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Lee MC, Lo CT, Ho TH, Chen LL, Nan FH, Lai HC, Wangkahart E, Lee PT. Assessment of Bacillus subtilis fermented Caulerpa microphysa byproduct as feed additive on the growth performance, immune regulation and disease resistance of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:109134. [PMID: 37802263 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the immunomodulatory and antioxidant activity of fermented Caulerpa microphysa byproduct (FCMB) by Bacillus subtilis was evaluated, and its potential as a feed additive for white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) was explored. In vitro experiments showed that the FCMB supernatant contained polysaccharides, polyphenols and flavonoids, and exhibited antioxidant properties as assessed by various antioxidant assays. Additionally, the FCMB supernatant was found to increase the production rate of reactive oxygen species and the activity of phenoloxidase in hemocytes in vitro. Furthermore, the results of the in vivo feeding trial showed that dietary 5 g kg-1 FCMB significantly improved the weight gain and specific growth rate of white shrimp after 56 days of feeding. Although there were no significant differences in total hemocyte count, phagocytosis, superoxide anion production rate, and phenoloxidase activity among the experimental groups, upregulation of immune-related genes was observed, particularly in the hepatopancreas and hemocytes of shrimps fed with 5 g or 50 g FCMB per kg feed, respectively. In the pathogen challenge assay, white shrimp fed with 5 % FCMB exhibited a higher survival rate compared to the control group following Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge. Therefore, it is concluded that the fermented byproduct of C. microphysa, FCMB, holds potential as a feed additive for enhancing the growth performance and disease resistance against V. parahaemolyticus in white shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Chou Lee
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan; Center of Excellence for Ocean Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan; Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Tien Lo
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Thi Hang Ho
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Li Chen
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan; Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Hua Nan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chih Lai
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Eakapol Wangkahart
- Laboratory of Fish Immunology and Nutrigenomics, Applied Animal and Aquatic Sciences Research Unit, Division of Fisheries, Faculty of Technology Mahasarakham University, Khamriang Sub-District, Kantarawichai, Mahasarakham, Thailand
| | - Po-Tsang Lee
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.
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2
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Hu F, Wang Y, Hu J, Bao Z, Wang M. A novel c-type lysozyme from Litopenaeus vannamei exhibits potent antimicrobial activity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:729-735. [PMID: 36341874 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lysozyme is relevant to the innate immune system as a vital protein for crustaceans. In the present study, we cloned and characterized a novel c-type lysozyme gene (LvLYZ) from the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). The obtained full-length cDNA of LvLYZ was 990 bp and contained an open reading frame of 693 bp. Its deduced amino acid sequence consisted of 230 amino acids (aa) with a 17 aa signal peptide at the N-terminal and 130 aa functional domains. The multiple sequence alignment (MSA) indicated that the typical active sites in LvLYZ were similarly conserved as c-type lysozymes from other species. The transcription of LvLYZ appeared in all detected tissues and had relatively higher expression levels in hemocytes, hepatopancreas, gill and intestine. The mRNA expression profiles of LvLYZ were up-regulated in hemocyte and hepatopancreas post the stimulation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus or white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), respectively. The recombinant protein of LvLYZ (rLvLYZ) exhibited antibacterial activities against various microbes, including Escherichia coli, Vibrio splendidus, Micrococcaus luteus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Staphylococcus aureus. These results indicated that LvLYZ could cope with bacteria in L. vannamei and may play a significant role in immune response against invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Qingdao 266003), and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institute (Sanya 572024), Ocean University of China, China
| | - Yan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Qingdao 266003), and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institute (Sanya 572024), Ocean University of China, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, 572024, China
| | - Jingjie Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Qingdao 266003), and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institute (Sanya 572024), Ocean University of China, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Center for Marine Molecular Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, 572024, China
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Qingdao 266003), and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institute (Sanya 572024), Ocean University of China, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Center for Marine Molecular Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, 572024, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Qingdao 266003), and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institute (Sanya 572024), Ocean University of China, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Center for Marine Molecular Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, 572024, China.
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Punginelli D, Schillaci D, Mauro M, Deidun A, Barone G, Arizza V, Vazzana M. The potential of antimicrobial peptides isolated from freshwater crayfish species in new drug development: A review. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 126:104258. [PMID: 34530039 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The much-publicised increased resistance of pathogenic bacteria to conventional antibiotics has focused research effort on the characterization of new antimicrobial drugs. In this context, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) extracted from animals are considered a promising alternative to conventional antibiotics. In recent years, freshwater crayfish species have emerged as an important source of bioactive compounds. In fact, these invertebrates rely on an innate immune system based on cellular responses and on the production of important effectors in the haemolymph, such as AMPs, which are produced and stored in granules in haemocytes and released after stimulation. These effectors are active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In this review, we summarise the recent progress on AMPs isolated from the several species of freshwater crayfish and their prospects for future pharmaceutical applications to combat infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diletta Punginelli
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Domenico Schillaci
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Manuela Mauro
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alan Deidun
- Department of Geosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malta, Msida MSD, 2080, Malta
| | - Giampaolo Barone
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Arizza
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mirella Vazzana
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy.
