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El-Mansoury B, Smimih K, El Khiat A, Draoui A, Aimrane A, Chatoui R, Ferssiwi A, Bitar A, Gamrani H, Jayakumar AR, El Hiba O. Short Working Memory Impairment Associated with Hippocampal Microglia Activation in Chronic Hepatic Encephalopathy. Metabolites 2024; 14:193. [PMID: 38668321 PMCID: PMC11052478 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14040193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a major neuropsychological condition that occursas a result of impaired liver function. It is frequently observed in patients with advanced liver disease or cirrhosis. Memory impairment is among the symptoms of HE; the pathophysiologic mechanism for this enervating condition remains unclear. However, it is possible that neuroinflammation may be involved, as recent studies have emphasized such phenomena. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to assess short working memory (SWM) and examine the involvement of microglia in a chronic model of HE. The study was carried out with male Wistar rats that were induced by repeated thioacetamide (TAA) administration (100 mg/kg i.p injection for 10 days). SWM function was assessed through Y-maze, T-Maze, and novel object recognition (NOR) tests, together with an immunofluorescence study of microglia activation within the hippocampal areas. Our data showed impaired SWM in TAA-treated rats that was associated with microglial activation in the three hippocampal regions, and which contributed to cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal El-Mansoury
- Laboratory of Anthropogenic, Biotechnology and Health, Nutritional Physiopathologies, Neurosciences and Toxicology Team, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, Av. Des Facultés, El Jadida 24000, Morocco; (B.E.-M.); (A.E.K.); (A.A.); (A.F.); (A.B.)
| | - Kamal Smimih
- Laboratory of Genie-Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco; (K.S.); (R.C.)
| | - Abdelaati El Khiat
- Laboratory of Anthropogenic, Biotechnology and Health, Nutritional Physiopathologies, Neurosciences and Toxicology Team, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, Av. Des Facultés, El Jadida 24000, Morocco; (B.E.-M.); (A.E.K.); (A.A.); (A.F.); (A.B.)
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Ministry of Health, Ouarzazate 45000, Morocco
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences and Environment, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco
| | - Ahmed Draoui
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences and Environment, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (A.D.); (H.G.)
| | - Abdelmohcine Aimrane
- Laboratory of Anthropogenic, Biotechnology and Health, Nutritional Physiopathologies, Neurosciences and Toxicology Team, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, Av. Des Facultés, El Jadida 24000, Morocco; (B.E.-M.); (A.E.K.); (A.A.); (A.F.); (A.B.)
| | - Redouane Chatoui
- Laboratory of Genie-Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco; (K.S.); (R.C.)
| | - Abdesslam Ferssiwi
- Laboratory of Anthropogenic, Biotechnology and Health, Nutritional Physiopathologies, Neurosciences and Toxicology Team, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, Av. Des Facultés, El Jadida 24000, Morocco; (B.E.-M.); (A.E.K.); (A.A.); (A.F.); (A.B.)
| | - Abdelali Bitar
- Laboratory of Anthropogenic, Biotechnology and Health, Nutritional Physiopathologies, Neurosciences and Toxicology Team, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, Av. Des Facultés, El Jadida 24000, Morocco; (B.E.-M.); (A.E.K.); (A.A.); (A.F.); (A.B.)
| | - Halima Gamrani
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences and Environment, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (A.D.); (H.G.)
| | | | - Omar El Hiba
- Laboratory of Anthropogenic, Biotechnology and Health, Nutritional Physiopathologies, Neurosciences and Toxicology Team, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, Av. Des Facultés, El Jadida 24000, Morocco; (B.E.-M.); (A.E.K.); (A.A.); (A.F.); (A.B.)
