1
|
Novel non-stimulants rescue hyperactive phenotype in an adgrl3.1 mutant zebrafish model of ADHD. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022:10.1038/s41386-022-01505-z. [PMID: 36400921 PMCID: PMC10267219 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01505-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
ADHD is a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder. The first-line therapeutic for ADHD, methylphenidate, can cause serious side effects including weight loss, insomnia, and hypertension. Therefore, the development of non-stimulant-based therapeutics has been prioritized. However, many of these also cause other effects, most notably somnolence. Here, we have used a uniquely powerful genetic model and unbiased drug screen to identify novel ADHD non-stimulant therapeutics. We first found that adgrl3.1 null (adgrl3.1-/-) zebrafish larvae showed a robust hyperactive phenotype. Although the hyperactivity was rescued by three ADHD non-stimulant therapeutics, all interfered significantly with sleep. Second, we used wild-type zebrafish larvae to characterize a simple behavioral phenotype generated by atomoxetine and screened the 1200 compound Prestwick Chemical Library® for a matching behavioral profile resulting in 67 hits. These hits were re-assayed in the adgrl3.1-/-. Using the previously identified non-stimulants as a positive control, we identified four compounds that matched the effect of atomoxetine: aceclofenac, amlodipine, doxazosin, and moxonidine. We additionally demonstrated cognitive effects of moxonidine in mice using a T-maze spontaneous alternation task. Moxonidine, has high affinity for imidazoline 1 receptors. We, therefore, assayed a pure imidazoline 1 agonist, LNP599, which generated an effect closely matching other non-stimulant ADHD therapeutics suggesting a role for this receptor system in ADHD. In summary, we introduce a genetic model of ADHD in zebrafish and identify five putative therapeutics. The findings offer a novel tool for understanding the neural circuits of ADHD, suggest a novel mechanism for its etiology, and identify novel therapeutics.
Collapse
|
2
|
Wright EC. Neurobiological Insights Into Stress-Induced Attention Deficit. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 88:e29-e31. [PMID: 32912427 PMCID: PMC7475766 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily C. Wright
- Address correspondence to Emily C. Wright, M.A., Department of Psychology, University of California-Davis, 135 Young Hall, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Altered microRNA 5692b and microRNA let-7d expression levels in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 115:158-164. [PMID: 31146084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder. Its etiology is not clearly understood yet, but neurobiological, genetic and environmental factors are shown to play a role. The relationship between ADHD and miRNAs has been studied quite recently, and few studies have been conducted up to now. In this study, peripheral blood expression levels of miR-5692b, miR-let-7d, miR-124-3p, miR-4447 and miR-107 of 30 children and adolescents with combined type ADHD were compared to 30 healthy controls to understand the roles of these miRNAs in the ADHD etiopathogenesis. Compared to controls, levels of miR-5692b (p = 0.006) were found higher and levels of miR-let-7d (p = 0.017) were found lower in the ADHD group. There was no significant difference in terms of miR-124-3p, miR-4447, and miR-107 levels between the groups. In conclusion, our findings support other studies suggesting the importance of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of ADHD. Regarding the regulatory role of miRNAs in gene regulation, their contribution to etiopathogenesis and heterogeneity of ADHD should be investigated further.
