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Nabavi Zadeh F, Nazari M, Amini A, Adeli S, Barzegar Behrooz A, Fahanik Babaei J. Pre- and post-treatment of α-Tocopherol on cognitive, synaptic plasticity, and mitochondrial disorders of the hippocampus in icv-streptozotocin-induced sporadic Alzheimer's-like disease in male Wistar rat. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1073369. [PMID: 37152606 PMCID: PMC10157075 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1073369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Most dementia cases in the elderly are caused by Alzheimer's disease (AD), a complex, progressive neurological disease. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of streptozotocin (STZ) in rat's results in aberrant brain insulin signaling, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction that impair cognition change neural plasticity, and eventually lead to neuronal death. The current study aims to define the neuroprotective action of alpha-tocopherol in enhancing mitochondrial function and the function of synapses in memory-impaired rats brought on by icv-STZ. Methods Male Wistar rats were pre-treated with (α-Tocopherol 150 mg/kg) orally once daily for 7 days before and 14 days after being bilaterally injected with icv-STZ (3 mg/kg), while sham group rats received the same volume of STZ solvent. After 2 weeks of icv-STZ infusion, rats were tested for cognitive performance using a behaviors test and then were prepared electrophysiology recordings or sacrificed for biochemical and histopathological assays. Results The cognitive impairment was significantly minimized in the behavioral paradigms for those who had taken α-Tocopherol. In the hippocampus of icv-STZ rat brains, α-Tocopherol ocopherol effectively prevented the loss of glutathione levels and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity, lowered mitochondrial ROS and mitochondrial membrane potential, and also brought about a decrease in Aβ aggregation and neuronal death. Conclusion Our findings demonstrated that by lowering neurobehavioral impairments caused by icv-STZ, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction, α-Tocopherol enhanced intracellular calcium homeostasis and corrected neurodegenerative defects in the brain. These findings examine the available approach for delaying AD connected to mitochondrial malfunction and plasticity issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Nabavi Zadeh
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Nazari
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdollah Amini
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheila Adeli
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Barzegar Behrooz
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Fahanik Babaei
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Javad Fahanik Babaei, ,
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Berberine Ameliorates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Ulcerative Colitis and Inhibits the Secretion of Gut Lysozyme via Promoting Autophagy. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12080676. [PMID: 35893243 PMCID: PMC9394306 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12080676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is one of the primary types of inflammatory bowel disease, the occurrence of which has been increasing worldwide. Research in recent years has found that the level of lysozyme in the feces and blood of UC patients is abnormally elevated, and the bacterial product after the action of lysozyme can be used as an agonist to recognize different cell pattern receptors, thus regulating the process of intestinal inflammation. Berberine (BBR), as a clinical anti-diarrhea and anti-inflammatory drug, has been used in China for hundreds of years. In this study, results showed that BBR can significantly inhibit the expression and secretion of lysozyme in mice. Therefore, we try to investigate the mechanism behind it and elucidate the new anti-inflammatory mechanism of BBR. In vitro, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to establish an inflammatory cell model, and transcriptomic was used to analyze the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the LPS group and the LPS + BBR treatment group. In vivo, dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) was used to establish a UC mice model, and histologic section and immunofluorescence trails were used to estimate the effect of BBR on UC mice and the expression of lysozyme in Paneth cells. Research results showed that BBR can inhibit the expression and secretion of lysozyme by promoting autophagy via the AMPK/MTOR/ULK1 pathway, and BBR promotes the maturation and expression of lysosomes. Accordingly, we conclude that inhibiting the expression and secretion of intestinal lysozyme is a new anti-inflammatory mechanism of BBR.
