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AL-Johani NS, Al-Zharani M, Aljarba NH, Alhoshani NM, Alkeraishan N, Alkahtani S. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Coenzyme-Q10 and Piperine against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Cytotoxicity in HuH-7 Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:8495159. [PMID: 35872848 PMCID: PMC9300329 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8495159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide (CP) alkylates DNA and RNA produce crosslinks that cause gene expression and protein synthesis inhibition to exert its anticancer effect. However, adverse effects of CP have restricted the CP application in cancer treatment. We investigate coenzyme-Q10 (Q10) and piperine (P) protective role on CP oxidant and inflammatory effect. HuH-7 cells were exposed to varying concentrations and combinations of Q10, P, and CP and evaluated intracellular ROS generation as well as inflammatory responses upon exposure. Our results showed Q10 and/or P suppressed both basal and CP-induced ROS generation without upsetting the balance in activities of SOD, catalase, and GSH levels. Analysis of proinflammatory cytokine gene expression showed that CP treatment alone only induced expression of IL-6β. However, coexposure of the cells to both Q10 and CP caused significant suppression of basal Cox-2 and TNF-α gene expression, while coexposure of the cells to CP and P with Co-Q10 suppressed basal IL-1β gene expression. Q10 also suppressed CP-induced expression of Cox-1. P and CP suppressed basal expression of IL-6β and IL-12β, while P and Q10 suppressed CP-induced IL1-α gene expression. Taken together, both Q10 and P seem to be inhibiting NFκβ pathway to suppress CP-mediated inflammation. In conclusion, Q10 and/or P induced suppression of ROS generation mediated by CP and also suppressed CP-induced inflammation by inhibiting expression of specific inflammatory cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norah S. AL-Johani
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al-Zharani
- Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), College of Science, Biology Department, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada H. Aljarba
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P. O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah M. Alhoshani
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nora Alkeraishan
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alkahtani
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Mohammadi M, Ariafar S, Talebi-Ghane E, Afzali S. Comparative efficacy of silibinin and nano-silibinin on lead poisoning in Male Wistar rats. Toxicology 2022; 475:153242. [PMID: 35752206 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is an environmental neurotoxin that can lead to toxicity. It has shown that tissues can be exposed to oxidative stress in lead poisoning. Since silymarin is a natural agent with antioxidant effects, this study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and chelation effects of silibinin and nano-silibinin on the oxidative stress status in lead-poisoned rats. Sixty male Wistar rats randomly divided into ten groups (n = 6). Control and Pb groups treated with or without silibinin and nano-silibinin for six days. Following measuring of weight and blood lead levels, biochemical antioxidant parameters evaluated. Finally, a histopathological examination of the liver performed. In this experiment, silibinin and more efficiently nano-silibinin prevented weight loss and blood lead level elevation induced by lead. Also, they increased the attenuated levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase (CAT), total thiol molecules (TTM), glutathione (GSH), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Lead-induced elevation of lipid peroxidation products (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) normalized to the standard level in silibinin and especially nano-silibinin groups. These data suggested that silibinin and especially nano-silibinin can decrease blood lead levels and prevent weight loss and oxidative stress in the lead-poisoned rat's model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojdeh Mohammadi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Saba Ariafar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Elaheh Talebi-Ghane
- Department of Biostatistics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Modeling of Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Saeed Afzali
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Emerging role of ferroptosis in breast cancer: New dawn for overcoming tumor progression. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 232:107992. [PMID: 34606782 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer has become a serious threat to women's health. Cancer progression is mainly derived from resistance to apoptosis induced by procedures or therapies. Therefore, new drugs or models that can overcome apoptosis resistance should be identified. Ferroptosis is a recently identified mode of cell death characterized by excess reactive oxygen species-induced lipid peroxidation. Since ferroptosis is distinct from apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy, its induction successfully eliminates cancer cells that are resistant to other modes of cell death. Therefore, ferroptosis may become a new direction around which to design breast cancer treatment. Unfortunately, the complete appearance of ferroptosis in breast cancer has not yet been fully elucidated. Furthermore, whether ferroptosis inducers can be used in combination with traditional anti- breast cancer drugs is still unknown. Moreover, a summary of ferroptosis in breast cancer progression and therapy is currently not available. In this review, we discuss the roles of ferroptosis-associated modulators glutathione, glutathione peroxidase 4, iron, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor-2, superoxide dismutases, lipoxygenase and coenzyme Q in breast cancer. Furthermore, we provide evidence that traditional drugs against breast cancer induce ferroptosis, and that ferroptosis inducers eliminate breast cancer cells. Finally, we put forward prospect of using ferroptosis inducers in breast cancer therapy, and predict possible obstacles and corresponding solutions. This review will deepen our understanding of the relationship between ferroptosis and breast cancer, and provide new insights into breast cancer-related therapeutic strategies.
