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Pandey N, Kumari N, Roy P, Mondal SK, Thakur A, Sun CC, Ghosh A. Tuning Caco-2 permeability by cocrystallization: Insights from molecular dynamics simulation. Int J Pharm 2024; 650:123666. [PMID: 38065346 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that intestinal permeability can be potentially enhanced through cocrystallization. However, a mechanism for this effect remains to be established. In this study, we first demonstrate the enhancement in intestinal permeability, evaluated by the Caco-2 cell permeability assay, of acetazolamide (ACZ) in the presence of a conformer, p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), delivered in the form of a 1:1 cocrystal. The binding strength of ACZ and PABA with the Pgp efflux transporter, either alone or as a mixture, was calculated using molecular dynamics simulation. Results show that PABA weakens the binding of ACZ with Pgp, which leads to a lower efflux ratio and elevated permeability of ACZ. This work provides molecular-level insights into a potentially effective strategy to improve the intestinal permeability of drugs. If the same cocrystal also exhibits higher solubility, oral bioavailability of BCS IV drugs can likely be improved by forming a cocrystal with a Pgp inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noopur Pandey
- Solid State Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand, India
| | - Nimmy Kumari
- Solid State Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand, India
| | - Parag Roy
- Solid State Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand, India
| | - Susanta Kumar Mondal
- TCG Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd, Block-EP & GP, BIPL, Tower-B, Salt Lake, Sector-V, Kolkata, 700091, India
| | - Abhishek Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States.
| | - Changquan Calvin Sun
- Pharmaceutical Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 9-127B Weaver-Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
| | - Animesh Ghosh
- Solid State Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand, India.
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2
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Graf LG, Michels EAP, Yew Y, Liu W, Palm GJ, Weber G. Structural analysis of PET-degrading enzymes PETase and MHETase from Ideonella sakaiensis. Methods Enzymol 2021; 648:337-356. [PMID: 33579411 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The concept of biocatalytic PET degradation for industrial recycling processes had made a big step when the bacterium Ideonella sakaiensis was discovered to break PET down to its building blocks at ambient temperature. This process involves two enzymes: cleavage of ester bonds in PET by PETase and in MHET, the resulting intermediate, by MHETase. To understand and further improve this unique capability, structural analysis of the involved enzymes was aimed at from early on. We describe a repertoire of methods to this end, including protein expression and purification, crystallization of apo and substrate-bound enzymes, and modeling of PETase complexed with a ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie G Graf
- Macromolecular Crystallography, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Emil A P Michels
- Macromolecular Crystallography, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Yelwin Yew
- Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Weidong Liu
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin, Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Gottfried J Palm
- Macromolecular Crystallography, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Gert Weber
- Macromolecular Crystallography, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
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3
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Du Y, Xue J, Hong Z. Raman and Terahertz Spectroscopic Characterization of Solid-state Cocrystal Formation within Specific Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:4829-4846. [PMID: 32445442 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200523173448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cocrystallization of specific active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in the solid-state phase is becoming a feasible way to improve their corresponding physicochemical properties and ultimate bioavailability without making and breaking any covalent bonds within them. Many recent reports deal with the characterization and analysis topics of pharmaceutical APIs-based cocrystals. In this mini-review, we will focus on the recent steady-state and time-dependent spectroscopic investigation into the cocrystallization of specific APIs based on both Raman and emerging terahertz spectroscopy in pharmaceutical fields. Distinctive spectral, structural and also kinetic information of pharmaceutical APIs-based cocrystals are obtained and discussed, which would highlight the potential of vibrational spectroscopy as an attractive technique for various drug research and development during cocrystallization of specific APIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Du
- Centre for THz Research, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiadan Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhi Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
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4