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Hao Y, Li J, Yue S, Wang S, Hu S, Li B. Neuroprotective Effect and Possible Mechanisms of Berberine in Diabetes-Related Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Animal Studies. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:917375. [PMID: 35734409 PMCID: PMC9208278 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.917375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Berberine, the main bioactive component of Coptis chinensis Franch., is widely used in the treatment of diabetes. Previous studies have reported that berberine supplementation may play a multitarget therapeutic role in diabetes-related cognitive impairment (DCI). This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effect and possible mechanisms of berberine in animal models of DCI. Relevant studies were searched through PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and three Chinese databases (CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP) until March 2022. Twenty studies involving 442 animals were included, and SYRCLE’s risk of bias tool was used to assess methodological quality. The statistical analysis was performed using STATA 15.0 to calculate the weighted standard mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). The fasting blood glucose (FBG) and Morris water maze test (MWM) were the main outcomes to be analyzed. The overall results showed that berberine could significantly improve FBG, escape latency, the times of crossing the platform, the time spent in the target quadrant, serum insulin, 2hBG of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), amyloid β (Aβ), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), oxidative stress, and inflammation levels. The present meta-analysis demonstrated that berberine could not only lower blood glucose levels but also improve learning and memory in DCI animal models, which might involve regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, improving insulin resistance, anti-oxidation, anti-neuroinflammation, inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress; and improving the cholinergic system. However, additional attention should be paid to these outcomes due to the significant heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Hao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengnan Yue
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaofeng Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuangyuan Hu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Li,
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Ibrahim Fouad G, Ahmed KA. The protective impact of berberine against doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Tissue Cell 2021; 73:101612. [PMID: 34371291 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a well-known anti-neoplastic agent that is widely employed to treat several types of malignancies. The current study was designed to investigate the renoprotective potential of berberine (BEB) on the doxorubicin (DOX)-induced nephrotoxicity and renal fibrosis. Rats were allocated into four groups; Negative Control, DOX nephrotoxic-induced group received a single dose of DOX (20 mg/kg, i.p.), BEB-group received (50 mg/kg, p.o.) for 14 days, and co-treatment group BEB + DOX where rats were pre-treated with BEB for 10 successive days, then received a single dose of DOX on the 11th day, followed by 4 days of receiving BEB. DOX resulted in nephrotoxicity manifested by significant increments in urea, creatinine, and kidney injury molecule (KIM-1), these biochemical findings were supported with the histopathological lesions in renal tissues. Moreover, DOX provoked oxidative stress through enhancing renal malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents, and decreased renal catalase (CAT) activity. DOX triggered renal fibrosis represented by increased transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) and elevated collagen deposition. DOX stimulated apoptosis and inflammation in renal tissues as confirmed by increased immunoexpression of caspase-3 and NF-κB, respectively. These effects were alleviated by BEB co-treatment. Co-treatment with BEB markedly prohibited DOX-induced oxidative damage, inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis in renal tissue. Histopathological and immunohistochemical investigations showed the nephroprotective potential of BEB on renal injury, which was consistent with the biochemical findings. Accordingly, it could be concluded that the nephroprotective potential of BEB against DOX-induced kidney injury and fibrosis might be mediated by the anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrosis activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghadha Ibrahim Fouad
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Kawkab A Ahmed
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
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Regulation of Nutritional Metabolism in Transition Dairy Goats: Energy Balance, Liver Activity, and Insulin Resistance in Response to Berberine Supplementation. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082236. [PMID: 34438693 PMCID: PMC8388389 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the alleviating effects of the isoquinoline alkaloid berberine (BBR) on the energy balance (EB), glucose and insulin metabolism, and liver functionality in transition dairy goats, as reflected by blood metabolites and enzymes. Twenty-four primiparous Saanen goats were randomly allocated to four groups. Goats in each group received, ad libitum, the same basal diet during the pre- and post-partum periods of evaluation. Goats received daily0, 1, 2, or 4 g BBR (coded as CON, BBR1, BBR2, and BBR4, respectively). Dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were recorded daily. Blood samples were collected on days -21, -14, -7, 0, 7, 14, and 21 relative to kidding, and individual body condition scores (BCSs) were also recorded. Supplementation with either BBR2 or BBR4 increased (p < 0.05) pre- and post-partum DMI, increasing (p < 0.05) the intakes of net energy for lactating and metabolizable proteins. BBR2 and BBR4 increased (p < 0.05) post-partum milk production as well as fat-corrected milk (FCM), energy-corrected milk (ECM), and feed efficiency, indicating the alleviating effect of BBR on the negative energy balance (NEB) in transition goats. The daily ingestion of either 2 or 4 g BBR reduced (p < 0.05) plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and increased (p < 0.05) the dynamic change in the liver activity index (LAI) and liver functionality index (LFI), implying its hepatoprotective effect on transition goats. Overall, the results suggest that BBR supplementation of at least 2 g/d may help to ameliorate insulin resistance (IR) and fat metabolism disorders initiated by the NEB in transition dairy goats.