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Ferraboschi P, Ciceri S, Grisenti P. Applications of Lysozyme, an Innate Immune Defense Factor, as an Alternative Antibiotic. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1534. [PMID: 34943746 PMCID: PMC8698798 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysozyme is a ~14 kDa protein present in many mucosal secretions (tears, saliva, and mucus) and tissues of animals and plants, and plays an important role in the innate immunity, providing protection against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Three main different types of lysozymes are known: the c-type (chicken or conventional type), the g-type (goose type), and the i-type (invertebrate type). It has long been the subject of several applications due to its antimicrobial properties. The problem of antibiotic resistance has stimulated the search for new molecules or new applications of known compounds. The use of lysozyme as an alternative antibiotic is the subject of this review, which covers the results published over the past two decades. This review is focused on the applications of lysozyme in medicine, (the treatment of infectious diseases, wound healing, and anti-biofilm), veterinary, feed, food preservation, and crop protection. It is available from a wide range of sources, in addition to the well-known chicken egg white, and its synergism with other compounds, endowed with antimicrobial activity, are also summarized. An overview of the modified lysozyme applications is provided in the form of tables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Ferraboschi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via C. Saldini 50, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Samuele Ciceri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy;
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Cai S, Zhang Y, Wu F, Wu R, Yang S, Li Y, Xu Y. Identification and functional characterization of a c-type lysozyme from Fenneropenaeus penicillatus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 88:161-169. [PMID: 30802628 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lysozyme is an important defense molecule of the innate immune system and possess high antimicrobial activities. In this study, a full-length c-type lysozyme cDNA (Fplysc) was cloned and characterized from Fenneropenaeus penicillatus. The cDNA contains an open reading frame of 477 bp encoding 158 amino acids, with 53-94% identity with those of other crustaceans. The recombinant Fplysc had antibacterial activities against Gram-positive bacteria (Streptococcus agalactiae and Micrococcus luteus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Vibrio alginolyticus and Escherichia coli), and showed antiviral activity against WSSV and IHHNV. The qRT-PCR analysis showed that Fplysc expression levels were most abundant in hemocytes and less in eyestalk. The expression levels of Fplysc were significantly upregulated in gill, intestine and hemocytes when challenged with WSSV and V. alginolyticus. Fplysc-silencling suppressed Fplysc expression in cephalothoraxes and increased mortality caused by WSSV and V. alginolyticus, and exogenous rFplysc led to a significant decrease of shrimp mortality by injecting rFplysc into Fplysc silenced shrimp, suggesting Fplysc is the important molecule in shrimp antimicrobial and antiviral response. In conclusion, the results provide some insights into the function of Fplysc in shrimp against bacterial and viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanghu Cai
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, China.
| | - Yilin Zhang
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Rimin Wu
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Shiping Yang
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Ya Li
- Agricultural College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Youhou Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, China.
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6
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Zhang C, Zhang J, Liu M, Huang M. Molecular cloning, expression and antibacterial activity of goose-type lysozyme gene in Microptenus salmoides. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 82:9-16. [PMID: 30075246 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that lysozymes are key proteins to teleosts in the innate immune system and possess high bactericidal properties. In the present study, a g-type lysozyme gene was cloned from Microptenus salmoides. The g-type sequence consisted of 582 bp, which translated into a 193 amino acid (AA) protein (GenBank accession no: MH087462). The predicted molecular weight and theoretical isoelectric point were 21.36 kDa and 6.91 respectively and no signal peptide was observed. The qRT-PCR analysis showed that the g-type lysozyme gene was differentially expressed in various tissues under normal conditions and the highest g-type lysozyme level was observed in liver, gill and spleen while there seemed to be low expression in the muscle, heart and head-kidney. The expression of g-type lysozyme was differentially upregulated in the spleen, gill and intestine after stimulation with heat stress and Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila). Under heat stress and A. hydrophila injection, the g-type lysozyme mRNA levels all in spleens, gill and intestine tissues increased significantly (P < 0.05), with the maximum levels attained at 12 h, 24 h (or 12 h) and 24 h. Thereafter, they all decreased significantly (P < 0.01) and the expression in gill returned to nearly the basal value within 72 h. Those results suggested that g-type lysozyme was involved in the immune response to heat stress and bacterial challenge. The cloning and expression analysis of the g-type lysozyme provide theoretical basis to further study the mechanism of anti-adverseness in Microptenus salmoides. The g-type lysozyme gene perhaps also played an important role in the immune responses against bacterial invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunnuan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Scientific and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiliang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Scientific and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Scientific and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, People's Republic of China
| | - Maoxian Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Scientific and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, People's Republic of China
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7
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Wei Q, Mu C, Wang C, Zhao J. Molecular characterization, expression, and antibacterial activity of a c-type lysozyme isolated from the manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 81:502-508. [PMID: 30031064 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lysozyme is an antibacterial enzyme that is widely distributed in nature and plays an important role in the prevention of bacterial infections. In this study, a c-type lysozyme (designated as "RpCLYZ") was cloned and characterized from the manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum. The full-length cDNA was 619 bp with an open reading frame (ORF) of 447 bp, and encoded a polypeptide of 148 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 17.0 kDa and an isoelectric point of 4.83. RpCLYZ was found to share high sequence similarity with c-type lysozymes from other invertebrates. The mRNA transcript of RpCLYZ was universally expressed in a wide range of tissues, especially in gills and mantle. Challenge with Vibrio anguillarum, significantly induced mRNA expression of RpCLYZ, which reached a maximum level 48 h after bacterial challenge. Recombinant RpCLYZ (rRpCLYZ) exhibited antibacterial activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Additionally, the optimal pH and temperature for rRpCLYZ activity were determined to be 4.5 and 20 °C, respectively. These results suggest that RpCLYZ participates in innate immune responses against bacterial invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Changkao Mu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China.