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Al-Kazemi R, Al-Basarah Y, Nada A. Dissolution Enhancement of Atorvastatin Calcium by Cocrystallization. Adv Pharm Bull 2019; 9:559-570. [PMID: 31857959 PMCID: PMC6912187 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2019.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To enhance the dissolution rate of the poorly soluble drug atorvastatin calcium (ATC) by cocrystallization with selected coformers. Enhancement of the dissolution rate and solubility of the drug, which is classified as Class II of the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS), is expected to enhance the bioavailability. Methods: Two methods were used for preparing the cocrystals, solvent drop grinding (SDG) and solvent evaporation (SE) method using 1:1, 1:3, and 1:10 drug-coformer molar ratios. Glucosamine hydrochloride (GluN) and nicotinamide (NIC) were investigated as coformers. The cocrystals, their physical mixtures, and the raw ATC were characterized by fourier transform infrared (FTIR spectroscopy), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), mass spectroscopy (MS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), solubility, and dissolution rate studies. Results: SDG and SE were effective in improving the dissolution rate of ATC with both coformers. Drug: coformer ratio 1:3 was optimum. The solubility values for ATC, GluN-, and NIC-cocrystals were 26, to 35 and 50 µg/mL, respectively. The dissolution rate of ATC from cocrystals was > 90% after 5 minutes, compared to 41% untreated ATC. Conclusion: Cocrystallization significantly improved the solubility and dissolution, in comparison to the untreated ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham Al-Kazemi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Health Sciences Center, Gabriya, Kuwait
| | - Yacoub Al-Basarah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Health Sciences Center, Gabriya, Kuwait
| | - Aly Nada
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Health Sciences Center, Gabriya, Kuwait
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Kozak A, Pindelska E. Spectroscopic analysis of the influence of various external factors on ethenzamide-glutaric acid (1:1) cocrystal formation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 133:59-68. [PMID: 30910648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cocrystal formation may affect manufacturability (flow, compaction and processability) as well as solubility/dissolution, hygroscopicity and stability properties of drugs. Therefore, cocrystallization could be used to improve the pharmaceutical properties of low-soluble drugs such as ethenzamide. In this project, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies were performed for ethenzamide-glutaric acid to obtain more information about the ethenzamide cocrystallization process. The impact of the grinding time of the physical mixture (ethenzamide-glutaric acid) on cocrystal formation and the further spontaneous cocrystallization was evaluated using spectroscopic methods and curve-fitting analysis of the spectra. The influence of pressure on the yield of cocrystal formation was also described. Additionally, studies on the effect of magic-angle spinning during solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectra collection on the initiation of cocrystal formation, have been performed. Based on this research, conclusions regarding the influence of the different external factors, such as pressure during the tableting process and grinding time, on the cocrystal formation have been drawn for ethenzamide cocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kozak
- Medical University of Warsaw, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Laboratory Medicine Division, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biomaterials, Banacha 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Edyta Pindelska
- Medical University of Warsaw, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Laboratory Medicine Division, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biomaterials, Banacha 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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Yang X, Shen J, Jiang L, Li W, Yu M, Pan G, Yan Y, Zhang C, Jia W, Xiao L, Yu H, Chen H, Zheng Y, Yu L, Xie Q, Zhou L, Shao L. Discovery, cocrystallization and biological evaluation of novel piperidine derivatives as high affinity Ls-AChBP ligands possessing α7 nAChR activities. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 160:37-48. [PMID: 30317024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel pyridine-substituted piperidine derivatives were discovered as low nanomolar Ls-AChBP ligands with α7 nAChR partial agonism or antagonism activities. A high-resolution antagonist-bound Ls-AChBP complex was successfully resolved with a classic Loop C opening phenomenon and unique sulfur-π interactions which deviated from our previous docking mode to a large extent. With the knowledge of the co-complex, 27 novel piperidine derivatives were designed and synthesized. The structure-activity relationships (SARs) of the aromatic and pyridine regions were well established and binding modes were illustrated with the help of molecular docking which indicated that interactions with Trp 143 and the "water bridge" are essential for the high binding affinities. Halogen bonding as well as the space around 5'- or 6'- position of the pyridine ring was also proposed to influence the binding conformation of the compounds. Notably, two enantiomers of compound 2 showed opposite functions toward α7 nAChR and compound (S)-2 showed sub-nanomolar affinity (Ki = 0.86 nM) on Ls-AChBP and partial agonism (pEC50 = 4.69 ± 0.11,Emax = 36.1%) on α7 nAChR with reasonable pharmacokinetics (PK) properties and fine ability of blood-brain-barrier (BBB) penetration. This study provided promising hits to develop candidates targeting nAChR-related CNS diseases.
