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Orientational Preferences of GPI-Anchored Ly6/uPAR Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010011. [PMID: 36613456 PMCID: PMC9819746 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ly6/uPAR proteins regulate many essential functions in the nervous and immune systems and epithelium. Most of these proteins contain single β-structural LU domains with three protruding loops and are glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored to a membrane. The GPI-anchor role is currently poorly studied. Here, we investigated the positional and orientational preferences of six GPI-anchored proteins in the receptor-unbound state by molecular dynamics simulations. Regardless of the linker length between the LU domain and GPI-anchor, the proteins interacted with the membrane by polypeptide parts and N-/O-glycans. Lynx1, Lynx2, Lypd6B, and Ly6H contacted the membrane by the loop regions responsible for interactions with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, while Lypd6 and CD59 demonstrated unique orientations with accessible receptor-binding sites. Thus, GPI-anchoring does not guarantee an optimal 'pre-orientation' of the LU domain for the receptor interaction.
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Guo Y, Yuan J, Ni H, Ji J, Zhong S, Zheng Y, Jiang Q. Perfluorooctanoic acid-induced developmental cardiotoxicity in chicken embryo: Roles of miR-490-5p. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 312:120022. [PMID: 36028080 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) could induce developmental toxicities, affecting various organs, including the heart. Although peroxisome-proliferation activated receptor alpha (PPARα) had been identified as a major target of PFOA, PPARα-independent effects are frequently reported. To further elucidate the mechanism of toxicity in PFOA-induced developmental cardiotoxicity, RNA-seq analysis was performed in hatchling chicken hearts developmentally exposed to vehicle or 2 mg/kg (egg weight) PFOA. RT-PCR and western blotting were then performed to confirm the identified potential targets. Furthermore, lentivirus was designed to overexpress and silence identified target miRNA in developing chicken embryo, and the resulting phenotypes were investigated. 21 miRNAs and 1142 mRNAs were identified to be affected by developmental exposure to PFOA in chicken embryo hearts. Among the identified differentially expressed miRNAs, miR-490-5p was confirmed to be significantly affected by PFOA exposure, along with its downstream targets, Synaptosome associated protein 91 (SNAP91) and LY6/PLAUR domain containing 6 (LYPD6), as indicated by RT-PCR and western blotting results. Lentivirus overexpressing miR-490-5p mimicked the phenotype induced by PFOA exposure, while lentivirus silencing miR-490-5p alleviated PFOA-induced changes. Similar patterns were also observed in the expression of downstream target genes, SNAP91 and LYPD6. In summary, miR-490-5p and its downstream genes, SNAP91 and LYPD6 are associated with PFOA-induced developmental cardiotoxicity in chicken embryo, which might help to further elucidate the mechanism of PFOA-induced developmental cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Guo
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China
| | - Junhua Yuan
- Department of Special Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, China
| | - Hao Ni
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China
| | - Jing Ji
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China
| | - Shuping Zhong
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China
| | - Qixiao Jiang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China.
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Paramonov AS, Shulepko MA, Makhonin AM, Bychkov ML, Kulbatskii DS, Chernikov AM, Myshkin MY, Shabelnikov SV, Shenkarev ZO, Kirpichnikov MP, Lyukmanova EN. New Three-Finger Protein from Starfish Asteria rubens Shares Structure and Pharmacology with Human Brain Neuromodulator Lynx2. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20080503. [PMID: 36005506 PMCID: PMC9410279 DOI: 10.3390/md20080503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-finger proteins (TFPs) are small proteins with characteristic three-finger β-structural fold stabilized by the system of conserved disulfide bonds. These proteins have been found in organisms from different taxonomic groups and perform various important regulatory functions or act as components of snake venoms. Recently, four TFPs (Lystars 1–4) with unknown function were identified in the coelomic fluid proteome of starfish A. rubens. Here we analyzed the genomes of A. rubens and A. planci starfishes and predicted additional five and six proteins containing three-finger domains, respectively. One of them, named Lystar5, is expressed in A. rubens coelomocytes and has sequence homology to the human brain neuromodulator Lynx2. The three-finger structure of Lystar5 close to the structure of Lynx2 was confirmed by NMR. Similar to Lynx2, Lystar5 negatively modulated α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) expressed in X. laevis oocytes. Incubation with Lystar5 decreased the expression of acetylcholine esterase and α4 and α7 nAChR subunits in the hippocampal neurons. In summary, for the first time we reported modulator of the cholinergic system in starfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S. Paramonov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16/10, 119997 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.P.); (M.A.S.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.B.); (D.S.K.); (A.M.C.); (M.Y.M.); (Z.O.S.); (M.P.K.)
| | - Mikhail A. Shulepko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16/10, 119997 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.P.); (M.A.S.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.B.); (D.S.K.); (A.M.C.); (M.Y.M.); (Z.O.S.); (M.P.K.)
| | - Alexey M. Makhonin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16/10, 119997 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.P.); (M.A.S.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.B.); (D.S.K.); (A.M.C.); (M.Y.M.); (Z.O.S.); (M.P.K.)
- AI Centre, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Myasnitskaya Str. 20, 101000 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim L. Bychkov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16/10, 119997 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.P.); (M.A.S.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.B.); (D.S.K.); (A.M.C.); (M.Y.M.); (Z.O.S.); (M.P.K.)
| | - Dmitrii S. Kulbatskii
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16/10, 119997 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.P.); (M.A.S.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.B.); (D.S.K.); (A.M.C.); (M.Y.M.); (Z.O.S.); (M.P.K.)
| | - Andrey M. Chernikov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16/10, 119997 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.P.); (M.A.S.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.B.); (D.S.K.); (A.M.C.); (M.Y.M.); (Z.O.S.); (M.P.K.)
