1
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Wang H, Tang X, Liu Y. SlCK2α as a novel substrate for CRL4 E3 ligase regulates fruit size through maintenance of cell division homeostasis in tomato. PLANTA 2023; 257:38. [PMID: 36645501 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study unravels a novel regulatory module (CRL4-CK2α-CDK2) involving fruit size control by mediating cell division homeostasis (SlCK2α and SlCDK2) in tomato. Fruit size is one of the crucial agronomical traits for crop production. UV-damaged DNA binding protein 1 (DDB1), a core component of Cullin4-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex (CRL4), has been identified as a negative regulator of fruit size in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains largely unclear. Here, we report the identification and characterization of a SlDDB1-interacting protein putatively involving fruit size control through regulating cell proliferation in tomato. It is a tomato homolog SlCK2α, the catalytic subunit of the casein kinase 2 (CK2), identified by yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assays. The interaction between SlDDB1 and SlCK2α was demonstrated by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP). RNA interference (RNAi) and CRISPR/Cas9-based mutant analyses showed that lack of SlCK2α resulted in reduction of fruit size with reduced cell number, suggesting it is a positive regulator on fruit size by promoting cell proliferation. We also showed SlDDB1 is required to ubiquitinate SlCK2α and negatively regulate its stability through 26S proteasome-mediated degradation. Furthermore, we found that a tomato homolog of cell division protein kinase 2 (SlCDK2) could interact with and specifically be phosphorylated by SlCK2α, resulting in an increase of SlCDK2 protein stability. CRISPR/Cas9-based genetic evidence showed that SlCDK2 is also a positive regulator of fruit size by influencing cell division in tomato. Taken together, our findings, thus, unravel a novel regulatory module CRL4-CK2α-CDK2 in finely modulating cell division homeostasis and the consequences on fruit size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Xiaofeng Tang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
- School of Horticulture and State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
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2
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Zhang L, Li Z, Garraway J, Cai Q, Zhou Y, Li X, Hu Z, Zhang M, Yang J. The casein kinase 2 β subunit CK2B1 is required for swollen stem formation via cell cycle control in vegetable Brassica juncea. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:706-717. [PMID: 32772441 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The swollen stem is a determinant of yield for the stem-type vegetable Brassica juncea that is representative of vegetative organ formation. However, the genetic mechanism underlying swollen stem formation and its regulation remains unknown. In this study, we identified a casein kinase 2 β subunit 1 (CK2B1) and revealed its role in swollen stem formation. Genotyping analysis revealed that a homozygous variation in the CK2B1 promoter is responsible for swollen stem formation, and the promoter activity of CK2B1 was significantly associated with the variations between swollen stem and non-swollen stem types. CK2B1 was exclusively located in the nucleus and expressed in the stem nodes of the plant. Swollen stem formation was blocked when CK2B1 expression was silenced, and induced in a backcross population carrying a swollen stem genotype, which indicates that CK2B1 is required for swollen stem formation. Cell numbers were increased during swollen stem formation and decreased in CK2B1-silenced expression plant, indicating that CK2B1 regulates swollen stem formation via cell division. CK2B1 directly interacted with E2Fa, a regulator of G1/S transition in the cell cycle, in which CK2 phosphorylates E2Fa. Our results revealed that CK2B1 affects swollen stem formation via the control of the cell cycle. These findings help to elucidate the signals that control swollen stem formation and provide a promising molecular target to enhance the yield of vegetative organ formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhangping Li
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jenella Garraway
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qingze Cai
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yufeng Zhou
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhongyuan Hu
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Mingfang Zhang
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth and Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jinghua Yang
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth and Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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3
