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Ni Y, Shi M, Liu L, Lin D, Zeng H, Ong C, Wang Y. G9a in Cancer: Mechanisms, Therapeutic Advancements, and Clinical Implications. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2175. [PMID: 38927881 PMCID: PMC11201431 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16122175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
G9a, also named EHMT2, is a histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9) methyltransferase responsible for catalyzing H3K9 mono- and dimethylation (H3K9me1 and H3K9me2). G9a contributes to various aspects of embryonic development and tissue differentiation through epigenetic regulation. Furthermore, the aberrant expression of G9a is frequently observed in various tumors, particularly in prostate cancer, where it contributes to cancer pathogenesis and progression. This review highlights the critical role of G9a in multiple cancer-related processes, such as epigenetic dysregulation, tumor suppressor gene silencing, cancer lineage plasticity, hypoxia adaption, and cancer progression. Despite the increased research on G9a in prostate cancer, there are still significant gaps, particularly in understanding its interactions within the tumor microenvironment and its broader epigenetic effects. Furthermore, this review discusses the recent advancements in G9a inhibitors, including the development of dual-target inhibitors that target G9a along with other epigenetic factors such as EZH2 and HDAC. It aims to bring together the existing knowledge, identify gaps in the current research, and suggest future directions for research and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Ni
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (M.S.); (L.L.); (D.L.); (Y.W.)
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Mingchen Shi
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (M.S.); (L.L.); (D.L.); (Y.W.)
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Liangliang Liu
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (M.S.); (L.L.); (D.L.); (Y.W.)
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Dong Lin
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (M.S.); (L.L.); (D.L.); (Y.W.)
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Hao Zeng
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Christopher Ong
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (M.S.); (L.L.); (D.L.); (Y.W.)
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (M.S.); (L.L.); (D.L.); (Y.W.)
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
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Bamodu OA, Chung CC, Pisanic TR, Wu ATH. The intricate interplay between cancer stem cells and cell-of-origin of cancer: implications for therapeutic strategies. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1404628. [PMID: 38800385 PMCID: PMC11116576 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1404628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have emerged as pivotal players in tumorigenesis, disease progression, and resistance to therapies. Objective This comprehensive review delves into the intricate relationship between CSCs and the cell-of-origin in diverse cancer types. Design Comprehensive review of thematically-relevant literature. Methods We explore the underlying molecular mechanisms that drive the conversion of normal cells into CSCs and the impact of the cell-of-origin on CSC properties, tumor initiation, and therapeutic responses. Moreover, we discuss potential therapeutic interventions targeting CSCs based on their distinct cell-of-origin characteristics. Results Accruing evidence suggest that the cell-of-origin, the cell type from which the tumor originates, plays a crucial role in determining the properties of CSCs and their contribution to tumor heterogeneity. Conclusion By providing critical insights into the complex interplay between CSCs and their cellular origins, this article aims to enhance our understanding of cancer biology and pave the way for more effective and personalized cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseun Adebayo Bamodu
- Directorate of Postgraduate Studies, School of Clinical Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Chen-Chih Chung
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Medical University - Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University - Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Thomas R. Pisanic
- Johns Hopkins Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Oncology - Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alexander T. H. Wu
- The Program for Translational Medicine, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Clinical Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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Niu L, Hu G. EHMT2 Suppresses ARRB1 Transcription and Activates the Hedgehog Signaling to Promote Malignant Phenotype and Stem Cell Property in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-024-01130-9. [PMID: 38573544 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-024-01130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) represents the primary subtype of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), characterized by a high morbidity and mortality rate. Although previous studies have established specific correlations between euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase 2 (EHMT2), a histone lysine methyltransferase, and the malignant phenotype of OSCC cells, its biological functions in OSCC remain largely unknown. This study, grounded in bioinformatics predictions, aims to clarify the influence of EHMT2 on the malignant behavior of OSCC cells and delve into the underlying mechanisms. EHMT2 exhibited high expression in OSCC tissues and demonstrated an association with poor patient outcomes. Artificial EHMT2 silencing in OSCC cells, achieved through lentiviral vector infection, significantly inhibited colony formation, migration, invasion, and cell survival. Regarding the mechanism, EHMT2 was found to bind the promoter of arrestin beta 1 (ARRB1), thereby suppressing its transcription through H3K9me2 modification. ARRB1, in turn, was identified as a negative regulator of the Hedgehog pathway, leading to a reduction in the proteins GLI1 and PTCH1. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) were enriched through repeated sphere formation assays in two OSCC cell lines. EHMT2 was found to activate the Hedgehog pathway, thus promoting sphere formation, migration and invasion, survival, and tumorigenic activity of the OSCC-CSCs. Notably, these effects were counteracted by the additional overexpression of ARRB1. In conclusion, this study provides novel evidence suggesting that EHMT2 plays specific roles in enhancing stem cell properties in OSCC by modulating the ARRB1-Hedgehog signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Niu
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, No. 3999, Binjiang East Road, Fengman District, Jilin, 132011, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyao Hu
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, No. 3999, Binjiang East Road, Fengman District, Jilin, 132011, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
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Moreno-Londoño AP, Robles-Flores M. Functional Roles of CD133: More than Stemness Associated Factor Regulated by the Microenvironment. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024; 20:25-51. [PMID: 37922108 PMCID: PMC10799829 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10647-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
CD133 protein has been one of the most used surface markers to select and identify cancer cells with stem-like features. However, its expression is not restricted to tumoral cells; it is also expressed in differentiated cells and stem/progenitor cells in various normal tissues. CD133 participates in several cellular processes, in part orchestrating signal transduction of essential pathways that frequently are dysregulated in cancer, such as PI3K/Akt signaling and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. CD133 expression correlates with enhanced cell self-renewal, migration, invasion, and survival under stress conditions in cancer. Aside from the intrinsic cell mechanisms that regulate CD133 expression in each cellular type, extrinsic factors from the surrounding niche can also impact CD33 levels. The enhanced CD133 expression in cells can confer adaptive advantages by amplifying the activation of a specific signaling pathway in a context-dependent manner. In this review, we do not only describe the CD133 physiological functions known so far, but importantly, we analyze how the microenvironment changes impact the regulation of CD133 functions emphasizing its value as a marker of cell adaptability beyond a cancer-stem cell marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Patricia Moreno-Londoño
- Department of Biochemistry, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Martha Robles-Flores
- Department of Biochemistry, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Zeng Z, Fu M, Hu Y, Wei Y, Wei X, Luo M. Regulation and signaling pathways in cancer stem cells: implications for targeted therapy for cancer. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:172. [PMID: 37853437 PMCID: PMC10583419 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01877-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), initially identified in leukemia in 1994, constitute a distinct subset of tumor cells characterized by surface markers such as CD133, CD44, and ALDH. Their behavior is regulated through a complex interplay of networks, including transcriptional, post-transcriptional, epigenetic, tumor microenvironment (TME), and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) factors. Numerous signaling pathways were found to be involved in the regulatory network of CSCs. The maintenance of CSC characteristics plays a pivotal role in driving CSC-associated tumor metastasis and conferring resistance to therapy. Consequently, CSCs have emerged as promising targets in cancer treatment. To date, researchers have developed several anticancer agents tailored to specifically target CSCs, with some of these treatment strategies currently undergoing preclinical or clinical trials. In this review, we outline the origin and biological characteristics of CSCs, explore the regulatory networks governing CSCs, discuss the signaling pathways implicated in these networks, and investigate the influential factors contributing to therapy resistance in CSCs. Finally, we offer insights into preclinical and clinical agents designed to eliminate CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zeng
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Agent Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Minyang Fu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Agent Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Hu
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology Nursing, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Agent Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Agent Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Min Luo
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Agent Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P.R. China.