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Tahamtan M, Aghaei I, Shabani M, Nazari A, Pooladvand V, Razavinasab M. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ doesn't modify altered electrophysiological properties of the CA1 pyramidal neurons in a rat model of hepatic cirrhosis. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:2687-2697. [PMID: 35943675 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Regarding the low quality of life due to the cognitive complications in the patients with hepatic cirrhosis (HC), the goal of this study was to examine the possible neuroprotective effect of pioglitazone (PIO) on the electrophysiological alterations of hippocampus, a major area of cognition, in the experimental model of bile duct ligation (BDL). We used adult male Wistar rats in the present study to perform BDL or sham surgery. Pioglitazone was administered in BDL rats two weeks after the surgery for the next continuous four weeks. The effects of pioglitazone on BDL-induced electrophysiological alterations of the CA1 pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus were evaluated by whole-cell patch clamp recordings. Our findings demonstrated that chronic administration of PIO could not reverse the electrophysiological changes in the CA1 pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus in BDL rats but could improve the hepatic dysfunction.Together, the results of this study suggest that PIO administration cannot counteract altered intrinsic properties of the hippocampal neurons which has been shown recently as an involved mechanism of the cognitive impairments in hepatic encephalopathy (HE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Tahamtan
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Iraj Aghaei
- Neuroscience Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shabani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, 76198-13159, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Abbas Nazari
- Department of Biology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Vahid Pooladvand
- Biochemical Department, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Moazamehosadat Razavinasab
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, 76198-13159, Kerman, Iran.
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Abdelghffar EAR, El-Nashar HAS, Fayez S, Obaid WA, Eldahshan OA. Ameliorative effect of oregano (Origanum vulgare) versus silymarin in experimentally induced hepatic encephalopathy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17854. [PMID: 36284120 PMCID: PMC9596437 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20412-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a deterioration of brain function in patients suffering from chronic liver disease, cirrhosis as a result of elevated blood ammonia and the production of pseudo-neurotransmitters. Herein, we investigated the chemical composition of hexane extract from Origanum vulgare (O. vulgare) leaves as well as its possible protective effects against thioacetamide (TAA)-induced HE in rats. GC-MS analysis of the extract revealed tentative identification of twenty-five compounds (82.93%), predominated by cholesten-3-one (27.30%), followed by γ-tocopherol (13.52%), α-tocopherol (5.01%), β-amyrin (5.24%) and α-amyrin (4.89%). Albino rats were distributed into seven groups (n = 7). G1 served as negative control; G2 and G3 served as controls treated with O. vulgare (100 and 200 mg/kg/p.o b.w, respectively); G4 served as TAA-positive control group (100 mg/kg/day/i.p., three alternative days per week for six weeks); G5, G6, and G7 served as TAA -induced HE rat model that received O. vulgare 100, O. vulgare 200, and silymarin (100 mg/kg of SILY, as standard drug), respectively. TAA showed depressive and anxiety-like behaviors in forced swimming test (FST) and reduction of cognitive score in elevated plus-maze test (EPMT) as well as impairment of locomotor and exploratory activities in open-field test (OFT). TAA caused a significant decline in body weight gain; however, the relative liver weight and brain water content were statistically increased. TAA-intoxicated rats showed significant increase of serum biomarker enzymes, proinflammatory cytokines, blood ammonia levels, brain serotonin, acetyl cholinesterase and cellular lipid peroxidation with significant decrease of brain dopamine, norepinephrine, antioxidant status. The hepatoprotective/neuro-protective activities of O. vulgare was found to be comparable with that of SILY in HE rats model. Where, treatment of TAA-intoxicated rats with O. vulgare attenuated anxiety, depressive-related behaviors, and reduced the biochemical changes in HE-induced by TAA. Therefore, O. vulgare could be an excellent hepato-/neuroprotective against hepatic injury and HE via improving the oxidative/inflammatory status through its antioxidant and neuro-modulatory properties and its effect is equal to that of SILY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman A. R. Abdelghffar
- grid.7269.a0000 0004 0621 1570Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba A. S. El-Nashar
- grid.7269.a0000 0004 0621 1570Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt ,grid.7269.a0000 0004 0621 1570Centre of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa Fayez
- grid.7269.a0000 0004 0621 1570Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt ,grid.7269.a0000 0004 0621 1570Centre of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wael A. Obaid
- grid.412892.40000 0004 1754 9358Department of Biology, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madīnah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omayma A. Eldahshan
