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Chaturvedi D, Attia Hussein Mahmoud H, Isaac A, Atla RH, Shakeel JN, Heredia M, Marepalli NR, Shukla PS, Gardezi M, Zeeshan M, Ashraf T. Understanding the Cardiovascular Fallout of E-cigarettes: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature. Cureus 2024; 16:e63489. [PMID: 39081430 PMCID: PMC11287103 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.63489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
E-cigarettes (ECs) deliver chemicals, including nicotine. They can cause respiratory distress, addiction, cardiovascular effects, and death. More research is needed, especially regarding their impact on the cardiovascular system (CVS) and during pregnancy. Our article aims to fill this gap by summarizing studies elaborating upon the current impact of ECs and the components thereof on the CVS. Acute respiratory distress outbreaks, nicotine addiction, CVS effects, and deaths have been occasionally reported within this cohort, although these events are not uncommon with neighboring age groups. Randomized control trials implying ECs have some contribution toward quitting smoking have been studied. To regulate EC distribution, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have created key checkpoints. Additionally, taxation, pricing, age restriction, and media campaigns could be modulated to significantly reduce illicit sales. Education to the users, distributors, and regulators about this product can also play an aiding role in promoting responsible EC use. Another strategy about licensing could be employed, which could incentivize genuine resellers. The effects on CVS and child-bearing by ECs are grim, which calls for strict regulation, awareness, and avoidance by the teetotaler public. They may help individuals stop smoking but not without harming themselves. Strict regulations are necessary to prevent non-judicious use of these devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devansh Chaturvedi
- Medicine, Dr Chaturvedi Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Gorakhpur, IND
- Internal Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, IND
| | | | - Ashley Isaac
- General Medicine, Isra University Hospital, Hyderabad, PAK
| | - Ragha Harshitha Atla
- Internal Medicine and Obstetrics, Bicol Christian College of Medicine, Ago Medical Center, Legazpi City, PHL
| | | | - Maria Heredia
- Cardiology, Ministry of Public Health of Ecuador, Quito, ECU
| | | | - Pranav S Shukla
- Medicine, Grant Medical College and Sir JJ group of Hospitals, Mumbai, IND
| | - Maira Gardezi
- Internal Medicine, Faisalabad Medical University, Faisalabad, PAK
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Liu R, Sheng J, Huang H. Research progress on the effects of adverse exposure during pregnancy on skeletal muscle function in the offspring. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2023; 53:271-279. [PMID: 37986679 DOI: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2023-0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle plays a crucial role in maintaining metabolism, energy homeostasis, movement, as well as endocrine function. The gestation period is a critical stage for myogenesis and development of the skeletal muscle. Adverse environmental exposures during pregnancy may impose various effects on the skeletal muscle health of the offspring. Maternal obesity during pregnancy can mediate lipid deposition in the skeletal muscle of the offspring by affecting fetal skeletal muscle metabolism and inflammation-related pathways. Poor dietary habits during pregnancy, such as high sugar and high fat intake, can affect autophagy of skeletal muscle mitochondria and reduce the quality of the offspring skeletal muscle. Nutritional deficiencies during pregnancy can affect the development of the offspring skeletal muscle through epigenetic modifications. Gestational diabetes may affect the function of the offspring skeletal muscle by upregulating the levels of miR-15a and miR-15b in the offspring. Exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors during pregnancy may impair skeletal muscle function by interfering with insulin receptor-related signaling pathways. This article reviews the research progress on effects and possible mechanisms of adverse maternal exposures during pregnancy on the offspring skeletal muscle function based on clinical and animal studies, aiming to provide scientific evidence for the prevention and treatment strategies of birth defects in the skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, International School of Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu 322000, Zhejiang Province, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Jianzhong Sheng
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, International School of Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu 322000, Zhejiang Province, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Hefeng Huang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, International School of Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu 322000, Zhejiang Province, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Research Units of Embryo Original Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China.
- Institute of Reproduction and Development, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China.
