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Li J, Zhou Q, Liu L, He J. Effects of SMC1A on immune microenvironment and cancer stem cells in colon adenocarcinoma. Cancer Med 2023. [PMID: 37096492 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous study suggested that SMC1 has significant functions in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, few reports have shown the effects of structural maintenance of chromosomes 1 (SMC1A) on the immune microenvironment and tumor stem cells. METHODS The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, CPTAC database, Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database, the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) and Tumor Immune Single-cell Hub were used. Flow cytometry and immunohistochemical analysis were checked for immune infiltration on MC38 mice model. Human CRC tissues were tested with RT-qPCR. RESULTS The mRNA and protein levels of SMC1A were increased in colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) samples. SMC1A was associated with DNA activity. Interestingly, SMC1A was highly expressed in many types of immune cells at single-cell levels. Moreover, the high expression of SMC1A was positively correlated with immune infiltration, and immunohistochemical analysis showed that SMC1A was positively associated with CD45 expression in MC38 mice model. Also, the percentage of IL4+ CD4+ T cells (Th2) and FoxP3+ CD4+ T cells (Tregs) was significantly higher in the SMC1A overexpression group than in control by flow cytometry assay in vivo. SMC1A expression could affect the proliferation of T cells in the mice model. The mutation and somatic cell copy number variation (SCNV) of SMC1A were also associated with immune cell infiltration. In addition to SMC1A in the "hot" T-cell inflammatory microenvironment of colon cancer, SMC1A also positively correlates with the immune checkpoint genes CD274, CTLA4, and PDCD1 in colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) samples. Furthermore, we also found that SMC1A plays a positive correlation with the induction of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Our results also showed that miR-23b-3p binds SMC1A. CONCLUSION SMC1A may be a bidirectional target switch that simultaneously regulates the immune microenvironment and tumor stem cells. Moreover, SMC1A may be a biomarker for the prediction of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, China
| | - Li Liu
- The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, China
| | - Jingdong He
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, China
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Yan W, Wang DD, Zhang HD, Huang J, Hou JC, Yang SJ, Zhang J, Lu L, Zhang Q. Expression profile and prognostic values of SMC family members in HCC. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31336. [PMID: 36281130 PMCID: PMC9592487 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) gene family, including 6 proteins, is involved in a wide range of biological functions in different human cancers. Nevertheless, there is little research on the expression patterns, potential functions and prognostic value of SMC genes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Based on publicly available databases and integrative bioinformatics analysis, we tried to determine the value of SMC gene expression in predicting the risk of developing HCC. METHODS The expression and copy number variations data of SMC family members were obtained from TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas). We identified the prognostic values of SMC family members and their clinical features. GSEA (Gene Set Enrichment Analysis) was conducted to detect the mechanism underlying the involvement of SMC family members in liver cancer. We used Tumor Immune Estimation Resource database to explore the associations between TIICs (Tumor Immune Infiltrating Cells) and the SMC family members. RESULTS Our analysis proved that downregulation of SMC family members was common modification in HCC patients. In HCC, the expression of SMC1A, SMC2, SMC3, SMC4, SMC6 were upregulated. Upregulation of SMC2, SMC3, and SMC4, along with the clinical stage of HCC, were associated with a poor prognosis according to the results of univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. SMC2, SMC3, and SMC4 are also related to tumor purity and immune infiltration levels of HCC. The GSEA results proved that SMC family members take part in numerous biological processes underlying tumorigenesis. CONCLUSION In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the expression of SMC family members in patients with HCC. This can provide insights for further investigation of the SMC members as potential therapeutic targets in HCC and suggest that the use of SMC inhibitor targeting SMC2, SMC3, and SMC4 can be a practical strategy for the therapy of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yan
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - He-Da Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinny Huang
- Department of Surgery, the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jun-Chen Hou
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Su-Jin Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Lu
- Hepatobiliary Center of The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University & Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital (Jiangsu Cancer Hospital), Nanjing Medical, University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Qian Zhang, Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China (e-mail: )
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Sharma RK, Calderon C, Vivas-Mejia PE. Targeting Non-coding RNA for Glioblastoma Therapy: The Challenge of Overcomes the Blood-Brain Barrier. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 3:678593. [PMID: 35047931 PMCID: PMC8757885 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2021.678593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant form of all primary brain tumors, and it is responsible for around 200,000 deaths each year worldwide. The standard therapy for GBM treatment includes surgical resection followed by temozolomide-based chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. With this treatment, the median survival rate of GBM patients is only 15 months after its initial diagnosis. Therefore, novel and better treatment modalities for GBM treatment are urgently needed. Mounting evidence indicates that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have critical roles as regulators of gene expression. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) are among the most studied ncRNAs in health and disease. Dysregulation of ncRNAs is observed in virtually all tumor types, including GBMs. Several dysregulated miRNAs and lncRNAs have been identified in GBM cell lines and GBM tumor samples. Some of them have been proposed as diagnostic and prognostic markers, and as targets for GBM treatment. Most ncRNA-based therapies use oligonucleotide RNA molecules which are normally of short life in circulation. Nanoparticles (NPs) have been designed to increase the half-life of oligonucleotide RNAs. An additional challenge faced not only by RNA oligonucleotides but for therapies designed for brain-related conditions, is the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is the anatomical barrier that protects the brain from undesirable agents. Although some NPs have been derivatized at their surface to cross the BBB, optimal NPs to deliver oligonucleotide RNA into GBM cells in the brain are currently unavailable. In this review, we describe first the current treatments for GBM therapy. Next, we discuss the most relevant miRNAs and lncRNAs suggested as targets for GBM therapy. Then, we compare the current drug delivery systems (nanocarriers/NPs) for RNA oligonucleotide delivery, the challenges faced to send drugs through the BBB, and the strategies to overcome this barrier. Finally, we categorize the critical points where research should be the focus in order to design optimal NPs for drug delivery into the brain; and thus move the Oligonucleotide RNA-based therapies from the bench to the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit K. Sharma
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - Carlos Calderon
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - Pablo E. Vivas-Mejia
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR, United States
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Small interfering RNA (siRNA) to target genes and molecular pathways in glioblastoma therapy: Current status with an emphasis on delivery systems. Life Sci 2021; 275:119368. [PMID: 33741417 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the worst brain tumors arising from glial cells, causing many deaths annually. Surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy are used for GBM treatment. However, GBM is still an incurable disease, and new approaches are required for its successful treatment. Because mutations and amplifications occurring in several genes are responsible for the progression and aggressive behavior of GBM cells, genetic approaches are of great importance in its treatment. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a new emerging tool to silence the genes responsible for disease progression, particularly cancer. SiRNA can be used for GBM treatment by down-regulating genes such as VEGF, STAT3, ELTD1 or EGFR. Furthermore, the use of siRNA can promote the chemosensitivity of GBM cells. However, the efficiency of siRNA in GBM is limited via its degradation by enzymes, and its off-targeting effects. SiRNA-loaded carriers, especially nanovehicles that are ligand-functionalized by CXCR4 or angiopep-2, can be used for the protection and targeted delivery of siRNA. Nanostructures can provide a platform for co-delivery of siRNA plus anti-tumor drugs as another benefit. The prepared nanovehicles should be stable and biocompatible in order to be tested in human studies.
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Yi F, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Wang Z, Li Z, Zhou T, Xu H, Liu J, Jiang B, Li X, Wang L, Bai N, Guo Q, Guan Y, Feng Y, Mao Z, Fan G, Zhang S, Wang C, Cao L, O'Rourke BP, Wang Y, Wu Y, Wu B, You S, Zhang N, Guan J, Song X, Sun Y, Wei S, Cao L. The deacetylation-phosphorylation regulation of SIRT2-SMC1A axis as a mechanism of antimitotic catastrophe in early tumorigenesis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/9/eabe5518. [PMID: 33627431 PMCID: PMC7904255 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe5518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Improper distribution of chromosomes during mitosis can contribute to malignant transformation. Higher eukaryotes have evolved a mitotic catastrophe mechanism for eliminating mitosis-incompetent cells; however, the signaling cascade and its epigenetic regulation are poorly understood. Our analyses of human cancerous tissue revealed that the NAD-dependent deacetylase SIRT2 is up-regulated in early-stage carcinomas of various organs. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that SIRT2 interacts with and deacetylates the structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 1 (SMC1A), which then promotes SMC1A phosphorylation to properly drive mitosis. We have further demonstrated that inhibition of SIRT2 activity or continuously increasing SMC1A-K579 acetylation causes abnormal chromosome segregation, which, in turn, induces mitotic catastrophe in cancer cells and enhances their vulnerability to chemotherapeutic agents. These findings suggest that regulation of the SIRT2-SMC1A axis through deacetylation-phosphorylation permits escape from mitotic catastrophe, thus allowing early precursor lesions to overcome oncogenic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yi
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, , No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, , No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, , No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Ziwei Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, , No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, , No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Hongde Xu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, , No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Jingwei Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, , No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, , No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Xiaoman Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, , No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, China
| | - Ning Bai
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, , No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Qiqiang Guo
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, , No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Yi Guan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, , No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Yanling Feng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, , No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Zhiyong Mao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Guangjian Fan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Shengping Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Chuangui Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Longyue Cao
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Brian P O'Rourke
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Panjin Liaohe Oilfield Gem Flower Hospital, Panjin, Liaoning Province 124010, China
| | - Yanmei Wu
- Panjin Liaohe Oilfield Gem Flower Hospital, Panjin, Liaoning Province 124010, China
| | - Boquan Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Shilong You
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Naijin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Junlin Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, , No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China.