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Antioxidative Activity of 1,3,5-Triazine Analogues Incorporating Aminobenzene Sulfonamide, Aminoalcohol/Phenol, Piperazine, Chalcone, or Stilbene Motifs. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081787. [PMID: 32295147 PMCID: PMC7221710 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 1,3,5-triazine analogues, incorporating aminobenzene sulfonamide, aminoalcohol/phenol, piperazine, chalcone, or stilbene structural motifs, were evaluated as potential antioxidants. The compounds were prepared by using step-by-step nucleophilic substitution of chlorine atoms in starting 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine. Reactions were catalyzed by Cu(I)-supported on a weakly acidic resin. The radical scavenging activity was determined in terms of %inhibition activity and EC50, using the ABTS method. Trolox and ascorbic acid (ASA) were used as standards. In the lowest concentration 1 × 10−4 M, the %inhibition activity values at 0 min were comparable with both standards at least for 10 compounds. After 60 min, compounds 5, 6, 13, and 25 showed nearly twice %inhibition (73.44–87.09%) in comparison with the standards (Trolox = 41.49%; ASA = 31.07%). Values of EC50 at 60 min (17.16–27.78 μM) were 5 times lower for compounds 5, 6, 13, and 25 than EC50 of both standards (trolox = 178.33 μM; ASA = 147.47 μM). Values of EC50 correlated with %inhibition activity. Based on these results, the presented 1,3,5-triazine analogues have a high potential in the treatment of illnesses caused or related to oxidative stress.
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Nutraceutical Boom in Cancer: Inside the Labyrinth of Reactive Oxygen Species. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21061936. [PMID: 32178382 PMCID: PMC7139678 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, epidemiological studies have shown that food is a very powerful means for maintaining a state of well-being and for health prevention. Many degenerative, autoimmune and neoplastic diseases are related to nutrition and the nutrient-organism interaction could define the balance between health and disease. Nutrients and dietary components influence epigenetic phenomena and modify drugs response; therefore, these food-host interactions can influence the individual predisposition to disease and its potential therapeutic response. Do nutraceuticals have positive or negative effects during chemotherapy? The use of nutraceutical supplements in cancer patients is a controversial debate without a definitive conclusion to date. During cancer treatment, patients take nutraceuticals to alleviate drug toxicity and improve long-term results. Some nutraceuticals may potentiate the effect of cytotoxic chemotherapy by inducing cell growth arrest, cell differentiation, and alteration of the redox state of cells, but in some cases, high levels of them may interfere with the effectiveness of chemotherapy, making cancer cells less reactive to chemotherapy. In this review, we highlighted the emerging opinions and data on the pros and cons on the use of nutraceutical supplements during chemotherapy.
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Tamoxifen citrate/Coenzyme Q10 as smart nanocarriers Bitherapy for Breast Cancer: Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and antioxidant activity. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Modulation of Antioxidant Potential with Coenzyme Q10 Suppressed Invasion of Temozolomide-Resistant Rat Glioma In Vitro and In Vivo. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:3061607. [PMID: 30984333 PMCID: PMC6432727 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3061607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The main reasons for the inefficiency of standard glioblastoma (GBM) therapy are the occurrence of chemoresistance and the invasion of GBM cells into surrounding brain tissues. New therapeutic approaches obstructing these processes may provide substantial survival improvements. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential of lipophilic antioxidant coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) as a scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to increase sensitivity to temozolomide (TMZ) and suppress glioma cell invasion. To that end, we used a previously established TMZ-resistant RC6 rat glioma cell line, characterized by increased production of ROS, altered antioxidative capacity, and high invasion potential. CoQ10 in combination with TMZ exerted a synergistic antiproliferative effect. These results were confirmed in a 3D model of microfluidic devices showing that the CoQ10 and TMZ combination is more cytotoxic to RC6 cells than TMZ monotherapy. In addition, cotreatment with TMZ increased expression of mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes in RC6 cells. The anti-invasive potential of the combined treatment was shown by gelatin degradation, Matrigel invasion, and 3D spheroid invasion assays as well as in animal models. Inhibition of MMP9 gene expression as well as decreased N-cadherin and vimentin protein expression implied that CoQ10 can suppress invasiveness and the epithelial to mesenchymal transition in RC6 cells. Therefore, our data provide evidences in favor of CoQ10 supplementation to standard GBM treatment due to its potential to inhibit GBM invasion through modulation of the antioxidant capacity.