- grid.7269.a0000 0004 0621 1570Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt ,grid.7269.a0000 0004 0621 1570Centre of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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DeMorrow S, Cudalbu C, Davies N, Jayakumar AR, Rose CF. 2021 ISHEN guidelines on animal models of hepatic encephalopathy. Liver Int 2021; 41:1474-1488. [PMID: 33900013 PMCID: PMC9812338 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This working group of the International Society of Hepatic Encephalopathy and Nitrogen Metabolism (ISHEN) was commissioned to summarize and update current efforts in the development and characterization of animal models of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). As defined in humans, HE in animal models is based on the underlying degree and severity of liver pathology. Although hyperammonemia remains the key focus in the pathogenesis of HE, other factors associated with HE have been identified, together with recommended animal models, to help explore the pathogenesis and pathophysiological mechanisms of HE. While numerous methods to induce liver failure and disease exist, less have been characterized with neurological and neurobehavioural impairments. Moreover, there still remains a paucity of adequate animal models of Type C HE induced by alcohol, viruses and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; the most common etiologies of chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S DeMorrow
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas, USA; Research division, Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System, Temple Texas USA.,Correspondance: Sharon DeMorrow, PhD, ; tel: +1-512-495-5779
| | - C Cudalbu
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - N Davies
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - AR Jayakumar
- General Medical Research, Neuropathology Section, R&D Service and South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education Inc; Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami FL, USA
| | - CF Rose
- Hepato-Neuro Laboratory, CRCHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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Ochoa-Sanchez R, Oliveira MM, Tremblay M, Petrazzo G, Pant A, Bosoi CR, Perreault M, Querbes W, Kurtz CB, Rose CF. Genetically engineered E. coli Nissle attenuates hyperammonemia and prevents memory impairment in bile-duct ligated rats. Liver Int 2021; 41:1020-1032. [PMID: 33548108 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hyperammonemia associated with chronic liver disease (CLD) is implicated in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). The gut is a major source of ammonia production that contributes to hyperammonemia in CLD and HE and remains the primary therapeutic target for lowering hyperammonemia. As an ammonia-lowering strategy, Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 bacterium was genetically modified to consume and convert ammonia to arginine (S-ARG). S-ARG was further modified to additionally synthesize butyrate (S-ARG + BUT). Both strains were evaluated in bile-duct ligated (BDL) rats; experimental model of CLD and HE. METHODS One-week post-surgery, BDLs received non-modified EcN (EcN), S-ARG, S-ARG + BUT (3x1011 CFU/day) or vehicle until sacrifice at 3 or 5 weeks. Plasma (ammonia/pro-inflammatory/liver function), liver fibrosis (hydroxyproline), liver mRNA (pro-inflammatory/fibrogenic/anti-apoptotic) and colon mRNA (pro-inflammatory) biomarkers were measured post-sacrifice. Memory, motor-coordination, muscle-strength and locomotion were assessed at 5 weeks. RESULTS In BDL-Veh rats, hyperammonemia developed at 3 and further increased at 5 weeks. This rise was prevented by S-ARG and S-ARG + BUT, whereas EcN was ineffective. Memory impairment was prevented only in S-ARG + BUT vs BDL-Veh. Systemic inflammation (IL-10/MCP-1/endotoxin) increased at 3 and 5 weeks in BDL-Veh. S-ARG + BUT attenuated inflammation at both timepoints (except 5-week endotoxin) vs BDL-Veh, whereas S-ARG only attenuated IP-10 and MCP-1 at 3 weeks. Circulating ALT/AST/ALP/GGT/albumin/bilirubin and gene expression of liver function markers (IL-10/IL-6/IL-1β/TGF-β/α-SMA/collagen-1α1/Bcl-2) were not normalized by either strain. Colonic mRNA (TNF-α/IL-1β/occludin) markers were attenuated by synthetic strains at both timepoints vs BDL-Veh. CONCLUSION S-ARG and S-ARG + BUT attenuated hyperammonemia, with S-ARG + BUT additional memory protection likely due to greater anti-inflammatory effect. These innovative strategies, particularly S-ARG + BUT, have potential to prevent HE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana M Oliveira
- Hepato-Neuro Laboratory, CRCHUM, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Mélanie Tremblay
- Hepato-Neuro Laboratory, CRCHUM, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Grégory Petrazzo
- Hepato-Neuro Laboratory, CRCHUM, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Cristina R Bosoi
- Hepato-Neuro Laboratory, CRCHUM, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Christopher F Rose
- Hepato-Neuro Laboratory, CRCHUM, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