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Fahanik-Babaei J, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Roghani M. Differential Effect of Amyloid Beta1-40 on Short-term and Long-term Plasticity in Dentate Gyrus of a Rat Model of Alzheimer Disease. Basic Clin Neurosci 2021; 11:517-524. [PMID: 33613890 PMCID: PMC7878034 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.9.10.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Synaptic plasticity is inappropriately affected by neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer Disease (AD). In this study, we examined the effect of intrahippocampal amyloid-beta (Aβ1-40) on dentate gyrus Long-term Potentiation (LTP) and presynaptic short-term plasticity in a rat model of AD. Methods: The experimental groups in this research included the control with no treatment, sham-operated receiving the vehicle (normal saline), and Aβ-lesioned groups. For modeling AD, aggregated Aβ1-40 (10 μg/2 μl on each side) was injected into the hippocampal CA1. Three weeks later, Population Spike (PS) amplitude and slope ratios were determined at different Inter-pulse Intervals (IPI) of 10, 20, 30, and 50 ms as a valid indicator of the short-term presynaptic facilitation and/or depression. In addition, PS amplitude and slope were taken as an index of long-term synaptic plasticity after application of High-frequency Stimulation (HFS) to induce LTP in the medial perforant-dentate gyrus pathway. Results: No significant differences were noted amongst the experimental groups regarding fEPSP slope and paired-pulse indices as indicators of short-term plasticity. In contrast, fEPSP slope and PS amplitude significantly decreased following the application of HFS in Aβ-injected group. In addition, there was no significant difference between the control and sham-operated groups regarding the mentioned parameters. Conclusion: Findings of this study clearly demonstrated that microinjection of Aβ1-40 into the CA1 could impair LTP in dentate gyrus but could not modify short-term plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tourandokht Baluchnejadmojarad
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Roghani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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Shaker FH, El-Derany MO, Wahdan SA, El-Demerdash E, El-Mesallamy HO. Berberine ameliorates doxorubicin-induced cognitive impairment (chemobrain) in rats. Life Sci 2021; 269:119078. [PMID: 33460662 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cognitive decline is one of the most challenging issues for cancer survivors undergoing doxorubicin (DOX) based chemotherapy. Oxidative stress and inflammation primarily through tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) are considered the key contributors to DOX-induced chemobrain. Berberine (BBR) has attracted much interest because of its anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic actions. This study aimed to evaluate the potential neuroprotective effect of BBR in DOX-induced neurodegeneration and cognitive deficits. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemobrain was induced by DOX i.p. injection at the dose of 2 mg/kg, once/week, for four consecutive weeks. Rats were treated with BBR (100 mg/kg, p.o.) for 5 days/week for four consecutive weeks. KEY FINDINGS BBR significantly attenuated behavioral defects in DOX-induced cognitive impairment. Besides, BBR reversed histopathological abnormalities. Mechanistically, it reversed DOX-induced neuroinflammation by attenuating NF-κB gene and protein expression in addition to diminishing expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α and IL-1β), as well as apoptotic related factors (Bax, Bcl2 and Bax/Bcl2 ratio). Additionally, BBR activated the anti-oxidative defense via upregulating the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). BBR improved synaptic plasticity through cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). These effects were related through the modulation of Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) expression. SIGNIFICANCE BBR is highlighted to induce neuroprotection against DOX-induced cognitive decline through modulating brain growth factors and imposing an anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma H Shaker
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Marwa O El-Derany
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Sara A Wahdan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Ebtehal El-Demerdash
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Hala O El-Mesallamy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; Dean of Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, North Sinai 45518, Egypt.