Collapse
|
4
|
Moghaddam MF, Shamekhi M, Rakhshani T. Effectiveness of methylphenidate and PUFA for the treatment of patients with ADHD: A double-blinded randomized clinical trial. Electron Physician 2017; 9:4412-4418. [PMID: 28713515 PMCID: PMC5498708 DOI: 10.19082/4412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In some children with ADHD, sub-optimal levels of various nutrients including PUFA especially omega-3 has been observed, and contradictory reports exist on the results of studies conducted on the positive therapeutic effects of PUFA in patients with ADHD. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of methylphenidate and PUFA on treatment of patients with ADHD in Zahedan, Iran. METHODS In this clinical trial, 40 children between 6 and 12 years of age with ADHD were investigated in Zahedan in 2014. Patients were randomly divided into two groups of methylphenidate plus PUFA and methylphenidate plus placebo. ADHD rating scale was filled before and after the study for patients of both groups. Finally, data were analyzed using SPSS18, paired-samples t-test and chi-square. RESULTS Mean age of patients was 2.9±1.8 years. Thirty-three children (82.5%) were boys and seven children (17.5%) were girls. Mean severity of signs in the group under methylphenidate plus PUFA treatment was 39.9±4.9 before treatment and 20.1±6.0 after 8 weeks of treatment (p<0.001). Mean severity of signs in the group under methylphenidate plus placebo treatment was 41.2±2.7 before treatment and 26.1±9.0 after 8 weeks of treatment (p<0.001). Mean reduction in the severity of symptoms in the group under methylphenidate therapy was 19.7±5.9 and in PUFA and placebo group it was 15.1±9.3 (p<0.067). Response to treatment (a reduction of at least 25% in the signs) in the group taking methylphenidate plus PUFA was 90% (18 patients) and in methylphenidate plus placebo group, it was 60% (12 patients) (p=0.028). CONCLUSION This study shows that PUFA is an efficient nutrient to treat ADHD and it can be used to treat patients. However, definitive conclusion requires repeating the study with a larger sample and longer study period. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (http://www.irct.ir) with the Irct ID: IRCT2015092724209N2. FUNDING The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahbobeh Firouzkouhi Moghaddam
- M.D. of Psychiatry, Assistant Professor, Research Center for Children and Adolescent Health, Department of Children and Adolescent Psychiatry, Zahedan University of Medical Science, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Maryam Shamekhi
- M.D., Assistant of Psychiatry, Department of Children and Adolescent Psychiatry, Zahedan University of Medical Science, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Rakhshani
- M.D., Assistant Professor of Health Education & Promotion, Nutrition Research Center, Department Of Public Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Firouzkouhi Moghaddam M, Rakhshani T, Khosravi M. Effectiveness of Methylphenidate Supplemented by Zinc, Calcium, and Magnesium for Treatment of ADHD Patients in the City of Zahedan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/semj40019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
6
|
Ianov L, Rani A, Beas BS, Kumar A, Foster TC. Transcription Profile of Aging and Cognition-Related Genes in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:113. [PMID: 27242522 PMCID: PMC4868850 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive function depends on transcription; however, there is little information linking altered gene expression to impaired prefrontal cortex function during aging. Young and aged F344 rats were characterized on attentional set shift and spatial memory tasks. Transcriptional differences associated with age and cognition were examined using RNA sequencing to construct transcriptomic profiles for the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), white matter, and region CA1 of the hippocampus. The results indicate regional differences in vulnerability to aging. Age-related gene expression in the mPFC was similar to, though less robust than, changes in the dorsolateral PFC of aging humans suggesting that aging processes may be similar. Importantly, the pattern of transcription associated with aging did not predict cognitive decline. Rather, increased mPFC expression of genes involved in regulation of transcription, including transcription factors that regulate the strength of excitatory and inhibitory inputs, and neural activity-related immediate-early genes was observed in aged animals that exhibit delayed set shift behavior. The specificity of impairment on a mPFC-dependent task, associated with a particular mPFC transcriptional profile indicates that impaired executive function involves altered transcriptional regulation and neural activity/plasticity processes that are distinct from that described for impaired hippocampal function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Ianov
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- Genetics and Genomics Program, Genetics Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Asha Rani
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Blanca S. Beas
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas C. Foster