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de Alencar MVOB, Islam MT, de Lima RMT, Paz MFCJ, dos Reis AC, da Mata AMOF, Filho JWGDO, Cerqueira GS, Ferreira PMP, e Sousa JMDC, Mubarak MS, Melo-Cavalcante AADC. Phytol as an anticarcinogenic and antitumoral agent: An in vivo study in swiss mice with DMBA-Induced breast cancer. IUBMB Life 2018; 71:200-212. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development; Ton Duc Thang University; Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Ton Duc Thang University; Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paulo Michel Pinheiro Ferreira
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology (RENORBIO); Federal University of Piauí; Teresina Piauí Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences; Federal University of Piauí; Teresina Piauí Brazil
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology; Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology, Federal University of Piauí; Teresina Piauí Brazil
| | - João Marcelo de Castro e Sousa
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences; Federal University of Piauí; Teresina Piauí Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Piauí; Picos Piauí Brazil
| | | | - Ana Amélia de Carvalho Melo-Cavalcante
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology (RENORBIO); Federal University of Piauí; Teresina Piauí Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences; Federal University of Piauí; Teresina Piauí Brazil
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Frontiñán-Rubio J, Santiago-Mora RM, Nieva-Velasco CM, Ferrín G, Martínez-González A, Gómez MV, Moreno M, Ariza J, Lozano E, Arjona-Gutiérrez J, Gil-Agudo A, De la Mata M, Pesic M, Peinado JR, Villalba JM, Pérez-Romasanta L, Pérez-García VM, Alcaín FJ, Durán-Prado M. Regulation of the oxidative balance with coenzyme Q10 sensitizes human glioblastoma cells to radiation and temozolomide. Radiother Oncol 2018; 128:236-244. [PMID: 29784452 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2018.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate how the modulation of the oxidative balance affects cytotoxic therapies in glioblastoma, in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human glioblastoma U251 and T98 cells and normal astrocytes C8D1A were loaded with coenzyme Q10 (CoQ). Mitochondrial superoxide ion (O2-) and H2O2 were measured by fluorescence microscopy. OXPHOS performance was assessed in U251 cells with an oxytherm Clark-type electrode. Radio- and chemotherapy cytotoxicity was assessed by immunostaining of γH2AX (24 h), annexin V and nuclei morphology, at short (72 h) and long (15 d) time. Hif-1α, SOD1, SOD2 and NQO1 were determined by immunolabeling. Catalase activity was measured by classic enzymatic assay. Glutathione levels and total antioxidant capacity were quantified using commercial kits. RESULTS CoQ did not affect oxygen consumption but reduced the level of O2- and H2O2 while shifted to a pro-oxidant cell status mainly due to a decrease in catalase activity and SOD2 level. Hif-1α was dampened, echoed by a decrease lactate and several key metabolites involved in glutathione synthesis. CoQ-treated cells were twofold more sensitive than control to radiation-induced DNA damage and apoptosis in short and long-term clonogenic assays, potentiating TMZ-induced cytotoxicity, without affecting non-transformed astrocytes. CONCLUSIONS CoQ acts as sensitizer for cytotoxic therapies, disarming GBM cells, but not normal astrocytes, against further pro-oxidant injuries, being potentially useful in clinical practice for this fatal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Frontiñán-Rubio
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-la Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain; Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Centre for Biomedical Research, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Raquel María Santiago-Mora
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-la Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain; Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Centre for Biomedical Research, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Consuelo María Nieva-Velasco
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-la Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain; Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Centre for Biomedical Research, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Gustavo Ferrín
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica en Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - María Victoria Gómez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies and Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - María Moreno
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies and Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Julia Ariza
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Córdoba, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Eva Lozano
- Radiotherapy Unit, University Hospital of Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | | | - Manuel De la Mata
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica en Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Milica Pesic
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Juan Ramón Peinado
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-la Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain; Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Centre for Biomedical Research, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José M Villalba
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Córdoba, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Víctor M Pérez-García
- Laboratory of Mathematical Oncology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Francisco J Alcaín
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-la Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain; Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Centre for Biomedical Research, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Mario Durán-Prado