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China.
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8
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Liao TJ, Gao J, Wang JX, Wang XW. Chicken-type lysozyme functions in the antibacterial immunity in red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 85:134-141. [PMID: 29680689 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lysozymes possess antibacterial activities, making them crucial defense proteins in innate immunity. In this study, a chicken-type (c-type) lysozyme (designated PcLyzc) was cloned and characterized from red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii. The full-length cDNA had an open reading frame of 435 base pairs encoding a polypeptide of 144 amino acid residues. Multiple alignments and phylogenetic analysis revealed that PcLyzc shared high similarity to the other known invertebrate c-type lysozymes. PcLyzc transcripts were steadily expressed in a wide range of tissues in healthy crayfish, and were prominently up-regulated in the hepatopancreas and gills after Vibrio anguillarum or Aeromonas hydrophila challenge. Recombinant PcLyzc showed inhibitory activity in vitro against both Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus thuringiensis, and Gram-negative bacteria, including A. hydrophila, V. anguillarum and Escherichia coli. By overexpressing PcLyzc through introducing exogenous recombinant protein, or silencing PcLyzc expression through injecting double strand RNA, it was found that PcLyzc could help eliminate the invading bacteria in crayfish hemolymph and could protect crayfish from death, possibly by promoting the hemocytic phagocytosis. These results indicated that PcLyzc played a role in the antibacterial immunity of crustaceans, and laid a foundation of developing new therapeutic agents in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Jiang Liao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China; School of Chemistry Engineering, Gansu Industry Polytechnic College, Tianshui, Gansu, 741025, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xian-Wei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
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Engineering Pichia pastoris for Efficient Production of a Novel Bifunctional Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Invertebrate-Type Lysozyme. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 186:459-475. [PMID: 29651700 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2753-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lysozymes are known as ubiquitously distributed immune effectors with hydrolytic activity against peptidoglycan, the major bacterial cell wall polymer, to trigger cell lysis. In the present study, the full-length cDNA sequence of a novel sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus invertebrate-type lysozyme (sp-iLys) was synthesized according to the codon usage bias of Pichia pastoris and was cloned into a constitutive expression plasmid pPIC9K. The resulting plasmid, pPIC9K-sp-iLys, was integrated into the genome of P. pastoris strain GS115. The bioactive recombinant sp-iLys was successfully secreted into the culture broth by positive transformants. The highest lytic activity of 960 U/mL of culture supernatant was reached in fed-batch fermentation. Using chitin affinity chromatography and gel-filtration chromatography, recombinant sp-iLys was produced with a yield of 94.5 mg/L and purity of > 99%. Recombinant sp-iLys reached its peak lytic activity of 8560 U/mg at pH 6.0 and 30 °C and showed antimicrobial activities against Gram-negative bacteria (Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio parahemolyticus, and Aeromonas hydrophila) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis). In addition, recombinant sp-iLys displayed isopeptidase activity which reached the peak at pH 7.5 and 37 °C with the presence of 0.05 M Na+. In conclusion, this report describes the heterologous expression of recombinant sp-iLys in P. pastoris on a preparative-scale, which possesses lytic activity and isopeptidase activity. This suggests that sp-iLys might play an important role in the innate immunity of S. purpuratus.
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Zhang Y, Yang H, Song W, Cui D, Wang L. Identification and characterization of a novel goose-type and chicken-type lysozyme genes in Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) with potent antimicrobial activity. Genes Genomics 2018; 40:569-577. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-018-0656-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Wang W, Yang S, Wang C, Shi L, Guo H, Chan S. Gill transcriptomes reveal involvement of cytoskeleton remodeling and immune defense in ammonia stress response in the banana shrimp Fenneropenaeus merguiensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 71:319-328. [PMID: 29050987 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The banana shrimp, Fenneropenaeus merguiensis, is an important fishery species in the Indo-West Pacific region. As the shrimp is very sensitive to stressors such as ammonia stress in water, understanding the molecular mechanisms of stress tolerance in F. merguiensis is of pivotal importance for improving its farming performance. In the current study, by using the RNA sequencing platform and comparative transcriptomic analysis, we conducted a comprehensive study on the transcriptomic changes of F. merguiensis in response to ammonia stress. A total of 106,996 unique transcripts (or unigenes) with an average length of 672 bp and a N50 value of 1164 bp were recovered, and a large number of potential SSR loci in the transcriptome were identified. Totally, 55,529 transcripts can find significant hits when compared to known sequences in major databases including the nr, nt, SWISSPROT, GO, COG, and KEGG databases. Analysis of differential gene expression between the ammonia-challenged group and the control group revealed that 9190 annotated transcripts were differentially expressed upon ammonia exposure. Among them, 3712 were significantly induced while 5478 of them were repressed. Functional enrichment analysis of these differentially expressed genes further showed that 22 Gene Ontology terms and 62 KEGG pathways were significantly over-represented. Remarkably, many of the genes showing the largest magnitude of expression changes were related to cytoskeleton remodeling and immune response, highlighting the involvement of these biological processes in the ammonia stress response of F. merguiensis. Our study is the first comprehensive investigation on the transcriptomic response to ammonia stress in F. merguiensis. The genes and pathways identified here not only represent valuable genetic resources for development of molecular markers and genetic breeding studies, but open new avenues for studies on the molecular mechanisms of ammonia stress tolerance in penaeid shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Shiping Yang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Chenggui Wang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Lili Shi
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Hui Guo
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Siuming Chan
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, PR China.
