1
|
Yu X. Promising Therapeutic Treatments for Cardiac Fibrosis: Herbal Plants and Their Extracts. Cardiol Ther 2023; 12:415-443. [PMID: 37247171 PMCID: PMC10423196 DOI: 10.1007/s40119-023-00319-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is closely associated with multiple heart diseases, which are a prominent health issue in the global world. Neurohormones and cytokines play indispensable roles in cardiac fibrosis. Many signaling pathways participate in cardiac fibrosis as well. Cardiac fibrosis is due to impaired degradation of collagen and impaired fibroblast activation, and collagen accumulation results in increasing heart stiffness and inharmonious activity, leading to structure alterations and finally cardiac function decline. Herbal plants have been applied in traditional medicines for thousands of years. Because of their naturality, they have attracted much attention for use in resisting cardiac fibrosis in recent years. This review sheds light on several extracts from herbal plants, which are promising therapeutics for reversing cardiac fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sato H, Hara T, Meng S, Tsuji Y, Arao Y, Saito Y, Sasaki K, Kobayashi S, Doki Y, Eguchi H, Ishii H. Multifaced roles of desmoplastic reaction and fibrosis in pancreatic cancer progression: Current understanding and future directions. Cancer Sci 2023; 114:3487-3495. [PMID: 37480223 PMCID: PMC10475783 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Desmoplastic reaction is a fibrosis reaction that is characterized by a large amount of dense extracellular matrix (ECM) and dense fibrous stroma. Fibrotic stroma around the tumor has several different components, including myofibroblasts, collagen, and other ECM molecules. This stromal reaction is a natural response to the tissue injury process, and fibrosis formation is a key factor in pancreatic cancer development. The fibrotic stroma of pancreatic cancer is associated with tumor progression, metastasis, and poor prognosis. Reportedly, multiple processes are involved in fibrosis, which is largely associated with the upregulation of various cytokines, chemokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and other growth factors that promote tumor growth and metastasis. Fibrosis is also associated with immunosuppressive cell recruitment, such as regulatory T cells (Tregs) with suppressing function to antitumor immunity. Further, dense fibrosis restricts the flow of nutrients and oxygen to the tumor cells, which can contribute to drug resistance. Furthermore, the dense collagen matrix can act as a physical barrier to block the entry of drugs into the tumor, thereby further contributing to drug resistance. Thus, understanding the mechanism of desmoplastic reaction and fibrosis in pancreatic cancer will open an avenue to innovative medicine and improve the prognosis of patients suffering from this disease.
Collapse
Grants
- 17cm0106414h0002 Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- JP21lm0203007 Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- 18KK0251 Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- 19K2265 Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- 20H00541 Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- 21K19526 Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- 22H03146 Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- 22K19559 Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- 16H06279 Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- Mitsubishi Foundation
- Mitsubishi Foundation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Sato
- Department of Medical Data ScienceCenter of Medical Innovation and Translational ResearchOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Tomoaki Hara
- Department of Medical Data ScienceCenter of Medical Innovation and Translational ResearchOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Sikun Meng
- Department of Medical Data ScienceCenter of Medical Innovation and Translational ResearchOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Yoshiko Tsuji
- Department of Medical Data ScienceCenter of Medical Innovation and Translational ResearchOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Yasuko Arao
- Department of Medical Data ScienceCenter of Medical Innovation and Translational ResearchOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Yoshiko Saito
- Department of Medical Data ScienceCenter of Medical Innovation and Translational ResearchOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Kazuki Sasaki
- Department of Medical Data ScienceCenter of Medical Innovation and Translational ResearchOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Shogo Kobayashi
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Hideshi Ishii
- Department of Medical Data ScienceCenter of Medical Innovation and Translational ResearchOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bertaud A, Joshkon A, Heim X, Bachelier R, Bardin N, Leroyer AS, Blot-Chabaud M. Signaling Pathways and Potential Therapeutic Strategies in Cardiac Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021756. [PMID: 36675283 PMCID: PMC9866199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis constitutes irreversible necrosis of the heart muscle as a consequence of different acute (myocardial infarction) or chronic (diabetes, hypertension, …) diseases but also due to genetic alterations or aging. Currently, there is no curative treatment that is able to prevent or attenuate this phenomenon that leads to progressive cardiac dysfunction and life-threatening outcomes. This review summarizes the different targets identified and the new strategies proposed to fight cardiac fibrosis. Future directions, including the use of exosomes or nanoparticles, will also be discussed.
Collapse
|
4
|
Huang M, Yang F, Zhang D, Lin M, Duan H, El-Mayta R, Zhang L, Qin L, Shewale SV, Pei L, Mitchell MJ, Rader DJ, Fan Y, Gong Y. Endothelial plasticity drives aberrant vascularization and impedes cardiac repair after myocardial infarction. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2022; 1:372-388. [PMID: 35571674 PMCID: PMC9104847 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-022-00047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of death worldwide, largely because efficient interventions to restore cardiac function after MI are currently lacking. Here, we characterize vascular aberrancies induced by MI, and propose to target acquired endothelial cell (EC) changes to normalize vessels and promote cardiac repair after MI. Single-cell transcriptome analyses of MI-associated ECs indicates that ECs acquire mesenchymal gene signature that result in phenotypic and functional changes and lead to vessel abnormalities. We identify a PDGF/NF-κB/HIF-1α axis that induces Snail expression and mesenchymal phenotypes in ECs under hypoxia, altogether causing aberrant vascularization. EC-specific knockout of PDGFR-β, pharmacological PDGFR inhibition or nanoparticle-based targeted PDGFR-β siRNA delivery in mice attenuates vascular abnormalities in the infarcted tissue and improves cardiac repair after MI. These findings illustrate a mechanism controlling aberrant neovascularization after ischemia, and suggest that targeting PDGF/Snail-mediated endothelial plasticity may offer opportunities for normalizing vasculature and treating ischemic heart diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Menggui Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of -Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19104
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of -Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19104
| | - Duo Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of -Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19104
| | - Maohuan Lin
- Division of Human Genetics and Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19104
| | - Hao Duan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of -Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19104
| | - Rakan El-Mayta
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19104
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19104
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19104
| | - Swapnil V. Shewale
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19104
| | - Liming Pei
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19104
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19104
| | - Michael J. Mitchell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19104
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19104
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19104
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19104
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19104
| | - Daniel J. Rader
- Division of Human Genetics and Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19104
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19104
| | - Yi Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of -Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19104
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19104
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19104
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19104
| | - Yanqing Gong
- Division of Human Genetics and Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19104
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19104
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Why SNP rs3755955 is associated with human bone mineral density? A molecular and cellular study in bone cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 477:455-468. [PMID: 34783964 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04292-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
SNP rs3755955 (major/minor allele: G/A) located in Iduronidase-Alpha-L- (IDUA) gene was reported to be significant for human bone mineral density (BMD). This follow-up study was to uncover the underlying association mechanism through molecular and cellular functional assays relevant to bone. We tested the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) rs3755955 (defined allele G as wild-type and allele A as variant-type) on osteoblastic and osteoclastic functions, as well as protein phosphorylation in stably transfected human fetal osteoblast (hFOB) cell and mononuclear-macrophage (RAW264.7) cell. In hFOB cells, transfection with variant-type IDUA significantly decreased osteoblastic gene expression (OPN, COL1A1 and RANKL) (p < 0.01), impeded cell proliferation (p < 0.05), stimulated cell apoptosis (p < 0.001) and decreased ALP enzyme activity, as compared with that of wild-type IDUA transfection. In RAW264.7 cells, transfection with variant-type IDUA significantly inhibited cell apoptosis (p < 0.01), promoted osteoclastic precursor cell migration (p < 0.0001), growth (p < 0.01), osteoclastic gene expression (TRAP, RANK, Inte-αv and Cath-K) (p < 0.05) and TRAP enzyme activity (p < 0.001), as compared with that of wild-type IDUA transfection. In both hFOB and RAW264.7 cells, the total protein and IDUA protein-specific phosphorylation levels were significantly reduced by variant IDUA transfection, as compared with that of wild-type IDUA transfection (p < 0.05). Variant allele A of phosSNP rs3755955 in IDUA gene regulates protein phosphorylation, inhibits osteoblast function and promotes osteoclastic activity. The SNP rs3755955 could alter IDUA protein phosphorylation, significantly regulates human osteoblastic and osteoclastic gene expression, and influences the growth, differentiation and activity of osteoblast and osteoclast, hence to affect BMD.
