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Rezaul Islam M, Akash S, Murshedul Islam M, Sarkar N, Kumer A, Chakraborty S, Dhama K, Ahmed Al-Shaeri M, Anwar Y, Wilairatana P, Rauf A, Halawani IF, Alzahrani FM, Khan H. Alkaloids as drug leads in Alzheimer's treatment: Mechanistic and therapeutic insights. Brain Res 2024; 1834:148886. [PMID: 38582413 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has few effective treatment options and continues to be a major global health concern. AD is a neurodegenerative disease that typically affects elderly people. Alkaloids have potential sources for novel drug discovery due to their diverse chemical structures and pharmacological activities. Alkaloids, natural products with heterocyclic nitrogen-containing structures, are considered potential treatments for AD. This review explores the neuroprotective properties of alkaloids in AD, focusing on their ability to regulate pathways such as amyloid-beta aggregation, oxidative stress, synaptic dysfunction, tau hyperphosphorylation, and neuroinflammation. The FDA has approved alkaloids such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors like galantamine and rivastigmine. This article explores AD's origins, current market medications, and clinical applications of alkaloids in AD therapy. This review explores the development of alkaloid-based drugs for AD, focusing on pharmacokinetics, blood-brain barrier penetration, and potential adverse effects. Future research should focus on the clinical evaluation of promising alkaloids, developing recently discovered alkaloids, and the ongoing search for novel alkaloids for medical treatment. A pharmaceutical option containing an alkaloid may potentially slow down the progression of AD while enhancing its symptoms. This review highlights the potential of alkaloids as valuable drug leads in treating AD, providing a comprehensive understanding of their mechanisms of action and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rezaul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Daffodil Smart City, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Shopnil Akash
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Daffodil Smart City, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Murshedul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Daffodil Smart City, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Nadia Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Daffodil Smart City, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Ajoy Kumer
- Laboratory of Computational Research for Drug Design and Material Science, Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences IUBAT-International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, 4 Embankment Drive Road, Sector 10, Uttara Model Town, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh; Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Sandip Chakraborty
- State Disease Investigation Laboratory, ARDD, Abhoynagar, Agartala, West Tripura, Pin-799005, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) Izatnagar-243 122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Majed Ahmed Al-Shaeri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21441, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasir Anwar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21441, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar 23561, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Ibrahim F Halawani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fuad M Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200 Mardan, Pakistan.
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Hu Q, Zhang R, Dong X, Yang D, Yu W, Du Q. Huperzine A ameliorates neurological deficits after spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage through endothelial cell pyroptosis inhibition. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2024; 56:645-656. [PMID: 38529553 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2024037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a kind of hemorrhagic stroke which causes neurological deficits in survivors. Huperzine A has a neuroprotective effect, but its role in SAH is unclear. Therefore, we explore the effect of Huperzine A on neurological deficits induced by SAH and the related mechanism. In this study, Evans blue assay, TUNEL staining, immunofluorescence, western blot analysis, and ELISA are conducted. We find that Huperzine A can improve neurological deficits and inhibit the apoptosis of nerve cells in SAH rats. Huperzine A treatment can improve the upregulation of brain water content, damage of blood-brain barrier, fibrinogen and matrix metalloprotein 9 expressions and the downregulation of ZO-1 and occludin expressions induced by SAH. Huperzine A inhibit the expressions of proteins involved in pyroptosis in endothelial cells in SAH rats. The increase in MDA content and decrease in SOD activity in SAH rats can be partly reversed by Huperzine A. The ROS inducer H 2O 2 can induce pyroptosis and inhibit the expressions of ZO-1 and occludin in endothelial cells, which can be blocked by Huperzine A. In addition, the increase in the entry of p65 into the nucleus in endothelial cells can be partly reversed by Huperzine A. Huperzine A may delay the damage of blood-brain barrier in SAH rats by inhibiting oxidative stress-mediated pyroptosis and tight junction protein expression downregulation through the NF-κB pathway. Overall, Huperzine A may have clinical value for treating SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Medical Examination Center, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Xiaoqiao Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Dingbo Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Wenhua Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Quan Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310000, China
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Guo X, Wu Y, Wang Q, Zhang J, Sheng X, Zheng L, Wang Y. Huperzine A injection ameliorates motor and cognitive abnormalities via regulating multiple pathways in a murine model of Parkinson's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 956:175970. [PMID: 37549727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
