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Li S, Zhang W, Liang P, Zhu M, Zheng B, Zhou W, Wang C, Zhao X. Novel variants in the CLCN4 gene associated with syndromic X-linked intellectual disability. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1096969. [PMID: 37789889 PMCID: PMC10542403 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1096969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The dysfunction of the CLCN4 gene can lead to X-linked intellectual disability and Raynaud-Claes syndrome (MRXSRC), characterized by severe cognitive impairment and mental disorders. This study aimed to investigate the genetic defects and clinical features of Chinese children with CLCN4 variants and explore the effect of mutant ClC-4 on the protein expression level and subcellular localization through in vitro experiments. Methods A total of 401 children with intellectual disabilities were screened for genetic variability using whole-exome sequencing (WES). Clinical data, including age, sex, perinatal conditions, and environmental exposure, were collected. Cognitive, verbal, motor, and social behavioral abilities were evaluated. Candidate variants were verified using Sanger sequencing, and their pathogenicity and conservation were analyzed using in silico prediction tools. Protein expression and localization of mutant ClC-4 were measured using Western blotting (WB) and immunofluorescence microscopy. The impact of a splice site variant was assessed with a minigene assay. Results Exome analysis identified five rare CLCN4 variants in six unrelated patients with intellectual disabilities, including two recurrent heterozygous de novo missense variants (p.D89N and p.A555V) in three female patients, and two hemizygous missense variants (p.N141S and p.R694Q) and a splicing variant (c.1390-12T > G) that are maternally inherited in three male patients. The p.N141S variant and the splicing variant c.1390-12(T > G were novel, while p.R694Q was identified in two asymptomatic heterozygous female patients. The six children with CLCN4 variants exhibited a neurodevelopmental spectrum disease characterized by intellectual disability (ID), delayed speech, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), microcephaly, hypertonia, and abnormal imaging findings. The minigene splicing result indicated that the c.1390-12T > G did not affect the splicing of CLCN4 mRNA. In vitro experiments showed that the mutant protein level and localization of mutant protein are similar to the wild type. Conclusion The study identified six probands with CLCN4 gene variants associated with X-linked ID. It expanded the gene and phenotype spectrum of CLCN4 variants. The bioinformatic analysis supported the pathogenicity of CLCN4 variants. However, these CLCN4 gene variants did not affect the ClC-4 expression levels and protein location, consistent with previous studies. Further investigations are necessary to investigate the pathogenetic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Piao Liang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bixia Zheng
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunli Wang
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoke Zhao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Tourkova IL, Larrouture QC, Onwuka KM, Liu S, Luo J, Schlesinger PH, Blair HC. Age-related decline in bone mineral transport and bone matrix proteins in osteoblasts from stromal stem cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C613-C622. [PMID: 37519232 PMCID: PMC10635645 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00227.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
We studied osteoblast bone mineral transport and matrix proteins as a function of age. In isolated bone marrow cells from long bones of young (3 or 4 mo) and old (18 or 19 mo) mice, age correlated with reduced mRNA of mineral transport proteins: alkaline phosphatase (ALP), ankylosis (ANK), the Cl-/H+ exchanger ClC3, and matrix proteins collagen 1 (Col1) and osteocalcin (BGLAP). Some proteins, including the neutral phosphate transporter2 (NPT2), were not reduced. These are predominately osteoblast proteins, but in mixed cell populations. Remarkably, in osteoblasts differentiated from preparations of stromal stem cells (SSCs) made from bone marrow cells in young and old mice, differentiated in vitro on perforated polyethylene terephthalate membranes, mRNA confirmed decreased expression