Collapse
|
6
|
Exercise Training Alleviates Cardiac Fibrosis through Increasing Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 and Regulating TGF-β1-Smad2/3-MMP2/9 Signaling in Mice with Myocardial Infarction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212341. [PMID: 34830222 PMCID: PMC8623999 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training has been reported to alleviate cardiac fibrosis and ameliorate heart dysfunction after myocardial infarction (MI), but the molecular mechanism is still not fully clarified. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) exerts a protective effect on the infarcted heart. This study investigates whether exercise training could increase FGF21 protein expression and regulate the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-Smad2/3-MMP2/9 signaling pathway to alleviate cardiac fibrosis following MI. Male wild type (WT) C57BL/6J mice and Fgf21 knockout (Fgf21 KO) mice were used to establish the MI model and subjected to five weeks of different types of exercise training. Both aerobic exercise training (AET) and resistance exercise training (RET) significantly alleviated cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis, up-regulated FGF21 protein expression, inhibited the activation of TGF-β1-Smad2/3-MMP2/9 signaling pathway and collagen production, and meanwhile, enhanced antioxidant capacity and reduced cell apoptosis in the infarcted heart. In contrast, knockout of Fgf21 weakened the cardioprotective effects of AET after MI. In vitro, cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) were isolated from neonatal mice hearts and treated with H2O2 (100 μM, 6 h). Recombinant human FGF21 (rhFGF21, 100 ng/mL, 15 h) and/or 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR, 1 mM, 15 h) inhibited H2O2-induced activation of the TGF-β1-Smad2/3-MMP2/9 signaling pathway, promoted CFs apoptosis and reduced collagen production. In conclusion, exercise training increases FGF21 protein expression, inactivates the TGF-β1-Smad2/3-MMP2/9 signaling pathway, alleviates cardiac fibrosis, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis, and finally improves cardiac function in mice with MI. FGF21 plays an important role in the anti-fibrosis effect of exercise training.
Collapse
|
7
|
Frangogiannis NG. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) therapy in myocardial infarction: Challenges and opportunities. Int J Cardiol 2021; 341:74-75. [PMID: 34418517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2021.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Exogenous extracellular matrix proteins decrease cardiac fibroblast activation in stiffening microenvironment through CAPG. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 159:105-119. [PMID: 34118218 PMCID: PMC10066715 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Controlling fibrosis is an essential part of regenerating the post-ischemic heart. In the post-ischemic heart, fibroblasts differentiate to myofibroblasts that produce collagen-rich matrix to physically stabilize the infarct area. Infarct models in adult mice result in permanent scarring unlike newborn animals which fully regenerate. Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) hydrogels derived from early-aged hearts have been shown to be a transplantable therapy that preserves heart function and stimulates cardiomyocyte proliferation and vascularization. In this study, we investigate the anti-fibrotic effects of injectable dECM hydrogels in a cardiac explant model in the context of age-associated tissue compliance. Treatments with adult and fetal dECM hydrogels were tested for molecular effects on cardiac fibroblast activation and fibrosis. Altered sensitivity of fibroblasts to the mechanosignaling of the remodeling microenvironment was evaluated by manipulating the native extracellular matrix in explants and also with elastomeric substrates in the presence of dECM hydrogels. The injectable fetal dECM hydrogel treatment decreases fibroblast activation and contractility and lowers the stiffness-mediated increases in fibroblast activation observed in stiffened explants. The anti-fibrotic effect of dECM hydrogel is most observable at highest stiffness. Experiments with primary cells on elastomeric substrates with dECM treatment support this phenomenon. Transcriptome analysis indicated that dECM hydrogels affect cytoskeleton related signaling including Macrophage capping protein (CAPG) and Leupaxin (LPXN). CAPG was down-regulated by the fetal dECM hydrogel. LPXN expression was decreased by stiffening the explants; however, this effect was reversed by dECM hydrogel treatment. Pharmacological disruption of cytoskeleton polymerization lowered fibroblast activation and CAPG levels. Knocking down CAPG expression with siRNA inhibited fibroblast activation and collagen deposition. Collectively, fibroblast activation is dependent on cooperative action of extracellular molecular signals and mechanosignaling by cytoskeletal integrity.
