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Puri S, Maachi H, Nair G, Russ HA, Chen R, Pulimeno P, Cutts Z, Ntranos V, Hebrok M. Sox9 regulates alternative splicing and pancreatic beta cell function. Nat Commun 2024; 15:588. [PMID: 38238288 PMCID: PMC10796970 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44384-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite significant research, mechanisms underlying the failure of islet beta cells that result in type 2 diabetes (T2D) are still under investigation. Here, we report that Sox9, a transcriptional regulator of pancreas development, also functions in mature beta cells. Our results show that Sox9-depleted rodent beta cells have defective insulin secretion, and aging animals develop glucose intolerance, mimicking the progressive degeneration observed in T2D. Using genome editing in human stem cells, we show that beta cells lacking SOX9 have stunted first-phase insulin secretion. In human and rodent cells, loss of Sox9 disrupts alternative splicing and triggers accumulation of non-functional isoforms of genes with key roles in beta cell function. Sox9 depletion reduces expression of protein-coding splice variants of the serine-rich splicing factor arginine SRSF5, a major splicing enhancer that regulates alternative splicing. Our data highlight the role of SOX9 as a regulator of alternative splicing in mature beta cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Puri
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Minutia Inc., Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Hasna Maachi
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Organoid Systems, Klinikum Rechts der Isar (MRI) and Technical University Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Organoid Technology, Helmholtz Munich, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering (MIBE), Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gopika Nair
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Holger A Russ
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Richard Chen
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pamela Pulimeno
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zachary Cutts
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vasilis Ntranos
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthias Hebrok
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Center for Organoid Systems, Klinikum Rechts der Isar (MRI) and Technical University Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany.
- Institute for Diabetes Organoid Technology, Helmholtz Munich, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering (MIBE), Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
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Ben Rhouma B, Kley M, Kallabi F, Kacem FH, Kammoun T, Safi W, Keskes L, Mnif M, Odermatt A, Belguith N. Molecular mechanisms underlying the defects of two novel mutations in the HSD17B3 gene found in the Tunisian population. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 227:106235. [PMID: 36563763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 (17β-HSD3) converts Δ4-androstene-3,17-dione (androstenedione) to testosterone. It is expressed almost exclusively in the testes and is essential for appropriate male sexual development. More than 70 mutations in the HSD17B3 gene that cause 17β-HSD3 deficiency and result in 46,XY Disorders of Sex Development (46,XY DSD) have been reported. This study describes three novel Tunisian cases with mutations in HSD17B3. The first patient is homozygous for the previously reported mutation p.C206X. The inheritance of this mutation seemed to be independent of consanguineous marriage, which can be explained by its high frequency in the Tunisian population. The second patient has a novel splice site mutation in intron 6 at position c.490 -6 T > C. A splicing assay revealed a complete omission of exon 7 in the resulting HSD17B3 mRNA transcript. Skipping of exon 7 in HSD17B3 is predicted to cause a frame shift in exon 8 that affects the catalytic site and results in a truncation in exon 9, leading to an inactive enzyme. The third patient is homozygous for the novel missense mutation p.K202M, representing the first mutation identified in the catalytic tetrad of 17β-HSD3. Site-directed mutagenesis and enzyme activity measurements revealed a completely abolished 17β-HSD3 activity of the p.K202M mutant, despite unaffected protein expression, compared to the wild-type enzyme. Furthermore, the present study emphasizes the importance of genetic counselling, detabooization of 46,XY DSD, and a sensitization of the Tunisian population for the risks of consanguineous marriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bochra Ben Rhouma
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia; Higher Institute of Nursing, M. Ali Street, 4000 Gabes, Tunisia.
| | - Manuel Kley
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, 4055 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Fakhri Kallabi
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Faten Hadj Kacem
- Department of Endocrinology, Hedi Chaker Hospital, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Thouraya Kammoun
- Department of Pediatrics, Hedi Chaker Hospital, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Wajdi Safi
- Department of Endocrinology, Hedi Chaker Hospital, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Leila Keskes
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Mouna Mnif
- Department of Endocrinology, Hedi Chaker Hospital, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, 4055 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Neila Belguith
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia; Department of Congenital and Hereditary Diseases, 1010 Charles Nicolles Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia.
