1
|
Szatkowski P, Gralewski J, Suchorowiec K, Kosowska K, Mielan B, Kisilewicz M. Aging Process of Biocomposites with the PLA Matrix Modified with Different Types of Cellulose. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 17:22. [PMID: 38203876 PMCID: PMC10779789 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
In the modern world, many products are disposable or have a very short lifespan, while at the same time, those products are made from materials that will remain in the environment in the form of waste for hundreds or even thousands of years. It is a serious problem; non-biodegradable polymer wastes are part of environmental pollution and generate microplastics, which accumulate in the organisms of living beings. One of the proposed solutions is biodegradable polymers and their composites. In our work, three types of polylactide-based composites with plant-derived fillers: microcellulose powder, short flax fibers, and wood flour at 2 wt.% were prepared. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based biocomposite properties were characterized in terms of mechanical and surface properties together with microscopic analysis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), before and after a UV (ultraviolet)-light-aging process to determine the effects of each cellulose-based additive on the UV-induced degradation process. This research shows that the addition of a cellulose additive can improve the properties of the material in terms of the UV-aging process, but the form of the chosen cellulose form plays a crucial role in this case. The testing of physicochemical properties demonstrated that not only can mechanical properties be improved, but also the time of degradation under UV light exposure can be controlled by the proper selection of the reinforcing phase and the parameters of the extrusion and injection molding process. The obtained results turned out to be very interesting, not only in terms of the cost reduction of the biocomposites themselves, as mainly the waste from the wood industry was used as a low-cost filler, but also that the additive delays the aging process occurring during UV light exposure. Even a small, 2 wt.% addition of some of the tested forms of cellulose delayed surface degradation, which is one of the most important factors affecting the biodegradation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Szatkowski
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Jacek Gralewski
- Institute of Marketing and Sustainable Development, Lodz University of Technology, 93-590 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Suchorowiec
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Karolina Kosowska
- Solaris National Synchrotron Radiation Centre, Jagiellonian University, Czerwone Maki 98, 30-392 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Bartosz Mielan
- Pre-Clinical Research Centre, Wroclaw Medical University, Bujwida 44, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Michał Kisilewicz
- Technology Transfer Center, University of Applied Sciences in Tarnow, Ul. Mickiewicza 8, 33-100 Tarnow, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Belyi VA, Kuzivanov IM, Fedorova IV, Shumova OA, Tropnikov EM, Istomina EI, Chukicheva IY, Kuchin AV. Tailoring Photoprotection of Polylactide with New Isobornyl Derivatives of Phenol and Aniline. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092141. [PMID: 37177288 PMCID: PMC10180735 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This article is devoted to the development of new photostabilizers for polylactide (PLA), a polymer that is an environmentally friendly alternative to polymers and is based on fossil raw materials. We have elucidated the role of the reaction center of two potential PLA photoprotectors: N-isobornylaniline and 2-isobornylphenol, in reactions occurring in a polymer matrix under the action of UV-C radiation. PLA samples with the photostabilizers were irradiated under a wavelength of 253.7 nm for 4, 8 and 12 h. The effectiveness of the photostabilizers was evaluated based on FTIR spectrometric data, 1H and 13C NMR, scanning electron microscopy and simultaneous thermal analysis (TG-DSC). Both stabilizers led to the protection of ester bonds between monomer units of PLA. However, 2-isobornylphenol proved to be more effective at a concentration of 0.05 wt.%, while the optimal concentration of N-isobornylaniline was 0.5 wt.% by weight. TG-DSC showed that the addition of N-isobornylaniline led to an increase in PLA resistance to thermal decomposition; the temperature of the onset of weight loss increased by 2.8 °C at 0.05 wt.% and by 8.1 °C at 0.5 wt.% of N-isobornylaniline. The photoprotector 2-isobornylphenol, on the contrary, reduced the thermal stability of PLA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Belyi