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Braissant O, Rackayová V, Pierzchala K, Grosse J, McLin VA, Cudalbu C. Longitudinal neurometabolic changes in the hippocampus of a rat model of chronic hepatic encephalopathy. J Hepatol 2019; 71:505-515. [PMID: 31173812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The sequence of events in hepatic encephalopathy (HE) remains unclear. Using the advantages of in vivo 1H-MRS (9.4T) we aimed to analyse the time-course of disease in an established model of type C HE by analysing the longitudinal changes in a large number of brain metabolites together with biochemical, histological and behavioural assessment. We hypothesized that neurometabolic changes are detectable very early, and that these early changes will offer insight into the primary events underpinning HE. METHODS Wistar rats underwent bile-duct ligation (BDL) and were studied before BDL and at post-operative weeks 2, 4, 6 and 8 (n = 26). In vivo short echo-time 1H-MRS (9.4T) of the hippocampus was performed in a longitudinal manner, as were biochemical (plasma), histological and behavioural tests. RESULTS Plasma ammonium increased early after BDL and remained high during the study. Brain glutamine increased (+47%) as early as 2-4 weeks post-BDL while creatine (-8%) and ascorbate (-12%) decreased. Brain glutamine and ascorbate correlated closely with rising plasma ammonium, while brain creatine correlated with brain glutamine. The increases in brain glutamine and plasma ammonium were correlated, while plasma ammonium correlated negatively with distance moved. Changes in astrocyte morphology were observed at 4 weeks. These early changes were further accentuated at 6-8 weeks post-BDL, concurrently with the known decreases in brain organic osmolytes. CONCLUSION Using a multimodal, in vivo and longitudinal approach we have shown that neurometabolic changes are already noticeable 2 weeks after BDL. These early changes are suggestive of osmotic/oxidative stress and are likely the premise of some later changes. Early decreases in cerebral creatine and ascorbate are novel findings offering new avenues to explore neuroprotective strategies for HE treatment. LAY SUMMARY The sequence of events in chronic hepatic encephalopathy (HE) remains unclear, therefore using the advantages of in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 9.4T we aimed to test the hypothesis that neurometabolic changes are detectable very early in an established model of type C HE, offering insight into the primary events underpinning HE, before advanced liver disease confounds the findings. These early, previously unreported neurometabolic changes occurred as early as 2 to 4 weeks after bile-duct ligation, namely an increase in plasma ammonium and brain glutamine, a decrease in brain creatine and ascorbate together with behavioural and astrocyte morphology changes, and continued to progress throughout the 8-week course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Braissant
- Service of Clinical Chemistry, University of Lausanne and University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Veronika Rackayová
- Laboratory of Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Center for Biomedical Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Centre d'Imagerie Biomedicale (CIBM), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Katarzyna Pierzchala
- Centre d'Imagerie Biomedicale (CIBM), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jocelyn Grosse
- Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics, Brain Mind Institute, School Of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valérie A McLin
- Swiss Pediatric Liver Center, Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospitals Geneva, and University of Geneva Medical School, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Cudalbu
- Centre d'Imagerie Biomedicale (CIBM), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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El Khiat A, Tamegart L, Draoui A, El Fari R, Sellami S, Rais H, El Hiba O, Gamrani H. Kinetic deterioration of short memory in rat with acute hepatic encephalopathy: Involvement of astroglial and neuronal dysfunctions. Behav Brain Res 2019; 367:201-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Taoro-González L, Cabrera-Pastor A, Sancho-Alonso M, Arenas YM, Meseguer-Estornell F, Balzano T, ElMlili N, Felipo V. Differential role of interleukin-1β in neuroinflammation-induced impairment of spatial and nonspatial memory in hyperammonemic rats. FASEB J 2019; 33:9913-9928. [PMID: 31162953 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900230rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Activated microglia and increased brain IL-1β play a main role in cognitive impairment in much pathology. We studied the role of IL-1β in neuroinflammation-induced impairment of the following different types of learning and memory: novel object recognition (NOR), novel object location (NOL), spatial learning, reference memory (RM), and working memory (WM). All these processes are impaired in hyperammonemic rats. We assessed which of these types of learning and memory are restored by blocking the IL-1 receptor in vivo in hyperammonemic rats and the possible mechanisms involved. Blocking the IL-1 receptor reversed microglial activation in the hippocampus, perirhinal cortex, and prefrontal cortex but not in the postrhinal cortex. This was associated with the restoration of NOR and WM but not of tasks involving a spatial component (NOL and RM). This suggests that IL-1β would be involved in neuroinflammation-induced nonspatial memory impairment, whereas spatial memory impairment would be IL-1β-independent and would be mediated by other proinflammatory factors.-Taoro-González, L., Cabrera-Pastor, A., Sancho-Alonso, M., Arenas, Y. M., Meseguer-Estornell, F., Balzano, T., ElMlili, N., Felipo, V. Differential role of interleukin-1β in neuroinflammation-induced impairment of spatial and nonspatial memory in hyperammonemic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Taoro-González