| | - Yingxian Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China.
| | - Shi Wei
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35249-7331, USA.
| | - Liu Cao
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, , No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China.
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Zhou J, Wu G, Tong Z, Sun J, Su J, Cao Z, Luo Y, Wang W. Prognostic relevance of SMC family gene expression in human sarcoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 13:1473-1487. [PMID: 33460400 PMCID: PMC7835044 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To explore the prognostic value of the expression of genes encoding structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMCs) in human sarcoma. Results: We found that the levels of SMC1A, SMC2, SMC3, SMC4, SMC5 and SMC6 mRNA were all higher in most tumors compared to normal tissues, and especially in sarcoma. According to the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE), SMC1A, SMC2, SMC3, SMC4, SMC5 and SMC6 are also highly expressed in sarcoma cell lines. Results of Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) indicated that high expression of SMC1A was significantly related to poor overall survival (OS) (p<0.05) and disease-free survival (DFS) in sarcoma (p<0.05). Additionally, strong expression of SMC2 was significantly related to poor OS in sarcoma (p<0.05). In contrast, SMC3, SMC4, SMC5, and SMC6 expression had no significant impact on OS or DFS in sarcoma. Conclusions: Expression of SMC family members is significantly different in sarcoma relative to normal tissues, and SMC1A and SMC2 may be useful as prognostic biomarkers. Methods: We performed a detailed comparison of cancer and normal tissues regarding the expression levels of mRNA for SMC family members in various cancers including sarcoma through ONCOMINE and GEPIA (Gene Expression Profile Interactive Analysis) databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Gen Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China.,Clinical Medicine Eight-year Program, 02 Class, 2014 Grade, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhongyi Tong
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jingjing Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Su
- The Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Ziqin Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yingquan Luo
- Department of General Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Wanchun Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
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Xiu D, Liu L, Cheng M, Sun X, Ma X. Knockdown of lncRNA TUG1 Enhances Radiosensitivity of Prostate Cancer via the TUG1/miR-139-5p/SMC1A Axis. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:2319-2331. [PMID: 32256083 PMCID: PMC7085951 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s236860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer (PCa) is a common malignant tumor of the urinary system in males. LncRNA taurine-upregulated gene 1 (TUG1) has been verified to play a crucial role in progression and prognosis of PCa. However, the functional mechanism of TUG1 remains unclear with radiosensitivity of PCa. Methods Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was conducted to measure the transcription levels of genes. 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and flow cytometry analysis were employed to assess cell proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. Moreover, colony formation assay was used to measure colony survival. Western blot was performed to detect the relative proteins expression. The interaction among variables was predicted by online tool starbase, and then confirmed using the dual luciferase reporter assay. A xenograft mouse model was constructed to investigate the effect of TUG1 on tumor growth in vivo. Results The levels of lncRNA TUG1 and SMC1A were remarkably increased, while miR-139-5p was downregulated in PCa. Patients with high expression of TUG1 showed a lower survival rate and poor prognosis. Knockdown of TUG1 inhibited PCa cell proliferation and colony survival fraction, and promoted apoptosis. Downregulation of miR-139-5p reversed the effects of TUG1 deletion on proliferation, apoptosis and colony survival fraction in PCa cells treated with 4 Gy of X-ray radiation. Moreover, TUG1 sponged miR-139-5p to regulate SMC1A expression. SMC1A deletion blocked the effects of TUG1 on the progression of PCa cells treated with 4 Gy of X-ray radiation. The tumor volume and weight were illustriously reduced with radiation and TUG1 silencing in xenograft model. Conclusion Knockdown of lncRNA TUG1 enhanced radiosensitivity in PCa via the TUG1/miR-139-5p/SMC1A axis. It may become a promising target for PCa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianhui Xiu
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Cheng
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaosong Sun
- Department of Thyroid-Head and Neck Surgery, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Changchun 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xibo Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology, Jilin Provincial People's Hospital, Changchun 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
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Jiang W, Zhang Z, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Liu H, Peng R. Construction and analysis of a diabetic nephropathy related protein-protein interaction network reveals nine critical and functionally associated genes. Comput Biol Chem 2019; 83:107115. [PMID: 31561072 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2019.107115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the common diabetic complications, but the mechanisms are still largely unknown. In this study, we constructed a DN related protein-protein interaction network (DNPPIN) on the basis of RNA-seq analysis of renal cortices of DN and normal mice, and the STRING database. We analyzed DNPPIN in detail revealing nine critical proteins which are central in DNPPIN, and contained in one network module which is functionally enriched in ribosome, nucleic acid binding and metabolic process. Overall, this study identified nine critical and functionally associated protein-coding genes concerning DN. These genes could be a starting point of future research towards the goal of elucidating the mechanisms of DN pathogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yajuan Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Luyu Zhang
