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Masotti S, Piva T, Zerbini V, Raisi A, Menegatti E, Pagani A, Bigoni C, Ballarin E, De Luca F, Zaccagni L, Rinaldo N, Toselli S, Gualdi-Russo E, Argentoni A, Veli A, Mazzoni G, Mandini S. Assessing the Relationship between Body Image Satisfaction and Physical Activity in Italian Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Investigation. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:818. [PMID: 39062267 PMCID: PMC11276193 DOI: 10.3390/children11070818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body image perception can significantly influence various aspects of adolescent lives. The study analyzed the relationship between body image satisfaction and sports participation in adolescents, examining various factors that contribute to body image concerns and their implications for sports engagement. METHODS A total of 237 schoolchildren were recruited from lower secondary Italian schools. Anthropometric characteristics were measured directly. Assessment of body image perception was performed using Body Silhouette Charts for preadolescent children. The Italian version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents questionnaire was administered to assess physical activity (PA) levels at school and during leisure time in the last 7 days. Analysis of variance was used to test differences in PA levels, while multiple regression models were carried out to assess possible predictors of body dissatisfaction. RESULTS In total, 42.6% of children were not satisfied with their figure and 23.2% were very dissatisfied; among them, the vast majority would have liked to be thinner. The dissatisfaction and satisfaction were similar in boys and girls. The frequency of satisfaction with one's body image was higher in children who practiced extracurricular sports compared to those who did not. The percentage of dissatisfaction with one's body image was similar in the two groups, but the frequency of children being very dissatisfied was double in the group that does not practice extracurricular sport (31.2% vs. 17.7%). Body dissatisfaction increases with increasing body mass index in both genders but decreases in children involved in extracurricular sports. CONCLUSIONS Encouraging teenagers to engage in regular physical activity should be a key component of therapies supporting positive body image. This study found a relationship between extracurricular sports and body image satisfaction, suggesting that physical activity protects teenagers' body image satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Masotti
- Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy (T.P.); (A.R.); (L.Z.); (N.R.); (E.G.-R.); (A.A.); (G.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Tommaso Piva
- Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy (T.P.); (A.R.); (L.Z.); (N.R.); (E.G.-R.); (A.A.); (G.M.); (S.M.)
- PhD Program in Environmental Sustainability and Wellbeing, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valentina Zerbini
- Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy (T.P.); (A.R.); (L.Z.); (N.R.); (E.G.-R.); (A.A.); (G.M.); (S.M.)
- PhD Program in Environmental Sustainability and Wellbeing, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Andrea Raisi
- Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy (T.P.); (A.R.); (L.Z.); (N.R.); (E.G.-R.); (A.A.); (G.M.); (S.M.)
- PhD Program in Environmental Sustainability and Wellbeing, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Erica Menegatti
- Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy (T.P.); (A.R.); (L.Z.); (N.R.); (E.G.-R.); (A.A.); (G.M.); (S.M.)
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44123 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anselmo Pagani
- Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy (T.P.); (A.R.); (L.Z.); (N.R.); (E.G.-R.); (A.A.); (G.M.); (S.M.)
- PhD Program in Translational Neurosciences and Neurotechnologies, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Costanza Bigoni
- Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy (T.P.); (A.R.); (L.Z.); (N.R.); (E.G.-R.); (A.A.); (G.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Elena Ballarin
- Filippo De Pisis Lower Secondary School, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Federica De Luca
- Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy (T.P.); (A.R.); (L.Z.); (N.R.); (E.G.-R.); (A.A.); (G.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Luciana Zaccagni
- Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy (T.P.); (A.R.); (L.Z.); (N.R.); (E.G.-R.); (A.A.); (G.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Natascia Rinaldo
- Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy (T.P.); (A.R.); (L.Z.); (N.R.); (E.G.-R.); (A.A.); (G.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Stefania Toselli
- Department of Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy;
| | - Emanuela Gualdi-Russo
- Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy (T.P.); (A.R.); (L.Z.); (N.R.); (E.G.-R.); (A.A.); (G.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Antonio Argentoni
- Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy (T.P.); (A.R.); (L.Z.); (N.R.); (E.G.-R.); (A.A.); (G.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Arli Veli
- Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy (T.P.); (A.R.); (L.Z.); (N.R.); (E.G.-R.); (A.A.); (G.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Gianni Mazzoni
- Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy (T.P.); (A.R.); (L.Z.); (N.R.); (E.G.-R.); (A.A.); (G.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Simona Mandini
- Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy (T.P.); (A.R.); (L.Z.); (N.R.); (E.G.-R.); (A.A.); (G.M.); (S.M.)