Collapse
|
9
|
Mansour HH, El Kiki SM, Ibrahim AB, Omran MM. Effect of l-carnitine on cardiotoxicity and apoptosis induced by imatinib through PDGF/ PPARγ /MAPK pathways. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 704:108866. [PMID: 33844974 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A tyrosine kinase inhibitor Imatinib (IM) is used in the treatment of different varieties of cancers. The current study was designed to explore the beneficial role of l-carnitine against IM-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Male albino rats received IM (40 mg/kg, i.p.) either alone or/in combination with l-carnitine (100 mg/kg, i.p.) for 7 days. IM increased serum inflammatory cytokines, concomitant with activation of cardiac MAPK, α-SMA, malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide(NO), decreased cardiac peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and glutathione (GSH) content. The expression levels of Bcl-2 and PDGF were significantly decreased, while the expression levels of CTGF and BAX were significantly increased in the IM group. The l-carnitine treatment successfully protected the heart as indicated by the improvement of the biochemical and histopathological parameters. l-carnitine didn't affect the serum concentration of IM and increased intracellular concentration in the combination-treated group as measured by the mass spectrometer. Conclusion: l-carnitine abrogated IM-induced cardiac damage and apoptosis via PDGF/PPARγ/MAPK pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heba H Mansour
- Health Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Shereen M El Kiki
- Health Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Amel B Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Zawia University, Zawiya, Libya.
| | - Mervat M Omran
- Pharmacology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ameri P, Tini G, Spallarossa P, Mercurio V, Tocchetti CG, Porto I. Cardiovascular safety of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor nintedanib. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 87:3690-3698. [PMID: 33620103 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular tyrosine kinase inhibitor nintedanib has shown great efficacy for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and other interstitial lung diseases. However, the incidence rate of myocardial infarction (MI) among participants in landmark IPF trials was remarkable, peaking at 3/100 patient-years. Although subjects with IPF often have a high cardiovascular (CV) risk profile, the occurrence of MI in nintedanib-treated patients may not be fully explained by clustering of CV risk factors. Nintedanib inhibits the vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor and fibroblast growth factor pathways, which play important roles in the biology of the atherosclerotic plaque and in the response of the heart to ischaemia. Hence, unwanted CV effects may partly account for nintedanib-related MI. We review the evidence supporting this hypothesis and discuss possible actions for a safe implementation of nintedanib in clinical practice, building on the experience with tyrosine kinase inhibitors acquired in cardio-oncology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Ameri
- Cardiovascular Disease Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino - IRCCS Italian Cardiology Network, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giacomo Tini
- Cardiovascular Disease Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino - IRCCS Italian Cardiology Network, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Spallarossa
- Cardiovascular Disease Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino - IRCCS Italian Cardiology Network, Genoa, Italy
| | - Valentina Mercurio
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Gabriele Tocchetti
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Interdepartmental Center of Clinical and Translational Sciences (CIRCET), Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Italo Porto
- Cardiovascular Disease Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino - IRCCS Italian Cardiology Network, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Myocardial fibrosis, the expansion of the cardiac interstitium through deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, is a common pathophysiologic companion of many different myocardial conditions. Fibrosis may reflect activation of reparative or maladaptive processes. Activated fibroblasts and myofibroblasts are the central cellular effectors in cardiac fibrosis, serving as the main source of matrix proteins. Immune cells, vascular cells and cardiomyocytes may also acquire a fibrogenic phenotype under conditions of stress, activating fibroblast populations. Fibrogenic growth factors (such as transforming growth factor-β and platelet-derived growth factors), cytokines [including tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-4], and neurohumoral pathways trigger fibrogenic signalling cascades through binding to surface receptors, and activation of downstream signalling cascades. In addition, matricellular macromolecules are deposited in the remodelling myocardium and regulate matrix assembly, while modulating signal transduction cascades and protease or growth factor activity. Cardiac fibroblasts can also sense mechanical stress through mechanosensitive receptors, ion channels and integrins, activating intracellular fibrogenic cascades that contribute to fibrosis in response to pressure overload. Although subpopulations of fibroblast-like cells may exert important protective actions in both reparative and interstitial/perivascular fibrosis, ultimately fibrotic changes perturb systolic and diastolic function, and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of arrhythmias. This review article discusses the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis in various myocardial diseases, including myocardial infarction, heart failure with reduced or preserved ejection fraction, genetic cardiomyopathies, and diabetic heart disease. Development of fibrosis-targeting therapies for patients with myocardial diseases will require not only understanding of the functional pluralism of cardiac fibroblasts and dissection of the molecular basis for fibrotic remodelling, but also appreciation of the pathophysiologic heterogeneity of fibrosis-associated myocardial disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue Forchheimer G46B, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yue Y, Huang S, Li H, Li W, Hou J, Luo L, Liu Q, Wang C, Yang S, Lv L, Shao J, Wu Z. M2b macrophages protect against myocardial remodeling after ischemia/reperfusion injury by regulating kinase activation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor of cardiac fibroblast. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1409. [PMID: 33313154 PMCID: PMC7723613 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-2788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Myocardial injury is a major cause of myocardial remodeling. Macrophages are important in cardiac repair as a result of their interactions with fibroblasts. As regulatory macrophages, M2b macrophages modulate inflammatory immune responses without participating in wound healing and could have enhanced protective effects on myocardial remodeling. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that M2b macrophages could improve cardiac function and ameliorate myocardial fibrosis after the myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MI/RI). Methods In vivo, MI/RI models were established with Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and either M2b macrophages (MT group) or the same volume of vehicle (CK group) was injected into the ischemic zone. Two weeks after the operation, cardiac function and diameters were determined by echocardiography examination. Level of myocardial fibrosis was measured by Sirius red staining and the expression of fibrosis-related factors. In vitro, cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) were co-cultured with M2b macrophages or cultured with M2b macrophage supernatant. Expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and connective tissue growth factor (CCN2/CTGF) in the CFs were measured by western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. In addition, the expression of platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs), the expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs) and the phosphorylation of PDGFRs was detected by western blotting. Results A significantly higher rat survival rate, improved left ventricular (LV) systolic function, decreased diameter of the LV and alleviated myocardial fibrosis were observed in the MT group than in the CK group. In vitro, the activation of CFs was significantly reduced by the M2b macrophages treatments, relative to the blank control. In addition, the kinase activation of PDGFRs was decreased by M2b macrophage treatments both in vivo and in vitro. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that the administration of M2b macrophages could attenuate myocardial remodeling after MI/RI. The regulation of the activation of PDGFRs in CFs is an important part of the protective mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yue