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Butz H, Saskői É, Krokker L, Vereczki V, Alpár A, Likó I, Tóth E, Szőcs E, Cserepes M, Nagy K, Kacskovics I, Patócs A. Context-Dependent Role of Glucocorticoid Receptor Alpha and Beta in Breast Cancer Cell Behaviour. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050784. [PMID: 36899920 PMCID: PMC10000936 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. The dual role of GCs has been observed in breast cancer; however, due to many concomitant factors, GR action in cancer biology is still ambiguous. In this study, we aimed to unravel the context-dependent action of GR in breast cancer. Methods. GR expression was characterized in multiple cohorts: (1) 24,256 breast cancer specimens on the RNA level, 220 samples on the protein level and correlated with clinicopathological data; (2) oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive and -negative cell lines were used to test for the presence of ER and ligand, and the effect of the GRβ isoform following GRα and GRβ overexpression on GR action, by in vitro functional assays. Results. We found that GR expression was higher in ER- breast cancer cells compared to ER+ ones, and GR-transactivated genes were implicated mainly in cell migration. Immunohistochemistry showed mostly cytoplasmic but heterogenous staining irrespective of ER status. GRα increased cell proliferation, viability, and the migration of ER- cells. GRβ had a similar effect on breast cancer cell viability, proliferation, and migration. However, the GRβ isoform had the opposite effect depending on the presence of ER: an increased dead cell ratio was found in ER+ breast cancer cells compared to ER- ones. Interestingly, GRα and GRβ action did not depend on the presence of the ligand, suggesting the role of the "intrinsic", ligand-independent action of GR in breast cancer. Conclusions. Staining differences using different GR antibodies may be the reason behind controversial findings in the literature regarding the expression of GR protein and clinicopathological data. Therefore, caution in the interpretation of immunohistochemistry should be applied. By dissecting the effects of GRα and GRβ, we found that the presence of the GR in the context of ER had a different effect on cancer cell behaviour, but independently of ligand availability. Additionally, GR-transactivated genes are mostly involved in cell migration, which raises GR's importance in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriett Butz
- Department of Molecular Genetics and the National Tumour Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Oncology Biobank, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
- Hereditary Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence:
| | - Éva Saskői
- Department of Oncology Biobank, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lilla Krokker
- Hereditary Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktória Vereczki
- Department of Molecular Genetics and the National Tumour Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alán Alpár
- Department of Anatomy, Semmelweis University, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Likó
- Hereditary Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erika Tóth
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erika Szőcs
- Department of Oncology Biobank, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Cserepes
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Attila Patócs
- Department of Molecular Genetics and the National Tumour Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Oncology Biobank, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
- Hereditary Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
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Kathirvel K, Haribalaganesh R, Krishnadas R, Muthukkaruppan V, Willoughby CE, Bharanidharan D, Senthilkumari S. A Comparative Genome-Wide Transcriptome Analysis of Glucocorticoid Responder and Non-Responder Primary Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:882. [PMID: 35627267 PMCID: PMC9140469 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate genes and pathways involved in differential glucocorticoid (GC) responsiveness in human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells using RNA sequencing. Methods: Using paired human donor eyes, human organ-cultured anterior segment (HOCAS) was established in one eye to characterize GC responsiveness based on intra ocular pressure (IOP) change and, in the other eye, primary HTM cell culture was established. For RNA sequencing, total RNA extracted from GC-responder (GC-R) and non-responder (GC-NR) cells after dexamethasone (DEX) or ethanol (ETH) treatment for 7d was used. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were compared among five groups and validated. Results: In total, 616 and 216 genes were identified as significantly dysregulated in Group #1 and #2 (#1: ETH vs. DEX-treated GC-R; #2: ETH vs. DEX-treated GC-NR), respectively. Around 80 genes were commonly dysregulated in Group #3 (overlapping DEGs between #1 and #2), whereas 536 and 136 genes were uniquely expressed in GC-R (#4) and GC-NR HTM (#5) cells, respectively. Pathway analysis revealed that WNT signaling, drug metabolism cytochrome p450, cell adhesion, TGF-β signaling, and MAPK signaling were associated with GC responsiveness. Conclusion: This is the first study reporting distinct gene signatures and their associated pathways for GC-R and GC-NR HTM cells. WNT and MAPK signaling are potential therapeutic targets for the management of GC-induced glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandasamy Kathirvel
- Department of Ocular Pharmacology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai 625020, Tamilnadu, India; (K.K.); (R.H.)
- Department of Bioinformatics, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai 625020, Tamilnadu, India;
| | - Ravinarayanan Haribalaganesh
- Department of Ocular Pharmacology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai 625020, Tamilnadu, India; (K.K.); (R.H.)
| | | | - Veerappan Muthukkaruppan
- Department of Immunology and Stem Cell Biology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai 625020, Tamilnadu, India;
| | - Colin E. Willoughby
- Genomic Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK;
| | - Devarajan Bharanidharan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai 625020, Tamilnadu, India;
| | - Srinivasan Senthilkumari
- Department of Ocular Pharmacology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai 625020, Tamilnadu, India; (K.K.); (R.H.)
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Butz H, Patócs A. Mechanisms behind context-dependent role of glucocorticoids in breast cancer progression. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 41:803-832. [PMID: 35761157 PMCID: PMC9758252 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs), mostly dexamethasone (dex), are routinely administered as adjuvant therapy to manage side effects in breast cancer. However, recently, it has been revealed that dex triggers different effects and correlates with opposite outcomes depending on the breast cancer molecular subtype. This has raised new concerns regarding the generalized use of GC and suggested that the context-dependent effects of GCs can be taken into potential consideration during treatment design. Based on this, attention has recently been drawn to the role of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in development and progression of breast cancer. Therefore, in this comprehensive review, we aimed to summarize the different mechanisms behind different context-dependent GC actions in breast cancer by applying a multilevel examination, starting from the association of variants of the GR-encoding gene to expression at the mRNA and protein level of the receptor, and its interactions with other factors influencing GC action in breast cancer. The role of GCs in chemosensitivity and chemoresistance observed during breast cancer therapy is discussed. In addition, experiences using GC targeting therapeutic options (already used and investigated in preclinical and clinical trials), such as classic GC dexamethasone, selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists and modulators, the GC antagonist mifepristone, and GR coregulators, are also summarized. Evidence presented can aid a better understanding of the biology of context-dependent GC action that can lead to further advances in the personalized therapy of breast cancer by the evaluation of GR along with the conventional estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) in the routine diagnostic procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriett Butz
- Department of Molecular Genetics and the National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary.