with age for most transport-related and bone matrix proteins. Additional mRNAs in osteoblasts in vitro included ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1), unchanged, and ENPP2, reduced with age. Decrease with age in ALP activity and protein by Western blot was also significant. Transport protein findings correlated with micro-computed tomography of lumbar vertebra, showing that trabecular bone of old mice is osteopenic relative to young mice, consistent with other studies. Pathway analysis of osteoblasts differentiated in vitro showed that cells from old animals had reduced Erk1/2 phosphorylation and decreased suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic 2 (Smad2) mRNA, consistent with TGFβ pathway, and reduced β-catenin mRNA, consistent with WNT pathway regulation. Our results show that decline in bone density with age reflects selective changes, resulting effectively in a phenotype modification. Reduction of matrix and mineral transport protein expression with age is regulated by multiple signaling pathways.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This work for the first time showed that specific enzymes in bone mineral transport, and matrix synthesis proteins, in the epithelial-like bone-forming cell layer are downregulated with aging. Results were compared using cells extracted from long bones of young and old mice, or in essentially uniform osteoblasts differentiated from stromal stem cells in vitro. The age effect showed memory in the stromal stem cells, a remarkable finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina L Tourkova
- Research Service, VA Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Quitterie C Larrouture
- Research Service, VA Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Kelechi M Onwuka
- Research Service, VA Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Silvia Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Jianhua Luo
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Paul H Schlesinger
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Harry C Blair
- Research Service, VA Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
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Lu X, Li W, Wang H, Cao M, Jin Z. The role of the Smad2/3/4 signaling pathway in osteogenic differentiation regulation by ClC-3 chloride channels in MC3T3-E1 cells. J Orthop Surg Res 2022; 17:338. [PMID: 35794618 PMCID: PMC9258226 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-022-03230-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ClC-3 chloride channels promote osteogenic differentiation. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and its receptors are closely related to ClC-3 chloride channels, and canonical TGF-β1 signaling is largely mediated by Smad proteins. The current study aimed to explore the role of the Smad2/3/4 signaling pathway in the mechanism by which ClC-3 chloride channels regulate osteogenic differentiation in osteoblasts. Methods First, real-time PCR and western blotting were used to detect the expression of Smad and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) proteins in response to ClC-3 chloride channels. Second, immunocytochemistry, coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and immunofluorescence analyses were conducted to assess formation of the Smad2/3/4 complex and its translocation to the nucleus. Finally, markers of osteogenic differentiation were determined by real-time PCR, western blotting, ALP assays and Alizarin Red S staining. Results ClC-3 chloride channels knockdown led to increased expression of Smad2/3 but no significant change in p38 or Erk1/2. Furthermore, ClC-3 chloride channels knockdown resulted in increases in the formation of the Smad2/3/4 complex and its translocation to the nucleus. In contrast, the inhibition of TGF-β1 receptors decreased the expression of Smad2, Smad3, p38, and Erk1/2 and the formation of the Smad2/3/4 complex. Finally, the expression of osteogenesis-related markers were decreased upon ClC-3 and Smad2/3/4 knockdown, but the degree to which these parameters were altered was decreased upon the knockdown of ClC-3 and Smad2/3/4 together compared to independent knockdown of ClC-3 or Smad2/3/4. Conclusions The Smad2/3 proteins respond to changes in ClC-3 chloride channels. The Smad2/3/4 signaling pathway inhibits osteogenic differentiation regulation by ClC-3 chloride channels in MC3T3-E1 cells.
