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Devi K, Bali A, Bhatia P, Singh N, Jaggi AS. Exploring the ameliorative potential of Bacopa monnieri in acetic acid induced ulcerative colitis in mice. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:2105-2110. [PMID: 37427984 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2233047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of Bacopa monnieri in acetic-acid-induced ulcerative colitis in mice. Acetic acid (3%v/v, in 0.9% saline) was infused intrarectally to induce ulceration in mice. Administration of acetic acid resulted in severe inflammation of the colon along with an increase in the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity assessed on 7th day. Treatment with Bacopa monnieri extract (20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg, p.o) and saponin-rich fraction (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg; p.o) for 7 days i.e. 2 days before and 5 days after acetic acid infusion, significantly attenuated the colonic inflammation in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, it also reduced the MPO levels and the disease activity score as compared to the control group. It may be concluded that Bacopa monnieri has the potential for ameliorating acetic-acid-induced colitis and its saponin-rich fraction may be responsible for this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karam Devi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Anjana Bali
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab Bathinda, Bathinda, India
| | - Pankaj Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Nirmal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Amteshwar Singh Jaggi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
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Valotto Neto LJ, Reverete de Araujo M, Moretti Junior RC, Mendes Machado N, Joshi RK, dos Santos Buglio D, Barbalho Lamas C, Direito R, Fornari Laurindo L, Tanaka M, Barbalho SM. Investigating the Neuroprotective and Cognitive-Enhancing Effects of Bacopa monnieri: A Systematic Review Focused on Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Apoptosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:393. [PMID: 38671841 PMCID: PMC11047749 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aging of the global population has increased the prevalence of neurodegenerative conditions. Bacopa monnieri (BM), an herb with active compounds, such as bacosides A and B, betulinic acid, loliolide, asiatic acid, and quercetin, demonstrates the potential for brain health. Limited research has been conducted on the therapeutic applications of BM in neurodegenerative conditions. This systematic review aims to project BM's beneficial role in brain disorders. BM has anti-apoptotic and antioxidant actions and can repair damaged neurons, stimulate kinase activity, restore synaptic function, improve nerve transmission, and increase neuroprotection. The included twenty-two clinical trials demonstrated that BM can reduce Nuclear Factor-κB phosphorylation, improve emotional function, cognitive functions, anhedonia, hyperactivity, sleep routine, depression, attention deficit, learning problems, memory retention, impulsivity, and psychiatric problems. Moreover, BM can reduce the levels of pro-inflammatory biomarkers and oxidative stress. Here, we highlight that BM provides notable therapeutic benefits and can serve as a complementary approach for the care of patients with neurodegenerative conditions associated with brain disorders. This review adds to the growing interest in natural products and their potential therapeutic applications by improving our understanding of the mechanisms underlying cognitive function and neurodegeneration and informing the development of new therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz José Valotto Neto
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (L.J.V.N.); (M.R.d.A.); (R.C.M.J.); (N.M.M.); (D.d.S.B.)
- Department of Education, Government of Uttarakhand, Nainital 263001, India;
| | - Matheus Reverete de Araujo
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (L.J.V.N.); (M.R.d.A.); (R.C.M.J.); (N.M.M.); (D.d.S.B.)
| | - Renato Cesar Moretti Junior
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (L.J.V.N.); (M.R.d.A.); (R.C.M.J.); (N.M.M.); (D.d.S.B.)
| | - Nathalia Mendes Machado
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (L.J.V.N.); (M.R.d.A.); (R.C.M.J.); (N.M.M.); (D.d.S.B.)
| | - Rakesh Kumar Joshi
- Department of Education, Government of Uttarakhand, Nainital 263001, India;
| | - Daiane dos Santos Buglio
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (L.J.V.N.); (M.R.d.A.); (R.C.M.J.); (N.M.M.); (D.d.S.B.)
| | - Caroline Barbalho Lamas
- Department of Gerontology, School of Gerontology, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil;
| | - Rosa Direito
- Laboratory of Systems Integration Pharmacology, Clinical & Regulatory Science, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy de Farmácia, University of Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lucas Fornari Laurindo
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Medical School of Marilia (FAMEMA), Marília 17519-030, SP, Brazil;
| | - Masaru Tanaka
- Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, HUN-REN-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, University of Szeged (HUN-REN-SZTE), Tisza Lajos krt. 113, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sandra Maria Barbalho
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil; (L.J.V.N.); (M.R.d.A.); (R.C.M.J.); (N.M.M.); (D.d.S.B.)