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- Genetics and Genomics Program, Genetics Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wu LH, Cheng W, Yu M, He BM, Sun H, Chen Q, Dong YW, Shao XT, Cai QQ, Peng M, Wu XZ. Nr3C1-Bhlhb2 Axis Dysregulation Is Involved in the Development of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1196-1212. [PMID: 26820676 PMCID: PMC5310568 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9679-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a child developmental and behavioral disorder which seriously hinders their education and development. To investigate the key regulators in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), the major affected areas of ADHD, microRNA (miR)-138,138*, 34c*, 296, and 494, were noted for their significant downregulation in ADHD model rats spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) compared to Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rat control. Based on promoter sequence analysis and activity assay, glucocorticoid receptor (Nr3c1) was identified for the inhibition of the promoter activity of miR-138-1, 34c*, 296, and 494 genes and their transcription. In the PFC of ADHD model rats SHR, Nr3c1 expression was abnormally elevated and reversely correlated with the levels of miR-138-1, 34c, 296, and 494 expression. Luciferase report assays indicated that all miR-138, 138*, 34c*, 296, and 494 targeted the 3′ untranslated region of transcription factor Bhlhb2 (Bhlhe40) messenger RNA (mRNA) in common and ectopic expression of miR-138,138*, 34c*, 296, and 494 further suppressed the expression of Bhlhb2 gene. Consistently, Bhlhb2 expression was significantly higher in PFC of ADHD model SHR than control. Overexpressed Bhlhb2 in vitro significantly suppressed PC12 cell differentiation, and silence of Bhlhb2 enhanced the growth of neurite axon and dendrite. To observe the roles of Bhlhb2 further in vivo, Bhlhb2 was silenced in the PFC of nine SHR rats. Interestingly, knockdown of Bhlhb2 significantly improved the hyperactivity behaviors in SHRs compared to control. These findings show that Nr3c1-Bhlhb2 axis dysregulation was involved in the development of attention deficit and hyperactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Hui Wu
- Department of Children's Health Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yu Ying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China. .,Department of Clinic Medicine, Zhejiang Medical College, 481 Binwen Road, Binjiang College Zone, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of Children's Health Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yu Ying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Key Lab of Glycoconjugate Research, Ministry of Public Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Mei Yu
- Department of Children's Health Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yu Ying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Key Lab of Glycoconjugate Research, Ministry of Public Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bao Mei He
- Department of Children's Health Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yu Ying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Key Lab of Glycoconjugate Research, Ministry of Public Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Children's Health Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yu Ying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Key Lab of Glycoconjugate Research, Ministry of Public Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Children's Health Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yu Ying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Key Lab of Glycoconjugate Research, Ministry of Public Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yi Wei Dong
- Key Lab of Glycoconjugate Research, Ministry of Public Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiao Ting Shao
- Department of Children's Health Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yu Ying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qian Qian Cai
- Key Lab of Glycoconjugate Research, Ministry of Public Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Min Peng
- Department of Neonatology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Zhong Wu
- Key Lab of Glycoconjugate Research, Ministry of Public Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dela Peña I, Bang M, Lee J, de la Peña JB, Kim BN, Han DH, Noh M, Shin CY, Cheong JH. Common prefrontal cortical gene expression profiles between adolescent SHR/NCrl and WKY/NCrl rats which showed inattention behavior. Behav Brain Res 2015; 291:268-276. [PMID: 26048425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Factor analyses of attention-deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD) symptoms divide the behavioral symptoms of ADHD into two separate domains, one reflecting inattention and the other, a combination of hyperactivity and impulsivity. Identifying domain-specific genetic risk variants may aid in the discovery of specific biological risk factors for ADHD. In contrast with data available on genes involved in hyperactivity and impulsivity, there is limited information on the genetic influences of inattention. Transcriptional profiling analysis in animal models of disorders may provide an important tool to identify genetic involvement in behavioral phenotypes. To explore some of the potential genetic underpinnings of ADHD inattention, we examined common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the prefrontal cortex of SHR/NCrl, the most validated animal model of ADHD and WKY/NCrl, animal model of ADHD-inattentive type. In contrast with Wistar rats, strain representing the "normal" heterogeneous population, SHR/NCrl and WKY/NCrl showed inattention behavior in the Y-maze task. The common DEGs in the PFC of SHR/NCrl and WKY/NCrl vs. Wistar rats are those involved in transcription (e.g. Creg1, Thrsp, Zeb2), synaptic transmission (e.g. Atp2b2, Syt12, Chrna5), neurological system process (e.g. Atg7, Cacnb4, Grin3a), and immune response (e.g. Atg7, Ip6k2, Mx2). qRT-PCR analyses validated expression patterns of genes representing the major functional gene families among the DEGs (Grin3a, Thrsp, Vof-16 and Zeb2). Although further studies are warranted, the present findings indicate novel genes associated with known functional pathways of relevance to ADHD which are assumed to play important roles in the etiology of ADHD-inattentive subtype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ike Dela Peña
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, 26-21 Kongreung-2-dong, Hwarangro-815, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-742, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Loma Linda University, CA 92350, USA.