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Zhao X, Shen P, Li H, Yang Y, Guo J, Chen S, Ma Y, Sheng J, Shen S, Liu G, Fang X. Carbonic Anhydrase 12 Protects Endplate Cartilage From Degeneration Regulated by IGF-1/PI3K/CREB Signaling Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:595969. [PMID: 33178705 PMCID: PMC7596245 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.595969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is the most common cause of low back pain (LBP). Among all the factors leading to IVDD, lumbar cartilage endplate (LCE) degeneration is considered a key factor. In the present study, we investigate the effect and regulation of carbonic anhydrase 12 (CA12) in LCE, which catalyzes hydration of CO2 and participates in a variety of biological processes, including acid-base balance and calcification. Our results show that CA12, downregulated in degenerated LCE, could maintain anabolism and prevent calcification in the endplate. Furthermore, CA12 is regulated by the IGF-1/IGF-1R/PI3K/CREB signaling pathway. When we overexpressed CA12 in LCE, the decreased anabolism induced by inflammatory cytokine could be rescued. In contrast, reducing CA12 expression, either with siRNA, PI3Kinhibitor, or CREB inhibitor, could downregulate anabolism and cause apoptosis and then calcification in LCE. The protective effects of IGF-1 are even diminished with low-expressed CA12. Similar results are also obtained in an ex vivo model. Consequently, our results reveal a novel pathway, IGF-1/IGF-1R/PI3K/CREB/CA12, that takes a protective role in LCE degeneration by maintaining anabolism and preventing calcification and apoptosis. This study proposes a novel molecular target, CA12, to delay LCE degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Panyang Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haidong Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Spine Surgery, First People’s Hospital Affiliated to the Huzhou University Medical College, Huzhou, China
| | - Yute Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiandong Guo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiamin Sheng
- The Second Clinical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shuying Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Shuying Shen,
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Gang Liu,
| | - Xiangqian Fang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangqian Fang,
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Deng Z, Li W, Xu J, Yu M, Li D, Tan Q, Wang D, Chen L, Wang L. ClC-3 chloride channels are involved in estradiol regulation of bone formation by MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:8366-8375. [PMID: 30506861 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Evidence has been reported by us and others supporting the important roles of chloride channels in a number of osteoblast cell functions. The ClC-3 chloride channel is activated by estradiol binding to estrogen receptor alpha on the cell membranes of osteoblasts. However, the functions of these chloride channels in estrogen regulation of osteoblast metabolism remain unclear. In the present study, the roles of chloride channels in estrogen regulation of osteoblasts were investigated in the osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1. Estrogen 17β-estradiol enhanced collagen I protein expression, alkaline phosphatase activity, and mineralization were inhibited, by chloride channel blockers. Estradiol promoted ClC-3 chloride channel protein expression. Silencing of ClC-3 chloride channel expression prevented the elevation of osteodifferentiation in osteoblasts, which were regulated by estrogen. These data suggest that estrogen can regulate bone formation by activating ClC-3 chloride channels and the activation of ClC-3 chloride channels can enhance the osteodifferentiation in osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqin Deng
- Hand and Foot Surgery Department, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University), Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wencui Li
- Hand and Foot Surgery Department, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University), Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianying Xu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meishen Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Duan Li
- Hand and Foot Surgery Department, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University), Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiuchan Tan
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daping Wang
- Hand and Foot Surgery Department, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University), Shenzhen, China
| | - Lixin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liwei Wang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,International School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Jentsch TJ, Pusch M. CLC Chloride Channels and Transporters: Structure, Function, Physiology, and Disease. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1493-1590. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00047.