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Sousa CS, Monteiro A, Salgado AJ, Silva NA. Combinatorial therapies for spinal cord injury repair. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1293-1308. [PMID: 38845223 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injuries have profound detrimental effects on individuals, regardless of whether they are caused by trauma or non-traumatic events. The compromised regeneration of the spinal cord is primarily attributed to damaged neurons, inhibitory molecules, dysfunctional immune response, and glial scarring. Unfortunately, currently, there are no effective treatments available that can fully repair the spinal cord and improve functional outcomes. Nevertheless, numerous pre-clinical approaches have been studied for spinal cord injury recovery, including using biomaterials, cells, drugs, or technological-based strategies. Combinatorial treatments, which target various aspects of spinal cord injury pathophysiology, have been extensively tested in the last decade. These approaches aim to synergistically enhance repair processes by addressing various obstacles faced during spinal cord regeneration. Thus, this review intends to provide scientists and clinicians with an overview of pre-clinical combinatorial approaches that have been developed toward the solution of spinal cord regeneration as well as update the current knowledge about spinal cord injury pathophysiology with an emphasis on the current clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla S Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar - gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Campus de Gualtar - gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Andreia Monteiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar - gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Campus de Gualtar - gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar - gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Campus de Gualtar - gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno A Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar - gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, Campus de Gualtar - gualtar, Braga, Portugal
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2
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Li C, Luo Y, Li S. The roles of neural stem cells in myelin regeneration and repair therapy after spinal cord injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:204. [PMID: 38978125 PMCID: PMC11232222 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03825-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a complex tissue injury that results in a wide range of physical deficits, including permanent or progressive disabilities of sensory, motor and autonomic functions. To date, limitations in current clinical treatment options can leave SCI patients with lifelong disabilities. There is an urgent need to develop new therapies for reconstructing the damaged spinal cord neuron-glia network and restoring connectivity with the supraspinal pathways. Neural stem cells (NSCs) possess the ability to self-renew and differentiate into neurons and neuroglia, including oligodendrocytes, which are cells responsible for the formation and maintenance of the myelin sheath and the regeneration of demyelinated axons. For these properties, NSCs are considered to be a promising cell source for rebuilding damaged neural circuits and promoting myelin regeneration. Over the past decade, transplantation of NSCs has been extensively tested in a variety of preclinical models of SCI. This review aims to highlight the pathophysiology of SCI and promote the understanding of the role of NSCs in SCI repair therapy and the current advances in pathological mechanism, pre-clinical studies, as well as clinical trials of SCI via NSC transplantation therapeutic strategy. Understanding and mastering these frontier updates will pave the way for establishing novel therapeutic strategies to improve the quality of recovery from SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Li
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yuping Luo
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Siguang Li
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China.
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China.
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3
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Hassanzadeh S, Sabetvand M, Sardar R, Aryanpour R, Namjoo Z. Spinal Cord Injury Model Mitochondria Connect Altered Function with Defects of Mitochondrion Morphology: an Ultrastructural Study. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2241-2248. [PMID: 37870678 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03710-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The key role of mitochondria in neurodegenerative disease patients is well documented. Recent studies claimed that mitochondrial regulatory dysfunction might play a role in ongoing cell death and dysfunction. In the present study, we characterized ultrastructural morphometry of mitochondrial alterations occurring at the level of motor neuron cell bodies in SCI-induced rats. We applied 17β-estradiol (E2) to determine whether it can improve mitochondria structural integrity of motor neurons. We used a rat model of acute SCI generated by spinal cord contusion at the T9-T10 level, followed by tissue processing 21 days post-SCI. Samples were divided into five groups: laminectomy, SCI, vehicle, SCI + 25 µg/kg E2, and SCI + 10 µg/kg E2. Assessments included analysis of hind limb motor recovery, quantifying tissue repair, and evaluation of morphological changes in the ultrastructure of mitochondria in motor neurons by transmission electron microscopy. In the E2-treated groups, especially the group receiving 25 µg/kg E2, less irregular mitochondria were observed, as there was a significant reduction in swelling or vacuolization, or fragmentation compared to the SCI group. Furthermore, E2 significantly reduced membrane rupture in the SCI group. E2 could be a proper therapeutic agent to relieve mitochondrial deleterious effects on neurons in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Hassanzadeh
- Eye Research Center, The Five Senses Institute, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Sabetvand
- Students Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Reza Sardar
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Aryanpour
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Zeinab Namjoo
- Department of Anatomical Science, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
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4