- Interdisciplinary Scientific and Educational School of Moscow University “Molecular Technologies of the Living Systems and Synthetic Biology”, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Yu. Myshkin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16/10, 119997 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.P.); (M.A.S.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.B.); (D.S.K.); (A.M.C.); (M.Y.M.); (Z.O.S.); (M.P.K.)
| | - Sergey V. Shabelnikov
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Prospect 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Zakhar O. Shenkarev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16/10, 119997 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.P.); (M.A.S.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.B.); (D.S.K.); (A.M.C.); (M.Y.M.); (Z.O.S.); (M.P.K.)
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, State University, Institutskiy Per. 9, 141701 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail P. Kirpichnikov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16/10, 119997 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.P.); (M.A.S.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.B.); (D.S.K.); (A.M.C.); (M.Y.M.); (Z.O.S.); (M.P.K.)
- Interdisciplinary Scientific and Educational School of Moscow University “Molecular Technologies of the Living Systems and Synthetic Biology”, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina N. Lyukmanova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16/10, 119997 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.P.); (M.A.S.); (A.M.M.); (M.L.B.); (D.S.K.); (A.M.C.); (M.Y.M.); (Z.O.S.); (M.P.K.)
- Interdisciplinary Scientific and Educational School of Moscow University “Molecular Technologies of the Living Systems and Synthetic Biology”, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, State University, Institutskiy Per. 9, 141701 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Kulbatskii D, Shenkarev Z, Bychkov M, Loktyushov E, Shulepko M, Koshelev S, Povarov I, Popov A, Peigneur S, Chugunov A, Kozlov S, Sharonova I, Efremov R, Skrebitsky V, Tytgat J, Kirpichnikov M, Lyukmanova E. Human Three-Finger Protein Lypd6 Is a Negative Modulator of the Cholinergic System in the Brain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:662227. [PMID: 34631692 PMCID: PMC8494132 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.662227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lypd6 is a GPI-tethered protein from the Ly-6/uPAR family expressed in the brain. Lypd6 enhances the Wnt/β-catenin signaling, although its action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have been also proposed. To investigate a cholinergic activity of Lypd6, we studied a recombinant water-soluble variant of the human protein (ws-Lypd6) containing isolated “three-finger” LU-domain. Experiments at different nAChR subtypes expressed in Xenopus oocytes revealed the negative allosteric modulatory activity of ws-Lypd6. Ws-Lypd6 inhibited ACh-evoked currents at α3β4- and α7-nAChRs with IC50 of ∼35 and 10 μM, respectively, and the maximal amplitude of inhibition of 30–50%. EC50 of ACh at α3β4-nAChRs (∼30 μM) was not changed in the presence of 35 μM ws-Lypd6, while the maximal amplitude of ACh-evoked current was reduced by ∼20%. Ws-Lypd6 did not elicit currents through nAChRs in the absence of ACh. Application of 1 μM ws-Lypd6 significantly inhibited (up to ∼28%) choline-evoked current at α7-nAChRs in rat hippocampal slices. Similar to snake neurotoxin α-bungarotoxin, ws-Lypd6 suppressed the long-term potentiation (LTP) in mouse hippocampal slices. Colocalization of endogenous GPI-tethered Lypd6 with α3β4- and α7-nAChRs was detected in primary cortical and hippocampal neurons. Ws-Lypd6 interaction with the extracellular domain of α7-nAChR was modeled using the ensemble protein-protein docking protocol. The interaction of all three Lypd6 loops (“fingers”) with the entrance to the orthosteric ligand-binding site and the loop C of the primary receptor subunit was predicted. The results obtained allow us to consider Lypd6 as the endogenous negative modulator involved in the regulation of the cholinergic system in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii Kulbatskii
- Bioengineering Department, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
| | - Zakhar Shenkarev
- Structural Biology Department, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia.,Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim Bychkov
- Bioengineering Department, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugene Loktyushov
- Bioengineering Department, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Shulepko
- Bioengineering Department, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Koshelev
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Povarov
- Brain Research Department, Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Popov
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Neuroscience, Nizhny Novgorod University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Steve Peigneur
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anton Chugunov
- Structural Biology Department, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia.,Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia.,International Laboratory for Supercomputer Atomistic Modelling and Multi-Scale Analysis, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Kozlov
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Sharonova
- Brain Research Department, Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman Efremov
- Structural Biology Department, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia.,Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia.,International Laboratory for Supercomputer Atomistic Modelling and Multi-Scale Analysis, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Jan Tytgat
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mikhail Kirpichnikov
- Bioengineering Department, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia.,Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Lyukmanova
- Bioengineering Department, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia.,Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia.,Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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5
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Paramonov AS, Kocharovskaya MV, Tsarev AV, Kulbatskii DS, Loktyushov EV, Shulepko MA, Kirpichnikov MP, Lyukmanova EN, Shenkarev ZO. Structural Diversity and Dynamics of Human Three-Finger Proteins Acting on Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7280. [PMID: 33019770 PMCID: PMC7582953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ly-6/uPAR or three-finger proteins (TFPs) contain a disulfide-stabilized β-structural core and three protruding loops (fingers). In mammals, TFPs have been found in epithelium and the nervous, endocrine, reproductive, and immune systems. Here, using heteronuclear NMR, we determined the three-dimensional (3D) structure and backbone dynamics of the epithelial secreted protein SLURP-1 and soluble domains of GPI-anchored TFPs from the brain (Lynx2, Lypd6, Lypd6b) acting on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Results were compared with the data about human TFPs Lynx1 and SLURP-2 and snake α-neurotoxins WTX and NTII. Two different topologies of the β-structure were revealed: one large antiparallel β-sheet in Lypd6 and Lypd6b, and two β-sheets in other proteins. α-Helical segments were found in the loops I/III of Lynx2, Lypd6, and Lypd6b. Differences in the surface distribution of charged and hydrophobic groups indicated significant differences in a mode of TFPs/nAChR interactions. TFPs showed significant conformational plasticity: the loops were highly mobile at picosecond-nanosecond timescale, while the β-structural regions demonstrated microsecond-millisecond motions. SLURP-1 had the largest plasticity and characterized by the unordered loops II/III and cis-trans isomerization of the Tyr39-Pro40 bond. In conclusion, plasticity could be an important feature of TFPs adapting their structures for optimal interaction with the different conformational states of nAChRs.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/chemistry
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigens, Ly/chemistry
- Antigens, Ly/genetics
- Antigens, Ly/metabolism
- Binding Sites
- Cloning, Molecular
- Elapid Venoms/chemistry
- Elapid Venoms/metabolism
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- GPI-Linked Proteins/chemistry
- GPI-Linked Proteins/genetics
- GPI-Linked Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Vectors/chemistry
- Genetic Vectors/metabolism
- Humans
- Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions
- Models, Molecular
- Neuropeptides/chemistry
- Neuropeptides/genetics
- Neuropeptides/metabolism
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation, alpha-Helical
- Protein Conformation, beta-Strand
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- Protein Isoforms/chemistry
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Receptors, Nicotinic/chemistry
- Receptors, Nicotinic/genetics
- Receptors, Nicotinic/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator/chemistry
- Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator/genetics
- Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S. Paramonov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119997 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.P.); (M.V.K.); (A.V.T.); (D.S.K.); (E.V.L.); (M.A.S.); (M.P.K.)