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrea Cabrera-Pastor
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain.,Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - María Sancho-Alonso
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yaiza M Arenas
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Tiziano Balzano
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nisrin ElMlili
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Felipo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
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Golshani M, Basiri M, Shabani M, Aghaei I, Asadi-Shekaari M. Effects of erythropoietin on bile duct ligation-induced neuro-inflammation in male rats. AIMS Neurosci 2019; 6:43-53. [PMID: 32341967 PMCID: PMC7179341 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2019.2.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a brain disorder as a result of liver failure. Previous studies have indicated that erythropoietin (EPO) has neuroprotective effects in different neurological diseases. This study addressed the therapeutic effect of a four-week treatment with EPO on neuronal damages in bile duct-ligated rats. Forty male Wistar rats (250–280 g) were used in the present study. The animals were randomly divided into four groups consisting of 10 animals each, including sham, sham + EPO, bile duct ligation (BDL), and BDL + EPO. EPO was intraperitoneally administered every other day (5,000 U/Kg) in the last four weeks after BDL. Biochemical and histological studies were performed to evaluate neurodegeneration. The results revealed that BDL increases the level of hepatic enzymes and total bilirubin. Furthermore, neurodegeneration was significantly increased in the BDL group compared to sham groups. EPO preserved hepatic enzymes and total bilirubin in the treated group. In addition, EPO significantly decreased the neurodegeneration in BDL + EPO compared to the BDL group. Results of this study showed that EPO has neuroprotective effects in the rat model of HE, possibly due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. Complementary studies are required to clarify the exact mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moazameh Golshani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohsen Basiri
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shabani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Aghaei
- Neuroscience Research Center, Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Majid Asadi-Shekaari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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10
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Bashiri H, Hosseini-Chegeni H, Alsadat Sharifi K, Sahebgharani M, Salari AA. Activation of TRPV1 receptors affects memory function and hippocampal TRPV1 and CREB mRNA expression in a rat model of biliary cirrhosis. Neurol Res 2018; 40:938-947. [PMID: 30079821 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2018.1504158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Memory impairment induced by biliary cirrhosis is associated with abnormalities in the function of different neurotransmitter systems. However, the exact molecular mechanisms involved in the learning and memory dysfunctions following biliary cirrhosis is largely unknown. This study set out to determine whether activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) in the CA1 area of the hippocampus in rats improve memory impairment induced by biliary cirrhosis. METHODS To assess learning and memory, passive avoidance task was carried out using a shuttle box. The mRNA expression of TRPV1 and cAMP response element binding (CREB) protein in the hippocampus were also evaluated by qT-PCR. RESULTS Our results indicated that activation of TRPV1 channels by capsaicin significantly decreased memory impairment and increased mRNA expression of the TRPV1 and CREB in the hippocampus of rats with biliary cirrhosis. Our findings also demonstrated that a positive correlation existed between mRNA expression of TRPV1 and CREB, and between memory function and TRPV1 expression. DISCUSSION Taken together, the results of this study support the view that TRPV1 receptor may play an important role in the regulation of learning and memory functions, and suggest that activation of TRPV1 channels seems to be a promising therapeutic target for learning and memory impairments following biliary cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Bashiri
- a Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology , Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Afzalipour School of Medical, Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran
| | | | - Khadijeh Alsadat Sharifi
- c Department of Neuroscience , School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mousa Sahebgharani
- d Department of Pharmacology , School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Ali-Akbar Salari
- e Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
- f Salari Institute of Cognitive and Behavioral Disorders (SICBD) , Alborz , Iran