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Food and Technology of Marília (FATEC), Marília 17500-000, SP, Brazil
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Singh S, Sharma K, Sharma H. Green Extracts with Metal-based Nanoparticles for Treating Inflammatory Diseases: A Review. Curr Drug Deliv 2024; 21:544-570. [PMID: 37278036 DOI: 10.2174/1567201820666230602164325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Globally, high death rates and poor quality of life are caused mainly by inflammatory diseases. Corticosteroids, which may have systemic side effects and would enhance the risk of infection, are the common forms of therapy. The field of nanomedicine has created composite nanoparticles that carry a pharmacological carrier and target ligands for distribution to sites of inflammation with less systemic toxicity. However, their relatively large size often causes systemic clearance. An interesting approach is metal-based nanoparticles that naturally reduce inflammation. They are made not only to be small enough to pass through biological barriers but also to allow label-free monitoring of their interactions with cells. The following literature review discusses the mechanistic analysis of the anti-inflammatory properties of several metal-based nanoparticles, including gold, silver, titanium dioxide, selenium, and zinc oxide. Current research focuses on the mechanisms by which nanoparticles infiltrate cells and the anti-inflammatory techniques using herbal extracts-based nanoparticles. Additionally, it provides a brief overview of the literature on many environmentally friendly sources employed in nanoparticle production and the mechanisms of action of various nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Singh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research GLA University, 17km Stone, NH-2, Mathura-Delhi Road Mathura, Chaumuhan, Uttar Pradesh-281406, India
| | - Khushi Sharma
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research GLA University, 17km Stone, NH-2, Mathura-Delhi Road Mathura, Chaumuhan, Uttar Pradesh-281406, India
| | - Himanshu Sharma
- Department of Computer Engineering & Applications GLA University, 17km Stone, NH-2, Mathura-Delhi Road Mathura, Chaumuhan, Uttar Pradesh-281406, India
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Dhapola R, Kumari S, Sharma P, HariKrishnaReddy D. Insight into the emerging and common experimental in-vivo models of Alzheimer's disease. Lab Anim Res 2023; 39:33. [PMID: 38082453 PMCID: PMC10712122 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-023-00184-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial, rapidly progressing neurodegenerative disorder. As the exact cause of the disease is still unclear, the drug development is very challenging. This review encompasses the commonly used AD models involving various chemicals, heavy metals and endogenous substances induced models and the transgenic models. It also provides insight into the reliable emerging models of AD that may overcome the shortcomings associated with available models. Chemicals like streptozotocin, scopolamine, colchicine and okadaic acid render the animal susceptible to neuroinflammation and oxidative stress induced neurodegeneration along with amyloid-β deposition and tau hyperphosphorylation. Similarly, endogenous substances like acrolein and amyloid-β 1-42 are efficient in inducing the major pathologies of AD. Heavy metals like aluminum and fluoride and mixture of these have been reported to induce neurotoxicity therefore are used as animal models for AD. Transgenic models developed as a result of knock-in or knock-out of certain genes associated with AD including PDAPP, APP23, Tg2576, APP/PS1, 3 × Tg and 5 × FAD have also been incorporated in this study. Further, emerging and advanced pathomimetic models of AD are provided particular interest here which will add on to the current knowledge of animal models and may aid in the drug development process and deepen our understanding related to AD pathogenesis. These newly discovered models include oAβ25-35 model, transgenic model expressing 82-kDa ChAT, oDGal mouse and APP knock-in rat. This study may aid in the selection of suitable model for development of novel potent therapeutics and for exploring detailed pathogenic mechanism of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishika Dhapola
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India
| | - Sneha Kumari
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India
| | - Prajjwal Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India
| | - Dibbanti HariKrishnaReddy
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India.