| | - Minji Bang
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - June Bryan de la Peña
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, 26-21 Kongreung-2-dong, Hwarangro-815, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Bung-Nyun Kim
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 28 Yungundong, Chongrogu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Doug Hyun Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung-Ang University Medical School, 102 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-755, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsoo Noh
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Young Shin
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, 26-21 Kongreung-2-dong, Hwarangro-815, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-742, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Distinct lncRNA expression profiles in the prefrontal cortex of SD rats after exposure to methylphenidate. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 70:239-47. [PMID: 25776507 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) is a central nervous system stimulant that is widely used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and has been shown to improve attention, cognitive function and behaviors in both patients and animal models of ADHD. Even among normal healthy people, MPH can facilitate the consolidation of memories and improve declarative memory. Using microarray techniques, we aimed to find new pharmacology profile of MPH. A Làt maze experiment showed that locomotor activity and non-selective attention were affected by 2 weeks of exposure to MPH. Then, we identified long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) signatures in the prefrontal cortex of rats; 461 up-regulated lncRNAs and 97 down-regulated lncRNAs were found in the MPH-exposed group compared with the control group using fold-change >1.5. GO and KEGG pathway analyses indicated biological functions related to the metabolism of neural chemical compounds and nerve cell development. Furthermore, we reported changes in uc.173+ related to the UBE2B gene, which may affect neurite outgrowth and axonal regeneration. At the same time, MRAK081997 associated with the DHFR gene may be involved in axon regeneration in the rodent central nervous system through DNA methylation. Our study showed distinct expression profiles of lncRNAs in the normal rat prefrontal cortex after exposure to MPH, offering information for further research of MPH and may suggesting a new therapeutic target for ADHD.
Collapse
|
10
|
Herson PS, Traystman RJ. Animal models of stroke: translational potential at present and in 2050. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2014; 9:541-551. [PMID: 25530721 DOI: 10.2217/fnl.14.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Translation from basic science bench research in ischemic stroke to bedside treatment of patients suffering ischemic stroke remains a difficult challenge. Despite literally hundreds of compounds and interventions that provide benefit in experimental models of cerebral ischemia, efficacy in humans remains to be demonstrated. The reasons for failure to translate the extensive positive basic science findings to successful clinical trials have been the focus of discussion for years. Some attribute the failure to flaws in clinical trial design, others question the predictive value of current animal models and some question the quality of preclinical data. It is likely that a combination of all these shortcomings have ultimately led to the failure. The purpose of this review is to analyze the commonly used animal models used in the field today, provide a framework for understanding the current state of basic science research in the ischemic stroke field and discuss a path forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paco S Herson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA ; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Richard J Traystman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA ; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
dela Peña I, Kim HJ, Sohn A, Kim BN, Han DH, Ryu JH, Shin CY, Noh M, Cheong JH. Prefrontal cortical and striatal transcriptional responses to the reinforcing effect of repeated methylphenidate treatment in the spontaneously hypertensive rat, animal model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Behav Brain Funct 2014; 10:17. [PMID: 24884696 PMCID: PMC4077266 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-10-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Methylphenidate is the most commonly used stimulant drug for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Research has found that methylphenidate is a “reinforcer” and that individuals with ADHD also abuse this medication. Nevertheless, the molecular consequences of long-term recreational methylphenidate use or abuse in individuals with ADHD are not yet fully known. Methods Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), the most validated and widely used ADHD animal model, were pretreated with methylphenidate (5 mg/kg, i.p.) during their adolescence (post-natal day [PND] 42–48) and tested for subsequent methylphenidate-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) and self-administration. Thereafter, the differentially expressed genes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and striatum of representative methylphenidate-treated SHRs, which showed CPP to and self-administration of methylphenidate, were analyzed. Results Genome-wide transcriptome profiling analyses revealed 30 