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Khan A, Werner-Seidler A, Hidajat T, Feng J, Huang WY, Rosenbaum S. Association Between Sports Participation and Psychosocial Wellbeing of Australian Children: An 8-year Longitudinal Study. J Adolesc Health 2023; 73:1117-1124. [PMID: 37656103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sports participation is associated with children's health and wellbeing; however, existing evidence is predominantly based on cross-sectional studies. This study examined the longitudinal association of sports participation with psychosocial wellbeing of Australian children. METHODS Data were from five waves of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children aged 6-7 years in 2010 (n = 4,242) and followed up until 2018. Outcomes were assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory. Sports participation was measured using two items assessing regular participation in team and individual sports. RESULTS Multilevel mixed effects modeling showed that any sports participation was beneficially associated with psychosocial wellbeing. Boys who participated in team sports had 1.78 point lower difficulties score (β = -1.78; 95% confidence interval: --2.01,-1.55), while this was 0.58 points lower for individual sports (β =-0.58; -0.81,-0.34). In girls, difficulties score was 1.22 point lower for team sports (β = -1.22; -1.44,-1.00) and 0.49 point lower for individual sports (β = -0.49; -0.71,-0.26). Sports participation was positively associated with better quality of life with team sports (β = 4.72; 4.15,5.28 for boys; β = 3.44; 2.87,4.00 for girls) offering more benefits than individual sports (β = 1.00; 0.83,1.98 for boys; β = 1.40; 0.83,1.98 for girls). Participation in both team and individual sports had the strongest benefits. Prolonged engagement in sports was associated with better psychosocial wellbeing in a dose-dependent manner. DISCUSSION Regular participation in any sports can benefit children's wellbeing with team sports being more beneficial than individual sports. Encouraging children to regularly participate and remain engaged in sports can help to optimize their psychosocial wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaduzzaman Khan
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | | | - Tarissa Hidajat
- School of Education, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jie Feng
- Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wendy Yajun Huang
- Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China; Dr Stephen Hui Research Centre for Physical Recreation and Wellness, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Simon Rosenbaum
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Zaccagni L, Rosa L, Toselli S, Gualdi-Russo E. Sports Practice, Body Image Perception, and Factors Involved in Sporting Activity in Italian Schoolchildren. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1850. [PMID: 38136052 PMCID: PMC10742091 DOI: 10.3390/children10121850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Regular physical activity is generally deemed to positively affect health, but studies on children are scarce. Among the kinds of physical activity, sports practice is the most common and easiest to quantify and report by children. This cross-sectional study aimed to compare the two genders and evaluate the association between organized sports practice and body dissatisfaction in a sample of 214 Italian schoolchildren (55.6% males) aged 5 to 12. Body image perception and data on sports practice expectations and facilitators were collected in individual face-to-face interviews; weight and stature were directly measured. Girls tended to be sportier than boys (91.6% of girls vs. 86.3% of boys practiced sports), with an earlier start in sports (5.48 ± 1.47 vs. 5.72 ± 1.38 years) and a greater amount of weekly sports (3.41 ± 2.95 vs. 3.01 ± 2.11 h/week). In both genders, the ideal silhouette was more slender than the feel silhouette, and in girls more than in boys. According to the outcomes of multiple regression models, years of organized sports participation were a significant predictor of the weekly amount of sports in both genders, in addition to the feel weight status minus actual weight status inconsistency score, fun in sports, and parental support only in boys and teacher support only in girls. Children's needs and interests and sports facilitators should be considered to promote an early active lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Zaccagni
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.Z.); (L.R.)