- Institute of Chemistry of FRC Komi SC UB RAS, 167000 Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Ivan M Kuzivanov
- Institute of Chemistry of FRC Komi SC UB RAS, 167000 Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Irina V Fedorova
- Institute of Chemistry of FRC Komi SC UB RAS, 167000 Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Olga A Shumova
- Institute of Chemistry of FRC Komi SC UB RAS, 167000 Syktyvkar, Russia
| | | | - Elena I Istomina
- Institute of Chemistry of FRC Komi SC UB RAS, 167000 Syktyvkar, Russia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Castro JI, Astudillo S, Mina Hernandez JH, Saavedra M, Zapata PA, Valencia-Llano CH, Chaur MN, Grande-Tovar CD. Synthesis, Characterization, and Optimization Studies of Polycaprolactone/Polylactic Acid/Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle/Orange Essential Oil Membranes for Biomedical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010135. [PMID: 36616482 PMCID: PMC9823686 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of scaffolds for cell regeneration has increased because they must have adequate biocompatibility and mechanical properties to be applied in tissue engineering. In this sense, incorporating nanofillers or essential oils has allowed new architectures to promote cell proliferation and regeneration of new tissue. With this goal, we prepared four membranes based on polylactic acid (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs), and orange essential oil (OEO) by the drop-casting method. The preparation of TiO2-NPs followed the sol-gel process with spherical morphology and an average size of 13.39 nm ± 2.28 nm. The results show how the TiO2-NP properties predominate over the crystallization processes, reflected in the decreasing crystallinity percentage from 5.2% to 0.6% in the membranes. On the other hand, when OEO and TiO2-NPs are introduced into a membrane, they act synergistically due to the inclusion of highly conjugated thermostable molecules and the thermal properties of TiO2-NPs. Finally, incorporating OEO and TiO2-NPs promotes tissue regeneration due to the decrease in inflammatory infiltrate and the appearance of connective tissue. These results demonstrate the great potential for biomedical applications of the membranes prepared.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ivan Castro
- Grupo de Investigación SIMERQO, Departamento de Química, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00, Santiago de Cali 76001, Colombia
| | - Stiven Astudillo
- Grupo de Materiales Compuestos, Escuela de Ingeniería de Materiales, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00, Santiago de Cali 760032, Colombia
| | - Jose Herminsul Mina Hernandez
- Grupo de Materiales Compuestos, Escuela de Ingeniería de Materiales, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00, Santiago de Cali 760032, Colombia
| | - Marcela Saavedra
- Grupo de Polímeros, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Santiago 9170020, Chile
| | - Paula A. Zapata
- Grupo de Polímeros, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Santiago 9170020, Chile
| | | | - Manuel N. Chaur
- Grupo de Investigación SIMERQO, Departamento de Química, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00, Santiago de Cali 76001, Colombia
| | - Carlos David Grande-Tovar
- Grupo de Investigación de Fotoquímica y Fotobiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Atlántico, Carrera 30 Número 8-49, Puerto Colombia 081008, Colombia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-53-599-484
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Czechowski L, Kedziora S, Museyibov E, Schlienz M, Szatkowski P, Szatkowska M, Gralewski J. Influence of UV Ageing on Properties of Printed PLA Containing Graphene Nanopowder. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15228135. [PMID: 36431621 PMCID: PMC9699029 DOI: 10.3390/ma15228135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The present paper analyses the properties of printed polylactic acid (PLA) samples with admixtures of graphene nanopowder (GNP) at wt. 1%, 2% and 4%. The pure polylactide and admixed polylactide printed samples were examined to determine their chemical-physical properties, stiffness, and strength parameters. The tests of tensile, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), difference thermogravimetric (TG), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were executed before and after UV (ultraviolet) treatment. The first part of the paper shows the process of manufacturing granulates and filaments mixed with graphene. The second part of the paper concerns the results of the tests made on printed samples. The analysed samples were printed using a Prusa i3 MK3 printer. It transpired that the content of graphene at 1% improved the mechanical parameters of the printed composite by organising its structure. Increasing the amount of graphene caused the values of the measured parameters to drop. This research indicates how important it is to determine the optimal values of nanoadditives in biopolymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Czechowski