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12
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Yang D, Wang Q, Cao R, Chen L, Liu Y, Cong M, Wu H, Li F, Ji C, Zhao J. Molecular characterization, expression and antimicrobial activities of two c-type lysozymes from manila clam Venerupis philippinarum. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 73:109-118. [PMID: 28344168 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lysozymes play an important role in the innate immune responses with which mollusks respond to bacterial invasion through its lytic activity. In the present study, two c-type lysozymes (designed as VpCLYZ-1 and VpCLYZ-2, respectively) were identified and characterized from the manila clam Venerupis philippinarum. The full-length cDNA of VpCLYZ-1 and VpCLYZ-2 was of 629 and 736 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 156 and153 amino acid residues, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequences of VpCLYZs showed high similarity to other known invertebrate c-type lysozymes. Multiple alignments and phylogenetic relationship strongly suggested that VpCLYZ-1 and VpCLYZ-2 belonged to the c-type lysozyme family. Both VpCLYZ-1 and VpCLYZ-2 transcripts were constitutively expressed in a wide range of tissues with different levels. The VpCLYZ-1 transcript was dominantly expressed in hepatopancreas and hemocytes, while VpCLYZ-2 transcript was mainly expressed in the tissues of hepatopancreas and gills. Both the mRNA expression of VpCLYZ-1 and VpCLYZ-2 was significantly up-regulated at 12 h post Vibrio anguillarum challenge. The recombinant VpCLYZ-1 and VpCLYZ-2 (designed as rVpCLYZ-1 and rVpCLYZ-2) exhibited lytic activity against all tested bacteria, and rVpCLYZ-1 showed higher activities than rVpCLYZ-2 in killing Micrococcus luteus and V. anguillarum. Overall, our results suggested that VpCLYZ-1 and VpCLYZ-2 belonged to the c-type lysozyme family, and played important roles in the immune responses of manila clam, especially in the elimination of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinglong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China; Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
| | - Ruiwen Cao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Lizhu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yongliang Liu
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Ming Cong
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
| | - Huifeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
| | - Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
| | - Chenglong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China; Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China.
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13
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Tian Y, Jiang Y, Shang Y, Zhang YP, Geng CF, Wang LQ, Chang YQ. Establishment of lysozyme gene RNA interference systemand its involvement in salinity tolerance in sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 65:71-79. [PMID: 28359949 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The lysozyme gene was silenced using RNA interference (RNAi) to analyze the function of lysozyme in sea cucumber under salt stress. The interfering efficiency of four lysozyme RNAi oligos ranged from 0.55 to 0.70. From the four oligos, p-miR-L245 was used for further interfering experiments because it had the best silencing efficiency. Peristomial film injection of p-miR-L245 (10 μg) was used for further interfering experiments. The lowest gene expression, determined by RT-PCR assay, in muscle, coelomic fluid, and parapodium occurred 48 h after p-miR-L245 injection, while that of body wall and tube foot was 96 h and 24 h, respectively. Lysozyme activity in muscle and body wall was significantly lower than the controls. The lowest lysozyme activity in muscle, body wall and parapodium, was found at 48, 72, and 48 h, respectively, which was consistent with the transcription expression of lysozyme. The lowest point of lysozyme activity was at 96 h in coelomic fluid and tube foot, which was laid behind lysozyme expression in transcription level. The expression profile of the lysozyme transcription level and lysozyme activity in the body wall and tube foot increased at 12 h after p-miR-L245 injection before the interference effect appeared. NKA gene expression was expressed at a high level in the positive control (PC) and negative control (NC) groups at 12, 24, and 48 h, while NKA was expressed at low levels in the lysozyme RNAi injection group at 12 and 24 h. The level of NKA gene expression recovered to the level of the PC and NC group at 48, 72, and 96 h after the lysozyme RNAi injection. NKCC1 gene expression was high in the PC and NC groups at 96 h, while the NKCC1 was expressed at a low level 96 h after lysozyme RNAi injection. The results suggest that lysozyme decay involves NKA and NKCC1 gene expression under salinity 18 psμ. The K+ and Cl- concentration after lysozyme RNAi injection was lower than in the PC and NC group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tian
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, 116023, Dalian, China.