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Handeng Liu
- Experimental Teaching Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Rui Peng
- Department of Bioinformatics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Mintzas K, Heuser M. Emerging strategies to target the dysfunctional cohesin complex in cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:525-537. [PMID: 31020869 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1609943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mutations in cohesin genes have been described in numerous solid cancers and hematologic malignancies; subsequent experimental evidence has linked these mutations with carcinogenesis. Areas covered: In this review, we present current information about the physiological role of the cohesin complex in normal and malignant cells and describe current therapeutic strategies that are being explored in cohesin-mutated cancers. We discuss a range of targets and strategies that should be explored to develop targeted therapies for patients with aberrant cohesin. Expert opinion: Targeting of the cohesin complex is an underexplored area of drug development. There is a high frequency of cohesin mutations in multiple cancers, hence specific targeting strategies should be explored. Cohesins play a crucial role in cellular organization; therefore, we expect a narrow therapeutic window of direct inhibitors of cohesin components. Exploiting experimental approaches that correct dysfunctional cohesins and coupling them with current therapeutic strategies can provide novel, innovative and more effective treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Mintzas
- a Department of Hematology , Oncology, Hemostasis and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Michael Heuser
- a Department of Hematology , Oncology, Hemostasis and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
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10
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Park S, Park JH, Ryu SH, Yeom J, Ryu JW, Park EY, Choi KC, Heo SH, Kim KH, Ha CH, Chang SK, Lee SW. Radiation-Induced Phosphorylation of Serine 360 of SMC1 in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Radiat Res 2019; 191:262-270. [PMID: 30702968 DOI: 10.1667/rr15179.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In the event of a mass casualty radiation scenario, biodosimetry has the potential to quantify individual exposures for triaging and providing dose-appropriate medical intervention. Structural maintenance of chromosomes 1 (SMC1) is phosphorylated in response to ionizing radiation. The goal of this study was to develop a new biodosimetry method using SMC1 phosphorylation as a measure of exposure to radiation. In the initial experiments, two normal human cell lines (WI-38VA-13 and HaCaT) and four lymphoblastoid cell lines were irradiated, and the levels of SMC1 phosphorylation at Ser-360 and Ser-957 were assessed using Western blotting. Subsequently, similar experiments were performed using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from 20 healthy adults. Phosphorylation of SMC1 at Ser-957 and Ser-360 was increased by exposure in a dose-dependent manner, peaked at 1-3 h postirradiation and then decreased gradually. Ser-360 was identified as a new phosphorylation site and was more sensitive to radiation than Ser-957, especially at doses below 1 Gy. Our results demonstrate a robust ex vivo response of phospho-SMC1-(Ser-360) to ionizing radiation in human PBMCs. Detection of phosphorylation at Ser-360 in SMC1 could be used as a marker of radiation exposure. Our findings suggest that it is feasible to measure blood cell-based changes in the phosphorylation level of a protein as an ex vivo radiation exposure detection method, even after low-dose exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunmin Park
- a Department of Radiation Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hong Park
- a Department of Radiation Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hee Ryu
- a Department of Radiation Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghun Yeom
- c Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Won Ryu
- d Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Park
- a Department of Radiation Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- b Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Heo
- d Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Hyun Kim
- d Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Ha
- b Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei-Kyung Chang
- e Department of Radiation Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Wook Lee
- a Department of Radiation Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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11
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Bottai D, Spreafico M, Pistocchi A, Fazio G, Adami R, Grazioli P, Canu A, Bragato C, Rigamonti S, Parodi C, Cazzaniga G, Biondi A, Cotelli F, Selicorni A, Massa V. Modeling Cornelia de Lange syndrome in vitro and in vivo reveals a role for cohesin complex in neuronal survival and differentiation. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:64-73. [PMID: 30239720 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS), which is reported to affect ∼1 in 10 000 to 30 000 newborns, is a multisystem organ developmental disorder with relatively mild to severe effects. Among others, intellectual disability represents an important feature of this condition. CdLS can result from mutations in at least five genes: nipped-B-like protein, structural maintenance of chromosomes 1A, structural maintenance of chromosomes 3, RAD21 cohesin complex component and histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8). It is believed that mutations in these genes cause CdLS by impairing the function of the cohesin complex (to which all the aforementioned genes contribute to the structure or function), disrupting gene regulation during critical stages of early development. Since intellectual disorder might result from alterations in neural development, in this work, we studied the role of Hdac8 gene in mouse neural stem cells (NSCs) and in vertebrate (Danio rerio) brain development by knockdown and chemical inhibition experiments. Underlying features of Hdac8 deficiency is an increased cell death in the developing neural tissues, either in mouse NSCs or in zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Bottai