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Vini R, Lekshmi A, Ravindran S, Thulaseedharan JV, Sujathan K, Rajavelu A, Sreeja S. 27-Hydroxycholesterol represses G9a expression via oestrogen receptor alpha in breast cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:2744-2755. [PMID: 37614064 PMCID: PMC10494299 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
27-hydroxycholesterol (27-HC) is a cholesterol metabolite and the first discovered endogenous selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that has been shown to have proliferative and metastatic activity in breast cancer. However, whether 27-HC metabolite modulates the epigenetic signatures in breast cancer and its progression remains unclear. The current study, reports that 27-HC represses the expression of euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase G9a, further reducing di-methylation at H3K9 in a subset of genes. We also observed reduced occupancy of ERα at the G9a promoter, indicating that 27-HC negatively regulates the ERα occupancy on the G9a promoter and functions as a transcriptional repressor. Further, ChIP-sequencing for the H3K9me2 mark has demonstrated that 27-HC treatment reduces the H3K9me2 mark on subset of genes linked to cancer progression, proliferation, and metastasis. We observed upregulation of these genes following 27-HC treatment which further confirms the loss of methylation at these genes. Immunohistochemical analysis with breast cancer patient tissues indicated a positive correlation between G9a expression and CYP7B1, a key enzyme of 27-HC catabolism. Overall, this study reports that 27-HC represses G9a expression via ERα and reduces the levels of H3K9me2 on a subset of genes, including the genes that aid in breast tumorigenesis and invasion further, increasing its expression in the breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindran Vini
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB)ThiruvananthapuramIndia
- Research CentreUniversity of KeralaThiruvananthapuramIndia
| | - Asha Lekshmi
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular DiagnosticsDivision of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer CentreThiruvananthapuramIndia
| | - Swathy Ravindran
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB)ThiruvananthapuramIndia
| | - Jissa Vinoda Thulaseedharan
- Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies (AMCHSS)Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and TechnologyThiruvananthapuramIndia
| | - Kunjuraman Sujathan
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular DiagnosticsDivision of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer CentreThiruvananthapuramIndia
- Health Software Technology Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (CDAC)ThiruvananthapuramIndia
| | - Arumugam Rajavelu
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB)ThiruvananthapuramIndia
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat & Jyoti Mehta School of BiosciencesIndian Institute of Technology MadrasChennaiIndia
| | - Sreeharshan Sreeja
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB)ThiruvananthapuramIndia
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Cao Y, Liu B, Cai L, Li Y, Huang Y, Zhou Y, Sun X, Yang W, Sun T. G9a promotes immune suppression by targeting the Fbxw7/Notch pathway in glioma stem cells. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:2508-2521. [PMID: 36971192 PMCID: PMC10401078 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Immunotherapy for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is limited because of a strongly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Remodeling the immune TME is an effective strategy to eliminate GBM immunotherapy resistance. Glioma stem cells (GSCs) are inherently resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy and involved in immune evasion mechanism. This study aimed to investigate the effects of histone methyltransferases 2 (EHMT2 or G9a) on immunosuppressive TME and whether this effect was related to changes on cell stemness. METHODS Tumor-infiltrating immune cells were analyzed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry in orthotopic implanted glioma mice model. The gene expressions were measured by RT-qPCR, western blot, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry. Cell viability was detected by CCK-8, and cell apoptosis and cytotoxicity were detected by flow cytometry. The interaction of G9a and F-box and WD repeat domain containing 7 (Fbxw7) promotor was verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation. RESULTS Downregulation of G9a retarded tumor growth and extended survival in an immunocompetent glioma mouse model, promoted the filtration of IFN-γ + CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, and suppressed the filtration of PD-1+ CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and M2-like macrophages in TME. G9a inhibition decreased PD-L1 and increased MHC-I expressions by inactivating Notch pathway companying stemness decrease in GSCs. Mechanistically, G9a bound to Fbxw7, a Notch suppressor, to inhibit gene transcription through H3K9me2 of Fbxw7 promotor. CONCLUSION G9a promotes stemness characteristics through binding Fbxw7 promotor to inhibit Fbxw7 transcription in GSCs, forming an immunosuppressive TME, which provides novel treatment strategies for targeting GSCs in antitumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Cao
- Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Lize Cai
- Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yulun Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Youxin Zhou
- Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xingjian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Sun
- Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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McCornack C, Woodiwiss T, Hardi A, Yano H, Kim AH. The function of histone methylation and acetylation regulators in GBM pathophysiology. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1144184. [PMID: 37205197 PMCID: PMC10185819 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1144184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and lethal primary brain malignancy and is characterized by a high degree of intra and intertumor cellular heterogeneity, a starkly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and nearly universal recurrence. The application of various genomic approaches has allowed us to understand the core molecular signatures, transcriptional states, and DNA methylation patterns that define GBM. Histone posttranslational modifications (PTMs) have been shown to influence oncogenesis in a variety of malignancies, including other forms of glioma, yet comparatively less effort has been placed on understanding the transcriptional impact and regulation of histone PTMs in the context of GBM. In this review we discuss work that investigates the role of histone acetylating and methylating enzymes in GBM pathogenesis, as well as the effects of targeted inhibition of these enzymes. We then synthesize broader genomic and epigenomic approaches to understand the influence of histone PTMs on chromatin architecture and transcription within GBM and finally, explore the limitations of current research in this field before proposing future directions for this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin McCornack
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Timothy Woodiwiss
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa, IA, United States
| | - Angela Hardi
- Bernard Becker Medical Library, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Hiroko Yano
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- The Brain Tumor Center, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Albert H. Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- The Brain Tumor Center, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Karami Fath M, Babakhaniyan K, Anjomrooz M, Jalalifar M, Alizadeh SD, Pourghasem Z, Abbasi Oshagh P, Azargoonjahromi A, Almasi F, Manzoor HZ, Khalesi B, Pourzardosht N, Khalili S, Payandeh Z. Recent Advances in Glioma Cancer Treatment: Conventional and Epigenetic Realms. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1448. [PMID: 36146527 PMCID: PMC9501259 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most typical and aggressive form of primary brain tumor in adults, with a poor prognosis. Successful glioma treatment is hampered by ineffective medication distribution across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the emergence of drug resistance. Although a few FDA-approved multimodal treatments are available for glioblastoma, most patients still have poor prognoses. Targeting epigenetic variables, immunotherapy, gene therapy, and different vaccine- and peptide-based treatments are some innovative approaches to improve anti-glioma treatment efficacy. Following the identification of lymphatics in the central nervous system, immunotherapy offers a potential method with the potency to permeate the blood-brain barrier. This review will discuss the rationale, tactics, benefits, and drawbacks of current glioma therapy options in clinical and preclinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Karami Fath
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran 1571914911, Iran
| | - Kimiya Babakhaniyan
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1996713883, Iran
| | - Mehran Anjomrooz
- Department of Radiology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1411713135, Iran
| | | | | | - Zeinab Pourghasem
- Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University of Lahijan, Gilan 4416939515, Iran
| | - Parisa Abbasi Oshagh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Malayer University, Malayer 6571995863, Iran
| | - Ali Azargoonjahromi
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7417773539, Iran
| | - Faezeh Almasi
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 1411734115, Iran
| | - Hafza Zahira Manzoor
- Experimental and Translational Medicine, University of Insubria, Via jean Henry Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Bahman Khalesi
- Department of Research and Production of Poultry Viral Vaccine, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj 3197619751, Iran
| | - Navid Pourzardosht
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht 4193713111, Iran
| | - Saeed Khalili
- Department of Biology Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran 1678815811, Iran
| | - Zahra Payandeh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division Medical Inflammation Research, Karolinska Institute, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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Liang Y, Turcan S. Epigenetic Drugs and Their Immune Modulating Potential in Cancers. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020211. [PMID: 35203421 PMCID: PMC8868629 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic drugs are used for the clinical treatment of hematologic malignancies; however, their therapeutic potential in solid tumors is still under investigation. Current evidence suggests that epigenetic drugs may lead to antitumor immunity by increasing antigen presentation and may enhance the therapeutic effect of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Here, we highlight their impact on the tumor epigenome and discuss the recent evidence that epigenetic agents may optimize the immune microenvironment and promote antiviral response.