| | - Yanan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Yanpeng Shang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Yu-Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Chen-Fan Geng
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Li-Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Ya-Qing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, 116023, Dalian, China
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Yang D, Wang Q, Chen L, Liu Y, Cao R, Wu H, Li F, Ji C, Cong M, Zhao J. Molecular characterization and antibacterial activity of a phage-type lysozyme from the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 65:17-24. [PMID: 28365385 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A phage-type lysozyme, designed as RpPLYZ, was cloned and characterized from the clam Ruditapes philippinarum. The full-length cDNA of RpPLYZ was of 699 bp with an open reading frame (ORF) of 534 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 177-amino acid with a calculated molecular mass of 19.6 kDa and an isoelectric point of 9.05. Multiple alignments and phylogenetic analysis strongly suggested that RpPLYZ was a new member of the phage-type lysozyme family. The mRNA transcript of RpPLYZ was found to be constitutively expressed in a wide range of tissues and mainly in hemocytes and mantle. The relative expression of RpPLYZ mRNA in hemocytes was significantly up-regulated at 6, 24, 48 and 72 h after Vibrio anguillarum challenge. The recombinant RpPLYZ (rRpPLYZ) showed high activity against Entherobacter cloacae and Staphyloccocus aureus, and less effective towards Entherobacter aerogenes and V. anguillarum. Moreover, the optimal pH, temperature and ionic strength for rRpPLYZ activity was determined to be 5.5, 50 °C and 5 mM, respectively. These results suggested that RpPLYZ was a member of the phage-type lysozyme family and perhaps played an important role in the immune responses against bacterial invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinglong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Lizhu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yongliang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Ruiwen Cao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Huifeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Chenglong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Ming Cong
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China.
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Expression of recombinant human lysozyme in transgenic chicken promotes the growth of Bifidobacterium in the intestine and improves postnatal growth of chicken. AMB Express 2016; 6:110. [PMID: 27830497 PMCID: PMC5102985 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-016-0280-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysozyme is one kind of antimicrobial proteins and often used as feed additive which can defend against pathogenic bacteria and enhance immune function of animals. In this study, we have injected the lentiviral vector expressing recombinant human lysozyme (rhLZ) gene into the blastoderm of chicken embryo to investigate the effect of recombinant human lysozyme on postnatal intestinal microbiota distribution and growth performance of chicken. Successfully, we generated 194 transgenic chickens identified by Southern blot with a positive transgenic rate of 24%. The average concentration of rhLZ was 29.90 ± 6.50 μg/mL in the egg white. Lysozyme in egg white of transgenic chickens had a significantly higher antibacterial activity than those of non-transgenic chickens by lysoplate assay (P < 0.05). The feces of transgenic and non-transgenic chickens were collected and five types of bacteria (Lactobacillus, Salmonella, Bifidobacterium, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) were isolated and cultured to detect the impact of rhLZ on gut microbiota. Among the five bacteria, the number of Bifidobacterium in the intestine of those transgenic was significantly increased (P < 0.05). Moreover, the growth traits of the transgenic and non-transgenic chickens were analyzed. It was found that the 6-week shank length, 6-week weight and 18-week weight of transgenic chickens were significantly increased than that of non-transgenic chickens. The results demonstrated that rhLZ-transgenic chicken could promote the growth of Bifidobacterium in the intestine and improve the postnatal growth of chicken.
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Karthik V, Kamalakannan V, Thomas A, Sudheer NS, Singh ISB, Narayanan RB. Functional Characterization of a c-type Lysozyme from Indian Shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2016; 6:114-21. [PMID: 24676722 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-013-9146-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lysozyme gene from Fenneropenaeus indicus was cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli and characterized. The cDNA consists of 477 base pairs and encodes amino acid sequence of 159 residues. F. indicus lysozyme had high identity (98%) with Fenneropenaeus merguiensis and Fenneropenaeus chinensis and exhibits low to moderate identities with lysozymes of other invertebrates and vertebrates. This lysozyme is presumed to be chicken types as it possesses two catalytic and eight cysteine residues that are conserved across c-type lysozymes and a c-terminal extension, which is a characteristic of lysozymes from marine invertebrates. Further, the antimicrobial properties of the recombinant lysozyme from F. indicus were determined in comparison with recombinant hen egg white lysozyme. This exhibited high activity against a Gram-negative pathogenic bacterium Salmonella typhimurium and two fungal strains Pichia pastoris and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in turbidimetric assay. Distribution of lysozyme gene and protein in tissues of shrimps infected with white spot syndrome virus revealed that the high levels of lysozyme are correlated with low and high viral load in abdominal muscle and tail, respectively. In conclusion, lysozyme from F. indicus has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial properties, which once again emphasizes its role in shrimp innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanathan Karthik
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, 600025, Tamil Nadu, India,