- Hereditary Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Attila Patócs
- Department of Molecular Genetics and the National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
- Hereditary Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Ramos-Ramírez P, Tliba O. Glucocorticoid Receptor β (GRβ): Beyond Its Dominant-Negative Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3649. [PMID: 33807481 PMCID: PMC8036319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) act via the GC receptor (GR), a receptor ubiquitously expressed in the body where it drives a broad spectrum of responses within distinct cell types and tissues, which vary in strength and specificity. The variability of GR-mediated cell responses is further extended by the existence of GR isoforms, such as GRα and GRβ, generated through alternative splicing mechanisms. While GRα is the classic receptor responsible for GC actions, GRβ has been implicated in the impairment of GRα-mediated activities. Interestingly, in contrast to the popular belief that GRβ actions are restricted to its dominant-negative effects on GRα-mediated responses, GRβ has been shown to have intrinsic activities and "directly" regulates a plethora of genes related to inflammatory process, cell communication, migration, and malignancy, each in a GRα-independent manner. Furthermore, GRβ has been associated with increased cell migration, growth, and reduced sensitivity to GC-induced apoptosis. We will summarize the current knowledge of GRβ-mediated responses, with a focus on the GRα-independent/intrinsic effects of GRβ and the associated non-canonical signaling pathways. Where appropriate, potential links to airway inflammatory diseases will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ramos-Ramírez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY 11548, USA;
| | - Omar Tliba
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY 11548, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Szczepankiewicz D, Narożna B, Celichowski P, Sakrajda K, Kołodziejski P, Banach E, Zakowicz P, Pruszyńska-Oszmałek E, Pawlak J, Wiłkość M, Dmitrzak-Węglarz M, Skibińska M, Bejger A, Twarowska-Hauser J, Rybakowski JK, Nogowski L, Szczepankiewicz A. Genes involved in glucocorticoid receptor signalling affect susceptibility to mood disorders. World J Biol Psychiatry 2021; 22:149-160. [PMID: 32400287 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2020.1766109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In mood disorders chronic stress contributes to decreased glucocorticoid receptor signalling in the brain and resistance in the periphery. We hypothesised that aberrant glucocorticoid receptor function may result from genetic predisposition and that decreased GR signalling in the brain correlates with the expression of genes regulating GR complex formation. METHODS We performed the association analysis of 698 patients: 490 patients with bipolar disorder and 208 patients with major depressive disorder and 564 control subjects. We genotyped 11 variants using TaqMan assays. Gene expression in the brain tissue was done in male Wistar rats after chronic mild stress protocol. The SRSF5 serum concentration was performed using ELISA. Data were analysed in Statistica and GraphPad. RESULTS We found an association of STIP1 and SRSF5 variants with major depressive disorder and BAG1 variant with bipolar disorder. Gene expression analysis in a rat model of depression confirmed significant changes in the expression of SRSF5, BAG1, and FKBP4 in the brain. For SRSF5, we observed significantly increased expression in the serum of depressed females and male rats exposed to chronic stress. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate the involvement of genes associated with GR function, SRSF5, BAG1, and FKBP4 with susceptibility to mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Szczepankiewicz
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Beata Narożna
- Molecular and Cell Biology Unit, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | - Piotr Celichowski
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Kosma Sakrajda
- Molecular and Cell Biology Unit, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | - Paweł Kołodziejski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewa Banach
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław Zakowicz
- Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Children and Adolescent Treatment Center, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Ewa Pruszyńska-Oszmałek
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Pawlak
- Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Monika Wiłkość
- Department of Individual Differences Psychology, Psychology Institute, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | | | - Maria Skibińska
- Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Alicja Bejger
- Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Janusz K Rybakowski
- Deparment of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Leszek Nogowski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Tu Z, Shen Y, Wen S, Zong Y, Li H. Alternative Splicing Enhances the Transcriptome Complexity of Liriodendron chinense. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:578100. [PMID: 33072153 PMCID: PMC7539066 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.578100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) plays pivotal roles in regulating plant growth and development, flowering, biological rhythms, signal transduction, and stress responses. However, no studies on AS have been performed in Liriodendron chinense, a deciduous tree species that has high economic and ecological value. In this study, we used multiple tools and algorithms to analyze transcriptome data derived from seven tissues via hybrid sequencing. Although only 17.56% (8,503/48,408) of genes in L. chinense were alternatively spliced, these AS genes occurred in 37,844 AS events. Among these events, intron retention was the most frequent AS event, producing 1,656 PTC-containing and 3,310 non-PTC-containing transcripts. Moreover, 183 long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) also underwent AS events. Furthermore, weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed that there were great differences in the activities of transcription and post-transcriptional regulation between pistils and leaves, and AS had an impact on many physiological and biochemical processes in L. chinense, such as photosynthesis, sphingolipid metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis and metabolism. Moreover, our analysis showed that the features of genes may affect AS, as AS genes and non-AS genes had differences in the exon/intron length, transcript length, and number of exons/introns. In addition, the structure of AS genes may impact the frequencies and types of AS because AS genes with more exons or introns tended to exhibit more AS events, and shorter introns tended to be retained, whereas shorter exons tended to be skipped. Furthermore, eight AS genes were verified, and the results were consistent with our analysis. Overall, this study reveals that AS and gene interaction are mutual-on one hand, AS can affect gene expression and translation, while on the other hand, the structural characteristics of the gene can also affect AS. This work is the first to comprehensively report on AS in L. chinense, and it can provide a reference for further research on AS in L. chinense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Tu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yufang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaoying Wen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaxian Zong