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Rezaeian L, Kalalian-Moghaddam H, Mohseni F, Khaksari M, Rafaiee R. Effects of berberine hydrochloride on methamphetamine-induced anxiety behaviors and relapse in rats. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 23:1480-1488. [PMID: 33235706 PMCID: PMC7671426 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2020.47285.10884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective(s): This research aimed at evaluating the effect of berberine hydrochloride on anxiety-related behaviors induced by methamphetamine (METH) in rats, assessing relapse and neuroprotective effects. Materials and Methods: 27 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into groups of Control, METH-withdrawal (METH addiction and subsequent withdrawal), and METH addiction with berberine hydrochloride oral treatment (100 mg/kg/per day) during the three weeks of withdrawal. Two groups received inhaled METH self-administration for two weeks (up to 10 mg/kg). The elevated plus maze (EPM) test and open field test (OFT) were carried out one day after the last berberine treatment and relapse was assessed by conditional place preference (CPP) test. TUNEL assay and immunofluorescence staining for NF-κB, TLR4, Sirt1, and α-actin expression in the hippocampus were tested. Results: After 3 weeks withdrawal, berberine hydrochloride decreased locomotor activity and reduced anxiety-related behaviors in comparison with the METH-withdrawal group (P<0.001). The obtained results from CPP showed that berberine significantly reduced relapse (P<0.01). Significantly decrease in activation of TLR4, Sirt1, and α-actin in METH-withdrawal group was found and the percentage of TLR4, Sirt1, and α-actin improved in berberine-treated group (P<0.001). A significant activity rise of NF-κB of cells in the METH-withdrawal group was detected compared to berberine-treated and control groups (P<0.001). Conclusion: Treatment with berberine hydrochloride via modulating neuroinflammation may be considered as a potential new medication for the treatment of METH addiction and relapse. The histological assays supported the neuroprotective effects of berberine in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Rezaeian
- Department of Addiction Studies, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | | | - Fahimeh Mohseni
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khaksari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Raheleh Rafaiee
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Shinjyo N, Parkinson J, Bell J, Katsuno T, Bligh A. Berberine for prevention of dementia associated with diabetes and its comorbidities: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2020; 18:125-151. [PMID: 32005442 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing number of epidemiological studies indicate that metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its associated features play a key role in the development of certain degenerative brain disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Produced by several different medicinal plants, berberine is a bioactive alkaloid with a wide range of pharmacological effects, including antidiabetic effects. However, it is not clear whether berberine could prevent the development of dementia in association with diabetes. OBJECTIVE To give an overview of the therapeutic potential of berberine as a treatment for dementia associated with diabetes. SEARCH STRATEGY Database searches A and B were conducted using PubMed and ScienceDirect. In search A, studies on berberine's antidementia activities were identified using "berberine" and "dementia" as search terms. In search B, recent studies on berberine's effects on diabetes were surveyed using "berberine" and "diabetes" as search terms. INCLUSION CRITERIA Clinical and preclinical studies that investigated berberine's effects associated with MetS and cognitive dysfunction were included. DATA EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS Data from studies were extracted by one author, and checked by a second; quality assessments were performed independently by two authors. RESULTS In search A, 61 articles were identified, and 22 original research articles were selected. In search B, 458 articles were identified, of which 101 were deemed relevant and selected. Three duplicates were removed, and a total of 120 articles were reviewed for this study. The results demonstrate that berberine exerts beneficial effects directly in the brain: enhancing cholinergic neurotransmission, improving cerebral blood flow, protecting neurons from inflammation, limiting hyperphosphorylation of tau and facilitating β-amyloid peptide clearance. In addition, evidence is growing that berberine is effective against diabetes and associated disorders, such as atherosclerosis, cardiomyopathy, hypertension, hepatic steatosis, diabetic nephropathy, gut dysbiosis, retinopathy and neuropathy, suggesting indirect benefits for the prevention of dementia. CONCLUSION Berberine could impede the development of dementia via multiple mechanisms: preventing brain damages and enhancing cognition directly in the brain, and indirectly through alleviating risk factors such as metabolic dysfunction, and cardiovascular, kidney and liver diseases. This study provided evidence to support the value of berberine in the prevention of dementia associated with MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Shinjyo
- Department of Infection and Host Defense, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - James Parkinson
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology at the University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, United Kingdom
| | - Jimmy Bell
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology at the University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, United Kingdom.
| | - Tatsuro Katsuno
- Kashiwanoha Clinic of East Asian Medicine, Chiba University Hospital, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Annie Bligh
- School of Health Sciences, Caritas Institute of Higher Education, Tseung Kwan O, NT 999077, Hong Kong, China.