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Chen T, Ren C, Wang Y, Luo P, Jiang X, Huang W, Chen C, Hu C. Molecular cloning, inducible expression and antibacterial analysis of a novel i-type lysozyme (lyz-i2) in Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 54:197-203. [PMID: 27074443 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The full-length cDNA coding for a novel invertebrate (i-type) lysozyme was identified in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). The newly obtained L. vannamei lysozyme is similar to the Penaeus monodon i-type lysozyme 2, but it is distant from the known L. vannamei c-type lysozyme and i-type lysozyme 1 in protein sequence; therefore, it was defined as L. vannamei i-type lysozyme 2 (lyz-i2). Expression of L. vannamei lyz-i2 transcripts were ubiquitously detected in all tissues we selected, with the highest abundance observed in the hemolymph. Challenge with Vibrio harveyi might elicit L. vannamei lyz-i2 mRNA expression in the hepatopancreas, intestine, muscle, gill and hemolymph. In the themolymph, specifically, the stimulatory effects of Vibrio and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on lyz-i2 transcript levels were durable and transient, respectively; while Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [Poly (I:C)] treatment did not affect lyz-i2 expression. L. vannamei lyz-i2 recombinant protein was generated in an Escherichia coli system. By lysoplate and turbidimetric assays, the L. vannamei lyz-i2 recombinant protein showed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial properties with high activities against Micrococcaceae lysodeikticus and various Vibrio species and relatively low activity against E. coli. In conclusion, L. vannamei lyz-i2 might be a potent antibacterial protein with a role in innate immunity in Penaeid shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Chunhua Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yanhong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Peng Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiao Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Wen Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Chang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Chaoqun Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
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Tian Y, Liang XW, Chang YQ, Song J. Expression of c-type lysozyme gene in sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) is highly regulated and time dependent after salt stress. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 180:68-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Umasuthan N, Bathige SDNK, Kasthuri SR, Wan Q, Whang I, Lee J. Two duplicated chicken-type lysozyme genes in disc abalone Haliotis discus discus: molecular aspects in relevance to structure, genomic organization, mRNA expression and bacteriolytic function. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:284-299. [PMID: 23664908 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Lysozymes are crucial antibacterial proteins that are associated with catalytic cleavage of peptidoglycan and subsequent bacteriolysis. The present study describes the identification of two lysozyme genes from disc abalone Haliotis discus discus and their characterization at sequence-, genomic-, transcriptional- and functional-levels. Two cDNAs and BAC clones bearing lysozyme genes were isolated from abalone transcriptome and BAC genomic libraries, respectively and sequences were determined. Corresponding deduced amino acid sequences harbored a chicken-type lysozyme (LysC) family profile and exhibited conserved characteristics of LysC family members including active residues (Glu and Asp) and GS(S/T)DYGIFQINS motif suggested that they are LysC counterparts in disc abalone and designated as abLysC1 and abLysC2. While abLysC1 represented the homolog recently reported in Ezo abalone [1], abLysC2 shared significant identity with LysC homologs. Unlike other vertebrate LysCs, coding sequence of abLysCs were distributed within five exons interrupted by four introns. Both abLysCs revealed a broader mRNA distribution with highest levels in mantle (abLysC1) and hepatopancreas (abLysC2) suggesting their likely main role in defense and digestion, respectively. Investigation of temporal transcriptional profiles post-LPS and -pathogen challenges revealed induced-responses of abLysCs in gills and hemocytes. The in vitro muramidase activity of purified recombinant (r) abLysCs proteins was evaluated, and findings indicated that they are active in acidic pH range (3.5-6.5) and over a broad temperature range (20-60 °C) and influenced by ionic strength. When the antibacterial spectra of (r)abLysCs were examined, they displayed differential activities against both Gram positive and Gram negative strains providing evidence for their involvement in bacteriolytic function in abalone physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navaneethaiyer Umasuthan
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
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Wang Q, Wang C, Mu C, Wu H, Zhang L, Zhao J. A novel C-type lysozyme from Mytilus galloprovincialis: insight into innate immunity and molecular evolution of invertebrate C-type lysozymes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67469. [PMID: 23818979 PMCID: PMC3688608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A c-type lysozyme (named as MgCLYZ) gene was cloned from the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Blast analysis indicated that MgCLYZ was a salivary c-type lysozyme which was mainly found in insects. The nucleotide sequence of MgCLYZ was predicted to encode a polypeptide of 154 amino acid residues with the signal peptide comprising the first 24 residues. The deduced mature peptide of MgCLYZ was of a calculated molecular weight of 14.4 kD and a theoretical isoelectric point (pI) of 8.08. Evolution analysis suggested that bivalve branch of the invertebrate c-type lysozymes phylogeny tree underwent positive selection during evolution. By quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis, MgCLYZ transcript was widely detected in all examined tissues and responded sensitively to bacterial challenge in hemocytes and hepatopancreas. The optimal temperature and pH of recombinant MgCLYZ (rMgCLYZ) were 20°C and 4, respectively. The rMgCLYZ displayed lytic activities against Gram-positive bacteria including Micrococcus luteus and Staphyloccocus aureus, and Gram-negative bacteria including Vibrio anguillarum, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas putida, Proteus mirabilis and Bacillus aquimaris. These results suggest that MgCLYZ perhaps play an important role in innate immunity of M. galloprovincialis, and invertebrate c-type lysozymes might be under positive selection in a species-specific manner during evolution for undergoing adaptation to different environment and diverse pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changkao Mu
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huifeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linbao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, People’s Republic of China