As a common progressive neurodegenerative disorder, the satisfied therapies for Parkinson's disease (PD) are still unavailable. As a natural acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, the neuroprotective characteristic of Huperzine A (HupA) was supported by previous studies. However, questions remain on whether HupA injection (HAI, a main preparation of HupA) intervention conduces to PD treatment and if so, the potential molecular mechanisms. In this study, the efficacies of HAI treatment on PD-like pathological phenotypes were evaluated in a MPTP-induced PD murine model. The network pharmacology, transcriptome sequencing and experimental verification were integrated to comprehensively reveal the primary molecular mechanisms. Therapeutically, HAI intervention significantly improved the impaired locomotor behaviors as well as learning and memory abilities, and prevented the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of PD mice. The network pharmacology analysis combined with experimental results showed that HAI treatment could effectively restore the disordered transcriptional levels of inflammatory factors and apoptosis related genes in the SNpc and striatum tissues of PD mice. Transcriptome sequencing results found that inflammation and oxidative phosphorylation served as significant functional mechanisms involved in HAI administration. The experimental verification indicated that HAI treatment effectively regulated the abnormal transcription levels of inflammation and oxidative phosphorylation related hub genes in the hippocampal samples of PD mice. In addition, molecular docking suggested strong affinity between HupA and the above core targets. Overall, this work displayed the reliable therapeutic effects of HAI on ameliorating the pathological symptoms of PD mice via modulating multiple pathways. The current findings were expected to provide a potential anti-PD agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Guo
- Developmental Neurobiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, 22 Wenchangxi Road, YiJiang District, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Yuhan Wu
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Zhejiang University-Wepon Pharmaceutical Group Joint Research Center for Chinese Medicine Modernization, Zhejiang, 1899 Gudun Road, Yuhang District, Hangzhou, 311100, China
| | - Jianbing Zhang
- Zhejiang University-Wepon Pharmaceutical Group Joint Research Center for Chinese Medicine Modernization, Zhejiang, 1899 Gudun Road, Yuhang District, Hangzhou, 311100, China
| | - Xueping Sheng
- Zhejiang University-Wepon Pharmaceutical Group Joint Research Center for Chinese Medicine Modernization, Zhejiang, 1899 Gudun Road, Yuhang District, Hangzhou, 311100, China
| | - Lanrong Zheng
- Developmental Neurobiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, 22 Wenchangxi Road, YiJiang District, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Yule Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of Senile Chronic Diseases, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, 261 Huansha Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
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Zhu Y, Shi J, Alvarez-Arenas TEG, Li C, Wang H, Zhang D, He X, Wu X. Noncontact longitudinal shear wave imaging for the evaluation of heterogeneous porcine brain biomechanical properties using optical coherence elastography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:5113-5126. [PMID: 37854580 PMCID: PMC10581781 DOI: 10.1364/boe.497801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution quantification of heterogeneous brain biomechanical properties has long been an important topic. Longitudinal shear waves (LSWs) can be used to assess the longitudinal Young's modulus, but contact excitation methods have been used in most previous studies. We propose an air-coupled ultrasound transducer-based optical coherence elastography (AcUT-OCE) technique for noncontact excitation and detection of LSWs in samples and assessment of the nonuniformity of the brain's biomechanical properties. The air-coupled ultrasonic transducer (AcUT) for noncontact excitation of LSWs in the sample has a center frequency of 250 kHz. Phase-resolved Doppler optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to image and reconstruct the propagation behavior of LSWs and surface ultrasound waves at high resolution. An agar phantom model was used to verify the feasibility of the experimental protocol, and experiments with ex vivo porcine brain samples were used to assess the nonuniformity of the brain biomechanical properties. LSWs with velocities of 0.83 ± 0.11 m/s were successfully excited in the agar phantom model. The perivascular elastography results in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of the ex vivo porcine brains showed that the Young's modulus was significantly higher in the longitudinal and transverse directions on the left side of the cerebral vessels than on the right side and that the Young's modulus of the PFC decreased with increasing depth. The AcUT-OCE technique, as a new scheme for LSW applications in in vivo elastography, can be used for noncontact excitation of LSWs in brain tissue and high-resolution detection of heterogeneous brain biomechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yirui Zhu
- School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- School of Testing and Opto-electric Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Jiulin Shi
- School of Testing and Opto-electric Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Tomas E Gomez Alvarez-Arenas
- Ultrasonic and Sensors Technologies Department, Information and Physical Technologies Institute, Spanish National Research Council, Serrano 144, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Chenxi Li
- School of Testing and Opto-electric Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Haohao Wang
- School of Testing and Opto-electric Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xingdao He
- School of Testing and Opto-electric Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Xiao Wu
- School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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Zhang Y, Huang W, Tian Q, Bai G, Wu W, Yin H, Hu L, Chen X. Network pharmacology and biochemical experiments reveal the antiapoptotic mechanism of huperzine A for treating diabetic retinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 2023:bjo-2023-323639. [PMID: 37339867 DOI: 10.1136/bjo-2023-323639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Diabetic retinopathy is the most common eye disease that causes blindness in the working population. Neurodegeneration is the early sign of diabetic retinopathy, but no drug has been approved for delaying or reversing retinal neurodegeneration. Huperzine A, a natural alkaloid isolated from Huperzia serrata, displays neuroprotective and antiapoptotic effects in treating neurodegenerative disorders. Our study aims to investigate the effect of huperzine A in preventing retinal neurodegeneration of diabetic retinopathy and its possible mechanism. METHODS Diabetic retinopathy model was induced by streptozotocin. H&E staining, optical coherence tomography, immunofluorescence staining and angiogenic factors were used to determine the degree of retinal pathological injury. The possible molecular mechanism was unrevealed by network pharmacology analysis and further validated by biochemical experiments. RESULTS In our study, we demonstrated that huperzine A has a protective effect on the diabetes retina in a diabetic rat model. Based on the network pharmacology analysis and biochemical studies, huperzine A may treat diabetic retinopathy via key target HSP27 and apoptosis-related pathways. Huperzine A may modulate the phosphorylation of HSP27 and activate the antiapoptotic signalling pathway. CONCLUSION Our findings revealed that huperzine A might be a potential therapeutic drug to prevent diabetic retinopathy. It is the first-time combining network pharmacology analysis with biochemical studies to explore the mechanism of huperzine A in preventing diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wunan Huang