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Tahamtan M, Aghaei I, Pooladvand V, Sheibani V, Khaksari M, Shabani M. Characterization of the CA1 pyramidal neurons in rat model of hepatic cirrhosis: insights into their electrophysiological properties. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:881-889. [PMID: 28265840 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-9966-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although the key contributors of altering neurological function in hepatic encephalopathy are relatively well known, the electrophysiological mechanism of CA1 damage, a key vulnerable area during hyperammonemia, have not yet been defined. Therefore, here we focus on the electrophysiological mechanisms of cognitive impairments following bile duct ligation (BDL). We performed patch-clamp recordings from the CA1 pyramidal neurons in hippocampus of male Wistar rats, which underwent sham or BDL surgery. A striking electrophysiological change of hippocampal neurons in experimental model of BDL was observed in the present study. Spontaneous firing frequency and rate of action potential (AP) rebound was decreased and afterhyperpolarization amplitude (AHP) was increased significantly in hippocampal cells of BDL animals compared to sham group. Together, the results suggest that altered intrinsic properties of the hippocampal neurons may contribute to the cognitive abnormalities during hepatic encephalopathy (HE), highlighting the electrophysiological mechanisms for providing new treatments against HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Tahamtan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, 76198-13159, Iran
| | - Iraj Aghaei
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Vahid Pooladvand
- Biochemical Department, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Vahid Sheibani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, 76198-13159, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khaksari
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shabani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, 76198-13159, Iran.
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12
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Aghaei I, Saeedi Saravi SS, Ghotbi Ravandi S, Nozari M, Roudbari A, Dalili A, Shabani M, Dehpour AR. Evaluation of prepulse inhibition and memory impairments at early stage of cirrhosis may be considered as a diagnostic index for minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Physiol Behav 2017; 173:87-94. [PMID: 28119160 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE), which represents the early stage of this condition, is not clinically apparent and is prevalent in up to 80% of patients. The poor outcomes of MHE encouraged us to identify more simple methods for early diagnosis of MHE. To this purpose, we evaluated the contemporary manifestations of motor, cognitive and sensorimotor gaiting deficits following bile duct-ligation (BDL). Male Wistar rats were undergone BDL to induce cirrhosis and locomotor, spatial learning and memory and sensorimotor gating were assessed 2, 3, and 4weeks after the operation by rotarod, Morris water-maze and prepulse inhibition (PPI) tests. PPI was examined 6weeks after BDL until appearance of hepatic encephalopathy. Results showed that although PPI was significantly enhanced in the 6-week BDL animals, locomotor activity reduced in 4-week BDL rats compared to the BDL rats after a 2-week period. The total distance travelled and swimming time to reach the platform increased in the 4-week BDL rats and, in contrast, the percentage of time spent and space travelled in correct quadrant decreased. Moreover, memory index decreased in the 3-week BDL group compared to sham-operated group. It was observed an increase in global PPI in 3- and 4-week BDL animals in comparison with either 2-week BDL or sham-operated rats. Consequently, it is indicated that BDL animals manifest spatial learning and memory deficits and PPI disruption in early stage of HE and evaluation of these factors can be considered as indices for simple and early diagnosis of MHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraj Aghaei
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Seyed Soheil Saeedi Saravi
- Department of Toxicology-Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Ghotbi Ravandi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Nozari
- Department of Physiology, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Roudbari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurology, Poursina Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Afshin Dalili
- Razi Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shabani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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13
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Bodega G, Segura B, Ciordia S, Mena MDC, López-Fernández LA, García MI, Trabado I, Suárez I. Ammonia Affects Astroglial Proliferation in Culture. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139619. [PMID: 26421615 PMCID: PMC4589356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cultures of rat astroglial cells were exposed to 1, 3 and 5 mM NH4Cl for up to 10 days. Dose- and time-dependent reductions in cell numbers were seen, plus an increase in the proportion of cells in the S phase. The DNA content was reduced in the treated cells, and BrdU incorporation diminished. However, neither ammonia nor ammonia plus glutamine had any effect on DNA polymerase activity. iTRAQ analysis showed that exposure to ammonia induced a significant reduction in histone and heterochromatin protein 1 expression. A reduction in cell viability was also noted. The ammonia-induced reduction of proliferative activity in these cultured astroglial cells seems to be due to a delay in the completion of the S phase provoked by the inhibition of chromatin protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Bodega