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Martins A, Conte M, Goettert MI, Contini V. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and inflammation: natural product-derived treatments-a review of the last ten years. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:2939-2954. [PMID: 37740887 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01339-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Stimulant medication is the main pharmacological treatment for ADHD. However, the traditional pharmacological treatments may have significant side effects; therefore, non-pharmacological approaches are needed. Thus, there has been growing interest in alternative herbal treatments. The aim of this review was to comprehensively assess the current evidence for plant-based treatment of ADHD in human and animal models, as well as their ability to modulate the inflammatory process. METHODS This study was an integrative review of the current evidence for the plant-based treatment of ADHD. The research involved using literature available on PubMed and Scopus databases. FINDINGS Spontaneously hypersensitive rats treated with baicalin exhibited significant reductions in locomotion, increased spatial learning skills, and increased levels of dopamine in the striatum. Supplementation with Sansonite improved memory and attention capacity. In human studies, Ginkgo biloba significantly improved the symptoms of inattention and reduced memory impairment. In studies conducted using Korean Red ginseng, Klamath, and Crocus sativus L., the patients showed significant improvements in symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the identified plants modulate the inflammatory process through pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, Th cells, Toll-like receptor 4, and mitogen-activated protein kinases. CONCLUSION All the studies included in this review focused on plants with demonstrated potential against inflammatory processes, positioning them as promising candidates for ADHD treatment, due to their potential to attenuate or even prevent neuroinflammatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Martins
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Universidade of Vale do Taquari - Univates, Rua Avelino Talini, 171 - Bairro Universitário, Lajeado, RS, 95914-014, Brazil
| | - Magali Conte
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, RS, Brazil
| | - Márcia Inês Goettert
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Universidade of Vale do Taquari - Univates, Rua Avelino Talini, 171 - Bairro Universitário, Lajeado, RS, 95914-014, Brazil
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tubingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Verônica Contini
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Universidade of Vale do Taquari - Univates, Rua Avelino Talini, 171 - Bairro Universitário, Lajeado, RS, 95914-014, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Medical Science, Universidade of Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, RS, Brazil.
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Martínez-García M, Garduño-Solórzano G, Lopes G, Sanchez BA, Urbatzka R, Hentschke GS, Campos JE, Vasconcelos VMO. Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Obesity Potential of Extracts Containing Phenols, Chlorophyll and Carotenoids from Mexican Wild Populations of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040620. [PMID: 37106820 PMCID: PMC10135869 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Some of the species of the genus Bacopa have been used in Pharmacopoeia worldwide. However, in Mexico, Bacopa monnieri has neither been extensively cultivated nor studied, nor has their use in traditional medicine been reported. The aim of this work was to assess the taxonomic verification of the four wild populations of B. monnieri, the chemical content of their pigments and phenols and to provide an analysis of their potential bioactivity. B. monnieri wild populations from Mexico were validated using molecular markers. Chromatographic profiling using HPLC-PDA revealed 21 compounds comprising 12 chlorophylls and nine carotenoids; of the latter, the major ones were lutein (0.921 ± 0.031 μg/mg of dry extract) and β-carotene (0.095 ± 0.003 μg/mg of dry extract). The total phenolic content, determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay, ranged from 54.8 ± 5.8 to 70.3 ± 2.2 µg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/mg. Plant extracts scavenged from the free radical DPPH in IC50 ranged from 130.6 ± 3.0 to 249.9 ± 12.1 µg dry extract/mL. In terms of the anti-inflammatory potential, the most effective extract was from a soil-based plant from Jalisco (BS), reduced from nitric oxide in a RAW 264.7 culture medium, with an IC50 value of 134 µg of dry extract/mL. The BS extract showed a significant neutral lipid-reducing activity in the zebrafish model, ranging from 3.13 μg/mL p < 0.05 to 100 μg/mL p < 0.0001. Overall, the extracts analyzed here for the first time seem promising for future use because of their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Martínez-García
- Unidad de Biotecnología y Prototipos (UBIPRO), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Avenida de los Barrios No. 1, Col. Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Gloria Garduño-Solórzano
- IZTA Herbarium, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Avenida de los Barrios No. 1, Col. Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Graciliana Lopes
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Begoña Astrain Sanchez
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ralph Urbatzka
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Guilherme Scotta Hentschke
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Jorge E Campos
- Unidad de Biotecnología y Prototipos (UBIPRO), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Avenida de los Barrios No. 1, Col. Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Vitor Manuel Oliveira Vasconcelos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Dubey T, Kushwaha P, Thulasiram HV, Chandrashekar M, Chinnathambi S. Bacopa monnieri reduces Tau aggregation and Tau-mediated toxicity in cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 234:123171. [PMID: 36716837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive memory loss and behavioral impairments. In the present study, the ethanolic extract of Bacopa monnieri was studied for its potency to inhibit Tau aggregation and rescuing of the viability of Tau-stressed cells. Bacopa monnieri was observed to inhibit the Tau aggregation in vitro. The cells exposed to Bacopa monnieri were also observed to have a low level of ROS and caspase-3 activity. The immunoblot and immunofluorescence analysis showed that Bacopa monnieri acts as an antioxidant and restored the Nrf2 levels in Neuro2a cells. Bacopa monnieri treatment to Neuro2a cells was observed to reduce the phospho-Tau load in formaldehyde-stressed cells. Furthermore, the treatment of Bacopa monnieri reduced the phosphorylation of GSK-3β in formaldehyde-stressed cells. Ran and NUP358 are the key proteins involved in nuclear transport. It was observed that formaldehyde treatment impaired the nuclear transport by missorting the NUP358 arrangement in Neuro2a cells. On the contrary, Bacopa monnieri treatment restored the NUP358 arrangement in cells. The overall results of the present study suggested that Bacopa monnieri could be considered a potent herb against Tau phosphorylation and Tau aggregation, which projects it as a promising formulation for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Dubey