- Lanzhou University First Affiliated Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Qing Tian
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guannan Bai
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Children's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Houfa Yin
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lidan Hu
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Children's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangjun Chen
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Le WD, Yang C, Yang Q, Xiang Y, Zeng XR, Xiao J. The neuroprotective effects of oxygen therapy in Alzheimer’s disease: a narrative review. Neural Regen Res 2023. [PMID: 35799509 PMCID: PMC9241400 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.343897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a degenerative neurological disease that primarily affects the elderly. Drug therapy is the main strategy for AD treatment, but current treatments suffer from poor efficacy and a number of side effects. Non-drug therapy is attracting more attention and may be a better strategy for treatment of AD. Hypoxia is one of the important factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. Multiple cellular processes synergistically promote hypoxia, including aging, hypertension, diabetes, hypoxia/obstructive sleep apnea, obesity, and traumatic brain injury. Increasing evidence has shown that hypoxia may affect multiple pathological aspects of AD, such as amyloid-beta metabolism, tau phosphorylation, autophagy, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mitochondrial and synaptic dysfunction. Treatments targeting hypoxia may delay or mitigate the progression of AD. Numerous studies have shown that oxygen therapy could improve the risk factors and clinical symptoms of AD. Increasing evidence also suggests that oxygen therapy may improve many pathological aspects of AD including amyloid-beta metabolism, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, oxidative stress, neurotrophic factors, mitochondrial function, cerebral blood volume, and protein synthesis. In this review, we summarized the effects of oxygen therapy on AD pathogenesis and the mechanisms underlying these alterations. We expect that this review can benefit future clinical applications and therapy strategies on oxygen therapy for AD.
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Nrf2 Activation: Involvement in Central Nervous System Traumatic Injuries. A Promising Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010199. [PMID: 36613649 PMCID: PMC9820431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) trauma, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI), represents an increasingly important health burden in view of the preventability of most injuries and the complex and expensive medical care that they necessitate. These injuries are characterized by different signs of neurodegeneration, such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuronal apoptosis. Cumulative evidence suggests that the transcriptional factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) plays a crucial defensive role in regulating the antioxidant response. It has been demonstrated that several natural compounds are able to activate Nrf2, mediating its antioxidant response. Some of these compounds have been tested in experimental models of SCI and TBI, showing different neuroprotective properties. In this review, an overview of the preclinical studies that highlight the positive effects of natural bioactive compounds in SCI and TBI experimental models through the activation of the Nrf2 pathway has been provided. Interestingly, several natural compounds can activate Nrf2 through multiple pathways, inducing a strong antioxidant response against CNS trauma. Therefore, some of these compounds could represent promising therapeutic strategies for these pathological conditions.
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Lai JQ, Shi YC, Lin S, Chen XR. Metabolic disorders on cognitive dysfunction after traumatic brain injury. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:451-462. [PMID: 35534336 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction is a common adverse consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI). After brain injury, the brain and other organs trigger a series of complex metabolic changes, including reduced glucose metabolism, enhanced lipid peroxidation, disordered neurotransmitter secretion, and imbalanced trace element synthesis. In recent years, several research and clinical studies have demonstrated that brain metabolism directly or indirectly affects cognitive dysfunction after TBI, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Drugs that improve the symptoms of cognitive dysfunction caused by TBI are under investigation and treatments that target metabolic processes are expected to improve cognitive function in the future. This review explores the impact of metabolic disorders on cognitive dysfunction after TBI and provides new strategies for the treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Qing Lai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China; Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Research, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Yan-Chuan Shi
- Neuroendocrinology Group, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Australia
| | - Shu Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China; Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Research, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China; Neuroendocrinology Group, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Xiang-Rong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China; Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Research, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China.