- Center for Exercise Science and Sports, University of Ferrara, 44123 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca Rosa
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.Z.); (L.R.)
| | - Stefania Toselli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy;
| | - Emanuela Gualdi-Russo
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.Z.); (L.R.)
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Tebar WR, Borges LO, Delfino LD, Mota J, Ritti-Dias RM, Christofaro DGD. Association of Early Sports Participation With Sedentary Behavior in Community-Dwelling Adults-The Role of Sociodemographic Factors in a Retrospective Epidemiological Study. J Phys Act Health 2023; 20:374-384. [PMID: 37030666 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2022-0540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of sociodemographic factors in the association between early sports participation (ESP) and sedentary behavior is unclear. We analyzed the association of ESP with sedentary behavior and identified the influence of sociodemographic factors in adulthood. METHODS A sample of 264 community-dwelling adults was randomly assessed (42.6 [17.0] y old, 57.6% women). Sociodemographic factors (age, gender, and socioeconomic status) and ESP (retrospectively) were assessed by questionnaire. Sedentary behavior was measured by accelerometer and self-reported for domains identification. The association between ESP and sedentary behavior domains and sociodemographic factors was analyzed by Poisson regression and presented in prevalence ratio (PR). Sociodemographic factors were separately included as covariates to identify their role in the main association analysis. RESULTS The ESP prevalence was 56.4% (n = 149). ESP participants included a higher proportion of men (59.7% vs 20.0%), had a lower age (36.8 [15.3] vs 50.8 [15.9]), and included a smaller proportion of individuals with low socioeconomic status (24.8% vs 43.5%) compared with those without ESP. The ESP was inversely associated with older age (PR = 0.58, P < .001 for middle aged; PR = 0.34, P < .001 for older participants), female gender (PR = 0.79, P < .001), low socioeconomic status (PR = 0.63, P = .036), and TV watching (PR = 0.67, P = .011). ESP was associated with driving (PR = 1.50, P = .028), office/paper work (PR = 1.63, P = .012), and using a cellphone (PR = 1.60, P = .009). The age was the main confounding factor of association between ESP and sedentary behavior, followed by socioeconomic status. No mediation role was identified. CONCLUSION The ESP was associated with mentally active behavior domains and inversely associated with mentally passive sedentary behavior domains, but this association was majorly affected by sociodemographic factors, mainly by age.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Tebar
- Center of Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo,Brazil
| | - Luan O Borges
- Faculty of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente,Brazil
| | - Leandro D Delfino
- Faculty of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente,Brazil
| | - Jorge Mota
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL)-Faculty of Sports-University of Porto (FADEUP) and Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto,Portugal
| | - Raphael M Ritti-Dias
- Post-Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo,Brazil
| | - Diego G D Christofaro
- Faculty of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente,Brazil
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Toselli S, Zaccagni L, Rinaldo N, Mauro M, Grigoletto A, Maietta Latessa P, Marini S. Body Image Perception in High School Students: The Relationship with Gender, Weight Status, and Physical Activity. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10010137. [PMID: 36670687 PMCID: PMC9856625 DOI: 10.3390/children10010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Body image perception includes body size assessment, body desirability estimation, and perceptions concerning one’s own body shape and size. Adolescence is a period of intense and prompt physical transformation, which changes the perception of one’s body. This represents a critical period for the development of body image. Therefore, the present cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate body image perception and investigate the relationships between it, weight status, sex, and physical activity in a sample of high school students living in Italy. General demographic information and details about physical activity were collected. Body image perception was measured with a body silhouette and two indexes were calculated: the FID (Feel minus Ideal Discrepancy) to evaluate the discrepancy between the perceived current figure and the ideal figure; and the FAI (Feel weight status minus Actual weight status Inconsistency) to observe improper perception of weight status. In addition, body shape concerns were evaluated with the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ), in which participants reported the frequency of experiencing negative thoughts about their body shape in the last four weeks. Two hundred and four students were included in the study (155 = female, mean age = 17.13 ± 1.70; 49 = male, mean age = 17.25 ± 1.69). Females felt more concerned about body shape than males (χ2 = 11.347, p = 0.001). Distinctions emerged in terms of body mass index, the scores of Feel minus Ideal Discrepancy (FID), Feel weight status minus Actual weight status Inconsistency (FAI), the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ), and of the silhouette mean comparisons due to sex, weight status, and PA interaction effects (p < 0.001). Additionally, 94% of the BSQ variability could be explained by sex, weight status, and PA. Although no direct effects were observed on body image perception, healthy habit promotion, such as physical activity, could positively affect adolescent lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Toselli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Luciana Zaccagni
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Natascia Rinaldo
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mario Mauro
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Alessia Grigoletto
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (A.G.)