- Department of Strength of Materials, Lodz University of Technology, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, Luxembourg University, L-1359 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Slawomir Kedziora
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, Luxembourg University, L-1359 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Elvin Museyibov
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, Luxembourg University, L-1359 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Markus Schlienz
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, Luxembourg University, L-1359 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Piotr Szatkowski
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Martyna Szatkowska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jacek Gralewski
- Institute of Marketing and Sustainable Development, Lodz University of Technology, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Szatkowski P, Czechowski L, Gralewski J, Szatkowska M. Mechanical Properties of Polylactide Admixed with Carbon Nanotubes or Graphene Nanopowder. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14205955. [PMID: 34683547 PMCID: PMC8539563 DOI: 10.3390/ma14205955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to verify the material properties of polylactic acid (PLA) with an addition of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) or graphene nanopowder (GNP). The pure polylactide and admixed polylactide samples were subjected to chemical-physical tests to determine their stiffness and strength parameters. The tensile and impact tests were performed on samples without UV (ultraviolet) treatment and after UV treatment, in a physiological saline solution. The investigations were composed of two stages. The first one was related to the examination of the properties of pure polylactide, denoted as the following: 3001D, 4032D, and 4043D. The second stage was based on an analysis of the properties of PLA 4032D with an admixture of GNP or CNTs, at 0.1 wt.% and 0.5 wt.%. By comparing the strength and the stiffness of pure samples with samples with the considered admixtures, an essential increase was not observed. However, it is stated that the presence of GNP and CNTs in the samples positively influenced the resistance of the materials to the ageing process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Szatkowski
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (P.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Leszek Czechowski
- Department of Strength of Materials, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-42-631-22-15
| | - Jacek Gralewski
- Institute of Social Sciences and Management of Technologies, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Martyna Szatkowska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (P.S.); (M.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kaseem M, Ur Rehman Z, Hossain S, Singh AK, Dikici B. A Review on Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Polylactic Acid/Silica Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13183036. [PMID: 34577936 PMCID: PMC8467350 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA)/silica composites as multifunctional high-performance materials have been extensively examined in the past few years by virtue of their outstanding properties relative to neat PLA. The fabrication methods, such as melt-mixing, sol–gel, and in situ polymerization, as well as the surface functionalization of silica, used to improve the dispersion of silica in the polymer matrix are outlined. The rheological, thermal, mechanical, and biodegradation properties of PLA/silica nanocomposites are highlighted. The potential applications arising from the addition of silica nanoparticles into the PLA matrix are also described. Finally, we believe that a better understanding of the role of silica additive with current improvement strategies in the dispersion of this additive in the polymer matrix is the key for successful utilization of PLA/silica nanocomposites and to maximize their fit with industrial applications needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mosab Kaseem
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (B.D.)