| | - Milita V. Kocharovskaya
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119997 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.P.); (M.V.K.); (A.V.T.); (D.S.K.); (E.V.L.); (M.A.S.); (M.P.K.)
- Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 141701 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Andrey V. Tsarev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119997 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.P.); (M.V.K.); (A.V.T.); (D.S.K.); (E.V.L.); (M.A.S.); (M.P.K.)
- Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 141701 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Dmitrii S. Kulbatskii
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119997 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.P.); (M.V.K.); (A.V.T.); (D.S.K.); (E.V.L.); (M.A.S.); (M.P.K.)
| | - Eugene V. Loktyushov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119997 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.P.); (M.V.K.); (A.V.T.); (D.S.K.); (E.V.L.); (M.A.S.); (M.P.K.)
| | - Mikhail A. Shulepko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119997 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.P.); (M.V.K.); (A.V.T.); (D.S.K.); (E.V.L.); (M.A.S.); (M.P.K.)
| | - Mikhail P. Kirpichnikov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119997 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.P.); (M.V.K.); (A.V.T.); (D.S.K.); (E.V.L.); (M.A.S.); (M.P.K.)
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina N. Lyukmanova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119997 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.P.); (M.V.K.); (A.V.T.); (D.S.K.); (E.V.L.); (M.A.S.); (M.P.K.)
- Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 141701 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Zakhar O. Shenkarev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119997 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.P.); (M.V.K.); (A.V.T.); (D.S.K.); (E.V.L.); (M.A.S.); (M.P.K.)
- Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 141701 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
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6
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Yoshitake H, Araki Y. Role of the Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Protein TEX101 and Its Related Molecules in Spermatogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186628. [PMID: 32927778 PMCID: PMC7555588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (APs) on the plasma membrane are involved in several cellular processes, including sperm functions. Thus far, several GPI-APs have been identified in the testicular germ cells, and there is increasing evidence of their biological significance during fertilization. Among GPI-APs identified in the testis, this review focuses on TEX101, a germ cell-specific GPI-AP that belongs to the lymphocyte antigen 6/urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor superfamily. This molecule was originally identified as a glycoprotein that contained the antigen epitope for a specific monoclonal antibody; it was produced by immunizing female mice with an allogenic testicular homogenate. This review mainly describes the current understanding of the biochemical, morphological, and physiological characteristics of TEX101. Furthermore, future avenues for the investigation of testicular GPI-Aps, including their potential role as regulators of ion channels, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yoshitake
- Institute for Environmental & Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0021, Japan;
| | - Yoshihiko Araki
- Institute for Environmental & Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0021, Japan;
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-47-353-3171; Fax: +81-47-353-3178
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7
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Modulation of cholinergic activity through lynx prototoxins: Implications for cognition and anxiety regulation. Neuropharmacology 2020; 174:108071. [PMID: 32298703 PMCID: PMC7785133 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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8
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Mallei A, Ieraci A, Corna S, Tardito D, Lee FS, Popoli M. Global epigenetic analysis of BDNF Val66Met mice hippocampus reveals changes in dendrite and spine remodeling genes. Hippocampus 2019; 28:783-795. [PMID: 30067287 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neurotrophin highly expressed in the hippocampus, plays crucial roles in cognition, neuroplasticity, synaptic function, and dendritic remodeling. The common human Val66Met polymorphism of BDNF has been implicated in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, and in the outcome of pro-adaptive and therapeutic treatments. Altered gene-expression profile has been previously shown in BDNF Val66Met knock-in mice, which recapitulate the phenotypic hallmarks of individuals carrying the BDNF Met allele. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism in the knock-in mouse model on two hippocampal epigenetic marks for transcriptional repression and activation, respectively: trimethylation of lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27me3) and acetylation of histone H3 (AcH3), using a genome-wide approach. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing of immunoprecipitated DNA (ChIP-Seq) was carried out with specific antibodies for H3K27me3 and AcH3. Our results revealed broad alteration of H3K27me3 and AcH3 marks association profiles in BDNFMet/Met , compared to BDNFVal/Val mice. Bioinformatics analysis showed changes in several biological functions and related pathways, affected by the presence of the polymorphism. In particular, a number of networks of functional interaction contained BDNF as central node. Quantitative PCR analysis confirmed epigenetically related significant changes in the expression of five genes: Dvl1, Nos3, Reln, Lypd6, and Sh3gl2. The first three are involved in dendrite and spine remodeling, morphological features altered in BDNFMet/Met mice. This work in homozygous knock-in mice shows that the human BDNF Val66Met polymorphism induces an array of histone H3 epigenetic modifications, in turn altering the expression of select genes crucial for structural and functional neuronal features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Mallei
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and CEND, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ieraci
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and CEND, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Corna
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and CEND, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Tardito
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and CEND, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francis S Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Maurizio Popoli
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and CEND, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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9