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huogen Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Huogen Li,
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Yan J, Zhang D, Han Y, Wang Z, Ma C. Antitumor activity of SR splicing-factor 5 knockdown by downregulating pyruvate kinase M2 in non-small cell lung cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:17303-17311. [PMID: 31106485 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SR splicing-factors (SRSFs) play a vital role in carcinogenesis. SRSF5 was demonstrated to be upregulated in lung cancer and identified as a novel prognostic indicator for small-cell lung cancer. However, the role of SRSF5 in the pathogenesis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and the molecular mechanism involved are still undefined. The expression of SRSF5 in NSCLC cells was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. The proliferation of cells was evaluated by cell counting kit-8 and BrdU assays. Apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry and Western blot analysis of apoptosis-associated proteins including B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bax, and cytochrome C (Cyt C). Glycolysis was detected by determining glucose consumption, lactate production, and pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) expression. We found that SRSF5 messenger RNA and protein levels were elevated in NSCLC cells. SRSF5 knockdown inhibited the proliferation and Ki67 expression in NSCLC cells. SRSF5 silencing increased the apoptotic rate, upregulated Bax and Cyt C, and decreased Bcl-2 level in NSCLC cells. Moreover, Knockdown of SRSF5 repressed glycolysis in NSCLC cells via reducing PKM2 expression. Enhanced glycolysis by PKM2 overexpression attenuated the effects of SRSF5 silencing on NSCLC cell proliferation and apoptosis. Overall, knockdown of SRSF5 inhibited proliferative ability and induced apoptosis by suppressing PKM2 expression in NSCLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiliang Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Dongya Zhang
- Henan-Macquarie Uni Joint Center for Biomedical Innovation, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Yanjie Han
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Zhongjie Wang
- Henan-Macquarie Uni Joint Center for Biomedical Innovation, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Chunyan Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Kaifeng, Henan, China
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Han R, Hu S, Qin W, Shi J, Hou Q, Wang X, Xu X, Zhang M, Zeng C, Liu Z, Bao H. C3a and suPAR drive versican V1 expression in tubular cells of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. JCI Insight 2019; 4:122912. [PMID: 30944246 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.122912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic tubulointerstitial injury impacts the prognosis of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). We found that the level of versican V1 was increased in tubular cells of FSGS patients. Tubular cell-derived versican V1 induced proliferation and collagen synthesis by activating the CD44/Smad3 pathway in fibroblasts. Both urine C3a and suPAR were increased and bound to the tubular cells in FSGS patients. C3a promoted the transcription of versican by activating the AKT/β-catenin pathway. C3aR knockout decreased the expression of versican in Adriamycin-treated (ADR-treated) mice. On the other hand, suPAR bound to integrin β6 and activated Rac1, which bound to SRp40 at the 5' end of exon 7 in versican pre-mRNA. This binding inhibited the 3'-end splicing of intron 6 and the base-pair interactions between intron 6 and intron 8, leading to the formation of versican V1. Cotreatment with ADR and suPAR specifically increased the level of versican V1 in tubulointerstitial tissues and caused more obvious interstitial fibrosis in mice than treatment with only ADR. Altogether, our results show that C3a and suPAR drive versican V1 expression in tubular cells by promoting transcription and splicing, respectively, and the increases in tubular cell-derived versican V1 induce interstitial fibrosis by activating fibroblasts in FSGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhong Han
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China.,National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuai Hu
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Weisong Qin
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinsong Shi
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin Hou
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xia Wang
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Minchao Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Caihong Zeng
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China.,National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Bao
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Cortisol-induced SRSF3 expression promotes GR splicing, RACK1 expression and breast cancer cells migration. Pharmacol Res 2019; 143:17-26. [PMID: 30862604 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent data have demonstrated that triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) with high glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression are associated to therapy resistance and increased mortality. Given that GR alternative splicing generates mainly GRα, responsible of glucocorticoids action, we investigated its role in the regulation of RACK1 (Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1), a scaffolding protein with a GRE (Glucocorticoid Response Element) site on its promoter and involved in breast cancer cells migration and invasion. We provide the first evidence that GRα transcriptionally regulates RACK1 by a mechanism connected to SRSF3 splicing factor, which promotes GRα, essential for RACK1 transcriptional regulation and consequently for cells migration. We also establish that this mechanism can be positively regulated by cortisol. Hence, our data elucidate RACK1 transcriptional regulation and demonstrate that SRSF3 involvement in cells migration implies its role in controlling different pathways thus highlighting that new players have to be considered in GR-positive TNBC.