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-la Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain; Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Centre for Biomedical Research, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Antioxidants as precision weapons in war against cancer chemotherapy induced toxicity - Exploring the armoury of obscurity. Saudi Pharm J 2017; 26:177-190. [PMID: 30166914 PMCID: PMC6111235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, accounting for almost 13% of deaths in the world. Among the conventional cancer treatments, chemotherapy is most frequently carried out to treat malignant cancer rather than localised lesions which is amenable to surgery and radiotherapy. However, anticancer drugs are associated with a plethora of side effects. Each drug, within every class, has its own set of adverse reactions which may cause patient incompliance and deterioration of the quality of life. One of the major causes of adverse reactions, especially for drugs targeting DNA, is the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent build up of oxidative stress. To curb these undesired side effects, several dietary supplements have been tested, amongst which antioxidants have gained increasing popularity as adjuvant in chemotherapy. However, many oncologists discourage the use of antioxidant rich food supplements because these may interfere with the modalities which kill cancer by generating free radicals. In the present review, all studies reporting concomitant use of several antioxidants with chemotherapy are indiscriminately included and discussed impartially. The effect of supplementation of thirteen different antioxidants and their analogues as a single agent or in combination with chemotherapy has been compiled in this article. The present review encompasses a total of 174 peer-reviewed original articles from 1967 till date comprising 93 clinical trials with a cumulative number of 18,208 patients, 56 animal studies and 35 in vitro studies. Our comprehensive data suggests that antioxidant has superior potential of ameliorating chemotherapeutic induced toxicity. Antioxidant supplementation during chemotherapy also promises higher therapeutic efficiency and increased survival times in patients.
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Ezzat A, Abdelhamid AO, El Awady MK, Abd El Azeem AS, Mohammed DM. The biochemical effects of nano tamoxifen and some bioactive components in experimental breast cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:571-576. [PMID: 28869895 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of nano tamoxifen and some bioactive components such as yeast, isoflavone, and silymarin on the level of resistance and prevention of breast cancer progression in experimental animals is the target of this study. Thirty female Sprague-Dawley rats received a single medication dosage of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) intragastrically. After fourteen days of DMBA admission, the procedure protocol started out. Finally, all the experimental results evaluated, tabulated and statistically analyzed. The results demonstrated a highly significant elevation in the 8-OHdG level in group 1 (nano yeast) and 3 (nano silymarin) while the results demonstrated a highly significant reduction in group 2 (nano tamoxifen). The apoptosis results demonstrated a significant elevation in group 3 (nano silymarin) where appeared significant reduction in group 4 (nano isoflavone). ErbB-2 results demonstrated a significant elevation in group 2 (nano tamoxifen) and a significant reduction in each of group 3 (nano silymarin) and 4 (nano isoflavone). The lipid peroxide level demonstrated an extremely significant reduction in group 4 (nano isoflavone). And a significant reduction of total antioxidant was observed in group 3 (nano silymarin) in comparison to injected animals control. This may be considered a new vision and strategy to resist breast cancer disease or prevent progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afaf Ezzat
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | | | - Mostafa K El Awady
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Amal S Abd El Azeem
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Dina Mostafa Mohammed
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt.
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Jain S, Garg T, Kushwah V, Thanki K, Agrawal AK, Dora CP. α-Tocopherol as functional excipient for resveratrol and coenzyme Q10-loaded SNEDDS for improved bioavailability and prophylaxis of breast cancer. J Drug Target 2017; 25:554-565. [PMID: 28274130 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2017.1298603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the prophylactic efficacy of α-tocopherol (α-TOH), resveratrol (RES), and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) co-loaded self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (α-TOH-RES-CoQ10 SNEDDS) in 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) induced breast cancer model. SNEDDS formulation components were rationally selected and optimized for maximum drug loading by applying the design of experiments and further evaluated for stability in simulated gastrointestinal fluids, functional stability of antioxidants, in vitro release, Caco-2 cell uptake, oral bioavailability and prophylactic anticancer activity. The SNEDDS demonstrated excellent stability in stimulated gastrointestinal fluids. The functional activity of antioxidants was confirmed by 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay wherein significantly (p > .05) higher antioxidant activity was observed in case of SNEDDS as compared with free antioxidants. Coumarin 6 (C-6)-loaded SNEDDS formulation demonstrated remarkably higher Caco-2 cell uptake in comparison with free C-6, indicative of efficient internalization of sub-micron SNEDDS droplets by Caco-2 cells. In line with Caco-2 cell uptake observations, α-TOH-RES-CoQ10-SNEDDS showed ∼2.30- and ∼3.64-fold increase in the AUC0-∞ values of RES and CoQ10 in comparison with free antioxidants. Significantly lower (p < .001) tumor volume (∼327 mm3) was found in case of animals treated with α-TOH-RES-CoQ10-SNEDDS in comparison with free antioxidant combination (∼1070 mm3) and DMBA control (∼1540 mm3) groups. Conclusively, the proposed strategy posed great potential in improving the prophylactic activity of antioxidants and hold promise for further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanyog Jain