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Nachiyappan A, Gupta N, Taneja R. EHMT1/EHMT2 in EMT, Cancer Stemness and Drug Resistance: Emerging Evidence and Mechanisms. FEBS J 2021; 289:1329-1351. [PMID: 34954891 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis, therapy failure and tumor recurrence are major clinical challenges in cancer. The interplay between tumor initiating cells (TICs) and Epithelial-Mesenchymal transition (EMT) drives tumor progression and spread. Recent advances have highlighted the involvement of epigenetic deregulation in these processes. The Euchromatin Histone Lysine Methyltransferase 1 (EHMT1) and Euchromatin Histone Lysine Methyltransferase 2 (EHMT2) that primarily mediate histone 3 lysine 9 di-methylation (H3K9me2), as well as methylation of non-histone proteins, are now recognized to be aberrantly expressed in many cancers. Their deregulated expression is associated with EMT, cellular plasticity and therapy resistance. In this review, we summarize evidence of their myriad roles in cancer metastasis, stemness and drug resistance. We discuss cancer-type specific molecular targets, context-dependent mechanisms and future directions of research in targeting EHMT1/EHMT2 for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alamelu Nachiyappan
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117593
| | - Neelima Gupta
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117593
| | - Reshma Taneja
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117593.,Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117593
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EHMT2/G9a as an Epigenetic Target in Pediatric and Adult Brain Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011292. [PMID: 34681949 PMCID: PMC8539543 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms, including post-translational modifications of DNA and histones that influence chromatin structure, regulate gene expression during normal development and are also involved in carcinogenesis and cancer progression. The histone methyltransferase G9a (euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase 2, EHMT2), which mostly mediates mono- and dimethylation by histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9), influences gene expression involved in embryonic development and tissue differentiation. Overexpression of G9a has been observed in several cancer types, and different classes of G9a inhibitors have been developed as potential anticancer agents. Here, we review the emerging evidence suggesting the involvement of changes in G9a activity in brain tumors, namely glioblastoma (GBM), the main type of primary malignant brain cancer in adults, and medulloblastoma (MB), the most common type of malignant brain cancer in children. We also discuss the role of G9a in neuroblastoma (NB) and the drug development of G9a inhibitors.
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13
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Wu W, Klockow JL, Zhang M, Lafortune F, Chang E, Jin L, Wu Y, Daldrup-Link HE. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM): An overview of current therapies and mechanisms of resistance. Pharmacol Res 2021; 171:105780. [PMID: 34302977 PMCID: PMC8384724 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a WHO grade IV glioma and the most common malignant, primary brain tumor with a 5-year survival of 7.2%. Its highly infiltrative nature, genetic heterogeneity, and protection by the blood brain barrier (BBB) have posed great treatment challenges. The standard treatment for GBMs is surgical resection followed by chemoradiotherapy. The robust DNA repair and self-renewing capabilities of glioblastoma cells and glioma initiating cells (GICs), respectively, promote resistance against all current treatment modalities. Thus, durable GBM management will require the invention of innovative treatment strategies. In this review, we will describe biological and molecular targets for GBM therapy, the current status of pharmacologic therapy, prominent mechanisms of resistance, and new treatment approaches. To date, medical imaging is primarily used to determine the location, size and macroscopic morphology of GBM before, during, and after therapy. In the future, molecular and cellular imaging approaches will more dynamically monitor the expression of molecular targets and/or immune responses in the tumor, thereby enabling more immediate adaptation of tumor-tailored, targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jessica L Klockow
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Famyrah Lafortune
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Edwin Chang
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Linchun Jin
- Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Bayern 81675, Germany
| | - Heike E Daldrup-Link
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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14
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Zhou M, Zhang X, Liu C, Nie D, Li S, Lai P, Jin Y. Targeting protein lysine methyltransferase G9A impairs self-renewal of chronic myelogenous leukemia stem cells via upregulation of SOX6. Oncogene 2021; 40:3564-3577. [PMID: 33931742 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01799-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The application of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in clinic has revolutionized chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) treatment, but fails to eliminate leukemia stem cells (LSCs), which are considered as roots of drug resistance and disease relapse. Thus, eradication of LSCs may be a promising strategy for curing CML. In this study, we found that protein lysine methyltransferase G9A was overexpressed in CML LSCs. The upregulation of G9A by BCR-ABL was independent on its tyrosine kinase activity. Knockdown of G9A by shRNAs or pharmacological inhibition of G9A by UNC0642 significantly suppressed survival and impaired self-renewal capacity of CML LSCs. Inhibition of G9a eradicated LSCs in CML mice driven by BCR-ABL gene and dramatically prolonged survival of the mice. Ex vivo treatment with G9A inhibitor inhibited long-term engraftment of CML CD34+ cells in immunodeficient mice. Mechanically, tumor suppressor SOX6 was identified as a direct target of G9A in CML LSCs by RNA-seq analysis. Silencing Sox6 at least partially rescued G9a knockdown-mediated LSCs elimination in vivo. Our findings improve the understanding of LSC regulation network and validate G9A as a therapeutic target in CML LSCs. Targeting G9A may be considered as an additional strategy for the treatment of patients with CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Jinan University Institute of Tumor Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- Jinan University Institute of Tumor Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Jinan University Institute of Tumor Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danian Nie
- Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuyi Li
- Jinan University Institute of Tumor Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peilong Lai
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong General Hospital/Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanli Jin
- Jinan University Institute of Tumor Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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15
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Saha N, Muntean AG. Insight into the multi-faceted role of the SUV family of H3K9 methyltransferases in carcinogenesis and cancer progression. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1875:188498. [PMID: 33373647 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence implicates histone H3 lysine 9 methylation in tumorigenesis. The SUV family of H3K9 methyltransferases, which include G9a, GLP, SETDB1, SETDB2, SUV39H1 and SUV39H2 deposit H3K9me1/2/3 marks at euchromatic and heterochromatic regions, catalyzed by their conserved SET domain. In cancer, this family of enzymes can be deregulated by genomic alterations and transcriptional mis-expression leading to alteration of transcriptional programs. In solid and hematological malignancies, studies have uncovered pro-oncogenic roles for several H3K9 methyltransferases and accordingly, small molecule inhibitors are being tested as potential therapies. However, emerging evidence demonstrate onco-suppressive roles for these enzymes in cancer development as well. Here, we review the role H3K9 methyltransferases play in tumorigenesis focusing on gene targets and biological pathways affected due to misregulation of these enzymes. We also discuss molecular mechanisms regulating H3K9 methyltransferases and their influence on cancer. Finally, we describe the impact of H3K9 methylation on therapy induced resistance in carcinoma. Converging evidence point to multi-faceted roles for H3K9 methyltransferases in development and cancer that encourages a deeper understanding of these enzymes to inform novel therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmalya Saha
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States of America
| | - Andrew G Muntean
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States of America.