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Berta Segura
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, UFIEC, Unidad de Neuro-Oncología, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Proteomics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - María del Carmen Mena
- Proteomics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Andrés López-Fernández
- Servicio de Farmacia, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Isabel García
- Servicio de Farmacia, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Trabado
- Unidad de Cultivos, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Suárez
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Miah MK, Shaik IH, Bickel U, Mehvar R. Effects of Pringle maneuver and partial hepatectomy on the pharmacokinetics and blood-brain barrier permeability of sodium fluorescein in rats. Brain Res 2015; 1618:249-60. [PMID: 26051428 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Liver diseases are known to affect the function of remote organs. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of Pringle maneuver, which results in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury, and partial hepatectomy (Hx) on the pharmacokinetics and brain distribution of sodium fluorescein (FL), which is a widely used marker of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Rats were subjected to Pringle maneuver (total hepatic ischemia) for 20 min with (HxIR) or without (IR) 70% hepatectomy. Sham-operated animals underwent laparotomy only. After 15 min or 8h of reperfusion, a single 25-mg/kg dose of FL was injected intravenously and serial (0-30 min) blood and bile and terminal brain samples were collected. Total and free (ultrafiltration) plasma, total brain homogenate, and bile concentrations of FL and/or its glucuronidated metabolite (FL-Glu) were determined by HPLC. Both IR and HxIR caused significant reductions in the biliary excretions of FL and FL-Glu, resulting in significant increases in the plasma AUC of the marker. Additionally, the free fraction of FL in plasma was significantly increased by HxIR. Although the brain concentrations of FL were increased by almost twofold in both IR and HxIR animals, the brain concentrations corrected by the free FL AUC (and not the total AUC) were similar in both groups at either time points. It is concluded that Pringle maneuver and/or partial hepatectomy substantially alters the hepatobiliary disposition, plasma AUC, plasma free fraction, and brain accumulation of FL without altering the BBB permeability to the marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad K Miah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Imam H Shaik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Ulrich Bickel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA; Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Reza Mehvar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA; Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA; Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University, School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA, USA.
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15
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Méndez-López M, Méndez M, Arias J, Arias JL. Effects of a high protein diet on cognition and brain metabolism in cirrhotic rats. Physiol Behav 2015; 149:220-8. [PMID: 26048304 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neurological complication observed in patients with liver disease. Patients who suffer from HE present neuropsychiatric, neuromuscular and behavioral symptoms. Animal models proposed to study HE resulting from cirrhosis mimic the clinical characteristics of cirrhosis and portal hypertension, and require the administration of hepatotoxins such as thioacetamide (TAA). The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a high protein diet on motor function, anxiety and memory processes in a model of cirrhosis induced by TAA administration. In addition, we used cytochrome c-oxidase (COx) histochemistry to assess the metabolic activity of the limbic system regions. Male rats were distributed into groups: control, animals with cirrhosis, Control rats receiving a high protein diet, and animals with cirrhosis receiving a high protein diet. Results showed preserved motor function and normal anxiety levels in all the groups. The animals with cirrhosis showed an impairment in active avoidance behavior and spatial memory, regardless of the diet they received. However, the animals with cirrhosis and a high protein diet showed longer escape latencies on the spatial memory task. The model of cirrhosis presented an under-activation of the dentate gyrus and CA3 hippocampal subfields and the medial part of the medial mammillary nucleus. The results suggest that a high protein intake worsens spatial memory deficits shown by the TAA-induced model of cirrhosis. However, high protein ingestion has no influence on the COx hypoactivity associated with the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Méndez-López
- Department of Psychology, University of Zaragoza, Campus Ciudad Escolar s/n., 44003 Teruel, Spain.
| | - M Méndez
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijóo s/n., 33003 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - J Arias
- Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n., 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - J L Arias
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijóo s/n., 33003 Oviedo, Spain.