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Kharazinejad E, Hassanzadeh G, Sahebkar A, Yousefi B, Reza Sameni H, Majidpoor J, Golchini E, Taghdiri Nooshabadi V, Mousavi M. The Comparative Effects of Schwann Cells and Wharton's Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells on the AIM2 Inflammasome Activity in an Experimental Model of Spinal Cord Injury. Neuroscience 2023; 535:1-12. [PMID: 37890609 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasome activation and the consequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines play a crucial role in the development of sensory/motor deficits following spinal cord injury (SCI). Immunomodulatory activities are exhibited by Schwann cells (SCs) and Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs). In this study, we aimed to compare the effectiveness of these two cell sources in modulating the absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome complex in rats with SCI. The Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) test, Nissl staining, and Luxol fast blue (LFB) staining were performed to evaluate locomotor function, neuronal survival, and myelination, respectively. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were employed to analyze the gene and protein expressions of inflammasome components, including AIM2, ASC, caspase-1, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-18. Both gene and protein expressions of all evaluated factors were decreased after SC or WJ-MSC treatment, with a more pronounced effect observed in the SCs group (P < 0.05). Additionally, SCs promoted neuronal survival and myelination. Moreover, the administration of 3 × 105 cells resulted in motor recovery improvement in both treatment groups (P < 0.05). Although not statistically significant, these effects were more prominent in the SC-treated animals. In conclusion, SC therapy demonstrated greater efficacy in targeting AIM2 inflammasome activation and the associated inflammatory pathway in SCI experiments compared to WJ-MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Kharazinejad
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hassanzadeh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Digital Health, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Behpour Yousefi
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Sameni
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Science, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Jamal Majidpoor
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Ehsan Golchini
- Department of Operating Room, School of Paramedical Sciences, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Vajihe Taghdiri Nooshabadi
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Science, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Mousavi
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
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Xu X, Talifu Z, Zhang CJ, Gao F, Ke H, Pan YZ, Gong H, Du HY, Yu Y, Jing YL, Du LJ, Li JJ, Yang DG. Mechanism of skeletal muscle atrophy after spinal cord injury: A narrative review. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1099143. [PMID: 36937344 PMCID: PMC10020380 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1099143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury leads to loss of innervation of skeletal muscle, decreased motor function, and significantly reduced load on skeletal muscle, resulting in atrophy. Factors such as braking, hormone level fluctuation, inflammation, and oxidative stress damage accelerate skeletal muscle atrophy. The atrophy process can result in skeletal muscle cell apoptosis, protein degradation, fat deposition, and other pathophysiological changes. Skeletal muscle atrophy not only hinders the recovery of motor function but is also closely related to many systemic dysfunctions, affecting the prognosis of patients with spinal cord injury. Extensive research on the mechanism of skeletal muscle atrophy and intervention at the molecular level has shown that inflammation and oxidative stress injury are the main mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy after spinal cord injury and that multiple pathways are involved. These may become targets of future clinical intervention. However, most of the experimental studies are still at the basic research stage and still have some limitations in clinical application, and most of the clinical treatments are focused on rehabilitation training, so how to develop more efficient interventions in clinical treatment still needs to be further explored. Therefore, this review focuses mainly on the mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy after spinal cord injury and summarizes the cytokines and signaling pathways associated with skeletal muscle atrophy in recent studies, hoping to provide new therapeutic ideas for future clinical work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Zuliyaer Talifu
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Chun-Jia Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Han Ke
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yun-Zhu Pan
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Han Gong
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Hua-Yong Du
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Yu
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Li Jing
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Liang-Jie Du
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Jun Li
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Jian-Jun Li
| | - De-Gang Yang
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
- De-Gang Yang
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Progression in translational research on spinal cord injury based on microenvironment imbalance. Bone Res 2022; 10:35. [PMID: 35396505 PMCID: PMC8993811 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-022-00199-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to loss of motor and sensory function below the injury level and imposes a considerable burden on patients, families, and society. Repair of the injured spinal cord has been recognized as a global medical challenge for many years. Significant progress has been made in research on the pathological mechanism of spinal cord injury. In particular, with the development of gene regulation, cell sequencing, and cell tracing technologies, in-depth explorations of the SCI microenvironment have become more feasible. However, translational studies related to repair of the injured spinal cord have not yielded significant results. This review summarizes the latest research progress on two aspects of SCI pathology: intraneuronal microenvironment imbalance and regenerative microenvironment imbalance. We also review repair strategies for the injured spinal cord based on microenvironment imbalance, including medications, cell transplantation, exosomes, tissue engineering, cell reprogramming, and rehabilitation. The current state of translational research on SCI and future directions are also discussed. The development of a combined, precise, and multitemporal strategy for repairing the injured spinal cord is a potential future direction.
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Beikoghli Kalkhoran S, Kararigas G. Oestrogenic Regulation of Mitochondrial Dynamics. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031118. [PMID: 35163044 PMCID: PMC8834780 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological sex influences disease development and progression. The steroid hormone 17β-oestradiol (E2), along with its receptors, is expected to play a major role in the manifestation of sex differences. E2 exerts pleiotropic effects in a system-specific manner. Mitochondria are one of the central targets of E2, and their biogenesis and respiration are known to be modulated by E2. More recently, it has become apparent that E2 also regulates mitochondrial fusion–fission dynamics, thereby affecting cellular metabolism. The aim of this article is to discuss the regulatory pathways by which E2 orchestrates the activity of several components of mitochondrial dynamics in the cardiovascular and nervous systems in health and disease. We conclude that E2 regulates mitochondrial dynamics to maintain the mitochondrial network promoting mitochondrial fusion and attenuating mitochondrial fission in both the cardiovascular and nervous systems.