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, 411008 Pune, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Preeti Kushwaha
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, 411008 Pune, India
| | - H V Thulasiram
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, 411008 Pune, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
| | - Madhura Chandrashekar
- The School of Bioengineering Sciences and Research, Maharasthra Institute of Technology, Loni Kalbhor, 412201 Pune, India
| | - Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, 411008 Pune, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India.
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Bhat BA, Almilaibary A, Mir RA, Aljarallah BM, Mir WR, Ahmad F, Mir MA. Natural Therapeutics in Aid of Treating Alzheimer's Disease: A Green Gateway Toward Ending Quest for Treating Neurological Disorders. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:884345. [PMID: 35651632 PMCID: PMC9149276 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.884345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current scientific community is facing a daunting challenge to unravel reliable natural compounds with realistic potential to treat neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The reported compounds/drugs mostly synthetic deemed the reliability and therapeutic potential largely due to their complexity and off-target issues. The natural products from nutraceutical compounds emerge as viable preventive therapeutics to fill the huge gap in treating neurological disorders. Considering that Alzheimer's disease is a multifactorial disease, natural compounds offer the advantage of a multitarget approach, tagging different molecular sites in the human brain, as compared with the single-target activity of most of the drugs so far used to treat Alzheimer's disease. A wide range of plant extracts and phytochemicals reported to possess the therapeutic potential to Alzheimer's disease includes curcumin, resveratrol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, morin, delphinidins, quercetin, luteolin, oleocanthal, and other phytochemicals such as huperzine A, limonoids, and azaphilones. Reported targets of these natural compounds include inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, amyloid senile plaques, oxidation products, inflammatory pathways, specific brain receptors, etc. We tenaciously aimed to review the in-depth potential of natural products and their therapeutic applications against Alzheimer's disease, with a special focus on a diversity of medicinal plants and phytocompounds and their mechanism of action against Alzheimer's disease pathologies. We strongly believe that the medicinal plants and phytoconstituents alone or in combination with other compounds would be effective treatments against Alzheimer's disease with lesser side effects as compared to currently available treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basharat Ahmad Bhat
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Abdullah Almilaibary
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Albaha University Alaqiq, Alaqiq, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rakeeb Ahmad Mir
- Department of Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, India
| | - Badr M. Aljarallah
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wajahat R. Mir
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Fuzail Ahmad
- College of Applied Medical Science, Majmaah University, Al Majma’ah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manzoor Ahmad Mir
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
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Sharma M, Gupta P, Garabadu D. Bacopa monnieri attenuates glutamate-induced nociception and brain mitochondrial toxicity in Zebrafish. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:383-396. [PMID: 34817757 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00874-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacopa monnieri L. (BM; Family: Scrophulariaceae), commonly known as Brahmi, is traditionally used as a nootropic agent. BM also exhibits significant analgesic activity in experimental models of pain. However, the effect of Bacopa monnieri against glutamate-induced nociception in zebrafish is yet to be explored in experimental condition. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the effect of BM against glutamate-induced nociception and brain mitochondrial toxicity in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). BM at 0.625, 1.25 and 2.5 mg/ml was administered to adult zebrafish and after half an hour glutamate was injected through i.m. route of administration. Indomethacin was used as standard drug. After behavioral analysis, the fish were euthanized and the brain was isolated and stored for further biochemical analysis. BM (1.25 and 2.5 mg/ml) and indomethacin significantly attenuated the glutamate-induced increase in number of line crossing compared to control group animals. Additionally, BM (1.25 and 2.5 mg/ml) and indomethacin significantly reduced the glutamate induced increase in cytosolic calcium level. Further, there was a substantial improvement in mitochondrial function, integrity and bioenergetics in term of respiratory control rate and ADP/O in zebrafish brain. Moreover, BM (1.25 and 2.5 mg/ml) and indomethacin significantly reduced the glutamate-induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in zebrafish brain. Therefore, BM could be a potential alternative drug candidate in the management of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Sharma
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
- Drug Standardization Unit, DDPR Central Research Institute for Homoeopathy, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- Drug Standardization Unit, DDPR Central Research Institute for Homoeopathy, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Debapriya Garabadu
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India.