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Pholo M, Coetzee B, Maree HJ, Young PR, Lloyd JR, Kossmann J, Hills PN. Cell division and turgor mediate enhanced plant growth in Arabidopsis plants treated with the bacterial signalling molecule lumichrome. PLANTA 2018; 248:477-488. [PMID: 29777364 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2916-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptomic analysis indicates that the bacterial signalling molecule lumichrome enhances plant growth through a combination of enhanced cell division and cell enlargement, and possibly enhances photosynthesis. Lumichrome (7,8 dimethylalloxazine), a novel multitrophic signal molecule produced by Sinorhizobium meliloti bacteria, has previously been shown to elicit growth promotion in different plant species (Phillips et al. in Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:12275-12280, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.22.12275 , 1999). However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie this plant growth promotion remain obscure. Global transcript profiling using RNA-seq suggests that lumichrome enhances growth by inducing genes impacting on turgor driven growth and mitotic cell cycle that ensures the integration of cell division and expansion of developing leaves. The abundance of XTH9 and XPA4 transcripts was attributed to improved mediation of cell-wall loosening to allow turgor-driven cell enlargement. Mitotic CYCD3.3, CYCA1.1, SP1L3, RSW7 and PDF1 transcripts were increased in lumichrome-treated Arabidopsis thaliana plants, suggesting enhanced growth was underpinned by increased cell differentiation and expansion with a consequential increase in biomass. Synergistic ethylene-auxin cross-talk was also observed through reciprocal over-expression of ACO1 and SAUR54, in which ethylene activates the auxin signalling pathway and regulates Arabidopsis growth by both stimulating auxin biosynthesis and modulating the auxin transport machinery to the leaves. Decreased transcription of jasmonate biosynthesis and responsive-related transcripts (LOX2; LOX3; LOX6; JAL34; JR1) might contribute towards suppression of the negative effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJa) such as chlorophyll loss and decreases in RuBisCO and photosynthesis. This work contributes towards a deeper understanding of how lumichrome enhances plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motlalepula Pholo
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Beatrix Coetzee
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
- Agricultural Research Council, Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Institute for Deciduous Fruit, Vines and Wine, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa
| | - Hans J Maree
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
- Agricultural Research Council, Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Institute for Deciduous Fruit, Vines and Wine, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa
| | - Philip R Young
- Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - James R Lloyd
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Jens Kossmann
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Paul N Hills
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa.
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4
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Zhu J, Wang WS, Ma D, Zhang LY, Ren F, Yuan TT. A role for CK2 β subunit 4 in the regulation of plant growth, cadmium accumulation and H 2O 2 content under cadmium stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 109:240-247. [PMID: 27750098 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2, which consists of two α and two β subunits, plays an essential role in plant development and is implicated in plant responses to abiotic stresses, including salt and heat. However, the function of CK2 in response to heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) has not yet been established. In this study, the transgenic line CKB4ox, which overexpresses CKB4 encoding the CK2β subunit and has elevated CK2 activity, was used to investigate the potential role of CK2 in response to Cd stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Under Cd stress, CKB4ox showed reduced root growth and biomass accumulation as well as decreased chlorophyll and proline contents compared with wild type. Furthermore, increased Cd accumulation and a higher H2O2 content were found in CKB4ox, possibly contributing to the inhibition of CKB4ox growth under Cd stress. Additionally, altered levels of Cd and H2O2 were found to be associated with decreased expression of genes involved in Cd efflux, Cd sequestration and H2O2 scavenging. Taken together, these results suggest that elevated expression of CKB4 and increased CK2 activity enhance the sensitivity of plants to Cd stress by affecting Cd and H2O2 accumulation, including the modulation of genes involved in Cd transport and H2O2 scavenging. This study provides direct evidence for the involvement of plant CK2 in the response to Cd stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wen-Shu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Dan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lin-Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Feng Ren
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Ting-Ting Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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5