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12
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Yang S, Jia R, Bian Z. SRSF5 functions as a novel oncogenic splicing factor and is upregulated by oncogene SRSF3 in oral squamous cell carcinoma. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:1161-1172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Buoso E, Galasso M, Ronfani M, Serafini MM, Lanni C, Corsini E, Racchi M. Role of spliceosome proteins in the regulation of glucocorticoid receptor isoforms by cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone. Pharmacol Res 2017; 120:180-187. [PMID: 28373129 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can counteract the activity of cortisol by modulating the glucocorticoid receptor β (GRβ) expression and antagonizing the binding of GRα to the glucocorticoid responsive element (GRE) in RACK1 (Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1) promoter. These observations are important in the context of immunosenescence and can be extended to recognize a complex hormonal balance in the control of GR isoform expression and consequently in the expression of GR responsive genes. To elucidate the mechanism of DHEA on GR alternative splicing, we investigated its possible involvement in the expression of proteins such as the Serine/arginine (SR)-Rich Splicing Factors (SRSF) regulating GR splicing, specifically SRSF9 and SRSF3 also known as SRp30c and SRp20 respectively. We demonstrated that DHEA can induce the up-regulation of GR mRNA which is preferentially directed toward the β isoform. The effect is due to an increase in expression of the splicing factor SRSF9. On the other hand cortisol up-regulated SRSF3, the splicing factor promoting GRα isoform. We demonstrated that DHEA and cortisol modulate SRSF9 and SRSF3 in a different way and our data suggest that the anti-glucocorticoid effect of DHEA, among other mechanisms, is also exerted by modulating the expression of proteins involved in the splicing of the GR pre-mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Buoso
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco - Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marilisa Galasso
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco - Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Melania Ronfani
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco - Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Melania Maria Serafini
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco - Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS Pavia, Piazza della Vittoria n.15, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Lanni
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco - Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari - Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Racchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco - Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Hogewind BF, Micheal S, Schoenmaker-Koller FE, Hoyng CB, den Hollander AI. Analyses of Sequence Variants in the MYOC Gene and of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the NR3C1 and FKBP5 Genes in Corticosteroid-Induced Ocular Hypertension. Ophthalmic Genet 2015; 36:299-302. [PMID: 24417561 DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2013.879598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To perform an independent replication study to determine whether genetic variants in MYOC, NR3C1 and FKBP5 are involved in steroid-induced ocular hypertension. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective case-control study was peformed on native Dutch patients who were treated with 4.0 mg intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA). The patients were divided into an intraocular hypertension group (intraocular pressure >21 mmHg within a year after IVTA) and a non-intraocular hypertension group. The cohort was genotyped for 31 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): 21 in NR3C1 and 10 in FKBP5. In addition, the open reading frame of MYOC was sequenced. RESULTS A total of 102 patients were included in this study: 58 steroid responders and 44 non-responders. No significant associations were found for the studied SNPs in NR3C1 and FKBP5. Heterozygous amino acid variants were detected in the MYOC gene in two patients of the non-intraocular hypertension group. CONCLUSIONS This study does not confirm a role for genetic variants in the MYOC, NR3C1 and FKBP5 genes in the pathogenesis of corticosteroid-induced ocular hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barend F Hogewind
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Medical Centre Haaglanden , Den Haag .,b Department of Ophthalmology , and
| | | | | | | | - Anneke I den Hollander
- b Department of Ophthalmology , and.,c Department of Human Genetics , Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre , Nijmegen , the Netherlands
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Tissue stiffness regulates serine/arginine-rich protein-mediated splicing of the extra domain B-fibronectin isoform in tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:8314-9. [PMID: 26106154 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1505421112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing of proteins gives rise to different isoforms that play a crucial role in regulating several cellular processes. Notably, splicing profiles are altered in several cancer types, and these profiles are believed to be involved in driving the oncogenic process. Although the importance of alternative splicing alterations occurring during cancer is increasingly appreciated, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we use both biochemical and physical tools coupled with engineered models, patient samples, and a murine model to investigate the role of the mechanical properties of the tumor microenvironment in regulating the production of the extra domain-B (EDB) splice variant of fibronectin (FN), a hallmark of tumor angiogenesis. Specifically, we show that the amount of EDB-FN produced by endothelial cells increases with matrix stiffness both in vitro and within mouse mammary tumors. Matrix stiffness regulates splicing through the activation of serine/arginine rich (SR) proteins, the splicing factors involved in the production of FN isoforms. Activation of the SR proteins by matrix stiffness and the subsequent production of EDB-FN are dependent on intracellular contractility and PI3K-AKT signaling. Notably, matrix stiffness-mediated splicing is not limited to EDB-FN, but also affects splicing in the production of PKC βII and the VEGF 165b splice variant. Together, these results demonstrate that the mechanical properties of the microenvironment regulate alternative splicing and establish a previously unidentified mechanism by which cells can adapt to their microenvironment.