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Punjab , India
| | - Tanya Garg
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Punjab , India
| | - Varun Kushwah
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Punjab , India
| | - Kaushik Thanki
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Punjab , India
| | - Ashish Kumar Agrawal
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Punjab , India.,b James Graham Brown Cancer Center , University of Louisville , Louisville , KY , USA
| | - Chander Parkash Dora
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Punjab , India
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Abd-Ellatef GEF, Ahmed OM, Abdel-Reheim ES, Abdel-Hamid AHZ. Ulva lactuca polysaccharides prevent Wistar rat breast carcinogenesis through the augmentation of apoptosis, enhancement of antioxidant defense system, and suppression of inflammation. BREAST CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2017; 9:67-83. [PMID: 28280387 PMCID: PMC5340250 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s125165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, several research studies have been focused on the isolation and function of the polysaccharides derived from different algal species, which revealed multiple biological activities such as antioxidant and antitumor activities. This study assesses the possible breast cancer chemopreventive properties of common seaweeds, sea lettuce, Ulva lactuca (ulvan) polysaccharides using in vitro bioassays on human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and an in vivo animal model of breast carcinogenesis. METHODS Cytotoxic effect of ulvan polysaccharides on MCF-7 was tested in vitro. For an in vivo investigation, a single dose of 25 mg/kg body weight 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and ulvan polysaccharides (50 mg/kg body weight every other day) for 10 weeks were administered orally to the Wistar rats. RESULTS Deleterious histopathological alterations in breast tissues including papillary cyst adenoma and hyperplasia of ductal epithelial lining with intraluminal necrotic materials and calcifications were observed in the DMBA-administered group. These lesions were prevented in the DMBA-administered group treated with ulvan polysaccharides. The immunohistochemical sections depicted that the treatment of DMBA-administered rats with ulvan polysaccharides markedly increased the lowered pro-apoptotic protein, p53, and decreased the elevated anti-apoptotic marker, bcl2, expression in the breast tissue. The elevated lipid peroxidation and the suppressed antioxidant enzyme activities in DMBA-administered control were significantly prevented by the treatment with ulvan polysaccharides. The elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and nitric oxide were significantly ameliorated in DMBA-administered rats treated with ulvan polysaccharides as compared to DMBA-administered control. CONCLUSION In conclusion, ulvan polysaccharides at the level of initiation and promotion might have potential chemopreventive effects against breast carcinogenesis. These preventive effects may be mediated through the augmentation of apoptosis, suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation, and enhancement of antioxidant defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal-Eldein F Abd-Ellatef
- Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, Therapeutic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Osama M Ahmed
- Division of Physiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Eman S Abdel-Reheim
- Division of Physiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Hamid Z Abdel-Hamid
- Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, Therapeutic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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14
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Protective effect of Punica granatum peel and Vitis vinifera seeds on DEN-induced oxidative stress and hepatocellular damage in rats. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 175:410-20. [PMID: 25304489 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to find out the efficacy of ethanol extracts of Punica granatum peel and Vitis vinifera seeds on diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced oxidative stress and hepatocellular damage in Wistar rats. Rats were divided into four groups. The first group served as normal control, and the second group received DEN at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight by single intraperitoneal administration. The third one received DEN as in DEN-treated group and co-treated with 400 mg/kg P. granatum peel extract. The final group also received DEN and co-treated with 400 mg/kg V. vinifera seed extract. DEN administration to rats resulted in significantly elevated levels of serum SGPT, SGOT, ALP, and GGT which is indicative of hepatocellular damage. DEN-induced oxidative stress was confirmed by elevated levels of lipid peroxides and decreased activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in the serum and liver tissues. The status of non-enzymatic antioxidants like vitamin C, vitamin E, and reduced glutathione were also found to be decreased in serum and tissues of DEN-administered rats. Co-treatment with the P. granatum peel and V. vinifera seed extracts orally for 12 weeks significantly reversed the DEN-induced alterations in the serum and liver tissues.
