PV. A thermal evaluation was accomplished using a temperature device, SDL200. The thermal test consisted of two different assessments. The first targeted the surface and backsheet of the developed module to correlate their performance from within. The second assessment compared the thermal performance of the fabricated backsheet with the conventional one. Both tests were combined into a heatmap analysis to further understand the thermal performance. Results revealed that the developed module exhibited reasonable electrical efficiency, achieving appropriate and balanced I-V curves. PVDF-SSPF backsheets proved to be thermally stable by displaying less heat absorbance and better temperature shifts. Additional research efforts are highly encouraged to investigate other characteristics. To enhance performance, further analyses are needed such as the damp heat analysis, accelerated aging analysis, and heat dissipation phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Alaaeddin
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Center, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - S M Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Center, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Laboratory of Bio-Composite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - M Y M Zuhri
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Center, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - E S Zainudin
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Center, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Bio-Composite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Faris M Al-Oqla
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
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Ilyas RA, Sapuan SM, Ishak MR, Zainudin ES. Sugar palm nanofibrillated cellulose (Arenga pinnata (Wurmb.) Merr): Effect of cycles on their yield, physic-chemical, morphological and thermal behavior. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 123:379-388. [PMID: 30447353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFCs) were extracted from sugar palm fibres (SPS) in two separate stages; delignification and mercerization to remove lignin and hemicellulose, respectively. Subsequently, the obtained cellulose fibres were then mechanically extracted into nanofibres using high pressurized homogenization (HPH). The diameter distribution sizes of the isolated nanofibres were dependent on the cycle number of HPH treatment. TEM micro-images displayed the decreasing trend of NFCs diameter, from 21.37 to 5.5 nm when the number of cycle HPH was increased from 5 to 15 cycles, meanwhile TGA and XRD analysis showed that the degradation temperature and crystallinity of the NFCs were slightly increased from 347 to 347.3 °C and 75.38 to 81.19% respectively, when the number of cycles increased. Others analysis also were carried on such as FT-IR, FESEM, AFM, physical properties, zeta potential and yield analysis. The isolated NFCs may be potentially applied in various application, such as tissue engineering scaffolds, bio-nanocomposites, filtration media, bio-packaging and etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Ilyas
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S M Sapuan
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - M R Ishak
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - E S Zainudin
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Noryani M, Sapuan SM, Mastura MT, Zuhri MYM, Zainudin ES. Material selection criteria for natural fibre composite in automotive component:A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/368/1/012002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ilyas RA, Sapuan SM, Ishak MR, Zainudin ES. Sugar palm nanocrystalline cellulose reinforced sugar palm starch composite: Degradation and water-barrier properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/368/1/012006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Zin MH, Abdan K, Mazlan N, Zainudin ES, Liew KE. The effects of alkali treatment on the mechanical and chemical properties of pineapple leaf fibres (PALF) and adhesion to epoxy resin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/368/1/012035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Ilyas RA, Sapuan SM, Sanyang ML, Ishak MR, Zainudin ES. Nanocrystalline Cellulose as Reinforcement for Polymeric Matrix Nanocomposites and its Potential Applications: A Review. CURR ANAL CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411013666171003155624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Ilyas
- Institute of Tropical Forestry And Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Institute of Tropical Forestry And Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - M. L. Sanyang
- Institute of Tropical Forestry And Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - M. R. Ishak
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - E. S. Zainudin
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Yahaya
- Science and Technology Research Institute for Defence (STRIDE), 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M. Jawaid
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Aerospace Manufacturing Research Centre (AMRC), Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra , Malaysia
| | - Z. Leman
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - E. S. Zainudin
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Aridi NAM, Sapuan SM, Zainudin ES, AL-Oqla FM. Investigating morphological and performance deterioration of injection-molded rice husk–polypropylene composites due to various liquid uptakes. International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2016.1207006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. A. M. Aridi
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical and Forestry Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical and Forestry Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - E. S. Zainudin
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Faris M. AL-Oqla
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
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Aridi NAM, Sapuan SM, Zainudin ES, AL-Oqla FM. Mechanical and morphological properties of injection-molded rice husk polypropylene composites. International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2016.1148316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abdul Khalil HPS, Jawaid M, Firoozian P, Zainudin ES, Paridah MT. Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Activated Carbon–Filled Epoxy Nanocomposites. International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2013.766553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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El-Shekeil YA, Sapuan SM, Khalina A, Zainudin ES, Al-Shuja'a OM. Influence of chemical treatment on the tensile properties of kenaf fiber reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane composite. EXPRESS POLYM LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2012.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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24
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