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16
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Pinto A, Malacrida B, Oieni J, Serafini MM, Davin A, Galbiati V, Corsini E, Racchi M. DHEA modulates the effect of cortisol on RACK1 expression via interference with the splicing of the glucocorticoid receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:2918-27. [PMID: 25626076 PMCID: PMC4439885 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is thought to be an anti-glucocorticoid hormone known to be fully functional in young people but deficient in aged humans. Our previous data suggest that DHEA not only counteracts the effect of cortisol on RACK1 expression, a protein required both for the correct functioning of immune cells and for PKC-dependent pathway activation, but also modulates the inhibitory effect of cortisol on LPS-induced cytokine production. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of DHEA on the splicing mechanism of the human glucocorticoid receptor (GR). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The THP1 monocytic cell line was used as a cellular model. Cytokine production was measured by specific elisa. Western blot and real-time RT-PCR were used, where appropriate, to determine the effect of DHEA on GRs, serine/arginine-rich proteins (SRp), and RACK1 protein and mRNA. Small-interfering RNA was used to down-regulate GRβ. KEY RESULTS DHEA induced a dose-related up-regulation of GRβ and GRβ knockdown completely prevented DHEA-induced RACK1 expression and modulation of cytokine release. Moreover, we showed that DHEA influenced the expression of some components of the SRps found within the spliceosome, the main regulators of the alternative splicing of the GR gene. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These data contribute to our understanding of the mechanism of action of DHEA and its effect on the immune system and as an anti-glucocorticoid agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Pinto
- Department of Drug Sciences – Pharmacology, University of PaviaPavia, Italy
| | - Beatrice Malacrida
- Department of Drug Sciences – Pharmacology, University of PaviaPavia, Italy
| | - Jacopo Oieni
- Department of Drug Sciences – Pharmacology, University of PaviaPavia, Italy
| | | | | | - Valentina Galbiati
- Laboratory of Toxicology, DiSFeB, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, DiSFeB, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - Marco Racchi
- Department of Drug Sciences – Pharmacology, University of PaviaPavia, Italy
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Yu Z, Yu B, Kaye JB, Tang C, Chen S, Dong C, Shen B. Perspectives and Challenges of Cell-Penetrating Peptides in Effective siRNA Delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1142/s1793984414410165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, hundreds of cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been intensively developed as drug and nucleic acid delivery vectors. In many cases, however, the efficient delivery of exogenous bioactive molecules through the plasma membrane to their targets remains a tremendous challenging issue. CPPs have attracted tremendous research interest as efficient cellular delivery vehicles due to their intrinsic ability to enter cells and mediate uptake of a wide range of macromolecular cargos, such as proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, drugs and nanoparticle carriers. This review presents and discusses the current perspectives of CPP-mediated siRNA delivery system. We focus on the CPP-mediated siRNA delivery approaches, and particular emphasis is placed on the strategies for the advantages and disadvantages for each delivery approach. Lastly, the cellular uptake mechanisms of CPPs and the specific challenges associated with each delivery system of siRNAs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Yu
- Department of Physiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P. R. China
- Center for BioEnergetics, The Biodesign Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and New Drug Research & Development Center Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Justin Boy Kaye
- Center for BioEnergetics, The Biodesign Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Chenhong Tang
- Center for BioEnergetics, The Biodesign Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Shengxi Chen
- Center for BioEnergetics, The Biodesign Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Chenbo Dong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Bing Shen
- Department of Physiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P. R. China
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18
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Role of the 5′-untranslated regions in post-transcriptional regulation of the human glucocorticoid receptor. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1839:1051-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Jain A, Wordinger RJ, Yorio T, Clark AF. Role of the alternatively spliced glucocorticoid receptor isoform GRβ in steroid responsiveness and glaucoma. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2014; 30:121-7. [PMID: 24506296 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2013.0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC)-induced ocular hypertension (OHT) is a serious side effect of GC therapy in susceptible individuals. This OHT is due to increased aqueous humor (AH) outflow resistance in the trabecular meshwork (TM) caused by GC-mediated changes in TM structure and function. GCs may also play a role in the development of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Elevated cortisol levels in the AH or enhanced GC sensitivity may be one of the reasons for elevated intraocular pressure in POAG patients. The GC OHT responder population is at greater risk of developing POAG compared with non-responders. We recently have gained insight into the molecular mechanisms responsible for this differential GC responsiveness, which is attributed to differences in GC receptor isoform expression in the TM. This article summarizes current knowledge on alternative GC receptor splicing to generate GC receptor alpha (GRα) and GRβ and their roles in the regulation of GC responsiveness in normal and glaucoma TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Jain
- 1 Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, Texas
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20
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Par-4/THAP1 complex and Notch3 competitively regulated pre-mRNA splicing of CCAR1 and affected inversely the survival of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Oncogene 2013; 32:5602-13. [PMID: 23975424 PMCID: PMC3898485 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although the intensification of therapy for children with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) has substantially improved clinical outcomes, T-ALL remains an important challenge in pediatric oncology. Here, we report that the cooperative synergy between prostate apoptosis response factor-4 (Par-4) and THAP1 induces cell cycle and apoptosis regulator 1 (CCAR1) gene expression and cellular apoptosis in human T-ALL cell line Jurkat cells, CEM cells and primary cultured neoplastic T lymphocytes from children with T-ALL. Par-4 and THAP1 collaborated to activate the promoter of CCAR1 gene. Mechanistic investigations revealed that Par-4 and THAP1 formed a protein complex by the interaction of their carboxyl termini, and THAP1 bound to CCAR1 promoter though its zinc-dependent DNA-binding domain at amino terminus. Par-4/THAP1 complex and Notch3 competitively bound to CCAR1 promoter and competitively modulated alternative pre-mRNA splicing of CCAR1, which resulted in two different transcripts and played an opposite role in T-ALL cell survival. Despite Notch3 induced a shift splicing from the full-length isoform toward a shorter form of CCAR1 mRNA by splicing factor SRp40 and SRp55, Par-4/THAP1 complex strongly antagonized this inductive effect. Our finding revealed a mechanistic rationale for Par-4/THAP1-induced apoptosis in T-ALL cells that would be of benefit to develop a new therapy strategy for T-ALL.