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Lupeol Treatment Attenuates Activation of Glial Cells and Oxidative-Stress-Mediated Neuropathology in Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116086. [PMID: 35682768 PMCID: PMC9181489 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) signifies a major cause of death and disability. TBI causes central nervous system (CNS) damage under a variety of mechanisms, including protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Astrocytes and microglia, cells of the CNS, are considered the key players in initiating an inflammatory response after injury. Several evidence suggests that activation of astrocytes/microglia and ROS/LPO have the potential to cause more harmful effects in the pathological processes following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Previous studies have established that lupeol provides neuroprotection through modulation of inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in Aβ and LPS model and neurodegenerative disease. However, the effects of lupeol on apoptosis caused by inflammation and oxidative stress in TBI have not yet been investigated. Therefore, we explored the role of Lupeol on antiapoptosis, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative stress and its potential mechanism following TBI. In these experiments, adult male mice were randomly divided into four groups: control, TBI, TBI+ Lupeol, and Sham group. Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, and ROS/LPO assays were performed to investigate the role of lupeol against neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Lupeol treatment reversed TBI-induced behavioral and memory disturbances. Lupeol attenuated TBI-induced generation of reactive oxygen species/lipid per oxidation (ROS/LPO) and improved the antioxidant protein level, such as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme-oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in the mouse brain. Similarly, our results indicated that lupeol treatment inhibited glial cell activation, p-NF-κB, and downstream signaling molecules, such as TNF-α, COX-2, and IL-1β, in the mouse cortex and hippocampus. Moreover, lupeol treatment also inhibited mitochondrial apoptotic signaling molecules, such as caspase-3, Bax, cytochrome-C, and reversed deregulated Bcl2 in TBI-treated mice. Overall, our study demonstrated that lupeol inhibits the activation of astrocytes/microglia and ROS/LPO that lead to oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis followed by TBI.
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A Synopsis of Multitarget Potential Therapeutic Effects of Huperzine A in Diverse Pathologies-Emphasis on Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:1166-1182. [PMID: 35122609 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03530-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Numerous challenges are confronted when it comes to the recognition of therapeutic agents for treating complex neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD). The perplexing pathogenicity of AD embodies cholinergic dysfunction, amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregation, neurofibrillary tangle formation, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial disruption along with vicious production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating oxidative stress. In this frame of reference, drugs with multi target components could prove more advantageous to counter complex pathological mechanisms that are responsible for AD progression. For as much as, medicinal plant based pharmaco-therapies are emerging as potential candidates for AD treatment keeping the efficacy and safety parameters in terms of toxicity and side effects into consideration. Huperzine A (Hup A) is a purified alkaloid compound extracted from a club moss called Huperzia serrata. Several studies have reported both cholinergic and non-cholinergic effects of this compound on AD with significant neuroprotective properties. The present review convenes cumulative demonstrations of neuroprotection provided by Hup A in in vitro, in vivo, and human studies in various pathologies. The underlying molecular mechanisms of its actions have also been discussed. However, more profound evidence would certainly promote the therapeutic implementation of this drug thus furnishing decisive insights into AD therapeutics and various other pathologies along with preventive and curative management.
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11
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Komoltsev IG, Tret'yakova LV, Frankevich SO, Shirobokova NI, Volkova AA, Butuzov AV, Novikova MR, Kvichansky AA, Moiseeva YV, Onufriev MV, Bolshakov AP, Gulyaeva NV. Neuroinflammatory Cytokine Response, Neuronal Death, and Microglial Proliferation in the Hippocampus of Rats During the Early Period After Lateral Fluid Percussion-Induced Traumatic Injury of the Neocortex. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:1151-1167. [PMID: 34855115 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02668-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Time course of changes in neuroinflammatory processes in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus was studied during the early period after lateral fluid percussion-induced neocortical traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres. In the ipsilateral hippocampus, neuroinflammation (increase in expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines) was evident from day 1 after TBI and ceased by day 14, while in the contralateral hippocampus, it was mainly limited to the dorsal part on day 1. TBI induced an increase in hippocampal corticosterone level on day 3 bilaterally and an accumulation of Il1b on day 1 in the ipsilateral hippocampus. Activation of microglia was observed from day 7 in different hippocampal areas of both hemispheres. Neuronal cell loss was detected in the ipsilateral dentate gyrus on day 3 and extended to the contralateral hippocampus by day 7 after TBI. The data suggest that TBI results in distant hippocampal damage (delayed neurodegeneration in the dentate gyrus and microglia proliferation in both the ipsilateral and contralateral hippocampus), the time course of this damage being different from that of the neuroinflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia G Komoltsev
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117485, Moscow, Russia.,Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry of Moscow Healthcare Department, 115419, Moscow, Russia
| | - Liya V Tret'yakova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117485, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stepan O Frankevich
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117485, Moscow, Russia.,Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry of Moscow Healthcare Department, 115419, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia I Shirobokova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117485, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandra A Volkova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117485, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey V Butuzov
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117485, Moscow, Russia
| | - Margarita R Novikova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117485, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A Kvichansky
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117485, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia V Moiseeva
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117485, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Onufriev
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117485, Moscow, Russia.,Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry of Moscow Healthcare Department, 115419, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey P Bolshakov
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117485, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia V Gulyaeva
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117485, Moscow, Russia. .,Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry of Moscow Healthcare Department, 115419, Moscow, Russia.