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Gayathri S, Chandrashekar H R, Fayaz S M. Phytotherapeutics Against Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanism, Molecular Targets and Challenges for Drug Development. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:409-426. [PMID: 34544351 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210920120612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is inflating worldwide and is combatted by only a few approved drugs. At best, these drugs treat symptomatic conditions by targeting cholinesterase and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Most of the clinical trials in progress are focused to develop disease-modifying agents that aim single targets. The 'one drug-one target' approach is failing in the case of Alzheimer's disease due to its labyrinth etiopathogenesis. Traditional medicinal systems like ayurveda uses a holistic approach encompassing legion of medicinal plants exhibiting multimodal activity. Recent advances in high-throughput technologies have catapulted the research in the arena of ayurveda, specifically in identifying plants with potent anti-Alzheimer's disease properties and their phytochemical characterization. Nonetheless, clinical trials of very few herbal medicines are in progress. This review is a compendium of Indian plants and ayurvedic medicines against Alzheimer's disease and their paraphernalia. A record of 230 plants that are found in India with anti-Alzheimer's disease potential and about 500 phytochemicals from medicinal plants has been solicited with the hope of exploring the unexplored. Further, the molecular targets of phytochemicals isolated from commonly used medicinal plants such as Acorus calamus, Bacopa monnieri, Convolvulus pluricaulis, Tinospora cordifolia and Withania somnifera have been reviewed with respect to their multidimensional property such as antioxidant, anti-inflammation, anti-aggregation, synaptic plasticity modulation, cognition and memory enhancing activity. In addition, the strengths, and challenges in ayurvedic medicine that limit its use as mainstream therapy is discussed and a framework for the development of herbal medicine has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri S
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka - 576104. India
| | - Raghu Chandrashekar H
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka - 576104. India
| | - Fayaz S M
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka - 576104. India
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Firdaus Z, Singh TD. An Insight in Pathophysiological Mechanism of Alzheimer's Disease and its Management Using Plant Natural Products. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:35-57. [PMID: 32744972 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666200730155928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-associated nervous system disorder and a leading cause of dementia worldwide. Clinically, it is described by cognitive impairment and pathophysiologically by deposition of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain and neurodegeneration. This article reviews the pathophysiology, course of neuronal degeneration, and the various possible hypothesis of AD progression. These hypotheses include amyloid cascade, tau hyperphosphorylation, cholinergic disruption, metal dysregulation, vascular dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. There is an exponential increase in the occurrence of AD in the recent few years that indicate an urgent need to develop some effective treatment. Currently, only 2 classes of drugs are available for AD treatment, namely acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and NMDA receptor antagonist. Since AD is a complex neurological disorder and these drugs use a single target approach, alternatives are needed due to limited effectiveness and unpleasant side-effects of these drugs. Currently, plants have been used for drug development research especially because of their multiple sites of action and fewer side effects. Uses of some herbs and phytoconstituents for the management of neuronal disorders like AD have been documented in this article. Phytochemical screening of these plants shows the presence of many beneficial constituents like flavonoids, triterpenes, alkaloids, sterols, polyphenols, and tannins. These compounds show a wide array of pharmacological activities, such as anti-amyloidogenic, anticholinesterase, and antioxidants. This article summarizes the present understanding of AD progression and gathers biochemical evidence from various works on natural products that can be useful in the management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeba Firdaus
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221005, India
| | - Tryambak Deo Singh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221005, India