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16
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Jan S, Dar MI, Wani R, Sandey J, Mushtaq I, Lateef S, Syed SH. Targeting EHMT2/ G9a for cancer therapy: Progress and perspective. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 893:173827. [PMID: 33347828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase-2, also known as G9a, is a ubiquitously expressed SET domain-containing histone lysine methyltransferase linked with both facultative and constitutive heterochromatin formation and transcriptional repression. It is an essential developmental gene and reported to play role in embryonic development, establishment of proviral silencing in ES cells, tumor cell growth, metastasis, T-cell immune response, cocaine induced neural plasticity and cognition and adaptive behavior. It is mainly responsible for carrying out mono, di and tri methylation of histone H3K9 in euchromatin. G9a levels are elevated in many cancers and its selective inhibition is known to reduce the cell growth and induce autophagy, apoptosis and senescence. We carried out a thorough search of online literature databases including Pubmed, Scopus, Journal websites, Clinical trials etc to gather the maximum possible information related to the G9a. The main messages from the cited papers are presented in a systematic manner. Chemical structures were drawn by Chemdraw software. In this review, we shed light on current understanding of structure and biological activity of G9a, the molecular events directing its targeting to genomic regions and its post-translational modification. Finally, we discuss the current strategies to target G9a in different cancers and evaluate the available compounds and agents used to inhibit G9a functions. The review provides the present status and future directions of research in targeting G9a and provides the basis to persuade the development of novel strategies to target G9a -related effects in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraya Jan
- CSIR, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, 190005, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Mohd Ishaq Dar
- CSIR, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, 190005, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Rubiada Wani
- CSIR, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, 190005, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Jagjeet Sandey
- CSIR, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, 190005, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Iqra Mushtaq
- CSIR, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, 190005, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sammar Lateef
- CSIR, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, 190005, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sajad Hussain Syed
- CSIR, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, 190005, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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17
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Wang J, Lu QR. Convergent epigenetic regulation of glial plasticity in myelin repair and brain tumorigenesis: A focus on histone modifying enzymes. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 144:105040. [PMID: 32800999 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain regeneration and tumorigenesis are complex processes involving in changes in chromatin structure to regulate cellular states at the molecular and genomic level. The modulation of chromatin structure dynamics is critical for maintaining progenitor cell plasticity, growth and differentiation. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC) can be differentiated into mature oligodendrocytes, which produce myelin sheathes to permit saltatory nerve conduction. OPCs and their primitive progenitors such as pri-OPC or pre-OPC are highly adaptive and plastic during injury repair or brain tumor formation. Recent studies indicate that chromatin modifications and epigenetic homeostasis through histone modifying enzymes shape genomic regulatory landscape conducive to OPC fate specification, lineage differentiation, maintenance of myelin sheaths, as well as brain tumorigenesis. Thus, histone modifications can be convergent mechanisms in regulating OPC plasticity and malignant transformation. In this review, we will focus on the impact of histone modifying enzymes in modulating OPC plasticity during normal development, myelin regeneration and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Q Richard Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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18
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Dompe C, Janowicz K, Hutchings G, Moncrieff L, Jankowski M, Nawrocki MJ, Józkowiak M, Mozdziak P, Petitte J, Shibli JA, Dyszkiewicz-Konwińska M, Bruska M, Piotrowska-Kempisty H, Kempisty B, Nowicki M. Epigenetic Research in Stem Cell Bioengineering-Anti-Cancer Therapy, Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine in Human Clinical Trials. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1016. [PMID: 32326172 PMCID: PMC7226111 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12041016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The epigenome denotes all the information related to gene expression that is not contained in the DNA sequence but rather results from chemical changes to histones and DNA. Epigenetic modifications act in a cooperative way towards the regulation of gene expression, working at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level, and play a key role in the determination of phenotypic variations in cells containing the same genotype. Epigenetic modifications are important considerations in relation to anti-cancer therapy and regenerative/reconstructive medicine. Moreover, a range of clinical trials have been performed, exploiting the potential of epigenetics in stem cell engineering towards application in disease treatments and diagnostics. Epigenetic studies will most likely be the basis of future cancer therapies, as epigenetic modifications play major roles in tumour formation, malignancy and metastasis. In fact, a large number of currently designed or tested clinical approaches, based on compounds regulating epigenetic pathways in various types of tumours, employ these mechanisms in stem cell bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Dompe
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (C.D.); (L.M.); (M.N.)
- The School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (K.J.); (G.H.)
| | - Krzysztof Janowicz
- The School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (K.J.); (G.H.)
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (M.J.); (M.J.N.); (M.D.-K.); (M.B.)
| | - Greg Hutchings
- The School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (K.J.); (G.H.)
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (M.J.); (M.J.N.); (M.D.-K.); (M.B.)
| | - Lisa Moncrieff
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (C.D.); (L.M.); (M.N.)
- The School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (K.J.); (G.H.)
| | - Maurycy Jankowski
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (M.J.); (M.J.N.); (M.D.-K.); (M.B.)
| | - Mariusz J. Nawrocki
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (M.J.); (M.J.N.); (M.D.-K.); (M.B.)
| | - Małgorzata Józkowiak
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-631 Poznan, Poland; (M.J.); (H.P.-K.)
| | - Paul Mozdziak
- Physiology Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | - Jim Petitte
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | - Jamil A. Shibli
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Dental Research Division, University of Guarulhos, São Paulo 07023-070, Brazil;
| | - Marta Dyszkiewicz-Konwińska
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (M.J.); (M.J.N.); (M.D.-K.); (M.B.)
- Department of Biomaterials and Experimental Dentistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61 701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Bruska
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (M.J.); (M.J.N.); (M.D.-K.); (M.B.)
| | - Hanna Piotrowska-Kempisty
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-631 Poznan, Poland; (M.J.); (H.P.-K.)
| | - Bartosz Kempisty
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (C.D.); (L.M.); (M.N.)
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (M.J.); (M.J.N.); (M.D.-K.); (M.B.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital and Masaryk University, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87 100 Torun, Poland
| | - Michał Nowicki
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (C.D.); (L.M.); (M.N.)