differentially expressed genes in the PFC, which include transcripts involved in apoptosis (e.g. S100a9, Angptl4, Nfkbia), transcription (Cebpb, Per3), and neuronal plasticity (Homer1, Jam2, Asap1). In contrast, 306 genes were differentially expressed in the striatum and among them, 252 were downregulated. The main functional categories overrepresented among the downregulated genes include those involved in cell adhesion (e.g. Pcdh10, Ctbbd1, Itgb6), positive regulation of apoptosis (Perp, Taf1, Api5), (Notch3, Nsbp1, Sik1), mitochondrion organization (Prps18c, Letm1, Uqcrc2), and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis (Nedd4, Usp27x, Ube2d2). Conclusion Together, these changes indicate methylphenidate-induced neurotoxicity, altered synaptic and neuronal plasticity, energy metabolism and ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation in the brains of methylphenidate-treated SHRs, which showed methylphenidate CPP and self-administration. In addition, these findings may also reflect cognitive impairment associated with chronic methylphenidate use as demonstrated in preclinical studies. Future studies are warranted to determine the clinical significance of the present findings with regard to long-term recreational methylphenidate use or abuse in individuals with ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Minsoo Noh
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, 26-21 Kongreung-2-dong, Hwarangro- 815 Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-742, Korea.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
The role of Homer 1a in increasing locomotor activity and non-selective attention, and impairing learning and memory abilities. Brain Res 2013; 1515:39-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
13
|
Hong Q, Yang L, Zhang M, Pan XQ, Guo M, Fei L, Tong ML, Chen RH, Guo XR, Chi X. Increased locomotor activity and non-selective attention and impaired learning ability in SD rats after lentiviral vector-mediated RNA interference of Homer 1a in the brain. Int J Med Sci 2013; 10:90-102. [PMID: 23289010 PMCID: PMC3534882 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.4892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies found that Homer 1a, a scaffolding protein localized at the post-synaptic density (PSD) of glutamatergic excitatory synapses, is significantly down-regulated in the brain of spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR), an animal model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Furthermore, a first-line treatment drug for ADHD, methylphenidate, can up-regulate the expression of Homer 1a. To investigate the possible role of Homer 1a in the etiology and pathogenesis of ADHD, a lentiviral vector containing miRNA specific for Homer 1a was constructed in this study. Intracerebroventricular injection of this vector into the brain of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats significantly decreased Homer 1a mRNA and protein expression levels. Compared to their negative controls, these rats displayed a range of abnormal behaviors, including increased locomotor activity and non-selective attention and impaired learning ability. Our results indicated that Homer 1a down-regulation results in deficits in control over behavioral output and learning similar to ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Omran A, Elimam D, Shalaby S, Peng J, Yin F. MicroRNAs: A Light into the “Black Box” of Neuropediatric Diseases? Neuromolecular Med 2012; 14:244-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-012-8193-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
15
|
Marín-Méndez JJ, Patiño-García A, Segura V, Ortuño F, Gálvez MD, Soutullo CA. Differential expression of prostaglandin D2 synthase (PTGDS) in patients with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2012; 138:479-84. [PMID: 22370065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As marker genes for bipolar disorder (BP) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are not fully identified, we carried out a complete genome analysis to search for genes differentially expressed in ADHD and BP. MATERIALS AND METHODS We recruited 39 patients (30 ADHD, 9 BP), aged 7 to 23 years. For evaluation of the psychiatric diagnosis, we used a semi-structured interview based on the K-SADS-PL (DSM-IV). RNA was extracted from peripheral blood and analyzed with the GeneChip® Human Genome U133-Plus 2.0 (Affymetrix). For the validation of differentially expressed genes, real-time PCR was used. RESULTS Hybridization and subsequent statistical analysis found 502 probe-sets with significant differences in expression in ADHD and BP patients. Of these, 82 had highly significant differences. Neuregulin (NRG1), cathepsins B and D (CTSB, CTSD) and prostaglandin-D2-synthase (PTGDS) were chosen for semi-quantitative mRNA determination. The expression of PTGDS was statistically increased in ADHD relative to BP patients (p=0.01). We found no such differential expression with NRG1, CTSB and CTSD genes (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS The gene coding for PTGDS was found to be more expressed in patients with ADHD relative to patients with BP, indicating a possible link with the differential etiology of ADHD. The experimental approach we have used is, at least in part, validated by the detection of proteins directly concerned with brain functions, and shows a possible way forward for studies of the connection between brain function genes and psychiatric disorders. LIMITATIONS Confirmation of our findings requires a larger sample of patients with clearly-defined phenotypes.