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CLC anion transporters are found in all phyla and form a gene family of eight members in mammals. Two CLC proteins, each of which completely contains an ion translocation parthway, assemble to homo- or heteromeric dimers that sometimes require accessory β-subunits for function. CLC proteins come in two flavors: anion channels and anion/proton exchangers. Structures of these two CLC protein classes are surprisingly similar. Extensive structure-function analysis identified residues involved in ion permeation, anion-proton coupling and gating and led to attractive biophysical models. In mammals, ClC-1, -2, -Ka/-Kb are plasma membrane Cl−channels, whereas ClC-3 through ClC-7 are 2Cl−/H+-exchangers in endolysosomal membranes. Biological roles of CLCs were mostly studied in mammals, but also in plants and model organisms like yeast and Caenorhabditis elegans. CLC Cl−channels have roles in the control of electrical excitability, extra- and intracellular ion homeostasis, and transepithelial transport, whereas anion/proton exchangers influence vesicular ion composition and impinge on endocytosis and lysosomal function. The surprisingly diverse roles of CLCs are highlighted by human and mouse disorders elicited by mutations in their genes. These pathologies include neurodegeneration, leukodystrophy, mental retardation, deafness, blindness, myotonia, hyperaldosteronism, renal salt loss, proteinuria, kidney stones, male infertility, and osteopetrosis. In this review, emphasis is laid on biophysical structure-function analysis and on the cell biological and organismal roles of mammalian CLCs and their role in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Jentsch
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany; and Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Genova, Italy
| | - Michael Pusch
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany; and Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Genova, Italy
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Deng Z, Peng S, Zheng Y, Yang X, Zhang H, Tan Q, Liang X, Gao H, Li Y, Huang Y, Zhu L, Jacob TJC, Chen L, Wang L. Estradiol activates chloride channels via estrogen receptor-α in the cell membranes of osteoblasts. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 313:C162-C172. [PMID: 28468943 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00014.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen plays important roles in regulation of bone formation. Cl- channels in the ClC family are expressed in osteoblasts and are associated with bone physiology and pathology, but the relationship between Cl- channels and estrogen is not clear. In this study the action of estrogen on Cl- channels was investigated in the MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cell line. Our results show that 17β-estradiol could activate a current that reversed at a potential close to the Cl- equilibrium potential, with a sequence of anion selectivity of I- > Br- > Cl- > gluconate, and was inhibited by the Cl- channel blockers 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoate and 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-stilbene disulfonic acid. Knockdown of ClC-3 Cl- channel expression by a specific small interfering RNA to ClC-3 attenuated activation of the 17β-estradiol-induced Cl- current. Extracellular application of membrane-impermeable 17β-estradiol-albumin conjugates activated a similar current. The estrogen-activated Cl- current could be inhibited by the estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist fulvestrant (ICI 182780). The selective ERα agonist, but not ERβ agonist, activated a Cl- current similar to that induced by 17β-estradiol. Silencing ERα expression prevented activation of estrogen-induced currents. Immunofluorescence and coimmunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that ClC-3 Cl- channels and ERα were colocalized and closely related in cells. Estrogen promoted translocation of ClC-3 and ERα to the cell membrane from the nucleus. In conclusion, our findings show that Cl- channels can be activated by estrogen via ERα on the cell membrane and suggest that the ClC-3 Cl- channel may be one of the targets of estrogen in the regulation of osteoblast activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqin Deng
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecule Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Peng
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Yanfang Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoya Yang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiuchan Tan
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiechou Liang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanqing Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Linyan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecule Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tim J C Jacob
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lixin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecule Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liwei Wang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; .,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecule Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,International School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Lu X, Ding Y, Niu Q, Xuan S, Yang Y, Jin Y, Wang H. ClC-3 chloride channel mediates the role of parathyroid hormone [1-34] on osteogenic differentiation of osteoblasts. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176196. [PMID: 28437476 PMCID: PMC5402952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Different concentrations of parathyroid hormone [1-34] (PTH [1-34]) can have totally opposite effects on osteoblasts. Intermittent stimulation with PTH can significantly increase bone mineral density in vitro, mainly through the protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway, which phosphorylates runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). The ClC-3 chloride channel, an important anion channel, can also promote osteogenesis via the Runx2 pathway based on recent studies. The purpose of our study, therefore, is to research whether the ClC-3 chloride channel has an effect on PTH osteodifferentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells. METHODS AND RESULTS A cell counting kit (CCK-8) and real-time PCR were used to investigate the impact of different PTH stimulation modes on MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation and osteogenesis-related gene expression, respectively. We found that the minimum inhibitory concentration of PTH was 10-9 M, and the expression of alkaline phosphatase (Alpl) and Runx2 were at the highest levels when treated with 10-9 M PTH. Next, we used real-time PCR and immunofluorescence technique to detect changes in ClC-3 in MC3T3-E1 cells under PTH treatment. The results showed higher expression of the ClC-3 chloride channel at 10-9 M intermittent PTH administration than in the other groups. Finally, we used the ClC-3 siRNA technique to examine the role of the ClC-3 chloride channel in the effect of PTH on the osteogenesis of osteoblasts, and we found an obvious decrease in the expression of bone sialoprotein (Ibsp), osteocalcin (Bglap), osterix (Sp7), Alpl and Runx2, the formation of mineralization nodules as well. CONCLUSIONS From the above data, we conclude that the expression of ClC-3 chloride channels in osteoblasts helps them respond to PTH stimulation, which mediates osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiannan Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shijie Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yulong Jin
- Department of Hematology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail:
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9
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Wang D, Wang H, Gao F, Wang K, Dong F. ClC-3 Promotes Osteogenic Differentiation in MC3T3-E1 Cell After Dynamic Compression. J Cell Biochem 2016; 118:1606-1613. [PMID: 27922190 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ClC-3 chloride channel has been proved to have a relationship with the expression of osteogenic markers during osteogenesis, persistent static compression can upregulate the expression of ClC-3 and regulate osteodifferentiation in osteoblasts. However, there was no study about the relationship between the expression of ClC-3 and osteodifferentiation after dynamic compression. In this study, we applied dynamic compression on MC3T3-E1 cells to detect the expression of ClC-3, runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2), osteopontin (OPN), nuclear-associated antigen Ki67 (Ki67), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in biopress system, then we investigated the expression of these genes after dynamic compression with Chlorotoxin (specific ClC-3 chloride channel inhibitor) added. Under transmission electron microscopy, there were more cell surface protrusions, rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, abundant glycogen, and lysosomes scattered in the cytoplasm in MC3T3-E1 cells after dynamic compression. The nucleolus was more obvious. We found that ClC-3 was significantly up-regulated after dynamic compression. The compressive force also up-regulated Runx2, BMP-2, and OPN after dynamic compression for 2, 4 and 8 h. The proliferation gene Ki67 and PCNA did not show significantly change after dynamic compression for 8 h. Chlorotoxin did not change the expression of ClC-3 but reduced the expression of Runx2, BMP-2, and OPN after dynamic compression compared with the group without Cltx added. The data from the current study suggested that ClC-3 may promotes osteogenic differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cell after dynamic compression. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1606-1613, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Pathology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Fusheng Dong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatology Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, China
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10
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Larrouture QC, Nelson DJ, Robinson LJ, Liu L, Tourkova I, Schlesinger PH, Blair HC. Chloride-hydrogen antiporters ClC-3 and ClC-5 drive osteoblast mineralization and regulate fine-structure bone patterning in vitro. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/11/e12607. [PMID: 26603451 PMCID: PMC4673636 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoblasts form an epithelium-like layer with tight junctions separating bone matrix from extracellular fluid. During mineral deposition, calcium and phosphate precipitation in hydroxyapatite liberates 0.8 mole of H+ per mole Ca+2. Thus, acid export is needed for mineral formation. We examined ion transport supporting osteoblast vectorial mineral deposition. Previously we established that Na/H exchangers 1 and 6 are highly expressed at secretory osteoblast basolateral surfaces and neutralize massive acid loads. The Na/H exchanger regulatory factor-1 (NHERF1), a pdz-organizing protein, occurs at mineralizing osteoblast basolateral surfaces. We hypothesized that high-capacity proton transport from matrix into osteoblast cytosol must exist to support acid transcytosis for mineral deposition. Gene screening in mineralizing osteoblasts showed dramatic expression of chloride–proton antiporters ClC-3 and ClC-5. Antibody localization showed that ClC-3 and ClC-5 occur at the apical secretory surface facing the bone matrix and in membranes of buried osteocytes. Surprisingly, the Clcn3−/− mouse has only mildly disordered mineralization. However, Clcn3−/− osteoblasts have large compensatory increases in ClC-5 expression. Clcn3−/− osteoblasts mineralize in vitro in a striking and novel trabecular pattern; wild-type osteoblasts form bone nodules. In mesenchymal stem cells from Clcn3−/− mice, lentiviral ClC-5 shRNA created Clcn3−/−, ClC-5 knockdown cells, validated by western blot and PCR. Osteoblasts from these cells produced no mineral under conditions where wild-type or Clcn3−/− cells mineralize well. We conclude that regulated acid export, mediated by chloride–proton exchange, is essential to drive normal bone mineralization, and that CLC transporters also regulate fine patterning of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deborah J Nelson