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Effect of Riluzole, a Glutamate Release Inhibitor, on Synaptic Plasticity in the Intrahippocampal Aβ Rat Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-019-09820-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ran Q, Wang J, Wang L, Zeng HR, Yang XB, Huang QW. Rhizoma coptidis as a Potential Treatment Agent for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the Underlying Mechanisms: A Review. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:805. [PMID: 31396083 PMCID: PMC6661542 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, especially type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), has become a significant public health burden. Rhizoma coptidis (RC), known as Huang Lian, is widely used for treating diabetes in China. The bioactive compounds of RC, especially alkaloids, have the potential to suppress T2DM-induced lesions, including diabetic vascular dysfunction, diabetic heart disease, diabetic hyperlipidemia, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic encephalopathy, diabetic osteopathy, diabetic enteropathy, and diabetic retinopathy. This review summarizes the effects of RC and its bioactive compounds on T2DM and T2DM complications. Less research has been conducted on non-alkaloid fractions of RC, which may exert synergistic action with alkaloids. Moreover, we summarized the pharmacokinetic properties and structure-activity relationships of RC on T2DM with reference to extant literature and showed clearly that RC has potential therapeutic effect on T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ran
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hai-Rong Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang-Bo Yang
- Ya'an Xun Kang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Ya'an, China
| | - Qin-Wan Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Lu Q, Dun J, Chen JM, Liu S, Sun CC. Improving solid-state properties of berberine chloride through forming a salt cocrystal with citric acid. Int J Pharm 2018; 554:14-20. [PMID: 30385378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Berberine chloride (BCl) can exist as an anhydrate, monohydrate, dihydrate, and tetrahydrate. Therefore, it faces the problem of humidity dependent solid phase change when environmental humidity varies during manufacturing and storage of berberine tablets. We have discovered a new 1:1 cocrystal formed between berberine chloride and citric acid (BCl-CA) that exhibits better stability against variations in humidity while maintaining similar thermal stability, solubility, dissolution rate, and tabletability. Thus, BCl-CA is a good alternative crystal form for use in formulation to manufacture berberine tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jiangnan Dun
- Pharmaceutical Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Jia-Mei Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Shuyu Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Changquan Calvin Sun
- Pharmaceutical Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
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Effects of Berberine chloride on the liver of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in albino Wistar rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 99:227-236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Patel SS, Udayabanu M. Effect of natural products on diabetes associated neurological disorders. Rev Neurosci 2018; 28:271-293. [PMID: 28030360 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder, is associated with neurological complications such as depression, anxiety, hypolocomotion, cognitive dysfunction, phobias, anorexia, stroke, pain, etc. Traditional system of medicine is long known for its efficient management of diabetes. The current review discusses the scope of some common medicinal herbs as well as secondary metabolites with a special focus on diabetes-mediated central nervous system complications. Literatures suggest that natural products reduce diabetes-mediated neurological complications partly by reducing oxidative stress and/or inflammation or apoptosis in certain brain regions. Natural products are known to modulate diabetes-mediated alterations in the level of acetylcholinesterase, choline acetyltransferase, monoamine oxidase, serotonin receptors, muscarinic receptors, insulin receptor, nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and neuropeptide in brain. Further, there are several natural products reported to manage diabetic complications with unknown mechanism. In conclusion, medicinal plants or their secondary metabolites have a wide scope and possess therapeutic potential to effectively manage neurological complications associated with chronic diabetes.
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Chandirasegaran G, Elanchezhiyan C, Ghosh K, Sethupathy S. Berberine chloride ameliorates oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in the pancreas of Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:175-185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Ma YG, Liang L, Zhang YB, Wang BF, Bai YG, Dai ZJ, Xie MJ, Wang ZW. Berberine reduced blood pressure and improved vasodilation in diabetic rats. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 59:191-204. [PMID: 28515053 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia and hypertension are considered to be the two leading risk factors for vascular disease in diabetic patients. However, few pharmacologic agents could provide a combinational therapy for controlling hyperglycemia and hypertension at the same time in diabetes. The objectives of this study are to investigate whether berberine treatment could directly reduce blood pressure and identify the molecular mechanism underlying the vascular protection of berberine in diabetic rats. Berberine was intragastrically administered with different dosages of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day to diabetic rats for 8 weeks since the injection of streptozotocin. The endothelium-dependent/-independent relaxation in middle cerebral arteries was investigated. The activity of large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel (BKCa) was investigated by recording whole-cell currents, analyzing single-channel activities and assessing the expressions of α- and β1-subunit at protein or mRNA levels. Results of the study suggest that chronic administration of 100 mg/kg/day berberine not only lowered blood glucose but also reduced blood pressure and improved vasodilation in diabetic rats. Furthermore, berberine markedly increased the function and expression of BKCa β1-subunit in cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) isolated from diabetic rats or when exposed to hyperglycemia condition. The present study provided initial evidences that berberine reduced blood pressure and improved vasodilation in diabetic rats by activation of BKCa channel in VSMCs, which suggested that berberine might provide a combinational therapy for controlling hyperglycemia and blood pressure in diabetes. Furthermore, our work indicated that activation of BKCa channel might be the underlying mechanism responsible for the vascular protection of berberine in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Guang Ma