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15
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Akbas HS, Timur M, Ozben T. Concurrent use of antioxidants in cancer therapy: an update. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 2:931-9. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2.6.931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Ibrahim AB, Mansour HH, Shouman SA, Eissa AA, Abu El Nour SM. Modulatory effects of l-carnitine on tamoxifen toxicity and oncolytic activity. Hum Exp Toxicol 2013; 33:968-79. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327113506237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of l-carnitine (l-CAR) in tamoxifen (TAM)-induced toxicity and antitumor activity. Adult female rats were randomly divided into four groups. Group I was served as control, groups II and III were treated with TAM (10 mg/kg, periorally) and l-CAR (300 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), respectively, while group IV was treated with both compounds. The treatment continued daily for 28 days. Administration of TAM resulted in significant increase in serum lipid profiles, liver enzymes, and bilirubin level. TAM produced a significant increase in lipid peroxides (LPO) level and nonsignificant change in nitrogen oxide (NO( x)) level accompanied with significant decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of hepatic and uterus tissues and significant decrease in glutathione (GSH) content of uterus tissue. Administration of l-CAR for 1 h prior to TAM treatment decreased serum lipids and liver enzymes significantly and significantly increased SOD activity in liver and uterus tissues compared with TAM-treated group. Furthermore, it restored LPO and GSH levels and increased NO( x) level in uterus tissue. DNA fragmentation and the apoptotic marker, caspase-3, were not detected in the liver of all treated groups. Histopathologically, alterations in the liver and uterus structures after TAM treatment, which was attenuated after l-CAR administration. The antitumor effect and survival of the combined treatment of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)-bearing mice was less than each one alone. l-CAR interestingly increased survival rate of EAC-bearing mice more than TAM-treated group. In conclusion, l-CAR has beneficial effects regarding TAM toxicity; however, it interferes with its antitumor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- AB Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Zawia University, Libya
| | - HH Mansour
- Department of Health Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - SA Shouman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Pharmacology unit, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - AA Eissa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Egypt
| | - SM Abu El Nour
- Department of Health Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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17
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Policastro LL, Ibañez IL, Notcovich C, Duran HA, Podhajcer OL. The tumor microenvironment: characterization, redox considerations, and novel approaches for reactive oxygen species-targeted gene therapy. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:854-95. [PMID: 22794113 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a complex system that involves the interaction between malignant and neighbor stromal cells embedded in a mesh of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Stromal cells (fibroblasts, endothelial, and inflammatory cells) are co-opted at different stages to help malignant cells invade the surrounding ECM and disseminate. Malignant cells have developed adaptive mechanisms to survive under the extreme conditions of the tumor microenvironment such as restricted oxygen supply (hypoxia), nutrient deprivation, and a prooxidant state among others. These conditions could be eventually used to target drugs that will be activated specifically in this microenvironment. Preclinical studies have shown that modulating cellular/tissue redox state by different gene therapy (GT) approaches was able to control tumor growth. In this review, we describe the most relevant features of the tumor microenvironment, addressing reactive oxygen species-generating sources that promote a prooxidative microenvironment inside the tumor mass. We describe different GT approaches that promote either a decreased or exacerbated prooxidative microenvironment, and those that make use of the differential levels of ROS between cancer and normal cells to achieve tumor growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Laura Policastro
- Department of Micro and Nanotechnology, National Atomic Energy Commission, Buenos Aires 1650, Argentina.
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18
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Fouad AA, Al-Mulhim AS, Jresat I. Therapeutic effect of coenzyme Q10 against experimentally-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 35:100-108. [PMID: 23274416 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of coenzyme Q10 was investigated in rats with hepatocellular carcinoma induced by trichloroacetic acid (0.5g/kg/day, p.o., for five days). Coenzyme Q10 treatment (0.4mg/kg/day, i.p.) was applied for four weeks following trichloroacetic acid administration. Coenzyme Q10 significantly suppressed lipid peroxidation, prevented the depletion of reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase activity, and decreased the elevations of tumor necrosis factor-α and nitric oxide in liver tissue of rats with hepatocellular carcinoma. Also, the histopathological dysplastic changes induced by trichloroacetic acid in liver tissue were ameliorated by coenzyme Q10. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that coenzyme Q10 significantly decreased the expression of hepPar-1, alpha-fetoprotein, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2 and nuclear factor-κB in liver tissue of rats with hepatocellular carcinoma. It was concluded that coenzyme Q10 may represent a potential therapeutic option for liver carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr A Fouad
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pharmacology Division, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
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19
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Glauert HP, Calfee-Mason K, Stemm DN, Tharappel JC, Spear BT. Dietary antioxidants in the prevention of hepatocarcinogenesis: a review. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54:875-96. [PMID: 20512789 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this review, the role of dietary antioxidants in the prevention of hepatocarcinogenesis is examined. Both human and animal models are discussed. Vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium are antioxidants that are essential in the human diet. A number of non-essential chemicals also contain antioxidant activity and are consumed in the human diet, mainly as plants or as supplements, including beta-carotene, ellagic acid, curcumin, lycopene, coenzyme Q(10), epigallocatechin gallate, N-acetyl cysteine, and resveratrol. Although some human and animal studies show protection against carcinogenesis with the consumption of higher amounts of antioxidants, many studies show no effect or an enhancement of carcinogenesis. Because of the conflicting results from these studies, it is difficult to make dietary recommendations as to whether consuming higher amounts of specific antioxidants will decrease the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard P Glauert
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0054, USA.