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8
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Advanced approaches to regenerate spinal cord injury: The development of cell and tissue engineering therapy and combinational treatments. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112529. [PMID: 34906773 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a central nervous system (CNS) devastate event that is commonly caused by traumatic or non-traumatic events. The reinnervation of spinal cord axons is hampered through a myriad of devices counting on the damaged myelin, inflammation, glial scar, and defective inhibitory molecules. Unfortunately, an effective treatment to completely repair SCI and improve functional recovery has not been found. In this regard, strategies such as using cells, biomaterials, biomolecules, and drugs have been reported to be effective for SCI recovery. Furthermore, recent advances in combinatorial treatments, which address various aspects of SCI pathophysiology, provide optimistic outcomes for spinal cord regeneration. According to the global importance of SCI, the goal of this article review is to provide an overview of the pathophysiology of SCI, with an emphasis on the latest modes of intervention and current advanced approaches for the treatment of SCI, in conjunction with an assessment of combinatorial approaches in preclinical and clinical trials. So, this article can give scientists and clinicians' clues to help them better understand how to construct preclinical and clinical studies that could lead to a breakthrough in spinal cord regeneration.
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Hülskötter K, Jin W, Allnoch L, Hansmann F, Schmidtke D, Rohn K, Flügel A, Lühder F, Baumgärtner W, Herder V. Double-edged effects of tamoxifen-in-oil-gavage on an infectious murine model for multiple sclerosis. Brain Pathol 2021; 31:e12994. [PMID: 34137105 PMCID: PMC8549030 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen gavage is a commonly used method to induce genetic modifications in cre-loxP systems. As a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), the compound is known to have immunomodulatory and neuroprotective properties in non-infectious central nervous system (CNS) disorders. It can even cause complete prevention of lesion development as seen in experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE). The effect on infectious brain disorders is scarcely investigated. In this study, susceptible SJL mice were infected intracerebrally with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) and treated three times with a tamoxifen-in-oil-gavage (TOG), resembling an application scheme for genetically modified mice, starting at 0, 18, or 38 days post infection (dpi). All mice developed 'TMEV-induced demyelinating disease' (TMEV-IDD) resulting in inflammation, axonal loss, and demyelination of the spinal cord. TOG had a positive effect on the numbers of oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, irrespective of the time point of application, whereas late application (starting 38 dpi) was associated with increased demyelination of the spinal cord white matter 85 dpi. Furthermore, TOG had differential effects on the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell infiltration into the CNS, especially a long lasting increase of CD8+ cells was detected in the inflamed spinal cord, depending of the time point of TOG application. Number of TMEV-positive cells, astrogliosis, astrocyte phenotype, apoptosis, clinical score, and motor function were not measurably affected. These data indicate that tamoxifen gavage has a double-edged effect on TMEV-IDD with the promotion of oligodendrocyte differentiation and proliferation, but also increased demyelination, depending on the time point of application. The data of this study suggest that tamoxifen has also partially protective functions in infectious CNS disease. These effects should be considered in experimental studies using the cre-loxP system, especially in models investigating neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Hülskötter
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannoverGermany
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceHannoverGermany
| | - Wen Jin
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannoverGermany
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceHannoverGermany
| | - Lisa Allnoch
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannoverGermany
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceHannoverGermany
| | - Florian Hansmann
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannoverGermany
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceHannoverGermany
- Institute of Veterinary PathologyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Daniel Schmidtke
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceHannoverGermany
- Institute of ZoologyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannoverGermany
| | - Karl Rohn
- Institute of Biometry, Epidemiology, and Information ProcessingUniversity of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannoverGermany
| | - Alexander Flügel
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceHannoverGermany
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis ResearchUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Fred Lühder
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis ResearchUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannoverGermany
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceHannoverGermany
| | - Vanessa Herder
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannoverGermany
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceHannoverGermany
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10
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Nishimura K, Takata K. Combination of Drugs and Cell Transplantation: More Beneficial Stem Cell-Based Regenerative Therapies Targeting Neurological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169047. [PMID: 34445753 PMCID: PMC8396512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell transplantation therapy using pluripotent/multipotent stem cells has gained attention as a novel therapeutic strategy for treating neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, ischemic stroke, and spinal cord injury. To fully realize the potential of cell transplantation therapy, new therapeutic options that increase cell engraftments must be developed, either through modifications to the grafted cells themselves or through changes in the microenvironment surrounding the grafted region. Together these developments could potentially restore lost neuronal function by better supporting grafted cells. In addition, drug administration can improve the outcome of cell transplantation therapy through better accessibility and delivery to the target region following cell transplantation. Here we introduce examples of drug repurposing approaches for more successful transplantation therapies based on preclinical experiments with clinically approved drugs. Drug repurposing is an advantageous drug development strategy because drugs that have already been clinically approved can be repurposed to treat other diseases faster and at lower cost. Therefore, drug repurposing is a reasonable approach to enhance the outcomes of cell transplantation therapies for neurological diseases. Ideal repurposing candidates would result in more efficient cell transplantation therapies and provide a new and beneficial therapeutic combination.