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Tassanakajon A, Somboonwiwat K, Supungul P, Tang S. Discovery of immune molecules and their crucial functions in shrimp immunity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:954-967. [PMID: 23059654 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Several immune-related molecules in penaeid shrimps have been discovered, most of these via the analysis of expressed sequence tag libraries, microarray studies and proteomic approaches. These immune molecules include antimicrobial peptides, serine proteinases and inhibitors, phenoloxidases, oxidative enzymes, clottable protein, pattern recognition proteins, lectins, Toll receptors, and other humoral factors that might participate in the innate immune system of shrimps. These molecules have mainly been found in the hemolymph and hemocytes, which are the main sites where immune reactions take place, while some are found in other immune organs/tissues, such as the lymphoid organs, gills and intestines. Although the participation of some of these immune molecules in the shrimp innate immune defense against invading pathogens has been demonstrated, the functions of many molecules remain unclear. This review summarizes the current status of our knowledge concerning the discovery and functional characterization of the immune molecules in penaeid shrimps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchalee Tassanakajon
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Effects of zinc supplementation in diet on the immunity, Vibrio-resistant ability, lysozyme mRNA and Toll receptor mRNA expressions in the white shrimp( Litopenaeus vannamei). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1231.2011.17264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Fagutao FF, Maningas MBB, Kondo H, Aoki T, Hirono I. Transglutaminase regulates immune-related genes in shrimp. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:711-715. [PMID: 22306779 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase (TGase) is known to be involved in blood coagulation, a conserved defence mechanism among invertebrates. Gene silencing of TGase was previously shown to render shrimp susceptible to both bacterial and viral infections suggesting that TGase is an essential component of the shrimp immune system. Here, we examine the effects of the absence of TGase on the transcriptomic profile of kuruma shrimp by microarray analysis, focussing on genes that are involved in shrimp immunity. Total RNAs from shrimp haemocytes injected with dsRNA specific for TGase and control samples were isolated at 3 and 7 days p.i. and analyzed by microarray. Results revealed that TGase silencing affects the expression of genes in shrimp and caused significant down-regulation of the expressions of crustin and lysozyme. Furthermore, TGase-depleted samples were found to have lower haemocyte counts and higher total bacterial counts in their haemolymph. These results suggest that TGase is an important component of the shrimp immune response and is involved in the regulation of some immune-related genes particularly antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernand F Fagutao
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Peregrino-Uriarte AB, Muhlia-Almazan AT, Arvizu-Flores AA, Gomez-Anduro G, Gollas-Galvan T, Yepiz-Plascencia G, Sotelo-Mundo RR. Shrimp invertebrate lysozyme i-lyz: gene structure, molecular model and response of c and i lysozymes to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:230-236. [PMID: 22080112 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The invertebrate lysozyme (i-lyz or destabilase) is present in shrimp. This protein may have a function as a peptidoglycan-breaking enzyme and as a peptidase. Shrimp is commonly infected with Vibrio sp., a Gram-negative bacteria, and it is known that the c-lyz (similar to chicken lysozyme) is active against these bacteria. To further understand the regulation of lysozymes, we determined the gene sequence and modeled the protein structure of i-lyz. In addition, the expression of i-lyz and c-lyz in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was studied. The shrimp i-lyz gene is interrupted by two introns with canonical splice junctions. The expression of the shrimp i-lyz was transiently down-regulated after LPS injection followed by induction after 6 h in hepatopancreas. In contrast, c-lyz was up-regulated in hepatopancreas 4 h post-injection and slightly down-regulated in gills. The L. vannamei i-lyz does not contain the catalytic residues for muramidase (glycohydrolase) neither isopeptidase activities; however, it is known that the antibacterial activity does not solely rely on the enzymatic activity of the protein. The study of invertebrate lysozyme will increase our understanding of the regulatory process of the defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma B Peregrino-Uriarte
- Aquatic Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
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Kaizu A, Fagutao FF, Kondo H, Aoki T, Hirono I. Functional analysis of C-type lysozyme in penaeid shrimp. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:44344-9. [PMID: 22069322 PMCID: PMC3247961 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.292672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysozyme is an enzyme that cleaves the β-1,4-glycosidic linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine in peptidoglycan, leading to bacterial lysis. Recently, lysozyme has been found to have anti-HIV and anti-cancer properties in mammals. However, most functional analyses were done in vitro using purified or recombinant lysozyme protein. Here, we used RNA interference to silence c-type lysozyme expression in penaeid shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus, to analyze the function of lysozyme in vivo. Silencing of lysozyme expression by dsRNA lysozyme (dsLYZ) led to 100% mortality without any artificial bacterial infection in 5 days. Lysozyme deficiency caused the number of hemocytes in hemolymph to decrease from 1.3 × 10(7) to 2.3 × 10(6) cells/ml and caused the number of bacteria to increase from 78 to 764 colony-forming units/ml. Suppression of bacterial growth using oxytetracycline and kanamycin showed improvement in mortality, suggesting that shrimp mortality post- dsLYZ injection can be attributed to bacterial growth in the shrimp hemolymph. The majority of the bacteria, identified by 16 S rRNA analysis, were Gram-negative species such as Vibrio and Pseudomonas. Furthermore, PKH26 staining showed that the dsLYZ-injected shrimp were unable to eliminate non pathogenic Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus in 24 h. These data suggest that c-type lysozyme in shrimp serves to regulate the growth of bacterial communities, particularly Gram-negative bacteria, in the hemolymph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Kaizu
- From the Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato, Konan 4-5-7, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Fernand F. Fagutao
- From the Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato, Konan 4-5-7, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Kondo
- From the Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato, Konan 4-5-7, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Takashi Aoki