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suiqing Huang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huayang Li
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Hou
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Luo
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quan Liu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cuiping Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery ICU, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Song Yang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery ICU, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linhua Lv
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinghua Shao
- Out-Patient Department, Shenxian Second People's Hospital, Shenxian, China
| | - Zhongkai Wu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
White SJ, Chong JJH. Growth factor therapy for cardiac repair: an overview of recent advances and future directions. Biophys Rev 2020; 12:805-815. [PMID: 32691300 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-020-00734-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart disease represents a significant public health burden and is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality at the level of the individual. Current therapies for pathologies such as myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy and heart failure are unable to repair damaged tissue to an extent that provides restoration of function approaching that of the pre-diseased state. Novel approaches to repair and regenerate the injured heart include cell therapy and the use of exogenous factors. Improved understanding of the role of growth factors in endogenous cardiac repair processes has motivated the investigation of their potential as therapeutic agents for cardiac pathology. Despite the disappointing performance of other growth factors in historical clinical trials, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), neuregulin and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) have recently emerged as new candidate therapies. These growth factors elicit tissue repair through anti-apoptotic, pro-angiogenic and fibrosis-modulating mechanisms and have produced clinically significant functional improvement in preclinical studies. Early human trials suggest that IGF-1 and neuregulin are well tolerated and yield dose-dependent benefit, warranting progression to later phase studies. However, outstanding challenges such as short growth factor serum half-life and insufficient target-organ specificity currently necessitate the development of novel delivery strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J White
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - James J H Chong
- Centre for Heart Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
- Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Soliman H, Paylor B, Scott RW, Lemos DR, Chang C, Arostegui M, Low M, Lee C, Fiore D, Braghetta P, Pospichalova V, Barkauskas CE, Korinek V, Rampazzo A, MacLeod K, Underhill TM, Rossi FMV. Pathogenic Potential of Hic1-Expressing Cardiac Stromal Progenitors. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 26:205-220.e8. [PMID: 31978365 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The cardiac stroma contains multipotent mesenchymal progenitors. However, lineage relationships within cardiac stromal cells are poorly defined. Here, we identified heart-resident PDGFRa+ SCA-1+ cells as cardiac fibro/adipogenic progenitors (cFAPs) and show that they respond to ischemic damage by generating fibrogenic cells. Pharmacological blockade of this differentiation step with an anti-fibrotic tyrosine kinase inhibitor decreases post-myocardial infarction (post-MI) remodeling and leads to improvement in cardiac function. In the undamaged heart, activation of cFAPs through lineage-specific deletion of the gene encoding the quiescence-associated factor HIC1 reveals additional pathogenic potential, causing fibrofatty infiltration within the myocardium and driving major pathological features pathognomonic in arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC). In this regard, cFAPs contribute to multiple pathogenic cell types within cardiac tissue and therapeutic strategies aimed at modifying their activity are expected to have tremendous benefit for the treatment of diverse cardiac diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Soliman
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Ben Paylor
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - R Wilder Scott
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | | | - ChihKai Chang
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Martin Arostegui
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Marcela Low
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Christina Lee
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Daniela Fiore
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Viale Regina Elana 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Braghetta
- Department of Biology, School of Science, University of Padova, Via 8 Febbraio 2, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Vendula Pospichalova
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Christina E Barkauskas
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Vladimir Korinek
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Alessandra Rampazzo
- Department of Biology, School of Science, University of Padova, Via 8 Febbraio 2, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Kathleen MacLeod
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Research Group, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - T Michael Underhill
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Fabio M V Rossi
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu J, Zhou X, Meng Q, Huang KW, Liu J, Tie J, Zhuang R, Chen G, Zhang Y, Wei L, Huang L, Li CG, Wang B, Fan H, Liu Z. AFC1 Compound Attenuated MI/R-Induced Ventricular Remodeling via Inhibiting PDGFR and STAT Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1142. [PMID: 31680946 PMCID: PMC6803464 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Effective interventions to improve the outcome of patients subjected to myocardial ischemia reperfusion (MI/R) are urgent in clinical settings. Tanshinone IIA (TSA) is reported to attenuate myocardial injury and improve ventricular remodeling post MI/R. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of AFC1 compound that is similar to TSA structure in murine MI/R models. We found that AFC1 had a comparable effect of improving murine cardiac function after MI/R while it was superior to TSA in safety profile. Administration of AFC1 reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, inflammatory cells infiltration, and the expression of platelet derived growth factor receptors (PDGFR) in infarcted myocardium. Treatment with AFC1 also attenuated MI/R-induced cardiac remodeling and contributed to the recovery of cardiac function. Additionally, AFC1 reversed the elevation of PDGFR expression induced by PDGF-AB in both neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NCMs) and neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts (NCFs) and suppressed PDGF-AB induced NCM hypertrophy via STAT3 pathway and NCF collagen synthesis through p38-MAPK signaling in vitro. Similarly, AFC1 may contribute to the recovery of cardiac function in mice post MI/R via suppressing STAT signaling. Our results confirmed that AFC1 exerts anti-hypertrophic and anti-fibrotic effects against MI/R-induced cardiac remodeling, and suggest that AFC1 may have a promising potential in improving the outcome of patients who suffered from MI/R.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingshu Meng
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Kevin W Huang
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jing Liu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinjun Tie
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rulin Zhuang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guohan Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhui Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Wei
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Huang
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Chun Guang Li
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Binghui Wang
- Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Huimin Fan