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19
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Ciechomska IA, Jayaprakash C, Maleszewska M, Kaminska B. Histone Modifying Enzymes and Chromatin Modifiers in Glioma Pathobiology and Therapy Responses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1202:259-279. [PMID: 32034718 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-30651-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Signal transduction pathways directly communicate and transform chromatin to change the epigenetic landscape and regulate gene expression. Chromatin acts as a dynamic platform of signal integration and storage. Histone modifications and alteration of chromatin structure play the main role in chromatin-based gene expression regulation. Alterations in genes coding for histone modifying enzymes and chromatin modifiers result in malfunction of proteins that regulate chromatin modification and remodeling. Such dysregulations culminate in profound changes in chromatin structure and distorted patterns of gene expression. Gliomagenesis is a multistep process, involving both genetic and epigenetic alterations. Recent applications of next generation sequencing have revealed that many chromatin regulation-related genes, including ATRX, ARID1A, SMARCA4, SMARCA2, SMARCC2, BAF155 and hSNF5 are mutated in gliomas. In this review we summarize newly identified mechanisms affecting expression or functions of selected histone modifying enzymes and chromatin modifiers in gliomas. We focus on selected examples of pathogenic mechanisms involving ATRX, histone methyltransferase G9a, histone acetylases/deacetylases and chromatin remodeling complexes SMARCA2/4. We discuss the impact of selected epigenetics alterations on glioma pathobiology, signaling and therapeutic responses. We assess the attempts of targeting defective pathways with new inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona A Ciechomska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Chinchu Jayaprakash
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Maleszewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bozena Kaminska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
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20
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Lou H, Pan H, Huang Z, Wang Z, Wang D. Inhibition of G9a promoted 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) induced gastric cancer cell apoptosisviaROS/JNK signaling pathwayin vitroandin vivo. RSC Adv 2019; 9:14662-14669. [PMID: 35516300 PMCID: PMC9064134 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra10502b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A histone methyltransferase G9a, encoded by euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2 (EHMT2), is up-regulated in various cancers, and is involved in their poor prognosis. In the study reported here, the abnormal expression of G9a in gastric cancer it was investigated in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the expression of G9a was revealed to have a negative correlation with chemotherapy response in gastric cancer patients. Next, the effect of G9a knockdown on fluorouracil (5-FU) induced cell apoptosis in gastric cancer cells was focused on. The results demonstrated that G9a knockdown significantly activated the expression level of phospho c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK) and increased the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the gastric cancer cells. Inhibition of the ROS/JNK signaling partial reversed the effect of G9a knockdown on 5-FU treated gastric cancer cells. Down-regulation of G9a enhanced the sensitivity of 5-FU to the gastric cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, which was involved in the activation of the ROS/JNK signaling pathway. These results demonstrated that G9a could play a critical role in the sensitivity of chemotherapy for gastric cancer and might be a novel method for treating gastric cancer in the clinic. A histone methyltransferase G9a, encoded by euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2 (EHMT2), is up-regulated in various cancers, and is involved in their poor prognosis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhou Lou
- Department of Medical Oncology
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
| | - Hongming Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
| | - Zhijian Huang
- Department of Abdominal Surgery
- Fujian Cancer Hospital
- Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital
- Fuzhou
- China
| | - Zonglin Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Dimin Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences
- Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai
- China
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21
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Rowbotham SP, Li F, Dost AFM, Louie SM, Marsh BP, Pessina P, Anbarasu CR, Brainson CF, Tuminello SJ, Lieberman A, Ryeom S, Schlaeger TM, Aronow BJ, Watanabe H, Wong KK, Kim CF. H3K9 methyltransferases and demethylases control lung tumor-propagating cells and lung cancer progression. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4559. [PMID: 30455465 PMCID: PMC6242814 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulators are attractive anticancer targets, but the promise of therapeutic strategies inhibiting some of these factors has not been proven in vivo or taken into account tumor cell heterogeneity. Here we show that the histone methyltransferase G9a, reported to be a therapeutic target in many cancers, is a suppressor of aggressive lung tumor-propagating cells (TPCs). Inhibition of G9a drives lung adenocarcinoma cells towards the TPC phenotype by de-repressing genes which regulate the extracellular matrix. Depletion of G9a during tumorigenesis enriches tumors in TPCs and accelerates disease progression metastasis. Depleting histone demethylases represses G9a-regulated genes and TPC phenotypes. Demethylase inhibition impairs lung adenocarcinoma progression in vivo. Therefore, inhibition of G9a is dangerous in certain cancer contexts, and targeting the histone demethylases is a more suitable approach for lung cancer treatment. Understanding cellular context and specific tumor populations is critical when targeting epigenetic regulators in cancer for future therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Rowbotham
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Pulmonary and Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - F Li
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - A F M Dost
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Pulmonary and Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - S M Louie
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Pulmonary and Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - B P Marsh
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Pulmonary and Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - P Pessina
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Pulmonary and Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - C R Anbarasu
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Pulmonary and Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - C F Brainson
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - S J Tuminello
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - A Lieberman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - S Ryeom
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - T M Schlaeger
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Pulmonary and Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - B J Aronow
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - H Watanabe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - K K Wong
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - C F Kim
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Pulmonary and Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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22
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Ciechomska IA, Marciniak MP, Jackl J, Kaminska B. Pre-treatment or Post-treatment of Human Glioma Cells With BIX01294, the Inhibitor of Histone Methyltransferase G9a, Sensitizes Cells to Temozolomide. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1271. [PMID: 30450051 PMCID: PMC6224489 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a malignant, primary brain tumor, highly resistant to conventional therapies. Temozolomide (TMZ) is a first line therapeutic agent in GBM patients, however, survival of such patients is poor. High level of DNA repair protein, O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) and occurrence of glioma stem-like cells contribute to GBM resistance to the drug. Here, we explored a possibility of epigenetic reprograming of glioma cells to increase sensitivity to TMZ and restore apoptosis competence. We combined TMZ treatment with BIX01294, an inhibitor of histone methyltransferase G9a, known to be involved in cancerogenesis. Two treatment combinations were tested: BIX01294 was administered to human LN18 and U251 glioma cell cultures 48 h before TMZ or 48 h after TMZ treatment. Despite their different status of the MGMT gene promoter, there was no correlation with the response to TMZ. The analyses of cell viability, appearance of apoptotic alterations in morphology of cells and nuclei, and markers of apoptosis, such as levels of cleaved caspase 3, caspase 7 and PARP, revealed that both pre-treatment and post-treatment with BIX01294 sensitize glioma cells to TMZ. The additive effect was stronger in LN18 cells. Moreover, BIX01294 enhanced the cytotoxic effect of TMZ on glioma stem-like cells, although it was not associated with modulation of the pluripotency markers (NANOG, SOX2, CD133) expression or methylation of NANOG and SOX2 gene promoters. Accordingly, knockdown of methyltransferase G9a augments TMZ-induced cell death in LN18 cells. We found the significant increases of the LC3-II levels in LN18 cells treated with BIX01294 alone and with drug combination that suggests involvement of autophagy in enhancement of anti-tumor effect of TMZ. Treatment with BIX01294 did not affect methylation of the MGMT gene promoter. Altogether, our results suggest that G9a is a potential therapeutic target in malignant glioma and the treatment with the G9a inhibitor reprograms glioma cells and glioma stem-like cells to increase sensitivity to TMZ and restore apoptosis competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Anna Ciechomska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Patrycja Marciniak
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Judyta Jackl
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bozena Kaminska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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23
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Chen Z, Li W, Qiu F, Huang Q, Jiang Z, Ye J, Cheng P, Low C, Guo Y, Yi X, Chen W, Yu Y, Han Y, Wu J, Jin S, Kong D, Huang J. Aspirin cooperates with p300 to activate the acetylation of H3K9 and promote FasL-mediated apoptosis of cancer stem-like cells in colorectal cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:4447-4461. [PMID: 30214631 PMCID: PMC6134920 DOI: 10.7150/thno.24284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) have been proposed as a key driving force of tumor growth and relapse in colorectal cancer (CRC), and therefore, they are promising targets for cancer therapy. Epidemiological evidence has suggested that the daily use of aspirin reduces overall mortality of CRC and the risk of distant metastasis. We investigated the effect and mechanism of aspirin on CSCs in CRC. Methods: The ratio of CSCs was analyzed after aspirin treatment both in a cell model and patient samples. Chemically modified aspirin and immunoprecipitation were adopted to detect the target proteins of aspirin. A locus-specific light-inducible epigenetic modification system based on CRISPR technology was constructed to verify the causal relationship in these molecular events. In vivo characterization was performed in a xenograft model. Results: We found that aspirin induces apoptosis in enriched colorectal CSCs, inhibits tumor progression, and enhances the anti-neoplastic effects of chemotherapeutic agents. Furthermore, aspirin directly interacts with p300 in the nucleus, promotes H3K9 acetylation, activates FasL expression, and induces apoptosis in colorectal CSCs. Notably, these effects of aspirin are absent in non-CSCs since H3K9 is hypermethylated in non-CSCs and the effects are not induced by other NSAIDs. In addition, aspirin can suppress oxaliplatin-enriched CSCs and serve as an adjuvant therapy. Conclusions: Taken together, we revealed a unique epigenetic and cox-independent pathway (p300-AcH3K9-FasL axis) by which aspirin eliminates colorectal CSCs. These findings establish an innovative framework of the therapeutic significance of aspirin.