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Miwa JM, Anderson KR, Hoffman KM. Lynx Prototoxins: Roles of Endogenous Mammalian Neurotoxin-Like Proteins in Modulating Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Function to Influence Complex Biological Processes. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:343. [PMID: 31114495 PMCID: PMC6502960 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cholinergic system modulates many biological functions, due to the widespread distribution of cholinergic neuronal terminals, and the diffuse release of its neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. Several layers of regulation help to refine and control the scope of this excitatory neurotransmitter system. One such regulatory mechanism is imparted through endogenous toxin-like proteins, prototoxins, which largely control the function of nicotinic receptors of the cholinergic system. Prototoxins and neurotoxins share the distinct three finger toxin fold, highly effective as a receptor binding protein, and the former are expressed in the mammalian brain, immune system, epithelium, etc. Prototoxins and elapid snake neurotoxins appear to be related through gene duplication and divergence from a common ancestral gene. Protein modulators can provide a graded response of the cholinergic system, and within the brain, stabilize neural circuitry through direct interaction with nicotinic receptors. Understanding the roles of each prototoxin (e.g., lynx1, lynx2/lypd1, PSCA, SLURP1, SLURP2, Lypd6, lypd6b, lypdg6e, PATE-M, PATE-B, etc.), their binding specificity and unique expression profile, has the potential to uncover many fascinating cholinergic-dependent mechanisms in the brain. Each family member can provide a spatially restricted level of control over nAChR function based on its expression in the brain. Due to the difficulty in the pharmacological targeting of nicotinic receptors in the brain as a result of widespread expression patterns and similarities in receptor sequences, unique interfaces between prototoxin and nicotinic receptor could provide more specific targeting than nicotinic receptors alone. As such, this family is intriguing from a long-term therapeutic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Miwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
| | - Kristin R Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
| | - Katie M Hoffman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
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10
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Vasilyeva NA, Loktyushov EV, Bychkov ML, Shenkarev ZO, Lyukmanova EN. Three-Finger Proteins from the Ly6/uPAR Family: Functional Diversity within One Structural Motif. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018. [PMID: 29523067 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917130090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The discovery in higher animals of proteins from the Ly6/uPAR family, which have structural homology with snake "three-finger" neurotoxins, has generated great interest in these molecules and their role in the functioning of the organism. These proteins have been found in the nervous, immune, endocrine, and reproductive systems of mammals. There are two types of the Ly6/uPAR proteins: those associated with the cell membrane by GPI-anchor and secreted ones. For some of them (Lynx1, SLURP-1, SLURP-2, Lypd6), as well as for snake α-neurotoxins, the target of action is nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which are widely represented in the central and peripheral nervous systems, and in many other tissues, including epithelial cells and the immune system. However, the targets of most proteins from the Ly6/uPAR family and the mechanism of their action remain unknown. This review presents data on the structural and functional properties of the Ly6/uPAR proteins, which reveal a variety of functions within a single structural motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Vasilyeva
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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11
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Arvaniti M, Polli FS, Kohlmeier KA, Thomsen MS, Andreasen JT. Loss of Lypd6 leads to reduced anxiety-like behaviour and enhanced responses to nicotine. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 82:86-94. [PMID: 29195920 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine consumption through smoking affects anxious states in humans. However, the precise role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) circuitry in the regulation of anxiety remains elusive. The Lynx protein Lypd6 is highly enriched in synaptic loci and has been previously identified as an endogenous inhibitor of neuronal nAChR function in vitro. Here, we investigate the effect of Lypd6 in anxiety-related behaviour and examine the molecular underpinnings of its function in the brain. We employ the marble burying (MB) and elevated zero maze (EZM) tests in Lypd6 knock-out (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice and find that loss of Lypd6 leads to decreased digging behaviour in the MB test and increased time spent in the open area in the EZM test. Moreover, we demonstrate that acute nicotine administration reduces digging in the MB test in both KO and WT mice and further accentuates the inherent genotype difference. Using in vitro electrophysiology in dorsal raphe nuclei (DRN) neurons from Lypd6 KO mice, we show that nicotine-evoked whole-cell currents are enhanced in the absence of Lypd6. Collectively, these data are the first to indicate the involvement of Lypd6 in circuits associated with anxiety and suggest that a possible underlying neurobiological mechanism is the modulation of cholinergic responses in the DRN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Arvaniti
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip S Polli
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristi A Kohlmeier
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten S Thomsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; H. Lundbeck A/S, Department of Synaptic Transmission In Vitro, Valby, Denmark
| | - Jesper T Andreasen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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12
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Paramonov AS, Kulbatskii DS, Loktyushov EV, Tsarev AV, Dolgikh DA, Shenkarev ZO, Kirpichnikov MP, Lyukmanova EN. Recombinant production and structural studies of the human Lypd6 and Lypd6b proteins. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162017060127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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13
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George AA, Bloy A, Miwa JM, Lindstrom JM, Lukas RJ, Whiteaker P. Isoform-specific mechanisms of α3β4*-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulation by the prototoxin lynx1. FASEB J 2017; 31:1398-1420. [PMID: 28100642 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600733r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates-for the first time to our knowledge-the existence and mechanisms of functional interactions between the endogenous mammalian prototoxin, lynx1, and α3- and β4-subunit-containing human nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α3β4*-nAChRs). Concatenated gene constructs were used to express precisely defined α3β4*-nAChR isoforms (α3β4)2β4-, (α3β4)2α3-, (α3β4)2α5(398D)-, and (α3β4)2α5(398N)-nAChR in Xenopus oocytes. In the presence or absence of lynx1, α3β4*-nAChR agonist responses were recorded by using 2-electrode voltage clamp and single-channel electrophysiology, whereas radioimmunolabeling measured cell-surface expression. Lynx1 reduced (α3β4)2β4-nAChR function principally by lowering cell-surface expression, whereas single-channel effects were primarily responsible for reducing (α3β4)2α3-nAChR function [decreased unitary conductance (≥50%), altered burst proportions (3-fold reduction in the proportion of long bursts), and enhanced closed dwell times (3- to 6-fold increase)]. Alterations in both cell-surface expression and single-channel properties accounted for the reduction in (α3β4)2α5-nAChR function that was mediated by lynx1. No effects were observed when α3β4*-nAChRs were coexpressed with mutated lynx1 (control). Lynx1 is expressed in the habenulopeduncular tract, where α3β4*-α5*-nAChR subtypes are critical contributors to the balance between nicotine aversion and reward. This gives our findings a high likelihood of physiologic significance. The exquisite isoform selectivity of lynx1 interactions provides new insights into the mechanisms and allosteric sites [α(-)-interface containing] by which prototoxins can modulate nAChR function.-George, A. A., Bloy, A., Miwa, J. M., Lindstrom, J. M., Lukas, R. J., Whiteaker, P. Isoform-specific mechanisms of α3β4*-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulation by the prototoxin lynx1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A George