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20
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Hertz N, Lister RE. Improved survival in patients with end-stage cancer treated with coenzyme Q(10) and other antioxidants: a pilot study. J Int Med Res 2010; 37:1961-71. [PMID: 20146896 DOI: 10.1177/147323000903700634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This pilot study evaluated the survival of patients with end-stage cancer who received supplements of coenzyme Q(10) and a mixture of other antioxidants (e.g. vitamin C, selenium, folic acid and beta-carotene). During a period of 9 years, 41 patients who had end-stage cancer were included. Forty patients were followed until death and one patient was lost to follow-up and presumed dead. Primary cancers were located in the breast, brain, lungs, kidneys, pancreas, oesophagus, stomach, colon, prostate, ovaries and skin. The median predicted survival time was calculated from Kaplan-Meier curves for each patient at inclusion. Median predicted survival was 12 months (range 3 - 29 months), whereas median actual survival was 17 months (1 - 120 months), which is > 40% longer than the median predicted survival. Mean actual survival was 28.8 months versus 11.9 months for mean predicted survival. Ten patients (24%) survived for less time than predicted, whereas 31 (76%) survived for longer. Treatments were very well tolerated with few adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hertz
- Arnakkegårds alle 50, Vipperoed, Denmark.
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21
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Effect of antioxidant phytochemicals on the hepatic tumor promoting activity of 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB-77). Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:3467-74. [PMID: 18796325 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Revised: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have promoting activity in the liver, which may be brought about in part by the induction of oxidative stress. In this study we examined the effects of several antioxidant phytochemicals on the tumor promoting activity of 3,3',4'4-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB-77). Female Sprague Dawley rats were first injected with diethylnitrosamine (DEN, 150 mg/kg) and one week later the rats were fed an AIN-93 based purified diet or the same diet containing ellagic acid (0.4%), beta-carotene (0.5%), curcumin (0.5%), N-acetyl cysteine (NAC, 1.0%), coenzyme CoQ10 (CoQ10, 0.4%), resveratrol (0.005%), lycopene (10% as Lycovit, which contains 10% lycopene), or a tea extract (1%, containing 16.5% epigallocatechin-3-gallate [EGCG] and 33.4% total catechins). Rats were fed the diets for the remainder of the study. After three weeks, 2/3 of the control rats and all of the antioxidant diet-fed rats were injected i.p. with PCB-77 (300 micromol/kg) every other week for four injections. All rats were euthanized ten days after the last PCB injection. The rats that received PCB-77 alone showed an increase in the number and size of placental glutathione S-transferase (PGST)-positive foci in the liver. Lycopene significantly decreased the number of foci, while curcumin and CoQ10 decreased the size of the foci. In contrast, ellagic acid increased the number but decreased the size of the foci. All of the other phytochemicals showed only slight or no effects. Compared with the PCB-77 group, CoQ10 increased cell proliferation in normal hepatocytes, whereas the other antioxidants had no effect in either normal or PGST-positive hepatocytes. These findings show that none of the antioxidant phytochemicals produced a clear decrease in the promoting activity of PCB-77.