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Brimson JM, Brimson S, Prasanth MI, Thitilertdecha P, Malar DS, Tencomnao T. The effectiveness of Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Wettst. as a nootropic, neuroprotective, or antidepressant supplement: analysis of the available clinical data. Sci Rep 2021; 11:596. [PMID: 33436817 PMCID: PMC7803732 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Wettst. has been used in traditional medicine as a drug to enhance and improve memory. In this regard, this study aims to provide B. monnieri's efficacy as a neuroprotective drug and as a nootropic against various neurological diseases. Literatures were collected, following Prisma guidelines, from databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct and were scrutinized using a quality scoring system. Means, standard deviations and 'n' numbers were extracted from the metrics and analyzed. Jamovi computer software for Mac was used to carry out the meta-analysis. The selected studies suggested that the plant extracts were able to show some improvements in healthy subjects which were determined in Auditory Verbal Learning Task, digit span-reverse test, inspection time task and working memory, even though it was not significant, as no two studies found statistically significant changes in the same two tests. B. monnieri was able to express modest improvements in subjects with memory loss, wherein only a few of the neuropsychological tests showed statistical significance. B. monnieri in a cocktail with other plant extracts were able to significantly reduce the effects of Alzheimer's disease, and depression which cannot be solely credited as the effect of B. monnieri. Although in one study B. monnieri was able to potentiate the beneficial effects of citalopram; on the whole, currently, there are only limited studies to establish the memory-enhancing and neuroprotective effects of B. monnieri. More studies have to be done in the future by comparing the effect with standard drugs, in order to establish these effects clinically in the plant and corroborate the preclinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Brimson
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Age-Related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand ,grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Sirikalaya Brimson
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Mani Iyer Prasanth
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Age-Related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand ,grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Premrutai Thitilertdecha
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Siriraj Research Group in Immunobiology and Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dicson Sheeja Malar
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Age-Related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand ,grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Tewin Tencomnao
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Age-Related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand ,grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
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Bhandari P, Sendri N, Devidas SB. Dammarane triterpenoid glycosides in Bacopa monnieri: A review on chemical diversity and bioactivity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 172:112276. [PMID: 32058865 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bacopa monnieri (L.) is a reputed medicinal herb in traditional system of medicine of India, where it is used as nervine tonic to sharpen intellect and memory. This review discusses chemical characterization of dammarane triterpenoid glycosides which are well accepted for improvement in memory and for potential pharmacological activities. In addition, this review provides information on the chemical composition of specialized metabolites of B. monnieri and in the formulations by different analytical techniques. This comprehensive review covers literature up to 2019 with an emphasis on structural characterization of dammarane triterpenoid glycosides by spectroscopic techniques, chemical composition by analytical methods and pharmacological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamita Bhandari
- Natural Product Chemistry & Process Development, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India.
| | - Nitisha Sendri
- Natural Product Chemistry & Process Development, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Shinde Bhagatsing Devidas
- Natural Product Chemistry & Process Development, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
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Research Progress on Anti-Inflammatory Effects and Mechanisms of Alkaloids from Chinese Medical Herbs. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:1303524. [PMID: 32256634 PMCID: PMC7104124 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1303524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As the spectrum of diseases keeps changing and life pace keeps going faster, the probability and frequency of diseases caused by human inflammatory reactions also keep increasing. How to develop effective anti-inflammatory drugs has become the hotspot of researches. It has been found that alkaloids from Chinese medical herbs have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antitumor, anticonvulsant, diuretic, and antiarrhythmic effects, among which the anti-inflammatory effect is very prominent and commonly used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and other rheumatic immune diseases, but its mechanism of action has not been well explained. Based on this, this paper will classify alkaloids according to structural types and review the plant sources, applicable diseases, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of 16 kinds of alkaloids commonly used in clinical treatment, such as berberine, tetrandrine, and stephanine, with the aim of providing a reference for drug researches and clinical applications.