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Department of Heart Failure, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Heart Failure Research Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Department of Heart Failure, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bengel FM, Ross TL. Emerging imaging targets for infiltrative cardiomyopathy: Inflammation and fibrosis. J Nucl Cardiol 2019; 26:208-216. [PMID: 29968156 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-018-1356-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging in infiltrative cardiomyopathies is increasingly penetrating the clinical arena. Current approaches target the infiltrate directly, or its metabolic, physiologic, or functional consequences. Inflammation may not just play a role as the infiltrative mechanism itself. It is also thought to play a key role in the development and progression of heart failure in general, because it promotes the development of tissue fibrosis. The cascade leading from tissue damage to inflammation and further to fibrosis and loss of function has emerged as a therapeutic target. This review focuses (1) on novel tracers of inflammation, which are on the brink of clinical applicability and may be more specific than the gross metabolic marker F-18 deoxyglucose; and (2) on novel biologic imaging targets in fibrosis, which may be exploited for interrogation of the crosstalk between inflammation and loss of contractile function. Ultimately, the success of any novel molecular imaging assay will depend on whether it can be used for successful guidance of novel, targeted therapies aiming at tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank M Bengel
- Klinik für Nuklearmedizin, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Tobias L Ross
- Klinik für Nuklearmedizin, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Aula H, Skyttä T, Tuohinen S, Luukkaala T, Hämäläinen M, Virtanen V, Raatikainen P, Moilanen E, Kellokumpu-Lehtinen PL. Decreases in TGF-β1 and PDGF levels are associated with echocardiographic changes during adjuvant radiotherapy for breast cancer. Radiat Oncol 2018; 13:201. [PMID: 30340644 PMCID: PMC6194684 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-018-1150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation-induced heart disease is mainly caused by activation of the fibrotic process. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) are pro-fibrotic mediators. The aim of our study was to evaluate the behavior of TGF-β1 and PDGF during adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) for breast cancer and the association of these cytokines with echocardiographic changes. METHODS Our study included 73 women with early-stage breast cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) receiving post-operative RT but not chemotherapy. TGF-β1 and PDGF levels in serum samples taken before and on the last day of RT were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Echocardiography was also performed at same time points. Patients were grouped according to a ≥ 15% worsening in tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and pericardium calibrated integrated backscatter (cIBS). RESULTS In all patients, the median TGF-β1 decreased from 25.0 (IQR 21.1-30.3) ng/ml to 23.6 (IQR 19.6-26.8) ng/ml (p = 0.003), and the median PDGF decreased from 18.0 (IQR 13.7-22.7) ng/ml to 15.6 (IQR 12.7-19.5) ng/ml (p < 0.001). The baseline TGF-β1, 30.7 (IQR 26.0-35.9) ng/l vs. 23.4 (IQR 20.1-27.3) ng/l (p < 0.001), and PDGF, 21.5. (IQR 15.7-31.2) ng/l vs. 16.9. (IQR 13.0-21.2) ng/ml, were higher in patients with a ≥ 15% decrease in TAPSE than in patients with a < 15% decrease. In patients with a ≥ 15% decrease in TAPSE, the median TGF-β1 decreased to 24.7 (IQR 20.0-29.8) ng/ml (p < 0.001), and the median PDGF decreased to 16.7 (IQR 12.9-20.9) ng/ml (p < 0.001). The patients with a < 15% decrease had stable TGF-β1 (p = 0.104), but PDGF decreased to 15.1 (IQR 12.5-18.6), p = 0.005. The patients with a ≥ 15% increase in cIBS exhibited a decrease in TGF-β1 from 26.0 (IQR 21.7-29.7) to 22.5 (IQR 16.6.-26.7) ng/ml, p < 0.001, and a decrease in PDGF from 19.8 (IQR 14.6-25.9) to 15.7 (IQR 12.8-20.2) ng/ml, p < 0.001. In patients with a < 15% increase, TGF-β1 and PDGF did not change significantly, p = 0.149 and p = 0.053, respectively. CONCLUSION We observed a decrease in TGF-β1 and PDGF levels during adjuvant RT for breast cancer. Echocardiographic changes, namely, in TAPSE and cIBS, were associated with a greater decrease in TGF-β1 and PDGF levels. Longer follow-up times will show whether these changes observed during RT translate into increased cardiovascular morbidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Aula
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, PO Box 100, 33014, Tampere, Finland. .,Department of Oncology, Tampere University Hospital, PO Box 2000, 33521, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Tanja Skyttä
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, PO Box 100, 33014, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Oncology, Tampere University Hospital, PO Box 2000, 33521, Tampere, Finland
| | - Suvi Tuohinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, PO Box 100, 33014, Tampere, Finland.,Heart Hospital, Tampere University Hospital, PO Box 2000, 33521, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Cardiology, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital, PO Box 340, Tampere, 00029, Finland
| | - Tiina Luukkaala
- Research, Development and Innovation Center, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, PO Box 2000, 33521, Tampere, Finland.,Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, PO Box 100, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mari Hämäläinen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, PO Box 100, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Vesa Virtanen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, PO Box 100, 33014, Tampere, Finland.,Heart Hospital, Tampere University Hospital, PO Box 2000, 33521, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pekka Raatikainen
- Department of Cardiology, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital, PO Box 340, Tampere, 00029, Finland
| | - Eeva Moilanen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, PO Box 100, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pirkko-Liisa Kellokumpu-Lehtinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, PO Box 100, 33014, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Oncology, Tampere University Hospital, PO Box 2000, 33521, Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu Y, Shi Q, Ma Y, Liu Q. The role of immune cells in atrial fibrillation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 123:198-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
19
|
Adamski MG, Sternak M, Mohaissen T, Kaczor D, Wierońska JM, Malinowska M, Czaban I, Byk K, Lyngsø KS, Przyborowski K, Hansen PBL, Wilczyński G, Chlopicki S. Vascular Cognitive Impairment Linked to Brain Endothelium Inflammation in Early Stages of Heart Failure in Mice. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:e007694. [PMID: 29581224 PMCID: PMC5907583 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.007694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although advanced heart failure (HF) is a clinically documented risk factor for vascular cognitive impairment, the occurrence and pathomechanisms of vascular cognitive impairment in early stages of HF are equivocal. Here, we characterize vascular cognitive impairment in the early stages of HF development and assess whether cerebral hypoperfusion or prothrombotic conditions are involved. METHODS AND RESULTS Tgαq*44 mice with slowly developing isolated HF triggered by cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of G-αq*44 protein were studied before the end-stage HF, at the ages of 3, 6, and 10 months: before left ventricle dysfunction; at the stage of early left ventricle diastolic dysfunction (with preserved ejection fraction); and left ventricle diastolic/systolic dysfunction, respectively. In 6- to 10-month-old but not in 3-month-old Tgαq*44 mice, behavioral and cognitive impairment was identified with compromised blood-brain barrier permeability, most significantly in brain cortex, that was associated with myelin sheet loss and changes in astrocytes and microglia. Brain endothelial cells displayed increased E-selectin immunoreactivity, which was accompanied by increased amyloid-β1-42 accumulation in piriform cortex and increased cortical oxidative stress (8-OHdG immunoreactivity). Resting cerebral blood flow measured by magnetic resonance imaging in vivo was preserved, but ex vivo NO-dependent cortical arteriole flow regulation was impaired. Platelet hyperreactivity was present in 3- to 10-month-old Tgαq*44 mice, but it was not associated with increased platelet-dependent thrombogenicity. CONCLUSIONS We report for the first time that vascular cognitive impairment is already present in the early stage of HF development, even before left ventricle systolic dysfunction. The underlying pathomechanism, independent of brain hypoperfusion, involves preceding platelet hyperreactivity and brain endothelium inflammatory activation.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal
- Blood Platelets/metabolism
- Blood-Brain Barrier/metabolism
- Blood-Brain Barrier/physiopathology
- Brain/blood supply
- Capillary Permeability
- Cerebral Arteries/metabolism