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11
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Nazari B, Namjoo Z, Moradi F, Kazemi M, Ebrahimi-Barough S, Sadroddiny E, Ai J. miR-219 overexpressing oligodendrocyte progenitor cells for treating compression spinal cord injury. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1069-1077. [PMID: 33635477 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00701-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) transplantation has been considered a promising treatment for spinal cord injury, according to previous studies. Recent research shed light on the importance of microRNA 219 (miR-219) in oligodendrocyte development, so here miR-219-overexpressing OPCs (miR-219 OPCs) were transplanted in animal models of spinal cord injury to evaluate the impact of miR-219 on oligodendrocyte differentiation and functional recovery in vivo. Our findings demonstrate that transplanted cells were distributed in the tissue sections and contributed to reducing the size of cavity in the injury site. Interestingly, miR-219 promoted OPC differentiation into mature oligodendrocyte expressing MBP in vivo whereas in absence of miR-219, less number of cells differentiated into mature oligodendrocytes. An eight week evaluation using the Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor test confirmed improvement in functional recovery of hind limbs. Overall, this study demonstrated that miR-219 promoted differentiation and maturation of OPCs after transplantation and can be used in cell therapy of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Nazari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Namjoo
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moradi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansure Kazemi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Somayeh Ebrahimi-Barough
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Sadroddiny
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Jafar Ai
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Aryanpour R, Zibara K, Pasbakhsh P, Jame'ei SB, Namjoo Z, Ghanbari A, Mahmoudi R, Amani S, Kashani IR. 17β-Estradiol Reduces Demyelination in Cuprizone-fed Mice by Promoting M2 Microglia Polarity and Regulating NLRP3 Inflammasome. Neuroscience 2021; 463:116-127. [PMID: 33794337 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen produces a beneficial role in animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS). The effect of 17β-estradiol therapy on microglia polarization and neuroinflammation in the corpus callosum of the cuprizone-induced demyelination model has not been elucidated. In this study, mice were given 0.2% cuprizone (CPZ) for 5 weeks to induce demyelination during which they received 50 ng of 17β-estradiol (EST), injected subcutaneously in the neck region, twice weekly. Data revealed that treatment with 17β-estradiol therapy (CPZ+EST) improved neurological behavioral deficits, displayed by a significant reduction in escape latencies, in comparison to untreated CPZ mice. Also, administration of 17β-estradiol caused a decrease in demyelination levels and axonal injury, as demonstrated by staining with Luxol fast blue, immunofluorescence to myelin basic protein, and transmission electron microscopy analysis. In addition, at the transcriptional level in the brain, mice treated with 17β-estradiol (CPZ+EST) showed a decrease in the levels of M1-assosicted microglia markers (CD86, iNOS and MHC-II) whereas M2-associated genes (Arg-1, CD206 and Trem-2) were increased, compared to CPZ mice. Moreover, administration of 17β-estradiol resulted in a significant reduction (∼3-fold) in transcript levels of NLRP3 inflammasome and its downstream product IL-18, compared to controls. In summary, this study demonstrated for the first time that exogenous 17β-estradiol therapy robustly leads to the reduction of M1 phenotype, stimulation of polarized M2 microglia, and repression of NLRP3 inflammasome in the corpus callosum of CPZ demyelination model of MS. The positive effects of 17β-estradiol on microglia and inflammasome seems to facilitate and accelerate the remyelination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Aryanpour
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Kazem Zibara
- PRASE and Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Parichehr Pasbakhsh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zeinab Namjoo
- Department of Anatomical Science, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Amir Ghanbari
- Cell and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Reza Mahmoudi
- Cell and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Showan Amani
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iraj Ragerdi Kashani
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Mahya S, Ai J, Shojae S, Khonakdar HA, Darbemamieh G, Shirian S. Berberine loaded chitosan nanoparticles encapsulated in polysaccharide-based hydrogel for the repair of spinal cord. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:82-90. [PMID: 33766598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The potential of berberine loaded in chitosan nanoparticles (BerNChs) within a hybrid of alginate (Alg) and chitosan (Ch) hydrogel was investigated for the substrate which is known as an inhibit activator proteins. The physicochemical properties of the developed Alg-Ch hydrogel were investigated by fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The swelling ability and degradation rate of hydrogels were also analyzed in a phosphate-buffered saline solution at physiological pH. The seeded scaffolds with endometrial stem cells as well as scaffolds alone were then transplanted into hemisected SCI rats. The SEM images displayed the favorable seeding and survival of the cells on the Alg-Ch/BerNChs hydrogel scaffold. The obtained data from immunostining of neuroflilament (NF), as a neuronal growth marker, in the various groups showed that the lowest and highest immunoractivity was belonged to the control and Alg-Ch/BerNCh seeded with ESCs groups, respectively. Finally, the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) test confirmed the recovery of sensory and motor functions, clinically. The results suggested that combination therapy using the endometrial stem cells seeded on Alg-Ch/BerNChs hydrogel scaffold has the potential to regenerate the injured spinal cord and to limit the secondary damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadeghi Mahya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, PO Box 13185/768, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Ai
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417743361, Iran.