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24
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Pan MR, Hsu MC, Luo CW, Chen LT, Shan YS, Hung WC. The histone methyltransferase G9a as a therapeutic target to override gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:61136-61151. [PMID: 27531902 PMCID: PMC5308641 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine (GEM) resistance is a critical issue for pancreatic cancer treatment. The involvement of epigenetic modification in GEM resistance is still unclear. We established a GEM-resistant subline PANC-1-R from the parental PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells and found the elevation of various chromatin-modifying enzymes including G9a in GEM-resistant cells. Ectopic expression of G9a in PANC-1 cells increased GEM resistance while inactivation of G9a in PANC-1-R cells reduced it. Challenge of PANC-1 cells with GEM increased the expression of stemness markers including CD133, nestin and Lgr5 and promoted sphere forming activity suggesting chemotherapy enriched cancer cells with stem-like properties. Inhibition of G9a in PANC-1-R cells reduced stemness and invasiveness and sensitized the cells to GEM. We revealed interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a downstream effector of G9a to increase GEM resistance. G9a-overexpressing PANC-1-R cells exhibited autocrine IL-8/CXCR1/2 stimulation to increase GEM resistance which could be decreased by anti-IL-8 antibody and G9a inhibitor. IL-8 released by cancer cells also activated pancreatic stellate cell (PSC) to increase GEM resistance. In orthotopic animal model, GEM could not suppress tumor growth of PANC-1-R cells and eventually promoted tumor metastasis. Combination with G9a inhibitor and GEM reduced tumor growth, metastasis, IL-8 expression and PSC activation in animals. Finally, we showed that overexpression of G9a correlated with poor survival and early recurrence in pancreatic cancer patients. Collectively, our results suggest G9a is a therapeutic target to override GEM resistance in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ren Pan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.,Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chuan Hsu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wen Luo
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Li-Tzong Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 704, Taiwan.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Shen Shan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chun Hung
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 704, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
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25
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Li G, Wang D, Ma W, An K, Liu Z, Wang X, Yang C, Du F, Han X, Chang S, Yu H, Zhang Z, Zhao Z, Zhang Y, Wang J, Sun Y. Transcriptomic and epigenetic analysis of breast cancer stem cells. Epigenomics 2018; 10:765-783. [PMID: 29480027 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2018-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Cancer stem cells (CSCs) drive triple-negative breast cancer recurrence via their properties of self-renewal, invasiveness and radio/chemotherapy resistance. This study examined how CSCs might sustain these properties. MATERIALS & METHODS Transcriptomes, DNA methylomes and histone modifications were compared between CSCs and non CSCs. RESULTS Transcriptome analysis revealed several pathways that were activated in CSCs, whereas cell cycle regulation pathways were inhibited. Cell development and signaling genes were differentially methylated, with histone methylation analysis suggesting distinct H3K4me2 and H3K27me3 enrichment profiles. An integrated analysis revealed several tumor suppressor genes downregulated in CSCs. CONCLUSION Differential activation of various signaling pathways and genes contributes to the tumor-promoting properties of CSCs. Therapeutic targets identified in the analysis may contribute to improving treatment options for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guochao Li
- Key Laboratory of Genomic & Precision Medicine, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genomic & Precision Medicine, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Wencui Ma
- Heze Third People's Hospital, Shandong 274031, PR China
| | - Ke An
- Key Laboratory of Genomic & Precision Medicine, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Zongzhi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Genomic & Precision Medicine, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science & Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, PR China
| | - Caiyun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Genomic & Precision Medicine, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Fengxia Du
- Key Laboratory of Genomic & Precision Medicine, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Genomic & Precision Medicine, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Shuang Chang
- Key Laboratory of Genomic & Precision Medicine, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Hui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Genomic & Precision Medicine, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Zilong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Genomic & Precision Medicine, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Zitong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Genomic & Precision Medicine, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science & Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, PR China
| | - Junyun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genomic & Precision Medicine, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yingli Sun
- Key Laboratory of Genomic & Precision Medicine, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
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26
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Wojtala M, Macierzyńska-Piotrowska E, Rybaczek D, Pirola L, Balcerczyk A. Pharmacological and transcriptional inhibition of the G9a histone methyltransferase suppresses proliferation and modulates redox homeostasis in human microvascular endothelial cells. Pharmacol Res 2018; 128:252-263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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27
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Li Q, Jia N, Tao X, Hua K, Feng W. The expression and significance of histone lysine methylation in endometrial cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:6210-6216. [PMID: 29113269 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone modifications of lysine residues have been implicated as having diagnostic and/or prognostic significance in numerous types of cancer. In the present study, the significance of the histone H3 methylation of lysine 4 (H3K4) and lysine 27 (H3K27) were investigated in endometrial cancer. Specifically, immunohistochemical analysis was used to detect the cellular expression levels of H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), H3K4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and H3K4 dimethylation (H3K4me2) in glandular epithelial tissues and stromal tissues. The association between the methylation levels of histone markers and clinicopathological parameters were analyzed. The results demonstrated that in epithelial cells, H3K4me2 and H3K4me3 exhibited the highest levels in endometrial cancer, followed by precancerous lesions and a normal endometrium. Low expression levels of H3K4me2 in glandular epithelium of endometrial cancer were significantly associated with a clinical early International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage (P=0.006). For stromal tissues, the expression level of H3K27me3 in Type 1 endometrial cancer was significantly lower compared with that in the normal endometrium (P=0.043) and precancerous lesions (P<0.001). The expression level of H3K4me2 was significantly lower in the stroma of Type 1 and 2 cancer compared within the normal endometrium (P=0.005). A low H3K4me3 expression level in the stroma of endometrial cancer tissues was associated with P53-negativity (P=0.032). In conclusion, the cellular expression levels of histone H3 methylation were differentially presented in glandular epithelial and stromal elements in endometrial tissues. A low expression level of activation marker H3K4me2 in glandular epithelium defined a subset of patients with early-stage endometrial adenocarcinoma and may have potential prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Nan Jia
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Tao
- Department of Pathology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Keqin Hua
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Disease, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Feng
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Disease, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
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28