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7
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Lu Q, Dun J, Chen JM, Liu S, Sun CC. Improving solid-state properties of berberine chloride through forming a salt cocrystal with citric acid. Int J Pharm 2018; 554:14-20. [PMID: 30385378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Berberine chloride (BCl) can exist as an anhydrate, monohydrate, dihydrate, and tetrahydrate. Therefore, it faces the problem of humidity dependent solid phase change when environmental humidity varies during manufacturing and storage of berberine tablets. We have discovered a new 1:1 cocrystal formed between berberine chloride and citric acid (BCl-CA) that exhibits better stability against variations in humidity while maintaining similar thermal stability, solubility, dissolution rate, and tabletability. Thus, BCl-CA is a good alternative crystal form for use in formulation to manufacture berberine tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jiangnan Dun
- Pharmaceutical Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Jia-Mei Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Shuyu Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Changquan Calvin Sun
- Pharmaceutical Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
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8
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Harvey CM, O'Toole KH, Allen KN. Crystallization of Liganded Phosphatases in the HAD Superfamily. Methods Enzymol 2018; 607:157-84. [PMID: 30149857 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Phosphotransferases catalyze reactions on chemically diverse molecules in organisms from all domains of life. The haloalkanoate dehalogenase superfamily (HADSF) is a model system for phosphoryl transfer enzymes as members catalyze phosphoester hydrolase, phosphonate hydrolase, and phosphomutase reactions on sugars, lipids, nucleotides, and peptides. Because these reactions are fundamental to essential metabolic transformations, understanding the mechanism and determinants of substrate specificity in the HADSF is critical. Structure/function relationships in the superfamily have also been leveraged in the development of methodologies for the assignment of enzyme function. Enzyme complexes with substrate, product, and analogs of the ground state or intermediate/transition state can be studied via high-resolution macromolecular crystallography to provide insight to the relative location of residues and ligands, as well as associated enzyme conformational states. This knowledge can aid in inhibitor design for phosphohydrolase reactions and target-specific therapeutics. Here we describe experimental approaches to capture liganded X-ray crystallographic structures of HADSF members. A number of these methods can be employed generally, including other families of phosphohydrolases and enzymes catalyzing phosphoryl transfer.