| | - Shahrokh Shojae
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, PO Box 13185/768, Tehran, Iran; Stem cells Research Center, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, PO Box 13185-768, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Ali Khonakdar
- Department of Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, PO Box 14965/115, Tehran, Iran; Reactive processing, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, D-01067 Dresden, Germany
| | - Goldis Darbemamieh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, PO Box 13185/768, Tehran, Iran; Hard Tissue Engineering Research Center, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran
| | - Sadegh Shirian
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran; Shiraz Molecular Pathology Research Center, Dr Daneshbod Path Lab, Shiraz, Iran; Shefa Neurosciences Research Center, Khatam-Alanbia Hospita, Tehran, Iran
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Hassanzadeh S, Jalessi M, Jameie SB, Khanmohammadi M, Bagher Z, Namjoo Z, Davachi SM. More attention on glial cells to have better recovery after spinal cord injury. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 25:100905. [PMID: 33553683 PMCID: PMC7844125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional improvement after spinal cord injury remains an unsolved difficulty. Glial scars, a major component of SCI lesions, are very effective in improving the rate of this recovery. Such scars are a result of complex interaction mechanisms involving three major cells, namely, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. In recent years, scientists have identified two subtypes of reactive astrocytes, namely, A1 astrocytes that induce the rapid death of neurons and oligodendrocytes, and A2 astrocytes that promote neuronal survival. Moreover, recent studies have suggested that the macrophage polarization state is more of a continuum between M1 and M2 macrophages. M1 macrophages that encourage the inflammation process kill their surrounding cells and inhibit cellular proliferation. In contrast, M2 macrophages promote cell proliferation, tissue growth, and regeneration. Furthermore, the ability of oligodendrocyte precursor cells to differentiate into adult oligodendrocytes or even neurons has been reviewed. Here, we first scrutinize recent findings on glial cell subtypes and their beneficial or detrimental effects after spinal cord injury. Second, we discuss how we may be able to help the functional recovery process after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Hassanzadeh
- Skull Base Research Center, Hazrat Rasoul Hospital, The Five Senses Health Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center (NRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Jalessi
- Skull Base Research Center, Hazrat Rasoul Hospital, The Five Senses Health Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Behnamedin Jameie
- Neuroscience Research Center (NRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khanmohammadi
- Skull Base Research Center, Hazrat Rasoul Hospital, The Five Senses Health Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohre Bagher
- ENT and Head & Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Health Institute, Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Namjoo
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Davachi
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Promoting motor functions in a spinal cord injury model of rats using transplantation of differentiated human olfactory stem cells: A step towards future therapy. Behav Brain Res 2021; 405:113205. [PMID: 33636233 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human olfactory ecto-mesenchymal stem cells (hOE-MSCs) derived from the human olfactory mucosa (OM) can be easily isolated and expanded in cultures while their immense plasticity is maintained. To mitigate ethical concerns, the hOE-MSCs can be also transplanted across allogeneic barriers, making them desirable cells for clinical applications. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of administering the hOE-MSCs on a spinal cord injury (SCI) model of rats. These cells were accordingly isolated and cultured, and then treated in the neurobasal medium containing serum-free Dulbecco's Modified Essential Medium (DMEM) and Ham's F-12 Medium (DMEM/F12) with 2% B27 for two days. Afterwards, the pre-induced cells were incubated in N2B27 with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), fibroblast growth factor 8b (FGF8b), sonic hedgehog (SHH), and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) for six days. The efficacy of the induced cells was additionally evaluated using immunocytochemistry (ICC) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The differentiated cells were similarly transplanted into the SC contusions. Functional recovery was further conducted on a weekly basis for eight consecutive weeks. Moreover, cell integration was assessed via conventional histology and ICC, whose results revealed the expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) marker at the induction stage. According to the RT-PCR findings, the highest expression level of insulin gene-enhancer protein (islet-1), oligodendrocyte transcription factor (Olig2), and homeobox protein HB9 was observed at the induction stage. The number of engraftment cells also rose (approximately by 2.5 % ± 0.1) in the motor neuron-like cells derived from the hOE-MSCs-grafted group compared with the OE-MSCs-grafted one. The functional analysis correspondingly revealed that locomotor and sensory scores considerably improved in the rats in the treatment group. These findings suggested that motor neuron-like cells derived from the hOE-MSCs could be utilized as an alternative cell-based therapeutic strategy for SCI.