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Hogewind BF, Micheal S, Bakker B, Hoyng CB, den Hollander AI. Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the SFRS3 and FKBP4 genes in corticosteroid-induced ocular hypertension. Ophthalmic Genet 2012; 33:221-4. [PMID: 22921020 DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2012.716488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) can cause ocular hypertension. This steroid response appears to be heritable and alleles in the SFRS3 and FKBP4 genes have recently been suggested to play a role. The purpose of the present study was to perform an independent replication study to determine whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SFRS3 and FKBP4 are involved in the steroid response. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective case-control study of native Dutch patients was performed who were treated with 4.0mg IVTA. The patients were divided into an intraocular hypertension group (intraocular pressure > 21 mmHg within a year after IVTA) and a non-intraocular hypertension group. The cohort was genotyped for three SNPs: rs7759778 and rs1406945 in SFRS3, and rs2968909 in FKBP4. RESULTS A total of 102 patients was included: 58 steroid responders and 44 non-responders. No significant differences in demographic parameters or medical history were observed between the study groups. None of the SNPs were found to be significantly associated with the disease as no difference was revealed either in the genotype or allele frequencies between responders and non-responders. CONCLUSIONS This study does not confirm a role for genetic variants in the SFRS3 and FKBP4 genes in the pathogenesis of corticosteroid-induced ocular hypertension. However, our limited sample size may have restricted the power of our study, and we therefore cannot exclude the involvement of these genetic variants in steroid response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barend F Hogewind
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Centre Haaglanden, Den Haag, The Netherlands
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22
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Jain A, Wordinger RJ, Yorio T, Clark AF. Spliceosome protein (SRp) regulation of glucocorticoid receptor isoforms and glucocorticoid response in human trabecular meshwork cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:857-66. [PMID: 22205602 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-8497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Glaucoma is a leading cause of visual impairment and blindness, with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) as a major causative risk factor. Glucocorticoid (GC) therapy causes morphologic and biochemical changes in the trabecular meshwork (TM), an ocular tissue involved in regulating IOP, which can lead to the development of glaucoma in susceptible individuals (steroid responders). Steroid responders comprise 40% of the general population and are at higher risk of developing glaucoma. In addition, a majority of glaucoma patients are steroid responders. Differential distribution of various isoforms of GC receptor (GR) may be responsible for this heterogeneity in the steroid response. The alternatively spliced GRβ isoform acts as dominant negative regulator of classical GRα transcriptional activity. mRNA splicing is mediated by spliceosomes, which include serine-arginine rich proteins (SRps). The purpose of this study was to determine whether specific SRps regulate levels of these isoforms and thereby GC response in TM cells. METHODS Quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunocytochemistry were used to determine the differential expression of different SRps (SRp20, 30c, and 40) in human normal and glaucomatous TM cell strains. Bioinformatics was used to find putative binding sites for SRp20 and SRp40 on exon 9 of the GR gene. A peptide modulator of splicing (bombesin) and SRp expression vectors were used to modulate SRp levels and determine their effects on GRα/GRβ ratios as well as dexamethasone (DEX) responsiveness via GRE- luciferase reporter activity, fibronectin, and myocilin induction in TM cells. RESULTS SRp20, SRp30c, and SRp40 regulate GR splicing and the GC response in TM cells. Modulation of SRp levels altered the GRβ/α ratio that correlated with DEX responsiveness. Bombesin decreased SRp20; increased SRp30c, SRp40 levels, and GRβ/α ratio, and suppressed DEX response in TM cells. CONCLUSIONS Relative levels of SRp20, SRp30c, and SRp40 in TM cells control differential expression of the two alternatively spliced isoforms of the GR and thereby regulate GC responsiveness. Different levels and/or activities of these SRps may account for differential GC sensitivity among the normal and glaucoma populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Jain
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA.