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Spreafico
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Pistocchi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Grazia Fazio
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione MBBM/Ospedale S. Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Raffaella Adami
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Grazioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Adriana Canu
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Bragato
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy
- PhD program in Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Silvia Rigamonti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione MBBM/Ospedale S. Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Chiara Parodi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianni Cazzaniga
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione MBBM/Ospedale S. Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Clinica Pediatrica, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione MBBM/Ospedale S. Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Franco Cotelli
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Massa
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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12
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Zhang Y, Yi F, Wang L, Wang Z, Zhang N, Wang Z, Li Z, Song X, Wei S, Cao L. Phosphorylation of SMC1A promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation and migration. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:1081-1089. [PMID: 29988990 PMCID: PMC6036730 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.24692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 1A (SMC1A) has been implicated in the development of a variety of cancer types. However, its role in hepatocellular carcinoma remains unknown. In this study, we found that phosphorylated SMC1A was highly expressed in HepG2 and Bel7402 cells when compared with other cancer cell lines. Furthermore, SMC1A knockdown dramatically reduced HepG2 and Bel7402 cell proliferation and migration. Re-expressing phosphomimetic mutants S957DS966D significantly enhanced the proliferation and migration of SMC1A knockdown HepG2 and Bel7402 cells. In addition, phosphorylated SMC1A promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cells growth in vivo. Importantly, the expression of phosphorylated SMC1A was significantly higher in human hepatocellular carcinomacells when compared to peri-tumor benign hepatocytes, and its overexpression was significantly associated with worse prognostic outcomes. These observations suggest that phosphorylation of SMC1A is a vital event in tumorigenesis and disease progression in hepatocellular carcinoma thus necessitating further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Fei Yi
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Pathology, The College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Naijin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ziwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.,Department of Pathology, The College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.,Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35249-7331, USA
| | - Shi Wei
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35249-7331, USA
| | - Liu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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13
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He M, Lin Y, Tang Y, Liu Y, Zhou W, Li C, Sun G, Guo M. miR-638 suppresses DNA damage repair by targeting SMC1A expression in terminally differentiated cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 8:1442-56. [PMID: 27405111 PMCID: PMC4993341 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The reduction of DNA damage repair capacity in terminally differentiated cells may be involved in sensitivity to cancer chemotherapy drugs; however, the underlying molecular mechanism is still not fully understood. Herein, we evaluated the role of miR-638 in the regulation of DNA damage repair in terminally differentiated cells. Our results show that miR-638 expression was up-regulated during cellular terminal differentiation and involved in mediating DNA damage repair processes. Results from a luciferase reporting experiment show that structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC)1A was a potential target of miR-638; this was verified by western blot assays during cell differentiation and DNA damage induction. Overexpression of miR-638 enhanced the sensitivity of cancer cells to cisplatin, thus reducing cell viability in response to chemotherapy drug treatment. Furthermore, miR-638 overexpression affected DNA damage repair processes by interfering with the recruitment of the DNA damage repair-related protein, γH2AX, to DNA break sites. These findings indicate that miR-638 might act as a sensitizer in cancer chemotherapy and accompany chemotherapy drugs to enhance chemotherapeutic efficacy and to improve the chance of recovery from cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang He
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Yi Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Yunlan Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Chuang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Guihong Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, 430071 Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Mingxiong Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan, P. R. China