| | | | - Sofia Marini
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
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Mäkituomas L, Heikkilä L, Nurkkala M, Korpelainen R, Alanko L, Heinonen OJ, Kokko S, Kujala U, Parkkari J, Savonen K, Valtonen M, Vasankari T, Villberg J, Vanhala M. Factors associated with body size perception among adolescent goal-oriented sports participants and non-participants: a cross-sectional Finnish study. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2188. [PMID: 36434562 PMCID: PMC9700987 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14511-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regardless of competitive athletes' body image pressures, only few studies have focused on adolescent sport participants' body image and the findings are inconclusive. Furthermore, the role of competitive goals in sports on adolescents' body size perception has not been studied. We examined the factors associated with adolescents' competitive goals in sports and body size perception, and the associations between adolescents' competitive goals in sports and body size perception. METHODS The cross-sectional study consisted of 475 goal-oriented sports club participants and 936 reference youths (aged 14-16 years). The study questionnaire included multiple choice items on health behaviours, motives to exercise, competitive goals in sports and body size perception. The multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the associations. RESULTS Adolescents with competitive goals in sports perceived their body size as about the right size more frequently than reference youths (68% vs 47%, p < 0.001 in girls; 74% vs 61%, p < 0.001 in boys). More than one-fourth of girls with competitive goals in sports perceived themselves as overweight, although only 7% of them were overweight. Adolescents with appearance/weight motives to exercise and poor perceived physical fitness had higher odds of perceived fatness. Additionally, BMI was positively associated with perceived fatness and negatively with perceived thinness. Having competitive goals in sports was not independently associated with perceived fatness or perceived thinness. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents' BMI, appearance/weight motives to exercise, and perceived physical fitness were more strongly associated with body size perception than their competitive goals in sports. However, perceived fatness among girls with competitive goals in sports should be considered in organized sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leevi Mäkituomas
- grid.417779.b0000 0004 0450 4652Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation sr., P.O. Box 365, FI-90101 Oulu, Finland ,grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland ,grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Laura Heikkilä
- grid.417779.b0000 0004 0450 4652Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation sr., P.O. Box 365, FI-90101 Oulu, Finland ,grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland ,grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Marjukka Nurkkala
- grid.417779.b0000 0004 0450 4652Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation sr., P.O. Box 365, FI-90101 Oulu, Finland ,grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland ,grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Raija Korpelainen
- grid.417779.b0000 0004 0450 4652Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation sr., P.O. Box 365, FI-90101 Oulu, Finland ,grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland ,grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Lauri Alanko
- Sports Medicine Clinic, Foundation for Sports and Exercise Clinic, Mäkelänkatu 47, FI-00550 Helsinki, Finland ,Sports and Exercise Medicine Clinic, Central Finland Hospital Nova, Hoitajantie 3, FI-40620 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Olli J. Heinonen
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Paavo Nurmi Centre & Unit for Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Sami Kokko
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Urho Kujala
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jari Parkkari
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland ,Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, Kaupinpuistonkatu 1, FI-33500 Tampere, Finland
| | - Kai Savonen
- grid.419013.eKuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Haapaniementie 16, FI-70100 Kuopio, Finland ,grid.410705.70000 0004 0628 207XDepartment of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Science Service Center, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 KYS, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maarit Valtonen
- grid.419101.c0000 0004 7442 5933Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Rautpohjankatu 6, FI-40700 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tommi Vasankari
- grid.415179.f0000 0001 0868 5401UKK Institute of Health Promotion Research, Kaupinpuistonkatu 1, FI-33500 Tampere, Finland ,grid.502801.e0000 0001 2314 6254Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Kalevantie 4, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Jari Villberg