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23
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Lee CW, Chen IT, Chou PH, Hung HY, Wang KVHC. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein hrp36 acts as an alternative splicing repressor in Litopenaeus vannamei Dscam. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 36:10-20. [PMID: 21663760 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) are highly conserved from nematode to mammal because they play an important role in several aspects of pre-mRNA maturation, including RNA packaging and alternative splicing. In Drosophila, the hnRNP A1 homolog hrp36 regulates alternative splicing in several genes, including the Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam), which produces tens of thousands of isoforms from one locus. In this study, the first hrp36 gene was identified and characterized from Litopenaeus vannamei (Lvhrp36). Its open reading frame (ORF) contains 1101 bp encoding 366 amino acids. The deduced Lvhrp36 protein includes two copies of the RNA recognition motif (RRM), a C-terminal glycine-rich domain (GRD), the highly degenerate RNP consensus sequences RNP-1 and RNP-2, and two RGG boxes. Tissue tropism analysis indicated that Lvhrp36 is expressed ubiquitously and at high levels in most tissues. dsRNA silencing of shrimp Lvhrp36 in vivo induced abnormal exon inclusions in LvDscam, especially in the Ig3 variable region. In the Ig3 region, a total of 14 different combinations were arranged in three different types of abnormal inclusion pattern. This compares to a single combination (one abnormal pattern) in Ig2 and three different combinations (one abnormal pattern) in Ig7. This is the first evidence to suggest that hrp36 may be involved in the regulation of the Ig7 variable region, and it is noteworthy because, at least in Drosophila, there are no hrp36 binding sequences in the Ig7 exon cluster. The above aberrant events were not observed in all of the Lvhrp36-silenced shrimp, and even when they occurred, the normal patterns of inclusion were far more common. We hypothesize that this continued prevalence of normal inclusions was probably due to other unsilenced proteins that were able to rescue Lvhrp36's functionality. Taken together, our results suggest that Lvhrp36 acts as a splicing repressor that regulates alternative splicing events in the Ig2, Ig3 and Ig7 variable regions of shrimp L. vannamei Dscam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Wei Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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24
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Briassoulis G, Horvath A, Christoforou P, Lodish M, Xekouki P, Quezado M, Patronas N, Keil MF, Stratakis CA. Lack of mutations in the gene coding for the hGR (NR3C1) in a pediatric patient with ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma, absence of stigmata of Cushing's syndrome and unusual histologic features. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2012; 25:213-9. [PMID: 22570980 PMCID: PMC5590677 DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2011.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rare cases of human glucocorticoid receptor (hGRalpha) (NR3C1) gene mutations have been described in the gemline or somatic state in Cushing's disease (CD). AIM We describe a pediatric patient with CD with clinical evidence of partial glucocorticoid resistance (GR) due to the relative absence of stigmata of Cushing's syndrome (CS). CASE DESCRIPTION A 14-year-old boy with slow growth and hypertension, but no other signs of CS was admitted for CD evaluation. Urinary free cortisol levels (UFC) were consistently 2-3-fold the upper normal range. Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a 3x4 mm hypoenhancing lesion in the right side of the pituitary gland anteriorly (microadenoma). A graded dexamethasone suppression test indicated that the patient had partial GR. Histology confirmed an adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH)-producing pituitary adenoma. We hypothesized that a NR3C1 mutation was present. Sequencing of the entire coding region of the gene produced normal results in both peripheral and tumor DNA. CONCLUSION We present the case of a pediatric patient with an ACTH-producing tumor but little evidence of CS. No mutations in the coding sequence of NR3C1 were detected. We conclude that low level somatic mosaicism for NR3C1 mutations or a mutation in another molecule participating in hGRalpha-signaling may account for this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Briassoulis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Identification of an alternative splicing isoform of chicken Lmbr1. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:4397-403. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0567-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hinds TD, Ramakrishnan S, Cash HA, Stechschulte LA, Heinrich G, Najjar SM, Sanchez ER. Discovery of glucocorticoid receptor-beta in mice with a role in metabolism. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 24:1715-27. [PMID: 20660300 DOI: 10.1210/me.2009-0411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormones control diverse physiological processes, including metabolism and immunity, by activating the major glucocorticoid receptor (GR) isoform, GRalpha. However, humans express an alternative isoform, human (h)GRbeta, that acts as an inhibitor of hGRalpha to produce a state of glucocorticoid resistance. Indeed, evidence exists that hGRbeta contributes to many diseases and resistance to glucocorticoid hormone therapy. However, rigorous testing of the GRbeta contribution has not been possible, because rodents, especially mice, are not thought to express the beta-isoform. Here, we report expression of GRbeta mRNA and protein in the mouse. The mGRbeta isoform arises from a distinct alternative splicing mechanism utilizing intron 8, rather than exon 9 as in humans. The splicing event produces a form of beta that is similar in structure and functionality to hGRbeta. Mouse (m)GRbeta has a degenerate C-terminal region that is the same size as hGRbeta. Using a variety of newly developed tools, such as a mGRbeta-specific antibody and constructs for overexpression and short hairpin RNA knockdown, we demonstrate that mGRbeta cannot bind dexamethasone agonist, is inhibitory of mGRalpha, and is up-regulated by inflammatory signals. These properties are the same as reported for hGRbeta. Additionally, novel data is presented that mGRbeta is involved in metabolism. When murine tissue culture cells are treated with insulin, no effect on mGRalpha expression was observed, but GRbeta was elevated. In mice subjected to fasting-refeeding, a large increase of GRbeta was seen in the liver, whereas mGRalpha was unchanged. This work uncovers the much-needed rodent model of GRbeta for investigations of physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry D Hinds
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, 3035 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614-5804, USA
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