Collapse
|
16
|
Meneses A, Perez-Garcia G, Ponce-Lopez T, Tellez R, Gallegos-Cari A, Castillo C. Spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) as an animal model for ADHD: a short overview. Rev Neurosci 2011; 22:365-71. [DOI: 10.1515/rns.2011.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
17
|
Meneses A, Ponce-Lopez T, Tellez R, Gonzalez R, Castillo C, Gasbarri A. Effects of d-amphetamine on short- and long-term memory in spontaneously hypertensive, Wistar-Kyoto and Sprague-Dawley rats. Behav Brain Res 2010; 216:472-6. [PMID: 20813138 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 08/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diverse studies indicate that the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with alterations in encoding processes, including working or short-term memory. Some ADHD dysfunctional domains are reflected in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Here SHR-saline group showed significantly poor STM and LTM relative to SD and WKY saline rats. SD and WKY rats treated with d-amphetamine displayed better STM and LTM, compared to SD-vehicle, WKY-vehicle or SHR-d-amphetamine groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Meneses
- Department of Pharmacobiology, CINVESTAV, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wu L, Zhao Q, Zhu X, Peng M, Jia C, Wu W, Zheng J, Wu XZ. A novel function of microRNA let-7d in regulation of galectin-3 expression in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder rat brain. Brain Pathol 2010; 20:1042-54. [PMID: 20557304 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2010.00410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we investigated the locomotor activity and non-selective attention in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with control Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, which were employed as an attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) model. In open-field test and làt maze, SHR rats were found to be much more spontaneously active than WKY rats. As compared with WKY rats, a lower level of galectin-3 was observed in SHR brain prefrontal cortex (PFC), which was the major affected brain area of ADHD. Through miRNA microarray screening, rno-let-7d was noted to be solely upregulated in SHR PFC. Interestingly, rno-let-7d had a binding site at galectin-3 mRNA and was shown to regulate galectin-3 3' untranslated region (UTR) directly. Mutation of galectin-3 3'UTR by one nucleotide of the seed sequence prevented rno-let-7d regulation of the 3' UTR completely. Although rno-let-7d did not directly regulate tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) 3'UTR, the level of galectin-3 was important for cAMP response element binding protein, the major transcript factor for TH gene. Either overexpression or downexpression of galectin-3 could result in modulation of TH expression in both PC12H and PC12L cells. In conclusion, our data suggested a novel function of rno-let-7d in regulation of galectin-3 and in ADHD development. Rno-let-7d, which is increased in the PFC of SHR brain, negatively regulated galectin-3, which is coupled with TH expression regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Wu
- Department of Children's Health Care, Yu Ying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Cha Shan College Zone, Wenzhou, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Peng S, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Wang H, Ren B. Glutamate receptors and signal transduction in learning and memory. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:453-60. [PMID: 20364330 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0128-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The plasticity of the central nervous system helps form the basis for the neurobiology of learning and memory. Long-term potentiation (LTP) is the main form of synaptic plasticity, reflecting the activity level of the synaptic information storage process, and provides a good model to study the underlying mechanisms of learning and memory. The glutamate receptor-mediated signal pathway plays a key role in the induction and maintenance of LTP, and hence the regulation of learning and memory. The progress in the understanding of the glutamate receptors and related signal transduction systems in learning and memory research are reviewed in this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated No. 4 Hospital of Soochow University, Wuxi, 214062, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|