| | - Zeeshan Ur Rehman
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 641-773, Korea;
| | - Shakhawat Hossain
- Department of Industrial and Production Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh;
| | - Ashish Kumar Singh
- Department of Applied Sciences, Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Engineering, New Delhi 110063, India;
| | - Burak Dikici
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (B.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Drohsler P, Cisar J, Sopik T, Sedlarik V, Pummerova M. Effect of an Antioxidant Based on Red Beetroot Extract on the Abiotic Stability of Polylactide and Polycaprolactone. Molecules 2021; 26:5190. [PMID: 34500624 PMCID: PMC8434083 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of natural antioxidants inherent to beetroot (Beta vulgaris var. Vulgaris) on the ageing of environmentally friendly plastics. Certain properties were examined in this context, comprising thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties. A visual evaluation of relevant changes in the given polymers (polylactide and polycaprolactone) was conducted during an ageing test in a UV chamber (45 °C, 70% humidity) for 720 h. The films were prepared by a casting process, in which samples with the extract of beetroot were additionally incorporated in a common filler (bentonite), this serving as a carrier for the extract. The results showed the effect of the incorporated antioxidant, which was added to stabilize the biodegradable films. Its efficiency during the ageing test in the polymers tended to exceed or be comparable to that of the reference sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Martina Pummerova
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Tr. T. Bati 5678, 76001 Zlín, Czech Republic; (P.D.); (J.C.); (T.S.); (V.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Electrospun Polylactide/Natural Rubber Fibers: Effect Natural Rubber Content on Fiber Morphology and Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13142232. [PMID: 34300990 PMCID: PMC8309220 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-woven polylactide-natural rubber fiber materials with a rubber content of 5, 10 and 15 wt.% were obtained by electrospinning. The thermal, dynamic, and mechanical properties of the fibers were determined. It was shown that the average fiber diameter increased with adding of the NR content, while the linear and surface densities changed slightly. Using the differential scanning calorimetry, the thermal characteristics were obtained. It was found that the glass transition temperature of polylactide increased by 2–5 °C, and the melting temperature increased by 2–4 °C in the presence of natural rubber in the samples. By the method of electronic paramagnetic resonance at T = 50 and 70 °C it was determined that the mobility of the amorphous phase in PLA/NR fibers increased with the addition of NR. The adding of NR at a content of 15 wt.% increased the value of elongation at break by 3.5 times compared to pure PLA.
Collapse
|
9
|
Cao Y, Xu P, Lv P, Lemstra PJ, Cai X, Yang W, Dong W, Chen M, Liu T, Du M, Ma P. Excellent UV Resistance of Polylactide by Interfacial Stereocomplexation with Double-Shell-Structured TiO 2 Nanohybrids. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:49090-49100. [PMID: 33074663 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c14423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The durable application of polylactide (PLA) under atmospheric conditions is restricted by its poor ultraviolet (UV) stability. To improve the UV stability of polymers, titanium dioxide (TiO2) is often used as a UV light capture agent. However, TiO2 is also a photocatalytic agent, with detrimental effects on the polymer properties. To overcome these two conflicting issues, we used the following approach. TiO2 nanoparticles were first coated with silicon dioxide (SiO2) (with a SiO2 shell content of 5.3 wt %). Subsequently, poly(d-lactide) (PDLA) was grafted onto TiO2@SiO2 nanoparticles, approximately 20 wt %, via a ring-opening polymerization of d-lactide to obtain well-designed double-shell TiO2@SiO2-g-PDLA nanohybrids. These double-shell nanoparticles could be well dispersed in a poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) matrix making use of the stereocomplexation between the two enantiomers. In our concept, the inner SiO2 shell on the TiO2 nanoparticles prevents the direct contact between TiO2 and the PLLA matrix and hence considerably restricts the detrimental photocatalytic effect of TiO2 on PLLA degradation. Additionally, the outer PDLA shell facilitates an improved dispersion of these nanohybrid particles by interfacial stereocomplexation with its enantiomer PLLA. As a consequence, the PLLA/TiO2@SiO2-g-PDLA nanocomposites simultaneously possess excellent UV-shielding property, high(er) tensile strength (>60 MPa), and superior UV resistance, for example, the mechanical properties remain at a level of >90% after 72 h of UV irradiation. In our view, this work provides a novel strategy to make advanced PLA nanocomposites with improved mechanical properties and excellent UV resistance, which enables potential application of PLA in more critical areas such as in durable packaging and fiber/textile applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Pengwu Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Pei Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Pieter Jan Lemstra
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- PlemPolco B. V., De Zicht 11, HV Veldhoven 5502, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaoxia Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Weijun Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Weifu Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mingqing Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Tianxi Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mingliang Du
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Piming Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| |
Collapse
|