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Ye J, Zhang Z, You C, Zhang X, Lu J, Ma H. Abundant protein phosphorylation potentially regulates Arabidopsis anther development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4993-5008. [PMID: 27531888 PMCID: PMC5014169 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As the male reproductive organ of flowering plants, the stamen consists of the anther and filament. Previous studies on stamen development mainly focused on single gene functions by genetic methods or gene expression changes using comparative transcriptomic approaches, especially in model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana However, studies on Arabidopsis anther protein expression and post-translational modifications are still lacking. Here we report proteomic and phosphoproteomic studies on developing Arabidopsis anthers at stages 4-7 and 8-12. We identified 3908 high-confidence phosphorylation sites corresponding to 1637 phosphoproteins. Among the 1637 phosphoproteins, 493 were newly identified, with 952 phosphorylation sites. Phosphopeptide enrichment prior to LC-MS analysis facilitated the identification of low-abundance proteins and regulatory proteins, thereby increasing the coverage of proteomic analysis, and facilitated the analysis of more regulatory proteins. Thirty-nine serine and six threonine phosphorylation motifs were uncovered from the anther phosphoproteome and further analysis supports that phosphorylation of casein kinase II, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and 14-3-3 proteins is a key regulatory mechanism in anther development. Phosphorylated residues were preferentially located in variable protein regions among family members, but they were they were conserved across angiosperms in general. Moreover, phosphorylation might reduce activity of reactive oxygen species scavenging enzymes and hamper brassinosteroid signaling in early anther development. Most of the novel phosphoproteins showed tissue-specific expression in the anther according to previous microarray data. This study provides a community resource with information on the abundance and phosphorylation status of thousands of proteins in developing anthers, contributing to understanding post-translational regulatory mechanisms during anther development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanying Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zaibao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chenjiang You
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xumin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jianan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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6
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Armengot L, Caldarella E, Marquès-Bueno MM, Martínez MC. The Protein Kinase CK2 Mediates Cross-Talk between Auxin- and Salicylic Acid-Signaling Pathways in the Regulation of PINOID Transcription. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157168. [PMID: 27275924 PMCID: PMC4898841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase CK2 is a ubiquitous and highly conserved enzyme, the activity of which is vital for eukaryotic cells. We recently demonstrated that CK2 modulates salicylic acid (SA) homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana, and that functional interplay between CK2 and SA sustains transcriptional expression of PIN-FORMED (PIN) genes. In this work, we show that CK2 also plays a key role in the transcriptional regulation of PINOID (PID), an AGC protein kinase that modulates the apical/basal localization of auxin-efflux transporters. We show that PID transcription is up-regulated by auxin and by SA and that CK2 is involved in both pathways. On the one hand, CK2 activity is required for proteosome-dependent degradation of AXR3, a member of the AUX/IAA family of auxin transcriptional repressors that must be degraded to activate auxin-responsive gene expression. On the other hand, the role of CK2 in SA homeostasis and, indirectly, in SA-driven PID transcription, was confirmed by using Arabidopsis NahG transgenic plants, which cannot accumulate SA. In conclusion, our results evidence a role for CK2 as a functional link in the negative cross-talk between auxin- and SA-signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Armengot
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Eleonora Caldarella
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Maria Mar Marquès-Bueno
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - M. Carmen Martínez
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- * E-mail:
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7
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Phosphorylation Affects DNA-Binding of the Senescence-Regulating bZIP Transcription Factor GBF1. PLANTS 2015; 4:691-709. [PMID: 27135347 PMCID: PMC4844403 DOI: 10.3390/plants4030691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Massive changes in the transcriptome of Arabidopsis thaliana during onset and progression of leaf senescence imply a central role for transcription factors. While many transcription factors are themselves up- or down-regulated during senescence, the bZIP transcription factor G-box-binding factor 1 (GBF1/bZIP41) is constitutively expressed in Arabidopsis leaf tissue but at the same time triggers the onset of leaf senescence, suggesting posttranscriptional mechanisms for senescence-specific GBF1 activation. Here we show that GBF1 is phosphorylated by the threonine/serine CASEIN KINASE II (CKII) in vitro and that CKII phosphorylation had a negative effect on GBF1 DNA-binding to G-boxes of two direct target genes, CATALASE2 and RBSCS1a. Phosphorylation mimicry at three serine positions in the basic region of GBF1 also had a negative effect on DNA-binding. Kinase assays revealed that CKII phosphorylates at least one serine in the basic domain but has additional phosphorylation sites outside this domain. Two different ckII α subunit1 and one α subunit2 T-DNA insertion lines showed no visible senescence phenotype, but in all lines the expression of the senescence marker gene SAG12 was remarkably diminished. A model is presented suggesting that senescence-specific GBF1 activation might be achieved by lowering the phosphorylation of GBF1 by CKII.