- Department of OncologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Liang Liang
- Department of OncologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yin-Bin Zhang
- Department of OncologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Bao-Feng Wang
- Department of OncologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yun-Gang Bai
- Department of OncologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Dai
- Department of OncologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Man-Jiang Xie
- Department of Aerospace PhysiologyKey Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhong-Wei Wang
- Department of OncologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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Adil M, Mansoori MN, Singh D, Kandhare AD, Sharma M. Pioglitazone-induced bone loss in diabetic rats and its amelioration by berberine: A portrait of molecular crosstalk. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94:1010-1019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Sedaghat R, Taab Y, Kiasalari Z, Afshin-Majd S, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Roghani M. Berberine ameliorates intrahippocampal kainate-induced status epilepticus and consequent epileptogenic process in the rat: Underlying mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 87:200-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Ahshin-Majd S, Zamani S, Kiamari T, Kiasalari Z, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Roghani M. Carnosine ameliorates cognitive deficits in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: Possible involved mechanisms. Peptides 2016; 86:102-111. [PMID: 27777064 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic patients are at increased risk to develop cognitive deficit and senile dementia. This study was planned to assess the benefits of chronic carnosine administration on prevention of learning and memory deterioration in streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats and to explore some of the involved mechanisms. Rats were divided into 5 groups: i.e., control, carnosine100-treated control, diabetic, and carnosine-treated diabetics (50 and 100mg/kg). Carnosine was injected i.p. at doses of 50 or 100mg/kg for 7 weeks, started 1 week after induction of diabetes using streptozotocin. Treatment of diabetic rats with carnosine at a dose of 100mg/kg at the end of the study lowered serum glucose, improved spatial recognition memory in Y maze, improved retention and recall in elevated plus maze, and prevented reduction of step-through latency in passive avoidance task. Furthermore, carnosine at a dose of 100mg/kg reduced hippocampal acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, lowered lipid peroxidation, and improved superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense element glutathione (GSH), but not activity of catalase. Meanwhile, hippocampal level of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) decreased and level of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) increased upon treatment of diabetic group with carnosine at a dose of 100mg/kg. Taken together, chronic carnosine treatment could ameliorate learning and memory disturbances in STZ-diabetic rats through intonation of NF-κB/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling cascade, attenuation of astrogliosis, possible improvement of cholinergic function, and amelioration of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zahra Kiasalari
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Mehrdad Roghani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
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Ma YG, Zhang YB, Bai YG, Dai ZJ, Liang L, Liu M, Xie MJ, Guan HT. Berberine alleviates the cerebrovascular contractility in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats through modulation of intracellular Ca²⁺ handling in smooth muscle cells. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2016; 15:63. [PMID: 27067643 PMCID: PMC4828787 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-016-0382-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular dysfunction is a distinctive phenotype in diabetes mellitus. Current treatments mostly focus on the tight glycemic control and few of these treatments have been designed to directly recover the vascular dysfunction in diabetes. As a classical natural medicine, berberine has been explored as a possible therapy for DM. In addition, it is reported that berberine has an extra-protective effect in diabetic vascular dysfunction. However, little is known whether the berberine treatment could ameliorate the smooth muscle contractility independent of a functional endothelium under hyperglycemia. Furthermore, it remains unknown whether berberine affects the arterial contractility by regulating the intracellular Ca2+ handling in vascular smooth cells (VSMCs) under hyperglycemia. Methods Sprague–Dawley rats were used to establish the diabetic model with a high-fat diet plus injections of streptozotocin (STZ). Berberine (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/day) were intragastrically administered to control and diabetic rats for 8 weeks since the injection of STZ. The intracellular Ca2+ handling of isolated cerebral VSMCs was investigated by recording the whole-cell L-type Ca2+ channel (CaL) currents, assessing the protein expressions of CaL channel, and measuring the intracellular Ca2+ in response to caffeine. Our results showed that chronic administration of 100 mg/kg/day berberine not only reduced glucose levels, but also inhibited the augmented contractile function of cerebral artery to KCl and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in diabetic rats. Furthermore, chronic administration of 100 mg/kg/day berberine significantly inhibited the CaL channel current densities, reduced the α1C-subunit expressions of CaL channel, decreased the resting intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) level, and suppressed the Ca2+ releases from RyRs in cerebral VSMCs isolated from diabetic rats. Correspondingly, acute application of 10 μM berberine could directly inhibit the hyperglycemia-induced CaL currents and suppress the hyperglycemia-induced Ca2+ releases from RyRs in cerebral VSMCs isolated from normal control rats. Conclusions Our study indicated that berberine alleviated the cerebral arterial contractility in the rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes via regulating the intracellular Ca2+ handling of smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Guang Ma
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yin-Bin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yun-Gang Bai
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Dai
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liang Liang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China
| | - Man-Jiang Xie
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Hai-Tao Guan
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China.