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14
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Yi F, Wang Z, Liu J, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Xu H, Li X, Bai N, Cao L, Song X. Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes protein 1: Role in Genome Stability and Tumorigenesis. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:1092-1099. [PMID: 28924389 PMCID: PMC5599913 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.21206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
SMC1 (Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes protein 1), well known as one of the SMC superfamily members, has been explored to function in many activities including chromosome dynamics, cell cycle checkpoint, DNA damage repair and genome stability. Upon being properly assembled as part of cohesin, SMC1 can be phosphorylated by ATM and mediate downstream DNA damage repair after ionizing irradiation. Abnormal gene expression or mutation of SMC1 can cause defect in the DNA damage repair pathway, which has been strongly associated with tumorigenesis. Here we focus to discuss SMC1's role in genome stability maintenance and tumorigenesis. Deciphering the underlying molecular mechanism can provide insight into novel strategies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yi
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jingwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hongde Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiaoman Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ning Bai
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Liu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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15
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Visconte V, Shetty S, Przychodzen B, Hirsch C, Bodo J, Maciejewski JP, Hsi ED, Rogers HJ. Clinicopathologic and molecular characterization of myeloid neoplasms with isolated t(6;9)(p23;q34). Int J Lab Hematol 2017; 39:409-417. [PMID: 28318095 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The t(6;9)(p23;q34);DEK-NUP214 [t(6;9)] abnormality is found in 0.7-1.8% of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). FLT3-ITD mutations are detected in t(6;9) patients. The t(6;9) abnormality is associated with poor outcomes. We studied the clinicopathologic and molecular profiles of patients with AML/MDS carrying t(6;9). METHODS We collected clinical data of nine patients with AML/MDS with isolated t(6;9) (median age = 41 years; male/female = 4/5) and genotyped DNAs using whole exome, Sanger, and targeted sequencing. RESULTS Our cohort was characterized by frequent multilineage dysplasia (56%), absence of phospho-STAT3/STAT5 expression, presence of myeloid markers (CD13, CD33, CD34, CD117, HLA-DR) with an aberrant expression of CD7, and poor outcome (median survival of 20 months). Although basophilia has been described in association with t(6;9), we observed lack of marrow basophilia in our cohort. Molecularly, 83% (5/6) of patients with AML/MDS with t(6;9) were characterized by at least one somatic mutation. Among them, four patients showed multiple mutations. FLT3-ITD mutations were detected in 33% of patients (2/6); 80% (4/5) of mutant patients died even after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrated that AML/MDS patients with t(6;9) have diverse molecular mutations regardless of the presence of FLT3 mutations, which may contribute to their poor survival outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Visconte
- Department of Translational Hematology & Oncology Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - S Shetty
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - B Przychodzen
- Department of Translational Hematology & Oncology Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - C Hirsch
- Department of Translational Hematology & Oncology Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - J Bodo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - J P Maciejewski
- Department of Translational Hematology & Oncology Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - E D Hsi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - H J Rogers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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16
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Pan XW, Gan SS, Ye JQ, Fan YH, Hong Υ, Chu CM, Gao Y, Li L, Liu X, Chen L, Huang Y, Xu H, Ren JZ, Yin L, Qu FJ, Huang H, Cui XG, Xu DF. SMC1A promotes growth and migration of prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:1963-1972. [PMID: 27667360 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural maintenance of chromosome 1 alpha (SMC1A) gene has been reported to be related to tumor development in some types of human cancers. However, the misregulation of SMC1A and its functions in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) have not been well understood. In the present study, we found that SMC1A was elevated in androgen-independent PCa cell lines PC-3 and DU-145 compared to androgen sensitive LNCap and 22RV1 cells by qPCR and western blot assay. Knockdown of SMC1A inhibited cell growth, colony formation and cell migration abilities of PC-3 and DU145 cells by MTT, colony formation and transwell assays, and affected cell cycle progression in PC-3 and DU145 cells by flow cytometry. Moreover, SMC1A knockdown significantly reduced tumor growth in vivo in a nude mouse model. Additionally, we also found that the expression of SMC1A gene was higher in prostate cancer tissues than in the adjacent normal tissues by immunohistochemical staining, and was positively correlated to tumor metastasis and recurrence by Oncomine database mining. Taken together, the present study indicates that SMC1A may play an important role in malignant transformation of PCa under conditions of androgen deprivation and act as a new target for PCa diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Wu Pan
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 201805, P.R. China
| | - Si-Shun Gan
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 201805, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Qing Ye