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA;
| | - Abigail Bloy
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.,Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St. James' University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Julie M Miwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jon M Lindstrom
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ronald J Lukas
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Paul Whiteaker
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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14
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Arvaniti M, Jensen MM, Soni N, Wang H, Klein AB, Thiriet N, Pinborg LH, Muldoon PP, Wienecke J, Imad Damaj M, Kohlmeier KA, Gondré-Lewis MC, Mikkelsen JD, Thomsen MS. Functional interaction between Lypd6 and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. J Neurochem 2016; 138:806-20. [PMID: 27344019 PMCID: PMC5017906 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) affect multiple physiological functions in the brain and their functions are modulated by regulatory proteins of the Lynx family. Here, we report for the first time a direct interaction of the Lynx protein LY6/PLAUR domain-containing 6 (Lypd6) with nAChRs in human brain extracts, identifying Lypd6 as a novel regulator of nAChR function. Using protein cross-linking and affinity purification from human temporal cortical extracts, we demonstrate that Lypd6 is a synaptically enriched membrane-bound protein that binds to multiple nAChR subtypes in the human brain. Additionally, soluble recombinant Lypd6 protein attenuates nicotine-induced hippocampal inward currents in rat brain slices and decreases nicotine-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation in PC12 cells, suggesting that binding of Lypd6 is sufficient to inhibit nAChR-mediated intracellular signaling. We further show that perinatal nicotine exposure in rats (4 mg/kg/day through minipumps to dams from embryonic day 7 to post-natal day 21) significantly increases Lypd6 protein levels in the hippocampus in adulthood, which did not occur after exposure to nicotine in adulthood only. Our findings suggest that Lypd6 is a versatile inhibitor of cholinergic signaling in the brain, and that Lypd6 is dysregulated by nicotine exposure during early development. Regulatory proteins of the Lynx family modulate the function of nicotinic receptors (nAChRs). We report for the first time that the Lynx protein Lypd6 binds to nAChRs in human brain extracts, and that recombinant Lypd6 decreases nicotine-induced ERK phosphorylation and attenuates nicotine-induced hippocampal inward currents. Our findings suggest that Lypd6 is a versatile inhibitor of cholinergic signaling in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Arvaniti
- Department of Drug Design & Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Majbrit M Jensen
- Neurobiology Research Unit, University Hospital Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Neeraj Soni
- Department of Drug Design & Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hong Wang
- Laboratory for Neurodevelopment, Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Anders B Klein
- Department of Drug Design & Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nathalie Thiriet
- Laboratory of Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Lars H Pinborg
- Neurobiology Research Unit, University Hospital Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Epilepsy Clinic, University Hospital Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pretal P Muldoon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jacob Wienecke
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport & Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Kristi A Kohlmeier
- Department of Drug Design & Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marjorie C Gondré-Lewis
- Laboratory for Neurodevelopment, Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Jens D Mikkelsen
- Neurobiology Research Unit, University Hospital Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten S Thomsen
- Department of Drug Design & Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Neurobiology Research Unit, University Hospital Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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15
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Organization, evolution and functions of the human and mouse Ly6/uPAR family genes. Hum Genomics 2016; 10:10. [PMID: 27098205 PMCID: PMC4839075 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-016-0074-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the lymphocyte antigen-6 (Ly6)/urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) superfamily of proteins are cysteine-rich proteins characterized by a distinct disulfide bridge pattern that creates the three-finger Ly6/uPAR (LU) domain. Although the Ly6/uPAR family proteins share a common structure, their expression patterns and functions vary. To date, 35 human and 61 mouse Ly6/uPAR family members have been identified. Based on their subcellular localization, these proteins are further classified as GPI-anchored on the cell membrane, or secreted. The genes encoding Ly6/uPAR family proteins are conserved across different species and are clustered in syntenic regions on human chromosomes 8, 19, 6 and 11, and mouse Chromosomes 15, 7, 17, and 9, respectively. Here, we review the human and mouse Ly6/uPAR family gene and protein structure and genomic organization, expression, functions, and evolution, and introduce new names for novel family members.
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16
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Lypd8 promotes the segregation of flagellated microbiota and colonic epithelia. Nature 2016; 532:117-21. [PMID: 27027293 DOI: 10.1038/nature17406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Colonic epithelial cells are covered by thick inner and outer mucus layers. The inner mucus layer is free of commensal microbiota, which contributes to the maintenance of gut homeostasis. In the small intestine, molecules critical for prevention of bacterial invasion into epithelia such as Paneth-cell-derived anti-microbial peptides and regenerating islet-derived 3 (RegIII) family proteins have been identified. Although there are mucus layers providing physical barriers against the large number of microbiota present in the large intestine, the mechanisms that separate bacteria and colonic epithelia are not fully elucidated. Here we show that Ly6/PLAUR domain containing 8 (Lypd8) protein prevents flagellated microbiota invading the colonic epithelia in mice. Lypd8, selectively expressed in epithelial cells at the uppermost layer of the large intestinal gland, was secreted into the lumen and bound flagellated bacteria including Proteus mirabilis. In the absence of Lypd8, bacteria were present in the inner mucus layer and many flagellated bacteria invaded epithelia. Lypd8(-/-) mice were highly sensitive to intestinal inflammation induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Antibiotic elimination of Gram-negative flagellated bacteria restored the bacterial-free state of the inner mucus layer and ameliorated DSS-induced intestinal inflammation in Lypd8(-/-) mice. Lypd8 bound to flagella and suppressed motility of flagellated bacteria. Thus, Lypd8 mediates segregation of intestinal bacteria and epithelial cells in the colon to preserve intestinal homeostasis.