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Li Y, Liu L, Yu Z, Yu Y, Sun B, Xiao C, Luo S, Li L. Effects of Edaravone on Functional Recovery of a Rat Model with Spinal Cord Injury Through Induced Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Neuron-Like Cells. Cell Reprogram 2021; 23:47-56. [PMID: 33400610 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2020.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Edaravone can induce differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) into neuron-like cells and replace lost cells by transplanting neuron-like cells to repair spinal cord injury (SCI). In this study, BMSCs were derived from the bone marrow of male Wistar rats (4 weeks old) through density gradient centrifugation (1.073 g/mL), and the cell purity of BMSCs was up to 95%. The combined injection of basic fibroblast growth factor and edaravone was conducted to differentiate BMSCs into neuron-like cells. In this study, 120 male Wistar rats were used to establish the model of semitransverse SCI; on the seventh day, neuron-like cells were labeled by BrdU and then injected into the epicenter of the injury of rats. On the 14th day after cell transplantation, the biotin dextran amine (BDA) fluorescent agent was used to track the repair of nerve damage. At 7, 14, 21, and 30 days after SCI, the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor scale method was used to measure the functional recovery of hind limbs in rats. Additionally, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, Nissl staining, immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Western blotting, and Real-time quantitative reverse transcripion PCR (qRT-PCR) were used to observe the regeneration of nerve cells. In the edaravone+BMSC group, behavioral analysis of locomotor function showed that functional recovery was significantly enhanced after transplantation of the cells, BrdU-positive cells could be observed scattered in the injured area and extended to both the head and tail, and the BDA tracer shows that the edaravone+BMSC group emits more fluorescent signals. Additionally, H&E staining, Nissl staining, and immunohistochemistry revealed that the space of spinal cord tissue was attenuated and the neurons were increased. Western blotting and qRT-PCR showed that the expression levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), Nestin, and neurofilament 200 (NF) were increased, while the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was decreased. TEM showed that cytoplasmic edema was reduced, mitochondrial vacuoles were attenuated, and nuclear chromatin concentration was declined after transplantation of neuron-like cells. Moreover, with the extension of time of edaravone+BMSC transplantation, the structures of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum tended to be normal. In summary, the induced differentiation of BMSC transplantation can significantly promote the functional repair of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Li
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Laibing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Baiyun Hospital, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zijiang Yu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Baofei Sun
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chaolun Xiao
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shipeng Luo
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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Astaneh ME, Goodarzi A, Khanmohammadi M, Shokati A, Mohandesnezhad S, Ataollahi MR, Najafipour S, Farahani MS, Ai J. Chitosan/gelatin hydrogel and endometrial stem cells with subsequent atorvastatin injection impact in regenerating spinal cord tissue. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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18
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Akhlaghpasand M, Tizro M, Raoofi A, Meymand AZ, Farhadieh M, Khodagholi F, Khatmi A, Soltani R, Hoseini Y, Jahanian A, Boroujeni ME, Aliaghaei A. Grafted human chorionic stem cells restore motor function and preclude cerebellar neurodegeneration in rat model of cerebellar ataxia. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:615-625. [PMID: 32062747 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00543-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxia (CA) is a form of ataxia that adversely affects the cerebellum. Cell replacement therapy (CRT) has been considered as a potential treatment for neurological disorders. In this report, we investigated the neuro-restorative effects of human chorionic stem cells (HCSCs) transplantation on rat model of CA induced by 3-acetylpyridine (3-AP). In this regard, HCSCs were isolated and phenotypically determined. Next, a single injection of 3-AP was administered for ataxia induction, and bilateral HCSCs implantation was conducted 3 days after 3-AP injection, followed by expression analysis of a number of apoptotic, autophagic and inflammatory genes as well as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level, along with assessment of cerebellar neurodegeneration, motor coordination and muscle activity. The findings revealed that grafting of HCSCs in 3-AP model of ataxia decreased the expression levels of several inflammatory, autophagic and apoptotic genes and provoked the up-regulation of VEGF in the cerebellar region, prevented the degeneration of Purkinje cells caused by 3-AP toxicity and ameliorated motor coordination and muscle function. In conclusion, these data indicate in vivo efficacy of HCSCs in the reestablishment of motor skills and reversal of CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadhosein Akhlaghpasand
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Tizro
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Raoofi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | | | | | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aysan Khatmi
- Cell Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School Of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Soltani
- Cell Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School Of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yadolah Hoseini
- Neurosurgery Department, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Jahanian
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Eskandarian Boroujeni
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Abbas Aliaghaei