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12
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Anwar H, Rasul A, Iqbal J, Ahmad N, Imran A, Malik SA, Ijaz F, Akram R, Maqbool J, Sajid F, Sun T, Hussain G, Manzoor MF. Dietary biomolecules as promising regenerative agents for peripheral nerve injury: An emerging nutraceutical-based therapeutic approach. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13989. [PMID: 34719796 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve damage is a debilitating condition that can result in partial or complete functional loss as a result of axonal degeneration, as well as lifelong dependence. Many therapies have been imbued with a plethora of positive features while posing little risks. It is worth noting that these biomolecules work by activating several intrinsic pathways that are known to be important in peripheral nerve regeneration. Although the underlying mechanism is used for accurate and speedy functional recovery, none of them are without side effects. As a result, it is believed that effective therapy is currently lacking. The dietary biomolecules-based intervention, among other ways, is appealing, safe, and effective. Upregulation of transcription factors, neurotrophic factors, and growth factors such as NGF, GDNF, BDNF, and CTNF may occur as a result of these substances' dietary intake. Upregulation of the signaling pathways ERK, JNK, p38, and PKA has also been seen, which aids in axonal regeneration. Although several mechanistic approaches to understanding their involvement have been suggested, more work is needed to reveal the amazing properties of these biomolecules. We have discussed in this article that how different dietary biomolecules can help with functional recovery and regeneration after an injury. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Based on the information known to date, we may conclude that treatment techniques for peripheral nerve injury have downsides, such as complications, donor shortages, adverse effects, unaffordability, and a lack of precision in efficacy. These difficulties cast doubt on their efficacy and raise severe concerns about the prescription. In this situation, the need for safe and effective therapeutic techniques is unavoidable, and dietary biomolecules appear to be a safe, cost-efficient, and effective way to promote nerve regeneration following an injury. The information on these biomolecules has been summarized here. Upregulation of transcription factors, neurotrophic factors, and growth factors, such as NGF, GDNF, BDNF, and CTNF, as well as the ERK, JNK, p38, and PKA, signaling pathways, may stimulate axonal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haseeb Anwar
- Neurochemicalbiology and Genetics Laboratory (NGL), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Azhar Rasul
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Javed Iqbal
- Department of Neurology, Allied Hospital, Faisalabad Medical University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazir Ahmad
- Institute of Home and Food Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali Imran
- Institute of Home and Food Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shoaib Ahmad Malik
- Department of Biochemistry, Sargodha Medical College, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Fazeela Ijaz
- Neurochemicalbiology and Genetics Laboratory (NGL), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Akram
- Neurochemicalbiology and Genetics Laboratory (NGL), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Javeria Maqbool
- Neurochemicalbiology and Genetics Laboratory (NGL), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Faiqa Sajid
- Neurochemicalbiology and Genetics Laboratory (NGL), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tao Sun
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ghulam Hussain
- Neurochemicalbiology and Genetics Laboratory (NGL), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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13
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Liao J, Yang H, Yu J, Liang X, Chen Z. Progress in the Application of Ultrasound Elastography for Brain Diseases. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2020; 39:2093-2104. [PMID: 32385862 DOI: 10.1002/jum.15317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound (US) can be used to evaluate the brain structure and nervous system damage. Patients with neurologic symptoms need rapid, noninvasive imaging with high spatial resolution and tissue contrast. Magnetic resonance imaging is currently the most sensitive and specific imaging method for evaluating neuropathologic conditions. This approach does present some challenges, such as the need to transport patients who may be seriously ill to the magnetic resonance imaging suite and the need for patients to remain for a considerable time. Cranial US provides a very valuable imaging method for clinicians, which can make a rapid diagnosis and evaluation without ionizing radiation. The main disadvantage of cranial US is its low sensitivity and specificity for subtle/early lesions. In recent years, with the rapid development of anatomic and functional US technology, the practicability of US diagnosis and intervention has been greatly improved. Ultrasound elastography may have the potential to improve the sensitivity and specificity of various cranial nerve conditions. Ultrasound elastography has received considerable critical attention, and an increasing number of studies have recognized its critical role in evaluating brain diseases. At present, US elastography has been applied to the evaluation of traumatic brain injury, ischemic stroke, intraoperative brain tumors, and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. The latest animal experiments and human clinical trial developments in the applications of US elastography for brain diseases are summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyi Liao
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huihui Yang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinsui Yu
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Liang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyi Chen