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Hosseini A, Minucci S. A comprehensive review of lysine-specific demethylase 1 and its roles in cancer. Epigenomics 2017; 9:1123-1142. [PMID: 28699367 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2017-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone methylation plays a key role in the regulation of chromatin structure, and its dynamics regulates important cellular processes. The investigation of the role of alterations in histone methylation in cancer has led to the identification of histone methyltransferases and demethylases as promising novel targets for therapy. Lysine-specific demethylase 1(LSD1, also known as KDM1A) is the first discovered histone lysine demethylase, with the ability to demethylase H3K4me1/2 and H3K9me1/2 at target loci in a context-dependent manner. LSD1 regulates the balance between self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells, and is highly expressed in various cancers, playing an important role in differentiation and self-renewal of tumor cells. In this review, we summarize recent studies about the LSD1, its role in normal and tumor cells, and the potential use of small molecule LSD1 inhibitors in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hosseini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Saverio Minucci
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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29
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Morishita M, Mevius DEHF, Shen Y, Zhao S, di Luccio E. BIX-01294 inhibits oncoproteins NSD1, NSD2 and NSD3. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-1909-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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30
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Wainwright EN, Scaffidi P. Epigenetics and Cancer Stem Cells: Unleashing, Hijacking, and Restricting Cellular Plasticity. Trends Cancer 2017; 3:372-386. [PMID: 28718414 PMCID: PMC5506260 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms have emerged as key players in cancer development which affect cellular states at multiple stages of the disease. During carcinogenesis, alterations in chromatin and DNA methylation resulting from genetic lesions unleash cellular plasticity and favor oncogenic cellular reprogramming. At later stages, during cancer growth and progression, additional epigenetic changes triggered by interaction with the microenvironment modulate cancer cell phenotypes and properties, and shape tumor architecture. We review here recent advances highlighting the interplay between epigenetics, genetics, and cell-to-cell signaling in cancer, with particular emphasis on mechanisms relevant for cancer stem cell formation (CSC) and function. Epigenetic regulators are one of the most commonly mutated classes of genes in cancer. During cancer initiation, mutated epigenetic regulators lead to oncogenic cellular reprogramming and promote the acquisition of uncontrolled self-renewal. The emergence of CSCs requires elaborate reorganization of the epigenome. During cancer growth, epigenetic mechanisms integrate the effect of cell-intrinsic (i.e., subclonal mutations) and cell-extrinsic (i.e., signaling from the microenvironment) changes and establish intratumoral heterogeneity, either promoting or inhibiting the CSC state. ‘Loose’ epigenetic constraints in cancer cells enhance cellular plasticity and allow reversible transitions between different phenotypic states. Enhanced cellular plasticity favors cancer cell adaptability and resistance to therapy. Modulation of epigenetic processes allows targeting of the most downstream determinants of the CSC state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elanor N Wainwright
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Paola Scaffidi
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK.
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31
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Ornithine decarboxylase regulates M1 macrophage activation and mucosal inflammation via histone modifications. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E751-E760. [PMID: 28096401 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614958114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage activation is a critical step in host responses during bacterial infections. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine metabolism, has been well studied in epithelial cells and is known to have essential roles in many different cellular functions. However, its role in regulating macrophage function during bacterial infections is not well characterized. We demonstrate that macrophage-derived ODC is a critical regulator of M1 macrophage activation during both Helicobacter pylori and Citrobacter rodentium infection. Myeloid-specific Odc deletion significantly increased gastric and colonic inflammation, respectively, and enhanced M1 activation. Add-back of putrescine, the product of ODC, reversed the increased macrophage activation, indicating that ODC and putrescine are regulators of macrophage function. Odc-deficient macrophages had increased histone 3, lysine 4 (H3K4) monomethylation, and H3K9 acetylation, accompanied by decreased H3K9 di/trimethylation both in vivo and ex vivo in primary macrophages. These alterations in chromatin structure directly resulted in up-regulated gene transcription, especially M1 gene expression. Thus, ODC in macrophages tempers antimicrobial, M1 macrophage responses during bacterial infections through histone modifications and altered euchromatin formation, leading to the persistence and pathogenesis of these organisms.
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33
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BIX01294, an inhibitor of histone methyltransferase, induces autophagy-dependent differentiation of glioma stem-like cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38723. [PMID: 27934912 PMCID: PMC5146656 DOI: 10.1038/srep38723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) contains rare glioma stem-like cells (GSCs) with capacities of self-renewal, multi-lineage differentiation, and resistance to conventional therapy. Drug-induced differentiation of GSCs is recognized as a promising approach of anti-glioma therapy. Accumulating evidence suggests that unique properties of stem cells depend on autophagy. Here we demonstrate that BIX01294, an inhibitor of a G9a histone methyltransferase (introducing H3K9me2 and H3K27me3 repressive marks) triggers autophagy in human glioma cells. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of autophagy decreased LC3-II accumulation and GFP-LC3 punctation in BIX01294-treated cells. GSCs-enriched spheres originating from glioma cells and GBM patient-derived cultures express lower levels of autophagy related (ATG) genes than the parental glioma cell cultures. Typical differentiation inducers that upregulate neuronal and astrocytic markers in sphere cultures, increase the level of ATG mRNAs. G9a binds to the promoters of autophagy (LC3B, WIPI1) and differentiation-related (GFAP, TUBB3) genes in GSCs. Higher H3K4me3 (an activation mark) and lower H3K9me2 (the repressive mark) levels at the promoters of studied genes were detected in serum-differentiated cells than in sphere cultures. BIX01294 treatment upregulates the expression of autophagy and differentiation-related genes in GSCs. Pharmacological inhibition of autophagy decreases GFAP and TUBB3 expression in BIX01294-treated GSCs suggesting that BIX01294-induced differentiation of GSCs is autophagy-dependent.
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34
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G9a/RelB regulates self-renewal and function of colon-cancer-initiating cells by silencing Let-7b and activating the K-RAS/β-catenin pathway. Nat Cell Biol 2016; 18:993-1005. [PMID: 27525719 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic reprogramming has been associated with the functional plasticity of cancer-initiating cells (CICs); however, the regulatory pathway has yet to be elucidated. A siRNA screen targeting known epigenetic genes revealed that G9a profoundly impairs the chemo-resistance, self-renewal and metastasis of CICs obtained from patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Patients with elevated G9a were shown to face a high risk of relapse and poor survival rates. From a mechanistic perspective, G9a binds with and stabilizes RelB, thereby recruiting DNA methyltransferase 3 on the Let-7b promoter and repressing its expression. This leads to the activation of the K-RAS/β-catenin pathway and regulates self-renewal and function of CICs. These findings indicate that the G9a/RelB/Let-7b axis acts as a critical regulator in the maintenance of CIC phenotypes and is strongly associated with negative clinical outcomes. Thus, these findings may have diagnostic as well as therapeutic implications for the treatment of chemotherapy-resistant or metastatic CRC.