- Department of Neurobiology, Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lisa J Robinson
- Departments of Pathology and of Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Irina Tourkova
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Paul H Schlesinger
- Department of Cell Biology, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Harry C Blair
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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11
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Ho MH, Yao CJ, Liao MH, Lin PI, Liu SH, Chen RM. Chitosan nanofiber scaffold improves bone healing via stimulating trabecular bone production due to upregulation of the Runx2/osteocalcin/alkaline phosphatase signaling pathway. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:5941-54. [PMID: 26451104 PMCID: PMC4590342 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s90669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoblasts play critical roles in bone formation. Our previous study showed that chitosan nanofibers can stimulate osteoblast proliferation and maturation. This translational study used an animal model of bone defects to evaluate the effects of chitosan nanofiber scaffolds on bone healing and the possible mechanisms. In this study, we produced uniform chitosan nanofibers with fiber diameters of approximately 200 nm. A bone defect was surgically created in the proximal femurs of male C57LB/6 mice, and then the left femur was implanted with chitosan nanofiber scaffolds for 21 days and compared with the right femur, which served as a control. Histological analyses revealed that implantation of chitosan nanofiber scaffolds did not lead to hepatotoxicity or nephrotoxicity. Instead, imaging analyses by X-ray transmission and microcomputed tomography showed that implantation of chitosan nanofiber scaffolds improved bone healing compared with the control group. In parallel, microcomputed tomography and bone histomorphometric assays further demonstrated augmentation of the production of new trabecular bone in the chitosan nanofiber-treated group. Furthermore, implantation of chitosan nanofiber scaffolds led to a significant increase in the trabecular bone thickness but a reduction in the trabecular parameter factor. As to the mechanisms, analysis by confocal microscopy showed that implantation of chitosan nanofiber scaffolds increased levels of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), a key transcription factor that regulates osteogenesis, in the bone defect sites. Successively, amounts of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin, two typical biomarkers that can simulate bone maturation, were augmented following implantation of chitosan nanofiber scaffolds. Taken together, this translational study showed a beneficial effect of chitosan nanofiber scaffolds on bone healing through stimulating trabecular bone production due to upregulation of Runx2-mediated alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin gene expressions. Our results suggest the potential of chitosan nanofiber scaffolds for therapy of bone diseases, including bone defects and bone fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Ho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan ; Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jung Yao
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hsiu Liao
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-I Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Ming Chen
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan ; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan ; Anesthetics and Toxicology Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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12
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Wang H, Wang R, Wang Z, Liu Q, Mao Y, Duan X. ClC-3 chloride channel functions as a mechanically sensitive channel in osteoblasts. Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 93:558-65. [PMID: 26436462 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2015-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stimulation usually causes the volume changes of osteoblasts. Whether these volume changes could be sensed by the ClC-3 chloride channel, a volume-sensitive ion channel, and further promote the osteodifferentiation in osteoblasts has not been determined. In this study, we applied persistent static compression on MC3T3-E1 cells to detect the expression changes of ClC-3, osteogenic markers, as well as some molecules related with signaling transduction pathway. We tested the key role of ClC-3 in transferring the mechanical signal to osteoinduction by ClC-3 overexpressing and siRNA technique. We found that ClC-3 level was up-regulated by mechanical stimulation in MC3T3-E1 cells. Mechanical force also up-regulated the mRNA level of osteogenic markers such as alkaline phosphatase (Alp), bone sialoprotein (Bsp), and osteocalcin (Oc), which could be blocked or strengthened by Clcn3 siRNA or overexpressing, and Alp expression was more sensitive to the changes of ClC-3 level. We also found that runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), and Wnt pathway might be involved in ClC-3 mediated mechanical transduction in osteoblasts. The data from the current study suggest that the ClC-3 chloride channel acts as a mechanically sensitive channel to regulate osteodifferentiation in osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.,b State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Rong Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Qian Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yong Mao