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Corrêa PCRP, de Sales RKB, Knorst MM, Pinto SRHL, Ragnini LFQ, Tourinho CAP, Storrer KM, Scuarcialupi MECDA, Castellano MVCDO, Albuquerque AAD, Ravara SB. The challenge of tobacco and nicotine use among women. REVISTA DA ASSOCIACAO MEDICA BRASILEIRA (1992) 2023; 69:e2023S124. [PMID: 37556643 PMCID: PMC10411695 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.2023s124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo César Rodrigues P. Corrêa
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Faculdade de Medicina – Ouro Preto (MG), Brazil
- Brazilian Thoracic Society, Tobacco Control Section – Brasília (DF), Brazil
| | - Roberta Karla B. de Sales
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicinaa, Hospital das Clínicas, Instituto do Coração, Departamento de Pneumologia – São Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | - Marli Maria Knorst
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Pneumológicas, Faculdade de Medicina – Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria Vera C. De O. Castellano
- Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo (Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual – Instituto de Assistência Médica ao Servidor Público Estadual) – São Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | | | - Sofia Belo Ravara
- Universidade da Beira Interior, Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde – Covilhã, Portugal
- Centro Hospitalar Universitário da Cova da Beira – Covilhã, Portugal
- Universidade NOVA, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Centro de Investigação em Saúde Pública (CISP) – Lisboa, Portugal
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Mado H, Niesłony F, Niesłony D. Electronic Cigarettes and Pregnancy - What Do We Currently Know? ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF GENERAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/11410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bowker K, Lewis S, Ussher M, Naughton F, Phillips L, Coleman T, Orton S, McRobbie H, Bauld L, Cooper S. Smoking and vaping patterns during pregnancy and the postpartum: A longitudinal UK cohort survey. Addict Behav 2021; 123:107050. [PMID: 34343923 PMCID: PMC8434421 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is limited information about longitudinal patterns of vaping during pregnancy and the postpartum. We describe the prevalence, frequency, and reasons for vaping throughout pregnancy and postpartum. We also describe temporal patterns in pregnant women's vaping. METHODS A longitudinal cohort study across England and Scotland, with questionnaires in early pregnancy (8-24 weeks gestation), late pregnancy (34-38 weeks) and 3 months postpartum. A total of 750 women, aged 16 years or over, who were either current smokers, vapers or had smoked in the 3 months before pregnancy, were recruited between June and November 2017. RESULTS Vaping prevalence was 15.9% (n = 119/750) in early pregnancy: 12.4% (n = 93/750) were dual users and 3.5% (n = 26/750) exclusive vapers. Late pregnancy vaping prevalence was 17.8% (n = 68/383): 12.5% (n = 48/383) were dual users and 5.2% (n = 20/383) exclusive vapers. Postpartum vaping prevalence was 23.1% (n = 95/411): 14.6% (n = 60/411) were dual users and 8.5% (n = 35/411) exclusive vapers. The most frequently reported reason to vape among all vapers was to quit smoking. A total of 316 women completed all three surveys: 2.6% (n = 8/316) were exclusive vapers in early pregnancy with most remaining exclusive vapers postpartum (n = 6/8, 75%). Of the 11.5% (n = 35/316) dual users in early pregnancy, 31.4% (n = 11/35) were exclusive smokers by the postpartum. CONCLUSION Vaping prevalence was between 15.9% and 23.1% during pregnancy and the postpartum period, and the majority were dual users. Vaping habits of exclusive vapers remains stable throughout pregnancy and the postpartum. However, the vaping habits of dual users varies, with a third exclusively smoking in the postpartum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Bowker
- Division of Primary Care Research and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Sarah Lewis
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building 2, Nottingham City Hospital Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Michael Ussher
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK; Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Felix Naughton
- University of East Anglia, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Edith Cavell Building, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Lucy Phillips
- Division of Primary Care Research and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Tim Coleman
- Division of Primary Care Research and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Sophie Orton
- Division of Primary Care Research and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Hayden McRobbie
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Linda Bauld
- Usher Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4UX, UK
| | - Sue Cooper
- Division of Primary Care Research and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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DeVito EE, Fagle T, Allen AM, Pang RD, Petersen N, Smith PH, Weinberger AH. Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) Use and Pregnancy I: ENDS Use Behavior During Pregnancy. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2021; 8:347-365. [PMID: 34513567 PMCID: PMC8425312 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-021-00380-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review examines Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) use behavior during pregnancy, including the prevalence of and transitions in use during pregnancy. RECENT FINDINGS Twenty-two papers addressed the prevalence of and/or transitions in ENDS use during pregnancy. Findings show a complex landscape of ENDS use. A minority (0.4%-7.0%) of pregnant persons use ENDS; most commonly this occurs in the form of dual use (ENDS and combustible cigarettes (CC); 75%). Many pregnant persons report using ENDS because they perceive them to be a lower-risk alternative and/or potential cessation aide for CC smoking. However, while a subset of those who use ENDS do quit all tobacco product use during pregnancy, only a small proportion switch from exclusive CC smoking to exclusive ENDS use. SUMMARY ENDS are a somewhat new addition to the tobacco product landscape. The perception of ENDS as a lower-risk alternative may contribute to ENDS use in pregnancy. There is insufficient evidence to support the notion that ENDS facilities the cessation of tobacco product use during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise E. DeVito
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tessa Fagle
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alicia M. Allen
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine – Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Raina D. Pang
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, and Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Petersen
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Philip H. Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, College of Education, Health and Society, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Andrea H. Weinberger
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University and Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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