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16
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Leke R, Escobar TDC, Rao KVR, Silveira TR, Norenberg MD, Schousboe A. Expression of glutamine transporter isoforms in cerebral cortex of rats with chronic hepatic encephalopathy. Neurochem Int 2015; 88:32-7. [PMID: 25842041 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric disorder that occurs due to acute and chronic liver diseases, the hallmark of which is the increased levels of ammonia and subsequent alterations in glutamine synthesis, i.e. conditions associated with the pathophysiology of HE. Under physiological conditions, glutamine is fundamental for replenishment of the neurotransmitter pools of glutamate and GABA. The different isoforms of glutamine transporters play an important role in the transfer of this amino acid between astrocytes and neurons. A disturbance in the GABA biosynthetic pathways has been described in bile duct ligated (BDL) rats, a well characterized model of chronic HE. Considering that glutamine is important for GABA biosynthesis, altered glutamine transport and the subsequent glutamate/GABA-glutamine cycle efficacy might influence these pathways. Given this potential outcome, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether the expression of the glutamine transporters SAT1, SAT2, SN1 and SN2 would be affected in chronic HE. We verified that mRNA expression of the neuronal glutamine transporters SAT1 and SAT2 was found unaltered in the cerebral cortex of BDL rats. Similarly, no changes were found in the mRNA level for the astrocytic transporter SN1, whereas the gene expression of SN2 was increased by two-fold in animals with chronic HE. However, SN2 protein immuno-reactivity did not correspond with the increase in gene transcription since it remained unaltered. These data indicate that the expression of the glutamine transporter isoforms is unchanged during chronic HE, and thus likely not to participate in the pathological mechanisms related to the imbalance in the GABAergic neurotransmitter system observed in this neurologic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Leke
- Experimental Hepatology and Gastroenterology Laboratory, Research Center of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Brazil; Department of Pathology, University of Miami School of Medicine and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Miami, FL 33101, USA.
| | - Thayssa D C Escobar
- Experimental Hepatology and Gastroenterology Laboratory, Research Center of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Kakulavarapu V Rama Rao
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami School of Medicine and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Themis Reverbel Silveira
- Experimental Hepatology and Gastroenterology Laboratory, Research Center of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Brazil; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Michael D Norenberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami School of Medicine and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Arne Schousboe
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
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17
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Schousboe A, Waagepetersen HS, Leke R, Bak LK. Effects of hyperammonemia on brain energy metabolism: controversial findings in vivo and in vitro. Metab Brain Dis 2014; 29:913-7. [PMID: 24577633 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9513-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The literature related to the effects of elevated plasma ammonia levels on brain energy metabolism is abundant, but heterogeneous in terms of the conclusions. Thus, some studies claim that ammonia has a direct, inhibitory effect on energy metabolism whereas others find no such correlation. In this review, we discuss both recent and older literature related to this controversial topic. We find that it has been consistently reported that hepatic encephalopathy and concomitant hyperammonemia lead to reduced cerebral oxygen consumption. However, this may not be directly linked to an effect of ammonia but related to the fact that hepatic encephalopathy is always associated with reduced brain activity, a condition clearly characterized by a decreased CMRO2. Whether this may be related to changes in GABAergic function remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Schousboe
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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18
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Sheen JM, Chen YC, Tain YL, Huang LT. Increased circulatory asymmetric dimethylarginine and multiple organ failure: bile duct ligation in rat as a model. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:3989-4006. [PMID: 24603538 PMCID: PMC3975379 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15033989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile duct ligation (BDL)-treated rats exhibit cholestasis, increased systemic oxidative stress, and liver fibrosis, which ultimately lead to liver cirrhosis. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is a competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase that can decrease the synthesis of nitric oxide. BDL rats have higher plasma and hepatic ADMA levels, which may be due to increased hepatic protein arginine methyltransferase-1 and decreased dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase expression. BDL rats also exhibit renal and brain damage characterized by increased tissue ADMA concentrations. The increased plasma ADMA levels and multiple organ damages seen here are also observed following multiple organ failures associated with critical illness. This review discusses the dysregulation of ADMA in major organs in BDL rats and the role of increased ADMA in multiple organ damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiunn-Ming Sheen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Chieh Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
| | - You-Lin Tain
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Tung Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
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