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Wang H, Jiang N, Lv J, Huang H, Liu X. Ginsenoside Rd reverses cognitive deficits by modulating BDNF-dependent CREB pathway in chronic restraint stress mice. Life Sci 2020; 258:118107. [PMID: 32682919 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment has been widely recognized as a common symptom of chronic stress. Ginsenoside Rd (GRd), the major active compound in Panax ginseng, was previously reported in various neurological researches. However, little research is available regarding on the effect of GRd on cognitive improvement in mice subjected to chronic stress. In the present study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of GRd in chronic restraint stress (CRS)-induced cognitive deficits and explored the potential mechanism in male C57BL/6J mice. Our results demonstrated that oral administration of GRd for 28 days markedly increased the spontaneous alternation in Y-maze and the relative discrimination index in novel object or location recognition tests following CRS. Additionally, GRd treatment considerably increased the antioxidant enzymes activities in the hippocampus. The expression levels of hippocampus and serum inflammation factors in the CRS groups were also counter-regulated by GRd treatment. Meanwhile, GRd treatment could reverse CRS-induced the decrease in phosphorylated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), camp-reflecting element binding protein (CREB), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) expression in the hippocampus. These findings provided evidences that GRd improves cognitive impairment in CRS mice by mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation, while upregulating the hippocampal BDNF-mediated CREB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Wang
- Research Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Research Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingwei Lv
- Research Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hong Huang
- Research Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Research Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
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15
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Cai Y, Huang P, Xie Y. Effects of huperzine A on hippocampal inflammatory response and neurotrophic factors in aged rats after anesthesia. Acta Cir Bras 2020; 34:e201901205. [PMID: 32049185 PMCID: PMC7006372 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020190120000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of huperzine A (HupA) on hippocampal inflammatory response and neurotrophic factors in aged rats after anesthesia. METHODS Thirty-six Sprague Dawley rats (20-22 months old) were randomly divided into control, isofluran, and isoflurane+HupA groups; 12 rats in each group. The isoflurane+HupA group was intraperitoneally injected with 0.2 mg/kg of HupA. After 30 min, isoflurane inhalation anesthesia was performed in the isoflurane and isoflurane+HupA groups. After 24 h from anesthesia, Morris water maze experiment and open-field test were performed. Hippocampal inflammatory and neurotrophic factors were determined. RESULTS Compared with isoflurane group, in isofluran+HupA group the escape latency of rats was significantly decreased (P < 0.05), the original platform quadrant residence time and traversing times were significantly increased (P < 0.05), the central area residence time was significantly increased (P < 0.05), the hippocampal tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6 and interleukin 1β levels were significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and the hippocampal nerve growth factor, brain derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 levels were significantly increased (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION HupA may alleviate the cognitive impairment in rats after isoflurane anesthesia by decreasing inflammatory factors and increasing hippocampal neurotrophic factors in hippocampus tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cai
- Master, Department of Anesthesiology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China. Design of the study, statistics analysis, final approval
| | - Penghan Huang
- Bachelor, Department of Anesthesiology, People’s Hospital of Bishan District, Chongqing 402760, China. Acquisition of data, final approval
| | - Yizu Xie
- Bachelor, Department of Anesthesiology, People’s Hospital of Bishan District, Chongqing 402760, China. Design of the study, critical revision, final approval
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16
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Yang GX, Huang Y, Zheng LL, Zhang L, Su L, Wu YH, Li J, Zhou LC, Huang J, Tang Y, Wang R, Ma L. Design, synthesis and evaluation of diosgenin carbamate derivatives as multitarget anti-Alzheimer’s disease agents. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 187:111913. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Wang HY, Wu M, Diao JL, Li JB, Sun YX, Xiao XQ. Huperzine A ameliorates obesity-related cognitive performance impairments involving neuronal insulin signaling pathway in mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:145-153. [PMID: 31213670 PMCID: PMC7471460 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-019-0257-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) share several common pathophysiological features. Huperzine A (Hup A), a Lycopodium alkaloid extracted from the Chinese herb moss Huperzia serrata, is a specific and reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, which is clinically used for the treatment of AD. In this study, we investigated whether Hup A improved the metabolic and cognitive functions in the high fat-induced (HFD) obese mice and genetic ob/ob mice. HFD and ob/ob mice were treated with Hup A (0.1, 0.3 mg · kg-1 · d-1, ig) for 3 months. Body weight was monitored and glucose tolerance tests were performed. Novel object recognition test and Morris water maze assay were conducted to evaluate the cognitive functions. We found that the Hup A treatment had no significant effect on peripheral metabolism of obese mice, whereas Hup A (0.1, mg · kg-1 · d-1) improved both the abilities of object recognition and spatial memory in HFD-fed mice, but not in ob/ob mice. Furthermore, Hup A treatment significantly upregulated the insulin and phosphorylated Akt levels in the cortex of HFD-fed mice, but not ob/ob mice. In addition, Hup A (0.3, mg · kg-1 · d-1) significantly decreased cortical β-secretase (BACE1) expression. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that treatment with Hup A (0.1, mg · kg-1 · d-1) can effectively improve the cognitive functions, at least in diet-induced obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ying Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400032, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jun-Ling Diao
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Ji-Bin Li
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yu-Xiang Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Xiao-Qiu Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400032, China.
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18
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Xie J, Liang R, Wang Y, Huang J, Cao X, Niu B. Progress in Target Drug Molecules for Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:4-36. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191203113745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that 4 widespread in the elderly.
The etiology of AD is complicated, and its pathogenesis is still unclear. Although there are many
researches on anti-AD drugs, they are limited to reverse relief symptoms and cannot treat diseases.