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Ozlu H, Cakir Gundogdu A, Elmazoglu Z, Take Kaplanoglu G, Oktar L, Karasu C. Bacopa Monnieri Protects the Directly Affected Organ as Well as Distant Organs Against I/R Injury by Modulating Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Nitrosative Pathways in A Rat Model for Infra-Renal Aortic Occlusion. J INVEST SURG 2020; 34:935-946. [PMID: 32003261 DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2020.1716118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effect and underlying mechanisms of B. monnieri, a medicinal plant, on kidney and skeletal muscle injury induced by infra-renal abdominal aorta clamping for 2-hours (ischemia) and following removal of the clamp (reperfusion, 2-hours). METHODS Rats were divided into four groups (n = 6): (I) animals given only saline (sham-control); (II) animals given B. monnieri extract for 10-days (300 mg/kg/day) (Bacopa-treated sham); (III) animals subjected to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R); (IV) animals given B. monnieri extract and then subjected to I/R. Kidneys and lower extremity muscles were examined for GPx, CAT, iNOS, 3-NT, IL-1β and TNF-α. Apoptosis and injury were evaluated by TUNEL and H&E staining, respectively. RESULTS I/R resulted in TUNEL positive cells, periarterial edema and glomerular capillary dilatation, decreased GPx activity, unchanged CAT, iNOS, 3-NT, IL-1β and TNF-α in kidney. B. monnieri minimized renal remote reperfusion injury, and Group IV showed a lower degree of renal histopathology score when compared to the others. B. monnieri mitigated muscle I/R injury, decreased muscle hypertrophy, myofibril abnormalities and apoptosis. Muscle 3-NT and cytokine levels were increased by I/R, and B. monnieri inhibited iNOS and 3-NT both in sham-control and I/R groups. Muscle GPx unaffected by I/R or B. monnieri, but CAT was inhibited only in B. monnieri-treated I/R group. Muscle iNOS, 3-NT, IL-1β, TNF-α levels and CAT activity of B. monnieri-treated I/R rats were lower than those in sham-control or Bacopa-treated sham. CONCLUSIONS B. monnieri can protect the directly affected organ as well as distant organs against I/R injury by modulating anti-inflammatory and anti-nitrosative pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Ozlu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayse Cakir Gundogdu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zubeyir Elmazoglu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cellular Stress Response & Signal Transduction Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gulnur Take Kaplanoglu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Levent Oktar
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cimen Karasu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cellular Stress Response & Signal Transduction Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Gadhavi H, Patel M, Mangukia N, Shah K, Bhadresha K, Patel SK, Rawal RM, Pandya HA. Transcriptome-wide miRNA identification of Bacopa monnieri: a cross-kingdom approach. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1699265. [PMID: 31797719 PMCID: PMC7012157 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1699265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacopa monnieri known as 'Brahmi' is a well-known medicinal plant belonging to Scrophulariaceae family for its nootropic properties. To the best of our knowledge, no characterization data is available on the potential role of micro RNAs (miRNAs) from this plant till date. We present here the first report of computational characterizations of miRNAs from B. monnieri. Owing to the high conservation of miRNAs in nature, new and potential miRNAs can be identified in plants using in silico techniques. Using the plant miRNA sequences present in the miRBase repository, a total of 12 miRNAs were identified from B. monnieri which pertained to 11 miRNA families from the shoot and root transcriptome data. Furthermore, gene ontology analysis of the identified 68 human target genes exhibited significance in various biological processes. These human target genes were associated with signaling pathways like NF-kB and MAPK with TRAF2, CBX1, IL1B, ITGA4 and ITGB1BP1 as the top five hub nodes. This cross-kingdom study provides initial insights about the potential of miRNA-mediated cross-kingdom regulation and unravels the essential target genes of human with implications in numerous human diseases including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshida Gadhavi
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics and Climate Change Impacts Management, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Maulikkumar Patel
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics and Climate Change Impacts Management, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Naman Mangukia
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics and Climate Change Impacts Management, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Kanisha Shah
- Department of Life Sciences, Food Science and Nutrition, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Kinjal Bhadresha
- Department of Life Sciences, Food Science and Nutrition, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Saumya K. Patel
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics and Climate Change Impacts Management, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Rakesh M. Rawal
- Department of Life Sciences, Food Science and Nutrition, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Himanshu A. Pandya
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics and Climate Change Impacts Management, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
- CONTACT Himanshu A. Pandya Department of Botany, Bioinformatics and Climate Change Impacts Management, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Dutta S, Roy S, Roy S. Functional foods for mental health promotion. JOURNAL OF MAHATMA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/jmgims.jmgims_15_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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