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17
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Ochoa V, George AA, Nishi R, Whiteaker P. The prototoxin LYPD6B modulates heteromeric α3β4-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, but not α7 homomers. FASEB J 2016; 30:1109-19. [PMID: 26586467 PMCID: PMC4750422 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-274548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prototoxins are a diverse family of membrane-tethered molecules expressed in the nervous system that modulate nicotinic cholinergic signaling, but their functions and specificity have yet to be completely explored. We tested the selectivity and efficacy of leukocyte antigen, PLAUR (plasminogen activator, urokinase receptor) domain-containing (LYPD)-6B on α3β4-, α3α5β4-, and α7-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). To constrain stoichiometry, fusion proteins encoding concatemers of human α3, β4, and α5 (D and N variants) subunits were expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes and tested with or without LYPD6B. We used the 2-electrode voltage-clamp method to quantify responses to acetylcholine (ACh): agonist sensitivity (EC50), maximal agonist-induced current (Imax), and time constant (τ) of desensitization. For β4-α3-α3-β4-α3 and β4-α3-β4-α3-α3, LYPD6B decreased EC50 from 631 to 79 μM, reduced Imax by at least 59%, and decreased τ. For β4-α3-α5D-β4-α3 and β4-α3-β4-α-α5D, LYPD6B decreased Imax by 63 and 32%, respectively. Thus, LYPD6B acted only on (α3)3(β4)2 and (α3)2(α5D)(β4)2 and did not affect the properties of (α3)2(β4)3, α7, or (α3)2(α5N)(β4)2 nAChRs. Therefore, LYPD6B acts as a mixed modulator that enhances the sensitivity of (α3)3(β4)2 nAChRs to ACh while reducing ACh-induced whole-cell currents. LYPD6B also negatively modulates α3β4 nAChRs that include the α5D common human variant, but not the N variant associated with nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Ochoa
- *Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA; and Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Andrew A George
- *Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA; and Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Rae Nishi
- *Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA; and Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Paul Whiteaker
- *Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA; and Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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18
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Lyukmanova EN, Shulepko MA, Kudryavtsev D, Bychkov ML, Kulbatskii DS, Kasheverov IE, Astapova MV, Feofanov AV, Thomsen MS, Mikkelsen JD, Shenkarev ZO, Tsetlin VI, Dolgikh DA, Kirpichnikov MP. Human Secreted Ly-6/uPAR Related Protein-1 (SLURP-1) Is a Selective Allosteric Antagonist of α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149733. [PMID: 26905431 PMCID: PMC4764493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
SLURP-1 is a secreted toxin-like Ly-6/uPAR protein found in epithelium, sensory neurons and immune cells. Point mutations in the slurp-1 gene cause the autosomal inflammation skin disease Mal de Meleda. SLURP-1 is considered an autocrine/paracrine hormone that regulates growth and differentiation of keratinocytes and controls inflammation and malignant cell transformation. The majority of previous studies of SLURP-1 have been made using fusion constructs containing, in addition to the native protein, extra polypeptide sequences. Here we describe the activity and pharmacological profile of a recombinant analogue of human SLURP-1 (rSLURP-1) differing from the native protein only by one additional N-terminal Met residue. rSLURP-1 significantly inhibited proliferation (up to ~ 40%, EC50 ~ 4 nM) of human oral keratinocytes (Het-1A cells). Application of mecamylamine and atropine,—non-selective inhibitors of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, respectively, and anti-α7-nAChRs antibodies revealed α7 type nAChRs as an rSLURP-1 target in keratinocytes. Using affinity purification from human cortical extracts, we confirmed that rSLURP-1 binds selectively to the α7-nAChRs. Exposure of Xenopus oocytes expressing α7-nAChRs to rSLURP-1 caused a significant non-competitive inhibition of the response to acetylcholine (up to ~ 70%, IC50 ~ 1 μM). It was shown that rSLURP-1 binds to α7-nAChRs overexpressed in GH4Cl cells, but does not compete with 125I-α-bungarotoxin for binding to the receptor. These findings imply an allosteric antagonist-like mode of SLURP-1 interaction with α7-nAChRs outside the classical ligand-binding site. Contrary to rSLURP-1, other inhibitors of α7-nAChRs (mecamylamine, α-bungarotoxin and Lynx1) did not suppress the proliferation of keratinocytes. Moreover, the co-application of α-bungarotoxin with rSLURP-1 did not influence antiproliferative activity of the latter. This supports the hypothesis that the antiproliferative activity of SLURP-1 is related to ‘metabotropic’ signaling pathway through α7-nAChR, that activates intracellular signaling cascades without opening the receptor channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina N. Lyukmanova
- Biological Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Department of Bioengineering, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- * E-mail:
| | - Mikhail A. Shulepko
- Biological Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Department of Bioengineering, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Denis Kudryavtsev
- Department of Molecular Basics of Neurosignalling, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Maxim L. Bychkov
- Biological Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Department of Bioengineering, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitrii S. Kulbatskii
- Biological Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Department of Bioengineering, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Igor E. Kasheverov
- Department of Molecular Basics of Neurosignalling, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Maria V. Astapova
- Department of Structural Biology, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey V. Feofanov
- Biological Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Department of Structural Biology, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Morten S. Thomsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Neurobiology Research Unit, University Hospital, Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens D. Mikkelsen
- Neurobiology Research Unit, University Hospital, Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zakhar O. Shenkarev
- Biological Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Department of Structural Biology, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - Victor I. Tsetlin
- Department of Molecular Basics of Neurosignalling, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry A. Dolgikh
- Biological Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Department of Bioengineering, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail P. Kirpichnikov