- c State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xiaohong Duan
- a State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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13
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Ho MH, Liao MH, Lin YL, Lai CH, Lin PI, Chen RM. Improving effects of chitosan nanofiber scaffolds on osteoblast proliferation and maturation. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:4293-304. [PMID: 25246786 PMCID: PMC4166309 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s68012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoblast maturation plays a key role in regulating osteogenesis. Electrospun nanofibrous products were reported to possess a high surface area and porosity. In this study, we developed chitosan nanofibers and examined the effects of nanofibrous scaffolds on osteoblast maturation and the possible mechanisms. Macro- and micro observations of the chitosan nanofibers revealed that these nanoproducts had a flat surface and well-distributed fibers with nanoscale diameters. Mouse osteoblasts were able to attach onto the chitosan nanofiber scaffolds, and the scaffolds degraded in a time-dependent manner. Analysis by scanning electron microscopy further showed mouse osteoblasts adhered onto the scaffolds along the nanofibers, and cell-cell communication was also detected. Mouse osteoblasts grew much better on chitosan nanofiber scaffolds than on chitosan films. In addition, human osteoblasts were able to adhere and grow on the chitosan nanofiber scaffolds. Interestingly, culturing human osteoblasts on chitosan nanofiber scaffolds time-dependently increased DNA replication and cell proliferation. In parallel, administration of human osteoblasts onto chitosan nanofibers significantly induced osteopontin, osteocalcin, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) messenger (m)RNA expression. As to the mechanism, chitosan nanofibers triggered runt-related transcription factor 2 mRNA and protein syntheses. Consequently, results of ALP-, alizarin red-, and von Kossa-staining analyses showed that chitosan nanofibers improved osteoblast mineralization. Taken together, results of this study demonstrate that chitosan nanofibers can stimulate osteoblast proliferation and maturation via runt-related transcription factor 2-mediated regulation of osteoblast-associated osteopontin, osteocalcin, and ALP gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Ho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan ; Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hsiu Liao
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hao Lai
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-I Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Ming Chen
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan ; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan ; Anesthetics and Toxicology Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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14
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Hur J, Jeong H, Park J, Jeon S. Chloride channel 4 is required for nerve growth factor-induced TrkA signaling and neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells and cortical neurons. Neuroscience 2013; 253:389-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Gale Z, Cooper PR, Scheven BA. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor influences proliferation of osteoblastic cells. Cytokine 2012; 57:276-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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16
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Karlsen TA, Mirtaheri P, Shahdadfar A, Fløisand Y, Brinchmann JE. Effect of three-dimensional culture and incubator gas concentration on phenotype and differentiation capability of human mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:684-93. [PMID: 21268090 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To obtain sufficient numbers of cells for tissue engineering applications, human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSC) are commonly cultured as monolayers in incubators containing room air. In this study, we investigated whether three-dimensional (3D) culture conditions and incubator gas concentrations more similar to those observed in vivo impacted on cell expansion, differentiation capability, or phenotype of hBM-MSC. We found that 3D culture alone increased the expression of some molecules involved in osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. In contrast, 3D culture did not induce chondrogenic differentiation, but enhanced the response to the chondrogenic differentiation medium. Changing the oxygen concentration to 6% and the carbon dioxide concentration to 7.5% did not impact on the results of any of our assays, showing that the hyperoxia of room air is not detrimental to hBM-MSC proliferation, differentiation, or phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy A Karlsen
- Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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