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8
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Hu Y, Li Z, Yuan C, Jin X, Yan L, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Jackson AO, Wang X, Han C, Yu J, Li D. Phosphorylation of TGB1 by protein kinase CK2 promotes barley stripe mosaic virus movement in monocots and dicots. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4733-47. [PMID: 25998907 PMCID: PMC4507770 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) triple gene block 1 (TGB1) protein is required for virus cell-to-cell movement. However, little information is available about how these activities are regulated by post-translational modifications. In this study, we showed that the BSMV Xinjiang strain TGB1 (XJTGB1) is phosphorylated in vivo and in vitro by protein kinase CK2 from barley and Nicotiana benthamiana. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis and in vitro phosphorylation assays demonstrated that Thr-401 is the major phosphorylation site of the XJTGB1 protein, and suggested that a Thr-395 kinase docking site supports Thr-401 phosphorylation. Substitution of Thr-395 with alanine (T395A) only moderately impaired virus cell-to-cell movement and systemic infection. In contrast, the Thr-401 alanine (T401A) virus mutant was unable to systemically infect N. benthamiana but had only minor effects in monocot hosts. Substitution of Thr-395 or Thr-401 with aspartic acid interfered with monocot and dicot cell-to-cell movement and the plants failed to develop systemic infections. However, virus derivatives with single glutamic acid substitutions at Thr-395 and Thr-401 developed nearly normal systemic infections in the monocot hosts but were unable to infect N. benthamiana systemically, and none of the double mutants was able to infect dicot and monocot hosts. The mutant XJTGB1T395A/T401A weakened in vitro interactions between XJTGB1 and XJTGB3 proteins but had little effect on XJTGB1 RNA-binding ability. Taken together, our results support a critical role of CK2 phosphorylation in the movement of BSMV in monocots and dicots, and provide new insights into the roles of phosphorylation in TGB protein functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- State Key laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Zhenggang Li
- State Key laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Cheng Yuan
- State Key laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xuejiao Jin
- State Key laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Lijie Yan
- State Key laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xiaofei Zhao
- State Key laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- State Key laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Andrew O Jackson
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Xianbing Wang
- State Key laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Chenggui Han
- State Key laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jialin Yu
- State Key laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Dawei Li
- State Key laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
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9
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Vélez-Bermúdez IC, Carretero-Paulet L, Legnaioli T, Ludevid D, Pagès M, Riera M. Novel CK2α and CK2β subunits in maize reveal functional diversification in subcellular localization and interaction capacity. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 235:58-69. [PMID: 25900566 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In plants, CK2α/β subunits are encoded by multigenic families. They assemble as heterotetrameric holoenzymes or remain as individual subunits and are usually located in distinct cell compartments. Here we revise the number of maize CK2α/β genes, bringing them up to a total of eight (four CK2α catalytic and four CK2β regulatory subunits). We characterize CK2β4, which presents nuclear localization and interacts with CK2α1, CK2α3, CK2β1, and CK2β3. We also describe two CK2α isoforms (CK2α2 and CK2α4) containing N-terminal extensions that correspond to putative cTPs (chloroplast transit peptides). These cTPs are functional and responsible for the subcellular localization of CK2α2 and CK2α4 in chloroplasts. Phylogenetic analysis of the CK2α gene family, further supported by the gene structure and architecture of conserved protein domains, reveals the evolutionary expansion and diversification of this family. The subcellular localization of all four CK2α isoforms was found to be altered when were co-expressed with CK2β, thereby pointing to the latter as regulators of CK2α localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Vélez-Bermúdez
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB Consortium, Campus UAB - Edifici CRAG, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Carretero-Paulet