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 201805, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Hui Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Υi Hong
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Chuan-Min Chu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 201805, P.R. China
| | - Yi Gao
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 201805, P.R. China
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Zhong Ren
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yin
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Fa-Jun Qu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 201805, P.R. China
| | - Hai Huang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 201805, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Gang Cui
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 201805, P.R. China
| | - Dan-Feng Xu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
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17
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Malhotra M, Toulouse A, Godinho BMDC, Mc Carthy DJ, Cryan JF, O'Driscoll CM. RNAi therapeutics for brain cancer: current advancements in RNAi delivery strategies. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 11:2635-57. [PMID: 26135606 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00278h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Malignant primary brain tumors are aggressive cancerous cells that invade the surrounding tissues of the central nervous system. The current treatment options for malignant brain tumors are limited due to the inability to cross the blood-brain barrier. The advancements in current research has identified and characterized certain molecular markers that are essential for tumor survival, progression, metastasis and angiogenesis. These molecular markers have served as therapeutic targets for the RNAi based therapies, which enable site-specific silencing of the gene responsible for tumor proliferation. However, to bring about therapeutic success, an efficient delivery carrier that can cross the blood-brain barrier and reach the targeted site is essential. The current review focuses on the potential of targeted, non-viral and viral particles containing RNAi therapeutic molecules as delivery strategies specifically for brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Malhotra
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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18
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Palaniappan A, Ramar K, Ramalingam S. Computational Identification of Novel Stage-Specific Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer Progression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156665. [PMID: 27243824 PMCID: PMC4887059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that the conversion of normal colon epithelium to adenoma and then to carcinoma stems from acquired molecular changes in the genome. The genetic basis of colorectal cancer has been elucidated to a certain extent, and much remains to be known about the identity of specific cancer genes that are associated with the advancement of colorectal cancer from one stage to the next. Here in this study we attempted to identify novel cancer genes that could underlie the stage-specific progression and metastasis of colorectal cancer. We conducted a stage-based meta-analysis of the voluminous tumor genome-sequencing data and mined using multiple approaches for novel genes driving the progression to stage-II, stage-III and stage-IV colorectal cancer. The consensus of these driver genes seeded the construction of stage-specific networks, which were then analyzed for the centrality of genes, clustering of subnetworks, and enrichment of gene-ontology processes. Our study identified three novel driver genes as hubs for stage-II progression: DYNC1H1, GRIN2A, GRM1. Four novel driver genes were identified as hubs for stage-III progression: IGF1R, CPS1, SPTA1, DSP. Three novel driver genes were identified as hubs for stage-IV progression: GSK3B, GGT1, EIF2B5. We also identified several non-driver genes that appeared to underscore the progression of colorectal cancer. Our study yielded potential diagnostic biomarkers for colorectal cancer as well as novel stage-specific drug targets for rational intervention. Our methodology is extendable to the analysis of other types of cancer to fill the gaps in our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Palaniappan
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu 603103, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Karthick Ramar
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu 603103, India
| | - Satish Ramalingam
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu 603103, India
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Xu W, Ying Y, Shan L, Feng J, Zhang S, Gao Y, Xu X, Yao Y, Zhu C, Mao W. Enhanced expression of cohesin loading factor NIPBL confers poor prognosis and chemotherapy resistance in non-small cell lung cancer. J Transl Med 2015; 13:153. [PMID: 25963978 PMCID: PMC4438579 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0503-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND NIPBL, the sister chromatid cohesion 2 (SCC2) human homolog, is a cohesin loading factor which is essential for deposition of cohesin onto the sister chromatid. Recent studies have shown that NIPBL contribute to sister chromatid cohesion and plays a critical role in development, DNA repair, and gene regulation. In this study, we measured the expression of NIPBL in clinical non-small cell lung cancer specimens, and determined its effects on cellular processes and chemosensitivity in vitro. METHODS NIPBL immunohistochemistry was performed on 123 lung adenocarcinoma samples. Through knockdown of NIPBL protein expression, non-small cell lung cancer cell lines were used to test the potential involvement of NIPBL silencing on cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis. Chemosensitivity was assessed with clonogenic assays, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were performed to analyze the relationship between NIPBL and signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3). RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis showed that high expression of NIPBL was strongly correlated with poor prognosis, tumor differentiation, and lymph node metastasis. Survival analysis further indicated that NIPBL expression was a potential prognostic factor for non-small cell lung cancer. Knockdown of NIPBL in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines significantly reduced cellular proliferation, migration, and invasion, and enhanced cellular apoptosis and sensitivity to cisplatin, paclitaxel, and gemcitabine hydrochloride. NIPBL bound to the promoter region of the STAT3 gene, directly regulating the expression of STAT3. CONCLUSIONS These data suggested that NIPBL played a significant role in lung carcinogenesis. NIPBL expression conferred poor prognosis and resistance to chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer, suggesting that NIPBL may be a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Xu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
- Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
| | - Yinyin Ying
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
| | - Lihong Shan
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
| | - Jianguo Feng
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
- Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
| | - Shengjie Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
- Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
| | - Yun Gao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
- Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
| | - Yinli Yao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
| | - Chihong Zhu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
- Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
| | - Weimin Mao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
- Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
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Wang J, Yu S, Cui L, Wang W, Li J, Wang K, Lao X. Role of SMC1A overexpression as a predictor of poor prognosis in late stage colorectal cancer. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:90. [PMID: 25884313 PMCID: PMC4352287 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Structural maintenance of chromosomes 1A (SMC1A) is a member of the cohesion family of proteins that plays crucial roles in cell cycle control. Recent studies have concluded that SMC1A is involved in the pathogenesis of cancer. This study aims to evaluate the functional role of SMC1A in colorectal cancer (CRC) both in vitro and in vivo, and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods We firstly investigated the expression levels of SMC1A in 427 CRC specimens. Antigen expression was determined by immunohistochemical analysis of SMC1A on tissue microarrays. Stable SMC1A knockdown CRC cell lines were employed. The effects of SMC1A depletion on cell growth in vitro were examined by MTT, colony formation and flow cytometry assays. Tumor forming was evaluated by nude mice model in vivo. To detect the activation of intracellular signaling, pathscan intracellular signaling array and western blotting were performed. Results The expression of SMC1A was much stronger in CRC tumor tissues than in adenomas and normal colorectal tissues. High SMC1A expression, indicated as an independent poor prognostic predictor for patients with stage III and stage IV CRC, was correlated with overall survival (OS) (p = 0.008). Functional analysis indicated that SMC1A knockdown by small interfering RNA (siRNA) mediated the significant inhibition of cell proliferation; induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via the suppression of CDK4, PCNA and PARP; and blocked the activation of the Erk1/2 and Akt cascades in CRC cells. In addition, SMC1A depletion significantly decreased the growth of subcutaneously inoculated tumors in nude mice. Conclusions These results suggest that SMC1A plays an essential role in the development of CRC and may be a predictive factor in patients with CRC. The inhibition of SMC1A may serve as a promising therapeutic strategy for human CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
| | - Shaojun Yu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
| | - Liming Cui
- Holly Lab Shanghai, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Wenhui Wang
- Holly Lab Shanghai, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
| | - Xinyuan Lao
- Holly Lab Shanghai, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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Yang M, Wang X, Jia J, Gao H, Chen P, Sha X, Wu S. Tumor protein D52-like 2 contributes to proliferation of breast cancer cells. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2015; 30:1-7. [PMID: 25629696 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2014.1723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a major cause of cancer-related death among women. Tumor protein D52-like 2 (TPD52L2) is one member of the TPD52 family, which has been shown to function in mediating cell proliferation, apoptosis, and vehicle trafficking. TPD52 was originally identified in human breast carcinoma. In this study, the authors found that TPD52L2 is extensively expressed in multiple human breast cancer cell lines. To elucidate the functional role of TPD52L2 in breast cancer, the authors employed lentivirus-mediated short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to knock down TPD52L2 in one breast cancer cell line, ZR-75-30, which showed high TPD52L2 expression. The shRNA-mediated TPD52L2 knockdown inhibited the proliferation and colony formation in ZR-75-30 cells, as determined by MTT and colony formation assays. Knockdown of TPD52L2 led to an accumulation of cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. Furthermore, knockdown of TPD52L2 promoted GSK3β phosphorylation in ZR-75-30 cells. This investigation indicates that TPD52L2 plays an essential role in the growth of breast cancer cells, which may contribute to provide gene therapy for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yang
- 1 The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University , Changchun, China
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