- Cerebral Arteries/physiopathology
- Cerebrovascular Circulation
- Cognition
- Cognition Disorders/etiology
- Cognition Disorders/metabolism
- Cognition Disorders/physiopathology
- Cognition Disorders/psychology
- Dementia, Vascular/etiology
- Dementia, Vascular/metabolism
- Dementia, Vascular/physiopathology
- Dementia, Vascular/psychology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Encephalitis/etiology
- Encephalitis/metabolism
- Encephalitis/pathology
- Encephalitis/physiopathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Female
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11/genetics
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Heart Failure/complications
- Heart Failure/genetics
- Heart Failure/metabolism
- Heart Failure/physiopathology
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Time Factors
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/etiology
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathology
- Ventricular Function, Left
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz G Adamski
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Sternak
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tasnim Mohaissen
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Dawid Kaczor
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Monika Malinowska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Czaban
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Byk
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Kamil Przyborowski
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Pernille B L Hansen
- University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Grzegorz Wilczyński
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Folestad E, Kunath A, Wågsäter D. PDGF-C and PDGF-D signaling in vascular diseases and animal models. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 62:1-11. [PMID: 29410092 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Members of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) family are well known to be involved in different pathological conditions. The cellular and molecular mechanisms induced by the PDGF signaling have been well studied. Nevertheless, there is much more to discover about their functions and some important questions to be answered. This review summarizes the known roles of two of the PDGFs, PDGF-C and PDGF-D, in vascular diseases. There are clear implications for these growth factors in several vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and stroke. The PDGF receptors are broadly expressed in the cardiovascular system in cells such as fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells and pericytes. Altered expression of the receptors and the ligands have been found in various cardiovascular diseases and current studies have shown important implications of PDGF-C and PDGF-D signaling in fibrosis, neovascularization, atherosclerosis and restenosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Folestad
- Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anne Kunath
- Division of Drug Research, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Dick Wågsäter
- Division of Drug Research, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Platelet-derived growth factor-C and -D in the cardiovascular system and diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 62:12-21. [PMID: 28965749 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cardiovascular system is among the first organs formed during development and is pivotal for the formation and function of the rest of the organs and tissues. Therefore, the function and homeostasis of the cardiovascular system are finely regulated by many important molecules. Extensive studies have shown that platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) and their receptors are critical regulators of the cardiovascular system. Even though PDGF-C and PDGF-D are relatively new members of the PDGF family, their critical roles in the cardiovascular system as angiogenic and survival factors have been amply demonstrated. Understanding the functions of PDGF-C and PDGF-D and the signaling pathways involved may provide novel insights into both basic biomedical research and new therapeutic possibilities for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
|
22
|
Cahill TJ, Choudhury RP, Riley PR. Heart regeneration and repair after myocardial infarction: translational opportunities for novel therapeutics. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017; 16:699-717. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2017.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
23
|
Wang LX, Yang X, Yue Y, Fan T, Hou J, Chen GX, Liang MY, Wu ZK. Imatinib attenuates cardiac fibrosis by inhibiting platelet-derived growth factor receptors activation in isoproterenol induced model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178619. [PMID: 28570599 PMCID: PMC5453565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a significant global health problem with limited treatment choices. Although previous studies have shown that imatinib (IMA) inhibited cardiac fibrosis, the anti-fibrotic mechanisms have not been clearly uncovered. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether IMA attenuates cardiac fibrosis by inhibiting platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFR) on isoproterenol (ISO)-induced mice. Adult male C57BL/6 mice were treated with vehicle or ISO ± IMA for one week. After echocardiography examination, the hearts of mice were used for histopathologic, RT-qPCR, and western blot analyses. We found that the ventricular wall thickness, cardiac hypertrophy, and apoptosis were enhanced following ISO treatment. IMA decreased the left ventricular wall thickness, prevented hypertrophy, and inhibited apoptosis induced by ISO. In addition, IMA attenuated the accumulation of collagens and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) (the markers of fibrosis) caused by ISO treatment. Moreover, the expression of fibrosis related genes, and the phosphorylation of PDGFRs in ISO-treated mice hearts were inhibited by IMA as well. However, IMA did not change the expression of the matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in ISO-treated hearts. Furthermore, IMA reduced the expressions of collagens as well as α-SMA caused by activation of PDGFRα in cardiac fibroblasts. Taken together, our data demonstrate that IMA attenuated the cardiac fibrosis by blocking the phosphorylation of PDGFRs in the ISO-induced mice model. This study indicates that IMA could be a potentially therapeutic option for cardiac fibrosis in clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le-Xun Wang
- Second Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Assisted Circulatory Laboratory of Health Ministry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Second Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Assisted Circulatory Laboratory of Health Ministry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Yue
- Second Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Assisted Circulatory Laboratory of Health Ministry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian Fan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Hou
- Second Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Assisted Circulatory Laboratory of Health Ministry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang-Xian Chen
- Second Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Assisted Circulatory Laboratory of Health Ministry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Ya Liang
- Second Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Assisted Circulatory Laboratory of Health Ministry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Kai Wu