- Biological Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Department of Bioengineering, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Singh V, Holla S, Ramachandra SG, Balaji KN. WNT-inflammasome signaling mediates NOD2-induced development of acute arthritis in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3351-60. [PMID: 25717000 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In addition to its role in innate immunity, the intracellular pathogen sensor nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) has been implicated in various inflammatory disorders, including the development of acute arthritis. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of NOD2-responsive acute arthritis are not clear. In this study, we demonstrate that NOD2 signals to a cellular protein, Ly6/PLAUR domain-containing protein 6, in a receptor-interacting protein kinase 2-TGF-β-activated kinase 1-independent manner to activate the WNT signaling cascade. Gain- or loss-of-function of the WNT signaling pathway in an in vivo experimental mouse arthritis model or in vitro systems established the role for WNT-responsive X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis during the development of acute arthritis. Importantly, WNT-stimulated X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis mediates the activation of inflammasomes. The subsequent caspase-1 activation and IL-1β secretion together contribute to the phenotypic character of the inflammatory condition of acute arthritis. Thus, identification of a role for WNT-mediated inflammasome activation during NOD2 stimulation serves as a paradigm to understand NOD2-associated inflammatory disorders and develop novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India; and
| | - Sahana Holla
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India; and
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20
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Jensen MM, Arvaniti M, Mikkelsen JD, Michalski D, Pinborg LH, Härtig W, Thomsen MS. Prostate stem cell antigen interacts with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and is affected in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:1629-1638. [PMID: 25680266 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder involving impaired cholinergic neurotransmission and dysregulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Ly-6/neurotoxin (Lynx) proteins have been shown to modulate cognition and neural plasticity by binding to nAChR subtypes and modulating their function. Hence, changes in nAChR regulatory proteins such as Lynx proteins could underlie the dysregulation of nAChRs in AD. Using Western blotting, we detected bands corresponding to the Lynx proteins prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) and Lypd6 in human cortex indicating that both proteins are present in the human brain. We further showed that PSCA forms stable complexes with the α4 nAChR subunit and decreases nicotine-induced extracellular-signal regulated kinase phosphorylation in PC12 cells. In addition, we analyzed protein levels of PSCA and Lypd6 in postmortem tissue of medial frontal gyrus from AD patients and found significantly increased PSCA levels (approximately 70%). In contrast, no changes in Lypd6 levels were detected. In concordance with our findings in AD patients, PSCA levels were increased in the frontal cortex of triple transgenic mice with an AD-like pathology harboring human transgenes that cause both age-dependent β-amyloidosis and tauopathy, whereas Tg2576 mice, which display β-amyloidosis only, had unchanged PSCA levels compared to wild-type animals. These findings identify PSCA as a nAChR-binding protein in the human brain that is affected in AD, suggesting that PSCA-nAChR interactions may be involved in the cognitive dysfunction observed in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majbrit M Jensen
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Arvaniti
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens D Mikkelsen
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Lars H Pinborg
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Epilepsy Clinic, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Härtig
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Morten S Thomsen
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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21
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Kurki MI, Gaál EI, Kettunen J, Lappalainen T, Menelaou A, Anttila V, van 't Hof FNG, von und zu Fraunberg M, Helisalmi S, Hiltunen M, Lehto H, Laakso A, Kivisaari R, Koivisto T, Ronkainen A, Rinne J, Kiemeney LAL, Vermeulen SH, Kaunisto MA, Eriksson JG, Aromaa A, Perola M, Lehtimäki T, Raitakari OT, Salomaa V, Gunel M, Dermitzakis ET, Ruigrok YM, Rinkel GJE, Niemelä M, Hernesniemi J, Ripatti S, de Bakker PIW, Palotie A, Jääskeläinen JE. High risk population isolate reveals low frequency variants predisposing to intracranial aneurysms. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004134. [PMID: 24497844 PMCID: PMC3907358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
3% of the population develops saccular intracranial aneurysms (sIAs), a complex trait, with a sporadic and a familial form. Subarachnoid hemorrhage from sIA (sIA-SAH) is a devastating form of stroke. Certain rare genetic variants are enriched in the Finns, a population isolate with a small founder population and bottleneck events. As the sIA-SAH incidence in Finland is >2× increased, such variants may associate with sIA in the Finnish population. We tested 9.4 million variants for association in 760 Finnish sIA patients (enriched for familial sIA), and in 2,513 matched controls with case-control status and with the number of sIAs. The most promising loci (p<5E-6) were replicated in 858 Finnish sIA patients and 4,048 controls. The frequencies and effect sizes of the replicated variants were compared to a continental European population using 717 Dutch cases and 3,004 controls. We discovered four new high-risk loci with low frequency lead variants. Three were associated with the case-control status: 2q23.3 (MAF 2.1%, OR 1.89, p 1.42×10-9); 5q31.3 (MAF 2.7%, OR 1.66, p 3.17×10-8); 6q24.2 (MAF 2.6%, OR 1.87, p 1.87×10-11) and one with the number of sIAs: 7p22.1 (MAF 3.3%, RR 1.59, p 6.08×-9). Two of the associations (5q31.3, 6q24.2) replicated in the Dutch sample. The 7p22.1 locus was strongly differentiated; the lead variant was more frequent in Finland (4.6%) than in the Netherlands (0.3%). Additionally, we replicated a previously inconclusive locus on 2q33.1 in all samples tested (OR 1.27, p 1.87×10-12). The five loci explain 2.1% of the sIA heritability in Finland, and may relate to, but not explain, the increased incidence of sIA-SAH in Finland. This study illustrates the utility of population isolates, familial enrichment, dense genotype imputation and alternate phenotyping in search for variants associated with complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitja I. Kurki
- Neurosurgery, NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Emília Ilona Gaál
- Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johannes Kettunen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuuli Lappalainen
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Androniki Menelaou
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Verneri Anttila
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Femke N. G. van 't Hof
- UMC Utrecht Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mikael von und zu Fraunberg
- Neurosurgery, NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Helisalmi
- Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hanna Lehto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aki Laakso
- Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riku Kivisaari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Koivisto