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35
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Li J, Zhu S, Ke XX, Cui H. Role of several histone lysine methyltransferases in tumor development. Biomed Rep 2016; 4:293-299. [PMID: 26998265 PMCID: PMC4774316 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of cancer epigenetics has been evolving rapidly in recent decades. Epigenetic mechanisms include DNA methylation, histone modifications and microRNAs. Histone modifications are important markers of function and chromatin state. Aberrant histone methylation frequently occurs in tumor development and progression. Multiple studies have identified that histone lysine methyltransferases regulate gene transcription through the methylation of histone, which affects cell proliferation and differentiation, cell migration and invasion, and other biological characteristics. Histones have variant lysine sites for different levels of methylation, catalyzed by different lysine methyltransferases, which have numerous effects on human cancers. The present review focused on the most recent advances, described the key function sites of histone lysine methyltransferases, integrated significant quantities of data to introduce several compelling histone lysine methyltransferases in various types of human cancers, summarized their role in tumor development and discussed their potential mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifu Li
- Cell Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, P.R. China
| | - Shunqin Zhu
- School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Xue Ke
- Cell Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, P.R. China
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- Cell Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, P.R. China
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36
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Chernyavskaya Y, Kent B, Sadler KC. Zebrafish Discoveries in Cancer Epigenetics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 916:169-97. [PMID: 27165354 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-30654-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cancer epigenome is fundamentally different than that of normal cells. How these differences arise in and contribute to carcinogenesis is not known, and studies using model organisms such as zebrafish provide an opportunity to address these important questions. Modifications of histones and DNA comprise the complex epigenome, and these influence chromatin structure, genome stability and gene expression, all of which are fundamental to the cellular changes that cause cancer. The cancer genome atlas covers the wide spectrum of genetic changes associated with nearly every cancer type, however, this catalog is currently uni-dimensional. As the pattern of epigenetic marks and chromatin structure in cancer cells is described and overlaid on the mutational landscape, the map of the cancer genome becomes multi-dimensional and highly complex. Two major questions remain in the field: (1) how the epigenome becomes repatterned in cancer and (2) which of these changes are cancer-causing. Zebrafish provide a tractable in vivo system to monitor the epigenome during transformation and to identify epigenetic drivers of cancer. In this chapter, we review principles of cancer epigenetics and discuss recent work using zebrafish whereby epigenetic modifiers were established as cancer driver genes, thus providing novel insights into the mechanisms of epigenetic reprogramming in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelena Chernyavskaya
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1020, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1020, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Brandon Kent
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1020, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1020, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- School of Biomedical Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1020, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Kirsten C Sadler
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1020, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1020, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- School of Biomedical Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1020, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Campus, 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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37
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Maleszewska M, Kaminska B. Deregulation of histone-modifying enzymes and chromatin structure modifiers contributes to glioma development. Future Oncol 2015; 11:2587-601. [PMID: 26289459 DOI: 10.2217/fon.15.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The epigenetic landscape is deregulated in cancer due to aberrant activation or inactivation of enzymes maintaining and modifying the epigenome. Histone modifications and global aberrations at the histone level may result in distorted patterns of gene expression, and malfunction of proteins that regulate chromatin modification and remodeling. Recent whole genome studies demonstrated that histones and chaperone proteins harbor mutations that may result in gross alterations of the epigenome leading to genome instability. Glioma development is a multistep process, involving genetic and epigenetic alterations. This review summarizes newly identified mechanisms affecting expression/functions of histone-modifying enzymes and chromatin modifiers in gliomas. We discuss recent approaches to overcome epigenetic alterations with histone-modifying enzyme inhibitors and their prospects for glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Maleszewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bozena Kaminska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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38
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Alexanian AR, Huang YW. Specific combinations of the chromatin-modifying enzyme modulators significantly attenuate glioblastoma cell proliferation and viability while exerting minimal effect on normal adult stem cells growth. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:9067-72. [PMID: 26084611 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3654-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The discoveries of recent decade showed that all critical changes in cancer cells, such as silencing of tumor-suppressor genes and activation of oncogenes, are caused not only by genetic but also by epigenetic mechanisms. Although epigenetic changes are somatically heritable, in contrast to genetic changes, they are potentially reversible, making them good targets for therapeutic intervention. Covalent modifications of chromatin such as methylation and acetylation of histones and methylation of DNA are the important components of epigenetic machinery. In this study, we investigated the effect of different modulators of DNA and histone covalent-modifying enzymes on the proliferation and viability of normal adult stem cells, such as human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), and on malignant tumor cells, such as glioblastoma (GB) D54 cells. Results demonstrated that specific combinations of histone methyltransferases and deacetylases inhibitors significantly attenuated D54 cells viability but having only a small effect on hMSCs growth. Taken together, these studies suggest that specific combinations of histone covalent modifiers could be an effective treatment option for the most aggressive type of primary brain tumors such as glioblastoma multiforme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshak R Alexanian
- Cell Reprogramming & Therapeutics LLC, W229 N1870 Westwood Drive, Waukesha, WI, 53186, USA.
| | - Yi-Wen Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 West Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, WI, 53226-3522, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 West Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, WI, 53226-3522, USA.
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39
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Liu X, Lei Q, Yu Z, Xu G, Tang H, Wang W, Wang Z, Li G, Wu M. MiR-101 reverses the hypomethylation of the LMO3 promoter in glioma cells. Oncotarget 2015; 6:7930-43. [PMID: 25829251 PMCID: PMC4480726 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
LIM-only protein 3 (LMO3), a member of the LIM-only protein group, is a new DNA methylation gene that was identified in gliomas via the MeDIP-Chip in our previous study. In this study, we found that LIM-only protein 3 (LMO3) is hypomethylated and overexpressed in glioma cells and tissues. The overexpression of LMO3 was correlated with a poor prognosis in glioma patients, and LMO3 was indirectly inhibited by the tumor suppressor miR-101, which is a potential prognosis marker of gliomas. MiR-101 decreased the expression of LMO3 by reversing the methylation status of the LMO3 promoter and by inhibiting the presence of the methylation-related histones H3K4me2 and H3K27me3 and increasing the presence of H3K9me3 and H4K20me3 on the promoter. It was determined that miR-101 decreases the occupancy of H3K27me3 by inhibiting EZH2, DNMT3A and EED and decreases the H3K9me3 occupancy on the LMO3 promoter via SUV39H1, SUV39H2, G9a and PHF8. Furthermore, miR-101 suppresses the expression of LMO3 by decreasing USF and MZF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Liu
- 1 Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China,2 Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Qianqian Lei
- 1 Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Zhibin Yu
- 1 Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Gang Xu
- 1 Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China,4 Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Hailin Tang
- 2 Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Wang
- 1 Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Zeyou Wang
- 1 Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- 1 Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China,3 School of Basic Medical Science, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Health, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Minghua Wu
- 1 Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China,3 School of Basic Medical Science, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Health, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China
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40
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Srimongkolpithak N, Sundriyal S, Li F, Vedadi M, Fuchter MJ. Identification of 2,4-diamino-6,7-dimethoxyquinoline derivatives as G9a inhibitors†Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/c4md00274a. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014; 5:1821-1828. [PMID: 25750706 PMCID: PMC4349132 DOI: 10.1039/c4md00274a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
With the aim of discovering novel G9a inhibitory chemotypes, we have identified a new quinoline inhibitor scaffold and better defined the pharmacophoric features of the central heterocycle.
G9a is a histone lysine methyltransferase (HKMT) involved in epigenetic regulation via the installation of histone methylation marks. 6,7-Dimethoxyquinazoline analogues, such as BIX-01294, are established as potent, substrate competitive inhibitors of G9a. With an objective to identify novel chemotypes for substrate competitive inhibitors of G9a, we have designed and synthesised a range of heterocyclic scaffolds, and investigated their ability to inhibit G9a. These studies have led to improved understanding of the key pharmacophoric features of BIX-01294 and the identification of a new core quinoline inhibitory scaffold, which retains excellent potency and high selectivity. Molecular docking was carried out to explain the observed in vitro data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitipol Srimongkolpithak
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , UK . m. ; ; Tel: +44 (0)2075945815 ; Institute of Chemical Biology , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , UK
| | - Sandeep Sundriyal
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , UK . m. ; ; Tel: +44 (0)2075945815
| | - Fengling Li
- Structural Genomics Consortium , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5G 1L7 , Canada
| | - Masoud Vedadi
- Structural Genomics Consortium , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5G 1L7 , Canada
| | - Matthew J Fuchter
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , UK . m. ; ; Tel: +44 (0)2075945815
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