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Marja Vanhala
- grid.417779.b0000 0004 0450 4652Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation sr., P.O. Box 365, FI-90101 Oulu, Finland ,grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland ,grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
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Toselli S, Rinaldo N, Mauro M, Grigoletto A, Zaccagni L. Body Image Perception in Adolescents: The Role of Sports Practice and Sex. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192215119. [PMID: 36429834 PMCID: PMC9690021 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about weight and body image are common among adolescents, as adolescence represents a time of intense and rapid change. This cross-sectional study assessed the difference in body image perception by sex, weight status and sports practice in a sample of Italians aged 13-18 years. For this purpose, we considered a sample of 140 adolescents subdivided into two groups: a group of sports-playing teenagers practicing volleyball (39 males and 26 females), and a group of teenagers not actively involved in sports (24 males and 51 females). Body mass index (BMI), body image variables, and sports practice were examined. Due to COVID-19 limitations, height and weight were self-reported and BMI was calculated as weight (in kilograms) divided by the square of height (in meters). Body image perception was assessed by the short version of the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ-14) and by the Stunkard Body Silhouette Chart. Two-way ANCOVAs adjusted for age were performed to test the differences between sexes and sports groups. Adolescent volleyball players had a lower incidence of weight disorders. Weight status significantly differed between those who played sports and those who did not, but there was no significant difference in weight status between sexes. On the whole, sports players and males showed higher results than non-sports players and females. The highest level of body image dissatisfaction was found in non-sports-playing females, while sports-playing males showed the lowest. The present study confirms the positive link between sport and body image and can be of support to lead adolescents to adopt a healthier and more active lifestyle. Further research is needed to validate our findings through a longitudinal study during the entire period of adolescence. In addition, it would be interesting to validate the results on a larger sample, also taking into account socio-demographic variables and including athletes engaged in different types of sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Toselli
- Department of Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Natascia Rinaldo
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mario Mauro
- Department of Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Alessia Grigoletto
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luciana Zaccagni
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
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Relations between physical activity, sedentary time, and body fat from childhood to adolescence: Do they differ by sex? Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:1615-1623. [PMID: 35662270 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-022-01156-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efforts to reveal the direction of influence between physical activity (PA), sedentary time (ST) and body fat in youth have produced inconsistent results, possibly due to a lack of adjustment for confounders and other factors. Sex-specific associations have rarely been studied. METHODS A sample from two Norwegian birth cohorts (n = 809) were followed biennially over five waves from the age of 6-14 years. Physical activity and ST were recorded by accelerometers, and body fat was assessed by bioelectrical impedance measurements. RESULTS By applying a dynamic panel model (DPM) that adjusts for all time-invariant confounding factors, it was found that among boys, increased fat mass index (FMI) at ages 8, 10 and 12 years predicted decreased PA two years later (8-10 years: B = -0.67, (95% CI: -1.1, -0.24); 10-12 years: B = -0.33, (95% CI: -0.61, -0.05); 12-14 years: B = -0.29, (95% CI: -0.52, -0.06)). Regarding the opposite direction of influence, more PA at age 12 forecasted reduced FMI at age 14 (B = -0.16, (95% CI: -0.24, -0.07)), whereas increased FMI predicted increased ST across all time points in boys only (6-8 years: B = 0.23, (95% CI:0.02.43); 8-10 years: B = 0.23, (95% CI:.08.39); 10-12 years: B = 0.13, (95% CI:.03.23); 12-14 years: B = 0.17, (95% CI:.07, 26)). The revealed relationships were significantly stronger in boys compared to the (absent) relations in girls. Sensitivity analyses examining moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) rather than total PA were in accordance with the main findings. CONCLUSIONS In boys, increased FMI predicted reduced PA and increased ST two years later from childhood to adolescence. The opposite direction of influence was evident from only ages 12-14. There were no prospective relationships between FMI and PA or ST among girls.
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