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9
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Du Y, Xue J, Cai Q, Zhang Q. Spectroscopic investigation on structure and pH dependent Cocrystal formation between gamma-aminobutyric acid and benzoic acid. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2018; 191:377-381. [PMID: 29055755 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopic methods, including terahertz absorption and Raman scattering spectroscopy, were utilized for the characterization and analysis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), benzoic acid (BA), and the corresponding GABA-BA cocrystal formation under various pH values of aqueous solution. Vibrational spectroscopic results demonstrated that the solvent GABA-BA cocrystal, similar as grinding counterpart, possessed unique characteristic features compared with that of starting parent compounds. The change of vibrational modes for GABA-BA cocrystal comparing with starting components indicates there is strong inter-molecular interaction between GABA and BA molecules during its cocrystallization process. Formation of GABA-BA cocrystal under slow solvent evaporation is impacted by the pH value of aqueous solution. Vibrational spectra indicate that the GABA-BA cocrystal could be stably formed with the solvent condition of 2.00≤pH≤7.00. In contrast, such cocrystallization did not occur and the cocrystal would dissociate into its parent components when the pH value of solvent is lower than 2.00. This study provides experimental benchmark to discriminate and identify the structure of cocrystal and also pH-dependent cocrystallization effect with vibrational spectroscopic techniques in solid-state pharmaceutical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Du
- Centre for THz Research, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Jiadan Xue
- Department of Chemisty, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Qiang Cai
- Centre for THz Research, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Centre for THz Research, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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10
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Soares FLF, Carneiro RL. In-line monitoring of cocrystallization process and quantification of carbamazepine-nicotinamide cocrystal using Raman spectroscopy and chemometric tools. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2017; 180:1-8. [PMID: 28259099 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A cocrystallization process may involve several molecular species, which are generally solid under ambient conditions. Thus, accurate monitoring of different components that might appear during the reaction is necessary, as well as quantification of the final product. This work reports for the first time the synthesis of carbamazepine-nicotinamide cocrystal in aqueous media with a full conversion. The reactions were monitored by Raman spectroscopy coupled with Multivariate Curve Resolution - Alternating Least Squares, and the quantification of the final product among its coformers was performed using Raman spectroscopy and Partial Least Squares regression. The slurry reaction was made in four different conditions: room temperature, 40°C, 60°C and 80°C. The slurry reaction at 80°C enabled a full conversion of initial substrates into the cocrystal form, using water as solvent for a greener method. The employment of MCR-ALS coupled with Raman spectroscopy enabled to observe the main steps of the reactions, such as drug dissolution, nucleation and crystallization of the cocrystal. The PLS models gave mean errors of cross validation around 2.0 (% wt/wt), and errors of validation between 2.5 and 8.2 (% wt/wt) for all components. These were good results since the spectra of cocrystals and the physical mixture of the coformers present some similar peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico L F Soares
- Federal University of São Carlos, Department of Chemistry, Rod. Washington Luis km 235, Zip Code 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato L Carneiro
- Federal University of São Carlos, Department of Chemistry, Rod. Washington Luis km 235, Zip Code 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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11
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Sarraguça MC, Paisana M, Pinto J, Lopes JA. Real-time monitoring of cocrystallization processes by solvent evaporation: A near infrared study. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 90:76-84. [PMID: 26711229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda C Sarraguça
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Paisana
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.Lisboa), Departamento de Farmácia Galénica e Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Pinto
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.Lisboa), Departamento de Farmácia Galénica e Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João A Lopes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.Lisboa), Departamento de Farmácia Galénica e Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
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12
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Thiry J, Krier F, Evrard B. A review of pharmaceutical extrusion: critical process parameters and scaling-up. Int J Pharm 2014; 479:227-40. [PMID: 25541517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hot melt extrusion has been a widely used process in the pharmaceutical area for three decades. In this field, it is important to optimize the formulation in order to meet specific requirements. However, the process parameters of the extruder should be as much investigated as the formulation since they have a major impact on the final product characteristics. Moreover, a design space should be defined in order to obtain the expected product within the defined limits. This gives some freedom to operate as long as the processing parameters stay within the limits of the design space. Those limits can be investigated by varying randomly the process parameters but it is recommended to use design of experiments. An examination of the literature is reported in this review to summarize the impact of the variation of the process parameters on the final product properties. Indeed, the homogeneity of the mixing, the state of the drug (crystalline or amorphous), the dissolution rate, the residence time, can be influenced by variations in the process parameters. In particular, the impact of the following process parameters: temperature, screw design, screw speed and feeding, on the final product, has been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Thiry
- University of Liege (ULg), Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, CHU, Avenue de l'Hopital 1, B36, B-4000 Liege, Belgium.
| | - F Krier
- University of Liege (ULg), Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, CHU, Avenue de l'Hopital 1, B36, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - B Evrard
- University of Liege (ULg), Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, CHU, Avenue de l'Hopital 1, B36, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
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