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22
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Tabassum H, Parvez S, Rehman H, Banerjee BD, Raisuddin S. Catechin as an antioxidant in liver mitochondrial toxicity: Inhibition of tamoxifen-induced protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2007; 21:110-7. [PMID: 17623883 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Tamoxifen (TAM) is a nonsteroidal triphenylethylene antiestrogenic drug widely used in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. TAM brings about a collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential. It acts both as an uncoupling agent and as a powerful inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport chain. The effect of catechin pretreatment on the mitochondrial toxicity of TAM was studied in liver mitochondria of Swiss albino mice. TAM treatment caused a significant increase in the mitochondrial lipid peroxidation (LPO) and the protein carbonyls (PCs). It also caused a significant increase in superoxide radical production. Pretreatment of mice with catechin (40 mg/kg) showed significant protection as demonstrated by marked attenuation of increased oxidative stress parameters such LPO, PCs, and superoxide production. It also restored the decreased nonenzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants of mitochondria. The inhibitory effect of catechin on TAM-:induced oxidative damage suggests that it may have potential benefits in prevention of human diseases where reactive oxygen species have some role as causative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena Tabassum
- Immunotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110 062, India
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23
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Rusciani L, Proietti I, Paradisi A, Rusciani A, Guerriero G, Mammone A, De Gaetano A, Lippa S. Recombinant interferon alpha-2b and coenzyme Q10 as a postsurgical adjuvant therapy for melanoma: a 3-year trial with recombinant interferon-alpha and 5-year follow-up. Melanoma Res 2007; 17:177-83. [PMID: 17505263 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0b013e32818867a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Early surgical intervention remains the most successful therapy for melanoma. Despite better outcomes observed in soft tissue and lymph node metastases, the results of pharmacological therapies are still disappointing. Currently, there is no standard adjuvant therapy for melanoma. Low concentrations of coenzyme Q10 have been demonstrated in melanoma cell lines and in sera of melanoma patients. These data and the results of clinical trials of patients with other advanced cancers prompted this study of the long-term administration of an optimized dose of recombinant interferon alpha-2b and coenzyme Q10 to patients with stage I and II melanoma. A 3-year trial envisaging uninterrupted treatment with low-dose recombinant interferon alpha-2b (9 000 000 000 IU weekly) administered twice daily and coenzyme Q10 (400 mg/day) was conducted in patients with stage I and II melanoma (American Joint Committee on Cancer criteria 2002) and surgically removed lesions. Treatment efficacy was evaluated as incidence of recurrences at 5 years. All patients completed the treatment and the follow-up. Significantly different rates of disease progression were observed in the interferon+coenzyme Q10 and the interferon group for both stages. No patient withdrew from the study owing to side effects. Long-term administration of an optimized dose of recombinant interferon alpha-2b in combination with coenzyme Q10 seemed to induce significantly decreased rates of recurrence and had negligible adverse effects. A survival study could not be undertaken owing to the small patient sample and the short duration of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Rusciani
- Department of Dermatology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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Ramakrishnan G, Raghavendran HRB, Vinodhkumar R, Devaki T. Suppression of N-nitrosodiethylamine induced hepatocarcinogenesis by silymarin in rats. Chem Biol Interact 2006; 161:104-14. [PMID: 16643877 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2006.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2006] [Revised: 03/03/2006] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidants are one of the key players in tumorigenesis, several natural and synthetic antioxidants were shown to have anticancer effects. In the present investigation the efficacy of silymarin on the antioxidant status of N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) induced hepatocarcinogenesis in Wistar albino male rats were assessed. The animals were divided into five groups. The animals in the groups 1 and 3 were normal control and silymarin control, respectively. Groups 2, 4 and 5 were administered with 0.01% NDEA in drinking water for 15 weeks to induce hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Starting 1 week prior to NDEA administration group 4 animals were treated with silymarin in diet for 16 weeks, 10 weeks after NDEA administration group 5 animals were treated with silymarin and continued till the end of the experiment period (16 weeks). After the experimental period the body weight, relative liver weight, number of nodules, size of nodules, the levels of lipid peroxidation, glutathione (GSH), and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were assessed in both haemolysate and liver tissue. In group 2 hepatocellular carcinoma induced animals there was an increase in the number of nodules, relative liver weight. The levels of lipid peroxides were elevated with subsequent decrease in the body weight, (glutathione) GSH, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). In contrast, silymarin + NDEA treated groups 4 and 5 animals showed a significant decrease in the number of nodules with concomitant decrease in the lipid peroxidation status. The levels of GSH and the activities of antioxidant enzymes in both haemolysate and liver were improved when compared with hepatocellular carcinoma induced group 2 animals. The electron microscopy studies were also carried out which supports the chemopreventive action of the silymarin against NDEA administration during liver cancer progression. These findings suggest that silymarin suppresses NDEA induced hepatocarcinogenesis by modulating the antioxidant defense status of the animals.
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