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Castillo-Gómez E, Coviello S, Perez-Rando M, Curto Y, Carceller H, Salvador A, Nacher J. Streptozotocin diabetic mice display depressive-like behavior and alterations in the structure, neurotransmission and plasticity of medial prefrontal cortex interneurons. Brain Res Bull 2015; 116:45-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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The therapeutic potential of berberine against the altered intrinsic properties of the CA1 neurons induced by Aβ neurotoxicity. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 758:82-8. [PMID: 25861937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
It was demonstrated that treatment with beta amyloid (Aβ) led to extreme alterations in the intrinsic electrophysiological properties of CA1 pyramidal neurons. Also, malfunction of the cholinergic system is correlated to the memory and cognitive impairments. Several new studies have suggested that Berberis vulgaris can act as a cholinesterase inhibitor. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of berberine (BER) on the Aβ-induced impairments in learning and memory. The male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups of Sham, BER, Aβ and Aβ+BER. The administration of BER or its vehicle started immediately after the injection of Aβ and followed by 13 days. Then, the animals were tested for learning and memory performance using the Morris water maze (MWM) and passive avoidance tests. Then, they were sacrificed for the whole cell patch clamp recording. The results of the MWM and passive avoidance tasks indicated that administration of the BER in the Aβ+BER group prevented the memory impairment induced by Aβ. The results of the whole cell patch clamp also showed that administration of the BER restored the Aβ-induced impairments in the firing frequency, half-width and rebound action potential. These results suggested that administration of the BER could ameliorate neurotoxicity induced by Aβ. However, this neuroprotection impact could be resulted from the balance effect of the Ca(2+) entry. The optimal level of Ca(2+) entry by BER could be a major factor that modified the function of the Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels and decreased the half-width in the Aβ treated rats.
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Moghaddam HK, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Roghani M, Khaksari M, Norouzi P, Ahooie M, Mahboobi F. Berberine ameliorate oxidative stress and astrogliosis in the hippocampus of STZ-induced diabetic rats. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:820-6. [PMID: 24113841 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8559-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of central nervous system (CNS) disorders such as stroke, seizures, dementia, and cognitive impairment. Berberine, a natural isoquinoline alkaloid, is reported to exhibit beneficial effect in various neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Moreover, astrocytes are proving critical for normal CNS function, and alterations in their activity and impaired oxidative stress could contribute to diabetes-related cognitive dysfunction. Metabolic and oxidative insults often cause rapid changes in glial cells. Key indicators of this response are increased synthesis of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) as an astrocytic marker. Therefore, we examined the effects of berberine on glial reactivity of hippocampus in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, using GFAP immunohistochemistry. Lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and nitrite levels were assessed as the parameters of oxidative stress. Eight weeks after diabetes induction, we observed increased numbers of GFAP(+) astrocytes immunostaining associated with increased lipid peroxidation, decreased superoxide dismutase activity, and elevated nitrite levels in the hippocampus of STZ-diabetic rats. In contrast, chronic treatment with berberine (50 and 100 mg/kg p.o. once daily) lowered hyperglycemia, reduced oxidative stress, and prevented the upregulation of GFAP in the brain of diabetic rats. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that the treatment with berberine resulted in an obvious reduction of oxidative stress and GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes in the hippocampus of STZ-induced diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Kalalian Moghaddam
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran,
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