Therefore, the development of high-efficiency anti-AD drugs with no side effects has become an urgent
need. Based on the published literature, this paper summarizes the main targets of AD and their drugs,
and focuses on the research and development progress of these drugs in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayang Xie
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ruirui Liang
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yajiang Wang
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Junyi Huang
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xin Cao
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Niu
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
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Yang X, Wei HM, Hu GY, Zhao J, Long LN, Li CJ, Zhao ZJ, Zeng HK, Nie H. Combining antioxidant astaxantin and cholinesterase inhibitor huperzine A boosts neuroprotection. Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:1043-1050. [PMID: 31922239 PMCID: PMC7003047 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.10920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a pathophysiological condition resulting in neurotoxicity, which is possibly associated with neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, the antioxidative effects of the antioxidant astaxanthin (AXT) in combination with huperzine A (HupA), which is used as a cholinesterase inhibitor for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, were investigated. PC12 cells were treated with either tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), or with the toxic version of β-amyloid, Aβ25–35, to induce oxidative stress and neurotoxicity. Cell viability, morphology, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were determined, while neuroprotection was also monitored using an MTT assay. It was found that combining AXT with HupA significantly increased the viability of PC12 cells, prevented membrane damage (as measured by LDH release), attenuated intracellular ROS formation, increased SOD activity and decreased the level of MDA after TBHP exposure when compared to these drugs administered alone. Pretreatment with HupA and AXT decreased toxic damage produced by Aβ25–35. These data indicated that combining an antioxidant with a cholinesterase inhibitor increases the degree of neuroprotection; with future investigation this could be a potential therapy used to decrease neurotoxicity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
| | - Han-Mei Wei
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Yan Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China
| | - Li-Na Long
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Jian Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Jun Zhao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - He-Kun Zeng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Hong Nie
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
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20
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Zafonte RD, Fregni F, Bergin MJG, Goldstein R, Boudreau N, Monge I, Luz M, Frazier J, Giacino JT. Huperzine A for the treatment of cognitive, mood, and functional deficits after moderate and severe TBI (HUP-TBI): results of a Phase II randomized controlled pilot study: implications for understanding the placebo effect. Brain Inj 2019; 34:34-41. [PMID: 31638455 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2019.1677941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the effect of Huperzine A on memory and learning in individuals with moderate-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).Design: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase II clinical trial.Methods: Subjects were randomly assigned to receive Huperzine A or placebo for 12 weeks and were assessed during in-person visits at screening/baseline, and 6, 12, 24, and 52 weeks post-injury. Changes in memory and learning scores on the California Verbal Learning Test - 2nd Edition (CVLT-II) from baseline to week 12 were assessed using permutation tests and regression analyses.Results: There was no difference between the Huperzine A and placebo groups in memory performance after 12 weeks of treatment. In the placebo group, significant improvements were noted in learning and memory scores. Both groups showed clinically important improvements in depression on the Beck Depression Index.Conclusions: The clinically important improvements in cognitive and emotional outcomes observed in both the placebo and active treatment arms of this clinical trial of Huperzine A are best understood in the context of a placebo effect. Future trials involving patients with moderate-severe TBI in the subacute to chronic phases of recovery should be designed to account for placebo effects as failure to do so may lead to spurious conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross D Zafonte
- Department of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Spaulding Research Institute, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Department of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Spaulding Research Institute, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael J G Bergin
- Department of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Spaulding Research Institute, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard Goldstein
- Department of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nancy Boudreau
- Spaulding Research Institute, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Iris Monge
- Spaulding Research Institute, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew Luz
- Spaulding Research Institute, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Judith Frazier
- Spaulding Research Institute, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph T Giacino
- Department of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Spaulding Research Institute, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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21
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Hiskens MI, Angoa-Pérez M, Schneiders AG, Vella RK, Fenning AS. Modeling sports-related mild traumatic brain injury in animals-A systematic review. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:1194-1222. [PMID: 31135069 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sports-related head trauma has emerged as an important public health issue, as mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) may result in neurodegenerative disorders such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Research into mTBI and CTE pathophysiology are difficult to undertake in athletes, with observational trials and post-mortem analysis the current mainstays. Thus, animal models play an important role in the study of mTBI, however, traditional animal models have focused on acute, severe injuries rather than the more typical mTBI's seen in sport injuries. Recently, a number of animal models have been developed that are both appropriately scaled and biomechanically relevant to the forces sustained by athletes. This review aimed to examine the literature for variables included in these animal models, and the resulting neurotrauma as evidenced by pathology and behavioral deficits. A systematic search of the literature was performed in multiple electronic databases. The inclusion criteria required mimicry of athlete mTBI conditions: freedom of head movement, lack of surgical alteration of the skull, and application of direct contact force. Studies were analyzed for variables including apparatus design features (impact force, change in animal head velocity, and kinetic energy transfer to the head), demonstrated pathology (phosphorylated tau, TDP-43 aggregation, diffuse axonal injury, gliosis, cytokine inflammation response, and genetic integrity), and behavioral changes. These studies suggested that appropriate animal models can assist in understanding the pathological and functional outcomes of athlete mTBI, and could be used as a platform for future studies of diagnostic/prognostic markers and in the development of treatment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew I Hiskens
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia
| | - Mariana Angoa-Pérez
- Research & Development Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Anthony G Schneiders
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Branyan, Australia
| | - Rebecca K Vella
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia
| | - Andrew S Fenning
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia
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22
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Nicotinamide Improves Functional Recovery via Regulation of the RAGE/JNK/NF-κB Signaling Pathway after Brain Injury. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8020271. [PMID: 30813383 PMCID: PMC6406790 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain injuries are a serious global health issue and are the leading cause of neurodegeneration. To date, there is no proper cure and treatment for brain-injury-induced neuropathological conditions because of a lack of sufficient knowledge and the failure to develop a drug due to the multi-pathological conditions in the brain. Herein, we explored the neurotherapeutic effects of Nicotinamide (NAM), against brain injury-induced neurodegeneration and behavioral problems. Treating injured mouse brains with NAM, for 7 days, significantly ameliorated several pathological events. Interestingly, NAM treatment significantly inhibited the injury-induced activation of receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), and neuroinflammatory mediators, such as NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, and NOS2 in the brain, and it also regulated the levels of apoptotic markers, including Bax, caspase-3, and Bcl-2. Furthermore, treatment using NAM in TBI mice, significantly reversed synaptic protein loss and improved memory impairments and behavioral outcomes. Our findings suggested that NAM treatment reduced injury-induced secondary neurodegenerative pathology by modulating RAGE/JNK/NF-κB signaling in mice. Therefore, we recommend that NAM would be a safe and efficient therapeutic agent against brain-injury-induced neurodegeneration.