- From the Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato, Konan 4-5-7, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Ikuo Hirono
- From the Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato, Konan 4-5-7, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
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Baradaran M, Jolodar A, Jalali A, Navidpour S, Kafilzadeh F. Sequence analysis of lysozyme C from the scorpion mesobuthus eupeus venom glands using semi-nested rt-PCR. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2011; 13:719-25. [PMID: 22737410 PMCID: PMC3371883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysozyme is an antimicrobial protein widely distributed among eukaryotes and prokaryotes and take part in protecting microbial infection. Here, we amplified cDNA of MesoLys-C, a c-type lysozyme from the most common scorpion in Khuzestan Province, Southern Iran. METHODS Scorpions of Mesobuthus eupeus were collected from the Khuzestan Province. Using RNXTM solution, the total RNA was extracted from the twenty separated venom glands. cDNA was synthesized with extracted total RNA as template and modified oligo(dT) as primer. In order to amplify cDNA encoding a lysozyme C, semi-nested RT-PCR was done with the specific primers. Follow amplification, the fragment was sequenced. RESULTS Sequence determination of amplified fragment revealed that MesoLys-C cDNA had 438 bp, encoding for 144 aa residues peptide with molecular weight of 16.702 kDa and theoretical pI of 7.54. A putative 22-aminoacids signal peptide was identified. MesoLys-C protein was composed of one domain belonged to c-type lysosyme/ alphalactalbumin. CONCLUSION Multiple alignment of MesoLys-C protein with the related cDNA sequences from various organisms by ClustalW program revealed that some of the conserved residues of other c-type lysosymes were also seen in MesoLys-C. However, the comparison suggested that Mesobuthus eupeus of Khuzestan and east Mediterranean Mesobuthus eupeus belonged to different subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Baradaran
- Toxicology Research Center, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,Correspondence: Masoumeh Baradaran, MSc, Toxicology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. Tel.: +98-611-3738378, Fax: +98-611-3738380, E-mail:
| | - A Jolodar
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - A Jalali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Toxicology Research Center, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sh Navidpour
- Veterinary Parasitology Department of Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
| | - F Kafilzadeh
- Azad Islamic University, Jahrom Branch, Jahrom, Iran
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Yue X, Liu B, Xue Q. An i-type lysozyme from the Asiatic hard clam Meretrix meretrix potentially functioning in host immunity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 30:550-8. [PMID: 21134465 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 10/31/2010] [Accepted: 11/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Lysozymes function in animal immunity. Three types of lysozyme have been identified in animal kingdom and most lysozymes identified from bivalve molluscs belong to the invertebrate (i) type. In this research, we cloned and sequenced a new i-type lysozyme, named MmeLys, from the Asiatic hard clam Meretrix meretrix. MmeLys cDNA was constituted of 552 bp, with a 441 bp open reading frame encoding a 146 amino acid polypeptide. The encoded polypeptide was predicted to have a 15 amino acid signal peptide, and a 131 amino acid mature protein with a theoretical mass of 14601.44 Da and an isoelectric point (pI) of 7.14. MmeLys amino acid sequence bore 64% identity with the Manila clam (Venerupis philippinarum) i-type lysozyme and was grouped with other veneroid i-type lysozymes in a bivalve lysozyme phylogenetic tree predicted using Neighbor-Jointing method. Recombinantly expressed MmeLys showed lysozyme activity and strong antibacterial activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. MmeLys mRNA and protein were detected to be mainly produced in hepatopancreas and gill by the methods of semi-quantitative RT-PCR and western blotting. In addition, MmeLys gene expression increased following Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge. Results of this research indicated that MmeLys represents a new i-type lysozyme that likely functions in M. meretrix immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yue
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China
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Lai X, Kong J, Wang Q, Wang W, Meng X. Cloning and characterization of a β-1,3-glucan-binding protein from shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:4527-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0583-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Han-Ching Wang K, Tseng CW, Lin HY, Chen IT, Chen YH, Chen YM, Chen TY, Yang HL. RNAi knock-down of the Litopenaeus vannamei Toll gene (LvToll) significantly increases mortality and reduces bacterial clearance after challenge with Vibrio harveyi. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:49-58. [PMID: 19698743 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we used real-time PCR to simultaneously monitor the responses of 12 key genes of the shrimp innate immune system in Litopenaeus vannamei after challenge with Vibrio harveyi. In the proPO activating system, we found that proPO was up-regulated (3.3x control at 36hpi). The hemolymph clotting genes transglutaminase (TGase) and clotting protein were also up-regulated, as were 5 genes in the antimicrobial peptide system (ALF, Crustin, Lyz, PEN2 and PEN4), with only PEN3 showing no significant changes. In the antioxidant defense system, SOD was slightly elevated while GPx was substantially down-regulated. In the pattern recognition receptor system, at 24hpi, the Toll gene (LvToll) showed the highest relative increase in expression level of all the investigated genes (15x greater than the sterile seawater control). In the second part of this study, when LvToll was knocked down by RNAi silencing, there was no effect on either survival rates or bacterial number in unchallenged shrimp. There was also no difference in mortality rates between control shrimp and LvToll-silenced shrimp when these two groups were challenged with a viral pathogen (white spot syndrome virus; WSSV). However, when LvToll-silenced shrimp were challenged by V. harveyi, there was a significant increase in mortality and bacterial CFU counts. We note that the increase in bacterial CFU count occurred even though treatment with EGFP dsRNA had the opposite effect of reducing the CFU counts. We conclude that LvToll is an important factor in the shrimp innate immune response to acute V. harveyi infection, but not to WSSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kc Han-Ching Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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