- Cell Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School Of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Azizi M, Farahmandghavi F, Joghataei MT, Zandi M, Imani M, Bakhtiari M, Omidian H. ChABC-loaded PLGA nanoparticles: A comprehensive study on biocompatibility, functional recovery, and axonal regeneration in animal model of spinal cord injury. Int J Pharm 2020; 577:119037. [PMID: 31953081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is one of the leading causes of physical disability. In this study, spherical PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) containing ChABC enzyme were manufactured and fully characterized for SCI therapy. The NPs were used in the rat's contused spinal cord to assess the functional improvement and scar digestion. Twenty-three adult male Wistar rats (275 ± 25 g) were assigned into four groups of control, sham, blank-treated particle, and ChABC-treated particle. Throughout the survey, the BBB scores were obtained for all the groups. Finally, the injured sections of animals were dissected, and histological studies were conducted using Luxol fast blue and Bielschowsky. The biocompatibility and non-toxicity effects of the NPs on olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) were confirmed by the MTT test. The flow-cytometry revealed the purity of cultured OECs with p75+/GFAP+ at around 87.9 ± 2.4%. Animals in the control and the blank-treated groups exhibited significantly lower BBB scores compared with the ChABC-treated particle group. Histological results confirmed the induced contusion models in the injured site. Myelin was observed in the treated groups, especially when the ChABC-loaded nanoparticles were utilized. The immunohistochemistry results indicated the scar glial degradation in animals treated by the ChABC-loaded particles. According to this study, the loaded particles can potentially serve as a suitable candidate for spinal cord repair, functional recovery and axonal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monireh Azizi
- Anatomy Department, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, 14536-33143 Ilam, Iran; Molecular and Cellular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhid Farahmandghavi
- Novel Drug Delivery Systems Department, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, P.O. Box: 14975/112, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Taghi Joghataei
- Molecular and Cellular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of advance technology in medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Zandi
- Biomaterials Department, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, P.O. Box: 14975/112, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Imani
- Novel Drug Delivery Systems Department, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, P.O. Box: 14975/112, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Bakhtiari
- Molecular and Cellular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Anatomy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Omidian
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, USA
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Díaz-Galindo MDC, Calderón-Vallejo D, Olvera-Sandoval C, Quintanar JL. Therapeutic approaches of trophic factors in animal models and in patients with spinal cord injury. Growth Factors 2020; 38:1-15. [PMID: 32299267 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2020.1753724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Trophic factors are naturally produced by different tissues that participate in several functions such as the intercellular communication, in the development, stability, differentiation and regeneration at the cellular level. Specifically, in the case of spinal injuries, these factors can stimulate neuronal recovery. They are applied both in experimental models and in clinical trials in patients. The trophic factors analysed in this review include gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), growth hormone (GH), melatonin, oestrogens, the family of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), the family of neurotrophins and the glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). There are some trophic (neurotrophic) factors that already been tested in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI), but only shown partial recovery effect. It is possible that, the administration of these trophic factors together with physical rehabilitation, act synergistically and, therefore, significantly improve the quality of life of patients with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Carmen Díaz-Galindo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes. Av, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Denisse Calderón-Vallejo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes. Av, Aguascalientes, México
- Department of Morphology, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes. Av, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Carlos Olvera-Sandoval
- Facultad de Medicina-Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, México. Dr. Humberto Torres Sanginés S/N. Centro Cívico, Mexicali, México
| | - J Luis Quintanar
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes. Av, Aguascalientes, México
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Weng F, Zhu L, Yang L, Li Y, Liu R, Fan J, Zhou J. [Expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 protein multisite phosphorylation in autophagy after spinal cord injury in rats]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2019; 33:618-627. [PMID: 31090358 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.201812064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the changes of autophagy after spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats and its relationship with multisite phosphorylation of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) protein. Methods Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 8 weeks were used to prepare SCI models by modified Allen method, and the SCI model were prepared successfully in 36 rats. The 36 SCI models were randomly divided into SCI group, autophagy inhibitor group, and autophagy promoter group, with 12 rats in each group. Another 12 rats were selected as sham operation group with only laminectomy and no spinal cord injury. At the end of modeling, the autophagy inhibitor group and the autophagy promoter group were intrathecally injected with 20 μL of 600 nmol/L 3-methyladenine and 25 nmol/L rapamycin, respectively, once a day for 4 weeks. The sham operation group and the SCI group were injected with only 20 μL of normal saline at the same time point. The motor function of rat in each group was evaluated by the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) score at 1 day and 1, 2, 4 weeks after modeling. The rats in each group were sacrificed at 24 hours after the last injection and the spinal cord tissues were taken. ELISA assay was used to detect the levels of inflammatory factors in spinal cord tissues, including myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interleukin 1β (IL-1β); the morphological changes of spinal cord were observed by HE staining; the autophagy of mitochondria in spinal cord tissues was observed by transmission electron microscopy; the expressions of Beclin1 and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) were detected by immunofluorescence staining; neuronal apoptosis in spinal cord tissues were observed by TUNEL staining; LC3/TUNEL positive cells were calculated by immunofluorescence double staining; the expressions of Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), Bcl-2, p-Bcl-2 (Ser87), and p-Bcl-2 (Ser70) were detected by Western blot. Results Compared with sham operation group, BBB score of SCI group decreased at each time point, while the levels of MPO, TNF-α, and IL-1β increased; peripheral space of nerve cells enlarged, cells swelled, vacuoles appeared, and autophagic bodies appeared in mitochondria; the positive rates of Beclin1 and LC3 proteins, and apoptotic rate of neurons significantly increased; the LC3/TUNEL positive cells significantly increased; the expressions of Bax, p-Bcl-2 (Ser87), and p-Bcl-2 (Ser70) proteins increased, while the expression of Bcl-2 protein decreased; all showing significant differences ( P<0.05). Compared with SCI group, BBB score in autophagy inhibitor group decreased at each time point, while the levels of MPO, TNF-α, and IL-1β increased; a few autophagic vesicles appeared in mitochondria; the positive rates of Beclin1 and LC3 proteins decreased and the apoptotic rate of neurons increased significantly; the LC3 positive cells decreased and the TUNEL positive cells increased; the expressions of Bax, p-Bcl-2 (Ser87), and p-Bcl-2 (Ser70) proteins increased, while the expression of Bcl-2 protein decreased. The results of autophagy promoter group were opposite to those of autophagy inhibitor group; all showing significant differences between groups ( P<0.05). Conclusion Induction of autophagy after SCI in rats can reduce neuronal apoptosis and protect spinal cord function, which may be related to the inhibition of Bcl-2 protein multisite phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengbiao Weng