- Second Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Assisted Circulatory Laboratory of Health Ministry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cimini M, Cannatá A, Pasquinelli G, Rota M, Goichberg P. Phenotypically heterogeneous podoplanin-expressing cell populations are associated with the lymphatic vessel growth and fibrogenic responses in the acutely and chronically infarcted myocardium. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173927. [PMID: 28333941 PMCID: PMC5363820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac lymphatic vasculature undergoes substantial expansion in response to myocardial infarction (MI). However, there is limited information on the cellular mechanisms mediating post-MI lymphangiogenesis and accompanying fibrosis in the infarcted adult heart. Using a mouse model of permanent coronary artery ligation, we examined spatiotemporal changes in the expression of lymphendothelial and mesenchymal markers in the acutely and chronically infarcted myocardium. We found that at the time of wound granulation, a three-fold increase in the frequency of podoplanin-labeled cells occurred in the infarcted hearts compared to non-operated and sham-operated counterparts. Podoplanin immunoreactivity detected LYVE-1-positive lymphatic vessels, as well as masses of LYVE-1-negative cells dispersed between myocytes, predominantly in the vicinity of the infarcted region. Podoplanin-carrying populations displayed a mesenchymal progenitor marker PDGFRα, and intermittently expressed Prox-1, a master regulator of the lymphatic endothelial fate. At the stages of scar formation and maturation, concomitantly with the enlargement of lymphatic network in the injured myocardium, the podoplanin-rich LYVE-1-negative multicellular assemblies were apparent in the fibrotic area, aligned with extracellular matrix deposits, or located in immediate proximity to activated blood vessels with high VEGFR-2 content. Of note, these podoplanin-containing cells acquired the expression of PDGFRβ or a hematoendothelial epitope CD34. Although Prox-1 labeling was abundant in the area affected by MI, the podoplanin-presenting cells were not consistently Prox-1-positive. The concordance of podoplanin with VEGFR-3 similarly varied. Thus, our data reveal previously unknown phenotypic and structural heterogeneity within the podoplanin-positive cell compartment in the infarcted heart, and suggest an alternate ability of podoplanin-presenting cardiac cells to generate lymphatic endothelium and pro-fibrotic cells, contributing to scar development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cimini
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Antonio Cannatá
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gianandrea Pasquinelli
- Unit of Surgical Pathology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marcello Rota
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Polina Goichberg
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ugolini GS, Pavesi A, Rasponi M, Fiore GB, Kamm R, Soncini M. Human cardiac fibroblasts adaptive responses to controlled combined mechanical strain and oxygen changes in vitro. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28315522 PMCID: PMC5407858 DOI: 10.7554/elife.22847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon cardiac pathological conditions such as ischemia, microenvironmental changes instruct a series of cellular responses that trigger cardiac fibroblasts-mediated tissue adaptation and inflammation. A comprehensive model of how early environmental changes may induce cardiac fibroblasts (CF) pathological responses is far from being elucidated, partly due to the lack of approaches involving complex and simultaneous environmental stimulation. Here, we provide a first analysis of human primary CF behavior by means of a multi-stimulus microdevice for combined application of cyclic mechanical strain and controlled oxygen tension. Our findings elucidate differential human CFs responses to different combinations of the above stimuli. Individual stimuli cause proliferative effects (PHH3+ mitotic cells, YAP translocation, PDGF secretion) or increase collagen presence. Interestingly, only the combination of hypoxia and a simulated loss of contractility (2% strain) is able to additionally induce increased CF release of inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22847.001 When the supply of oxygen to the heart is reduced, its cells start to die within hours, the heart muscle becomes less able to contract, and the area becomes inflamed. This inflammation is accompanied by an influx of immune cells. It also activates other cells known as cardiac fibroblasts that help to break down the framework of molecules that supported the damaged heart tissue and replace it with a scar. This response is part of the normal repair process, but it can lead to the formation of scar tissue in non-damaged areas of the heart. Excess scar tissue makes the heart muscle less able to contract and increases the affected individual’s chance of dying. Understanding how this repair process works is an important step in developing strategies to minimise the damage caused by coronary artery disease or heart attacks. However, existing laboratory models are only partly able to recreate the conditions seen in real heart tissue. To properly understand the response at the level of living cells, a more complete model is needed. Ugolini et al. now report improvements to a small device, referred to as a lab-on-chip, that can subject cells to mechanical strain. The improvements mean the device could also recreate other conditions seen early on in damaged heart tissue, specifically the reduced supply of oxygen. Replicating combinations of mechanical changes and oxygen supplies meant that the impact of these conditions on human cardiac fibroblasts could be directly observed in the laboratory for the first time. Ugolini et al. found that a lack of contraction and low oxygen levels triggered the cardiac fibroblasts to produce inflammatory molecules and molecules associated with the formation of scar tissue. This resembles the response seen in living hearts. The next step is to improve the lab-on-chip device further by adding other cell types, including heart muscle cells and immune cells. A more complete model may aid future research into how our hearts operate in both health and disease. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22847.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Pavesi
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Biosym IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marco Rasponi
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Roger Kamm
- Biosym IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Monica Soncini
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chen Y, Surinkaew S, Naud P, Qi XY, Gillis MA, Shi YF, Tardif JC, Dobrev D, Nattel S. JAK-STAT signalling and the atrial fibrillation promoting fibrotic substrate. Cardiovasc Res 2017; 113:310-320. [PMID: 28158495 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Left-atrial (LA) fibrosis is an important feature of many atrial fibrillation (AF) substrates. The JAK-STAT system contributes to cardiac remodelling, but its role in AF is unknown. Here we investigated JAK-STAT changes in an AF-model and their potential contributions to LA-fibrosis. Methods and results LA-remodelling was studied in dogs with heart failure (HF) induced by ventricular tachypacing (VTP, 240 bpm), and in mice with left-ventricular (LV) dysfunction due to myocardial infarction (MI). The selective STAT-3 inhibitor S3I-201 was administered to fibroblasts in vitro or mice in vivo (10 mg/kg/d, osmotic mini-pump). HF-dogs developed LA-selective fibrosis and AF-susceptibility at 1-week VTP. The mRNA-expression of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF, a JAK-STAT activator) isoforms A, C and D, as well as JAK2, increased in LA fibroblasts from 1-week VTP. HF upregulated protein-expression of PDGF-receptor-β and phosphorylated (activated) signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in LA. PDGF-AB stimulation of LA fibroblasts increased PDGFR-α, STAT3 and phosphorylated-STAT3 expression, as well as collagen-1 and fibronectin-1 protein secretion (by 1.6- to 20-fold), with smaller changes in LV fibroblasts. Phosphorylated-STAT3 and collagen upregulation were suppressed by the JAK2 inhibitor AG-490, PDGF receptor inhibitor AG1296 and STAT3-inhibitor SI3-201. In vivo S3I-201 treatment of MI-mice attenuated LA-fibrosis, LA-dilation and P-wave duration changes versus vehicle-control. Conclusions HF activates the LA JAK-STAT system and enhances PDGF-signalling. JAK-STAT inhibition reduces the profibrotic effects of PDGF stimulation on canine fibroblasts in vitro while attenuating in vivo LA-fibrosis and remodelling in post-MI mice, suggesting that the JAK/STAT pathway contributes to LA-fibrogenesis and might be a potential target for LA-fibrosis prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Medicine and Research Center Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, 5000 Belanger St. E., Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8 Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1Y6 Canada
| | - Sirirat Surinkaew
- Department of Medicine and Research Center Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, 5000 Belanger St. E., Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8 Canada
| | - Patrice Naud
- Department of Medicine and Research Center Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, 5000 Belanger St. E., Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8 Canada
| | - Xiao-Yan Qi
- Department of Medicine and Research Center Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, 5000 Belanger St. E., Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8 Canada
| | - Marc-Antoine Gillis
- Department of Medicine and Research Center Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, 5000 Belanger St. E., Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8 Canada
| | - Yan-Fen Shi
- Department of Medicine and Research Center Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, 5000 Belanger St. E., Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8 Canada