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB Consortium, Campus UAB - Edifici CRAG, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - T Legnaioli
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB Consortium, Campus UAB - Edifici CRAG, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Ludevid
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB Consortium, Campus UAB - Edifici CRAG, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Pagès
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB Consortium, Campus UAB - Edifici CRAG, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Riera
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB Consortium, Campus UAB - Edifici CRAG, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
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10
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Abstract
Plant kinases are one of the largest protein families in Arabidopsis. There are almost 600 membrane-located receptor kinases and almost 400 soluble kinases with distinct functions in signal transduction. In this minireview we discuss phylogeny and functional context of prominent members from major protein kinase subfamilies in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Zulawski
- Max Planck Institute of molecular Plant Physiology, 14470, Potsdam, Germany
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11
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Mulekar JJ, Huq E. Expanding roles of protein kinase CK2 in regulating plant growth and development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:2883-93. [PMID: 24307718 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 (formerly known as casein kinase II) is a ubiquitious Ser/Thr kinase present in all eukaryotes. The α (catalytic) and β (regulatory) subunits of CK2 exist both as a tetrameric holoenzyme and as monomers in eukaryotic cells. CK2 has been implicated in multiple developmental and stress-responsive pathways including light signalling and circadian clock in plants. Recent studies using CK2 knockout and dominant negative mutants in Arabidopsis have uncovered new roles for this enzyme. CK2 substrates that have been identified so far are primarily transcription factors or regulatory proteins. CK2-mediated phosphorylation of these factors often results in alteration of the protein function including changes in the DNA-binding affinity, dimerization, stability, protein-protein interactions, and subcellular localization. CK2 has evolved as an essential housekeeping kinase in plants that modifies protein function in a dynamic way. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the role of CK2 in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jidnyasa Jayant Mulekar
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Enamul Huq
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Armengot L, Marquès-Bueno MM, Soria-Garcia A, Müller M, Munné-Bosch S, Martínez MC. Functional interplay between protein kinase CK2 and salicylic acid sustains PIN transcriptional expression and root development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 78:411-23. [PMID: 24547808 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported that CK2-defective Arabidopsis thaliana plants (CK2mut plants) were impaired severely in root development and auxin polar transport, and exhibited transcriptional misregulation of auxin-efflux transporters (Plant J., 67, 2011a, 169). In this work we show that CK2mut roots accumulate high levels of salicylic acid (SA) and that the gene that encodes isochorismate synthase (SID2) is overexpressed, strongly suggesting that CK2 activity is required for SA biosynthesis via the shikimate pathway. Moreover, SA activates transcription of CK2-encoding genes and, thus, SA and CK2 appear to be part of an autoregulatory feed-back loop to fine-tune each other's activities. We also show that exogenous SA and constitutive high SA levels in cpr mutants reproduce the CK2mut root phenotypes (decrease of root length and of number of lateral roots), whereas inhibition of CK2 activity in SA-defective and SA-signalling mutants lead to less severe phenotypes, suggesting that the CK2mut root phenotypes are SA-mediated effects. Moreover, exogenous SA mediates transcriptional repression of most of PIN-FORMED (PIN) genes, which is the opposite effect observed in CK2mut roots. These results prompted us to propose a model in which CK2 acts as a link between SA homeostasis and transcriptional regulation of auxin-efflux transporters. We also show that CK2 overexpression in Arabidopsis has neither impact on SA biosynthesis nor on auxin transport, but it improves the Arabidopsis root system. Thus, unlike the outcome in mammals, an excess of CK2 in plant cells does not produce neoplasia, but it might be advantageous for plant fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Armengot
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
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