- Department of Orthopaedics, First People's Hospital of Wujiang District in Suzhou City, Suzhou Jiangsu, 215200, P.R.China
| | - Lifan Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, First People's Hospital of Wujiang District in Suzhou City, Suzhou Jiangsu, 215200, P.R.China
| | - Liwen Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, First People's Hospital of Wujiang District in Suzhou City, Suzhou Jiangsu, 215200, P.R.China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, First People's Hospital of Wujiang District in Suzhou City, Suzhou Jiangsu, 215200, P.R.China
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, First People's Hospital of Wujiang District in Suzhou City, Suzhou Jiangsu, 215200, P.R.China
| | - Jin Fan
- Department of Spinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Jiangsu, 210000, P.R.China
| | - Jianxin Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, First People's Hospital of Wujiang District in Suzhou City, Suzhou Jiangsu, 215200,
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Nazari B, Kazemi M, Kamyab A, Nazari B, Ebrahimi‐Barough S, Hadjighassem M, Norouzi‐Javidan A, Ai A, Ahmadi A, Ai J. Fibrin hydrogel as a scaffold for differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells into oligodendrocytes. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 108:192-200. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Nazari
- Department of Medical BiotechnologySchool of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Mansure Kazemi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell SciencesSchool of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Kamyab
- Department of GeneticsScience and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Banafsheh Nazari
- Section of RheumatologyBoston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts
| | - Somayeh Ebrahimi‐Barough
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell SciencesSchool of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Mahmoudreza Hadjighassem
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research CenterNeuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Abbas Norouzi‐Javidan
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research CenterNeuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Arman Ai
- School of MedicineTehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Akbar Ahmadi
- School of Advanced Technologies in MedicineTehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Jafar Ai
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell SciencesSchool of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research CenterNeuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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Abstract
Despite efforts in prevention and intensive care, trauma and subsequent sepsis are still associated with a high mortality rate. Traumatic injury remains the main cause of death in people younger than 45 years and is thus a source of immense social and economic burden. In recent years, the knowledge concerning gender medicine has continuously increased. A number of studies have reported gender dimorphism in terms of response to trauma, shock and sepsis. However, the advantageous outcome following trauma-hemorrhage in females is not due only to sex. Rather, it is due to the prevailing hormonal milieu of the victim. In this respect, various experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated beneficial effects of estrogen for the central nervous system, the cardiopulmonary system, the liver, the kidneys, the immune system, and for the overall survival of the host. Nonetheless, there remains a gap between the bench and the bedside. This is most likely because clinical studies have not accounted for the estrus cycle. This review attempts to provide an overview of the current level of knowledge and highlights the most important organ systems responding to trauma, shock and sepsis. There continues to be a need for clinical studies on the prevailing hormonal milieu following trauma, shock and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bösch
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig Maximilians-University Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin K Angele
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig Maximilians-University Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Irshad H Chaudry
- Center for Surgical Research and Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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Wu S, FitzGerald KT, Giordano J. On the Viability and Potential Value of Stem Cells for Repair and Treatment of Central Neurotrauma: Overview and Speculations. Front Neurol 2018; 9:602. [PMID: 30150968 PMCID: PMC6099099 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Central neurotrauma, such as spinal cord injury or traumatic brain injury, can damage critical axonal pathways and neurons and lead to partial to complete loss of neural function that is difficult to address in the mature central nervous system. Improvement and innovation in the development, manufacture, and delivery of stem-cell based therapies, as well as the continued exploration of newer forms of stem cells, have allowed the professional and public spheres to resolve technical and ethical questions that previously hindered stem cell research for central nervous system injury. Recent in vitro and in vivo models have demonstrated the potential that reprogrammed autologous stem cells, in particular, have to restore functionality and induce regeneration-while potentially mitigating technical issues of immunogenicity, rejection, and ethical issues of embryonic derivation. These newer stem-cell based approaches are not, however, without concerns and problems of safety, efficacy, use and distribution. This review is an assessment of the current state of the science, the potential solutions that have been and are currently being explored, and the problems and questions that arise from what appears to be a promising way forward (i.e., autologous stem cell-based therapies)-for the purpose of advancing the research for much-needed therapeutic interventions for central neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Wu
- Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Kevin T. FitzGerald
- Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - James Giordano
- Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Departments of Neurology and Biochemistry, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
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