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Department of Medicine and Research Center Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, 5000 Belanger St. E., Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8 Canada
| | - Dobromir Dobrev
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45122, Germany
| | - Stanley Nattel
- Department of Medicine and Research Center Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, 5000 Belanger St. E., Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8 Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1Y6 Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45122, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wu YS, Chen SN. Extracted Triterpenes from Antrodia cinnamomea Reduce the Inflammation to Promote the Wound Healing via the STZ Inducing Hyperglycemia-Diabetes Mice Model. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:154. [PMID: 27378920 PMCID: PMC4904009 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This research evaluated the effects of triterpenes on the regulation of STZ-induced hyperglycaemic diabetes through an anti-inflammatory response. Diabetic mice were orally administered various concentrations of triterpenes on a daily basis. Weight gain, volume of drinking water, and liver and spleen weight were recorded and evaluated. These evaluations presented a positive regulation to the abnormal metabolism appearance compared to the diabetic mice. In the diabetic mice, the detection of adiponectin production or elevated levels of inflammatory factors such as CCL1 and TPO expression were found to reduce hyperglycaemia and thereby induce an inflammatory response. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, hyperglycaemia impairs the tissue healing associated with an increased and prolonged inflammatory response. An investigation of the anti-inflammatory response in wound healing as affected by the triterpenes verified the promotion of wound recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sheng Wu
- College of Life Science, National Taiwan University Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiu-Nan Chen
- College of Life Science, National Taiwan University Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Myocardial fibrosis is a significant global health problem associated with nearly all forms of heart disease. Cardiac fibroblasts comprise an essential cell type in the heart that is responsible for the homeostasis of the extracellular matrix; however, upon injury, these cells transform to a myofibroblast phenotype and contribute to cardiac fibrosis. This remodeling involves pathological changes that include chamber dilation, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis, and ultimately leads to the progression to heart failure. Despite the critical importance of fibrosis in cardiovascular disease, our limited understanding of the cardiac fibroblast impedes the development of potential therapies that effectively target this cell type and its pathological contribution to disease progression. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the origins and roles of fibroblasts, mediators and signaling pathways known to influence fibroblast function after myocardial injury, as well as novel therapeutic strategies under investigation to attenuate cardiac fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua G Travers
- From the Heart Institute, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH
| | - Fadia A Kamal
- From the Heart Institute, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH
| | - Jeffrey Robbins
- From the Heart Institute, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH
| | - Katherine E Yutzey
- From the Heart Institute, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH
| | - Burns C Blaxall
- From the Heart Institute, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Vascular endothelial growth factor-D mediates fibrogenic response in myofibroblasts. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 413:127-35. [PMID: 26724950 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2646-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-D is a crucial mediator of angiogenesis. Following myocardial infarction (MI), cardiac VEGF-D and VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-3 are significantly upregulated. In addition to endothelial cells, myofibroblasts at the site of MI highly express VEGFR-3, implicating the involvement of VEGF-D in cardiac fibrogenesis that promotes repair and remodeling. The aim of the current study was to further explore the critical role of VEGF-D in fibrogenic response in myofibroblasts. Myofibroblast proliferation, migration, collagen synthesis, and degradation were investigated in cultured cardiac myofibroblasts subjected to VEGF-D with/without VEGFR antagonist or ERK inhibitor. Vehicle-treated cells served as controls. Myofibroblast proliferation and migration were detected by BrdU assay and Boyden Chamber method, respectively. Expression of type I collagen, metalloproteinase (MMP)-2/-9, tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)-1/-2, and ERK phosphorylation were evaluated by Western blot analyses. Our results revealed that compared to controls, (1) VEGF-D significantly increased myofibroblast proliferation and migration; (2) VEGF-D significantly upregulated type I collagen synthesis in a dose- and time-dependent manner; (3) VEGFR antagonist abolished VEGF-D-induced myofibroblast proliferation and type I collagen release; (4) VEGF-D stimulated MMP-2/-9 and TIMP-1/-2 synthesis; (5) VEGF-D activated ERK phosphorylation; and (6) ERK inhibitor abolished VEGF-D-induced myofibroblast proliferation and type I collagen synthesis. Our in vitro studies have demonstrated that VEGF-D serves as a crucial profibrogenic mediator by stimulating myofibroblast growth, migration and collagen synthesis. Further studies are underway to determine the role of VEGF-D in fibrous tissue formation during cardiac repair following MI.
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Reversible protein phosphorylation is critically important in biology and medicine. Hundreds of thousands of sites of protein phosphorylation have been discovered but our understanding of the functions of the vast majority of these post-translational modifications is lacking. This review describes several chemical and biochemical methods that are under development and in current use to install phospho-amino acids and their mimics site-specifically into proteins. The relative merits of total chemical synthesis, semisynthesis, and nonsense suppression strategies for studying protein phosphorylation are discussed in terms of technical simplicity, scope, and versatility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Philip A Cole
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Fibrotic diseases are a significant global burden for which there are limited treatment options. The effector cells of fibrosis are activated fibroblasts called myofibroblasts, a highly contractile cell type characterized by the appearance of α-smooth muscle actin stress fibers. The underlying mechanism behind myofibroblast differentiation and persistence has been under much investigation and is known to involve a complex signaling network involving transforming growth factor-β, endothelin-1, angiotensin II, CCN2 (connective tissue growth factor), and platelet-derived growth factor. This review addresses the contribution of these signaling molecules to cardiac fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Leask
- From the Departments of Dentistry and Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Elevated Serum Tryptase and Endothelin in Patients with ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Preliminary Report. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:395173. [PMID: 26089601 PMCID: PMC4452104 DOI: 10.1155/2015/395173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED An inflammatory response plays a crucial role in myocardial damage after an acute myocardial infarction. OBJECTIVES To measure serum concentrations of several mediators in patients with an acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) and to assess their potential relationship with a risk of coronary instability. PATIENTS AND METHODS The 33 patients with STEMI and 19 healthy volunteers were analyzed. The clinical data were obtained; as well serum concentrations of tryptase, endothelin (ET-1), angiogenin, soluble c-kit, and PDGF were measured. RESULTS Patients with STEMI had higher serum tryptase and ET-1 than healthy volunteers (2,5 ± 0,4 ng/mL versus 1,1 ± 0,4 ng/mL and 0,7 ± 0,1 ng/mL versus 0,3 ± 0,1 ng/mL, resp.). Subjects with significant lesion in left anterior descending artery (LAD) had lower serum ET-1 compared to those with normal LAD (0,6 ± 0,2 pg/mL versus 0,9 ± 0,4 pg/mL). Patients with three-vessel coronary artery disease (CAD) had higher level of soluble c-kit compared to those with one- or two-vessel CAD: 19,9 ± 24,1 ng/mL versus 5,6 ± 1,9 ng/mL. CONCLUSIONS Elevated serum tryptase and ET-1 may be markers of increased coronary instability; some cytokines may be related to the extension of CAD.
Collapse
|