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Yu J, Zhu H, Taheri S, Monday WL, Perry S, Kindy MS. Reduced Neuroinflammation and Improved Functional Recovery after Traumatic Brain Injury by Prophylactic Diet Supplementation in Mice. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020299. [PMID: 30708954 PMCID: PMC6412510 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are no approved therapeutic drugs for the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI), and new targets and approaches are needed to provide relief from the long-term effects of TBI. Recent studies suggest that nutrition plays a critical role in improving the outcome from TBI in both civilians and military personnel. We have previously shown that GrandFusion® (GF) diets improved recovery from cerebral ischemia and enhanced physical activity and endurance in rodent models. We, therefore, sought to determine the impact of a prophylactic diet enriched in fruits and vegetables on recovery from TBI in the controlled cortical impact rodent model. Results demonstrated that mice fed the diets had improved neuromotor function, reduced lesion volume, increased neuronal density in the hippocampus and reduced inflammation. As previously shown, TBI increases cathepsin B as part of the inflammasome complex resulting in elevated inflammatory markers like interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Consumption of the GF diets attenuated the increase in cathepsin B levels and prevented the increase in the proapoptotic factor Bax following TBI. These data suggest that prior consumption of diets enriched in fruits and vegetables either naturally or through powdered form can provide protection from the detrimental effects of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
| | - Saeid Taheri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
| | - William L Monday
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
| | | | - Mark S Kindy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Pathology and Cell Biology, and Neurology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
- James A. Haley VA Medical Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Hubbard WB, Joseph B, Spry M, Vekaria HJ, Saatman KE, Sullivan PG. Acute Mitochondrial Impairment Underlies Prolonged Cellular Dysfunction after Repeated Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries. J Neurotrauma 2018; 36:1252-1263. [PMID: 30417732 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI), accounting for more than 80% of TBIs, can cause cognitive and behavioral impairments, the severity and duration of which increase after additional mTBIs. While mTBI does not cause widespread neuronal death, the mechanisms underlying increased cellular susceptibility to subsequent head impacts remain unknown. To investigate the hypothesis that altered mitochondrial bioenergetics underlie cellular vulnerability to repeated insults, we employed a mouse model of mild closed head injury (CHI) to examine mitochondrial function and oxidative stress, because these mechanisms are often intertwined. Mitochondrial respiration was assayed (Seahorse XFe24 Flux Analyzer) from cortex and hippocampus collected at 6 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 96 h post-injury. State III (adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-mediated) respiration was significantly decreased in the hippocampal mitochondria of the CHI group compared with sham at 48 h post-injury. Further, cortex-derived mitochondria exhibited a decrease in State III respiration at 24 h and 48 h post-injury. No significant differences were observed at 6 h or 96 h post-injury in either region of interest. A second CHI repeated either 48 h or 96 h after the first did not worsen State III respiration at 48 h after the final injury compared with a single CHI, but CHI repeated at a 48 h interval prolonged cortical mitochondrial dysfunction to 96 h after the final injury. Markers of oxidative stress were significantly elevated after two CHIs delivered 48 h apart, but not after single CHI or two CHI delivered 96 h apart. This study establishes that mTBI results in early mitochondrial dysfunction, which may be a determinant for cellular vulnerability to repeated head impacts. Thus, therapies targeting mitochondrial impairment could improve outcomes after repeated mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Brad Hubbard
- 1 Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Binoy Joseph
- 1 Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Malinda Spry
- 1 Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Hemendra J Vekaria
- 1 Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Kathryn E Saatman
- 1 Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.,2 Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Patrick G Sullivan
- 1 Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.,3 Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.,4 Lexington VAMC, Lexington, Kentucky
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