- Neurosurgery, NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti Ronkainen
- Neurosurgery, NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaakko Rinne
- Neurosurgery, NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lambertus A. L. Kiemeney
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sita H. Vermeulen
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mari A. Kaunisto
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vasa Central Hospital, Vasa, Finland
- Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arpo Aromaa
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli T. Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Murat Gunel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurobiology and Department of Genetics, Program on Neurogenetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Emmanouil T. Dermitzakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ynte M. Ruigrok
- UMC Utrecht Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriel J. E. Rinkel
- UMC Utrecht Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mika Niemelä
- Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Hernesniemi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paul I. W. de Bakker
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Juha E. Jääskeläinen
- Neurosurgery, NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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22
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Özhan G, Sezgin E, Wehner D, Pfister AS, Kühl SJ, Kagermeier-Schenk B, Kühl M, Schwille P, Weidinger G. Lypd6 enhances Wnt/β-catenin signaling by promoting Lrp6 phosphorylation in raft plasma membrane domains. Dev Cell 2013; 26:331-45. [PMID: 23987510 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays critical roles during embryogenesis, tissue homeostasis, and regeneration. How Wnt-receptor complex activity is regulated is not yet fully understood. Here, we identify the Ly6 family protein LY6/PLAUR domain-containing 6 (Lypd6) as a positive feedback regulator of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. lypd6 enhances Wnt signaling in zebrafish and Xenopus embryos and in mammalian cells, and it is required for wnt8-mediated patterning of the mesoderm and neuroectoderm during zebrafish gastrulation. Lypd6 is GPI anchored to the plasma membrane and physically interacts with the Wnt receptor Frizzled8 and the coreceptor Lrp6. Biophysical and biochemical evidence indicates that Lypd6 preferentially localizes to raft membrane domains, where Lrp6 is phosphorylated upon Wnt stimulation. lypd6 knockdown or mislocalization of the Lypd6 protein to nonraft membrane domains shifts Lrp6 phosphorylation to these domains and inhibits Wnt signaling. Thus, Lypd6 appears to control Lrp6 activation specifically in membrane rafts, which is essential for downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günes Özhan
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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23
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Abstract
Human Ly-6/uPAR molecules are a superfamily composed of two subfamilies; one is the membrane bound proteins with a GPI-anchor and the other are secreted proteins without the GPI-anchor. Ly-6/uPAR molecules have remarkable amino acid homology through a distinctive 8-10 cysteine-rich domain that is associated predominantly with O-linked glycans. These molecules are encoded by multiple tightly linked genes located on Chr. 8q23, and have a conserved genomic organization. Ly-6/uPAR molecules have an interesting expression pattern during hematopoiesis and on specific tumors indicating that Ly-6/uPAR molecules are associated with development of the immune system and carcinogenesis. Thus, Ly-6/uPAR molecules are useful antigens for diagnostic and therapeutic targets. This review summarizes our understanding of human Ly-6/ uPAR molecules with regard to molecular structure as well as what is known about their function in normal and malignant tissues and suggest Ly-6/uPAR molecules as target antigens for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kyung Kong
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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24
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Melko M, Nguyen LS, Shaw M, Jolly L, Bardoni B, Gecz J. Loss of FMR2 further emphasizes the link between deregulation of immediate early response genes FOS and JUN and intellectual disability. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:2984-91. [PMID: 23562910 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of FMR2 causes Fragile X E (FRAXE) site-associated intellectual disability (ID). FMR2 regulates transcription, promotes alternative splicing with preference for G-quartet structure harbouring exons and is localized to the nuclear speckles. In primary skin fibroblasts from FRAXE patients (n = 8), we found a significant reduction in the number, but a significant increase in the size, of nuclear speckles, when compared with the controls (n = 4). Since nuclear speckles are enriched with factors involved in pre-mRNA processing, we explored the consequence of these defects and the loss of FMR2 on the transcriptome. We performed whole genome expression profiling using total RNA extracted from these cell lines and found 27 genes significantly deregulated by at least 2-fold at P < 0.05 in the patients. Among these genes, FOS was significantly upregulated and was further investigated due to its established role in neuronal cell function. We showed that (i) 30% depletion of Fmr2 in mouse primary cortical neurons led to a 2-fold increase in Fos expression, (ii) overexpression of FMR2 significantly decreased FOS promoter activity in luciferase assays, and (iii) as FOS promoter contains a serum response element, we found that not FOS, but JUN, which encodes for a protein that forms a transcriptional activator complex with FOS, was significantly upregulated in the patients' cell lines upon mitogen stimulation. These results suggest that FMR2 is an upstream regulator of FOS and JUN, and further link deregulation of the immediate early response genes to the pathology of ID- and FRAXE-associated ID in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Melko
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7275, 660 Route des Lucioles, F-06560 Valbonne, France
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25
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Mid-gestational gene expression profile in placenta and link to pregnancy complications. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49248. [PMID: 23145134 PMCID: PMC3492272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of placenta in mediating rapid physiological changes in pregnancy, data on temporal dynamics of placental gene expression are limited. We completed the first transcriptome profiling of human placental gene expression dynamics (GeneChips, Affymetrix®; ∼47,000 transcripts) from early to mid-gestation (n = 10; gestational weeks 5–18) and report 154 genes with significant transcriptional changes (ANOVA, FDR P<0.1). TaqMan RT-qPCR analysis (n = 43; gestational weeks 5–41) confirmed a significant (ANOVA and t-test, FDR P<0.05) mid-gestational peak of placental gene expression for BMP5, CCNG2, CDH11, FST, GATM, GPR183, ITGBL1, PLAGL1, SLC16A10 and STC1, followed by sharp decrease in mRNA levels at term (t-test, FDR P<0.05). We hypothesized that normal course of late pregnancy may be affected when genes characteristic to mid-gestation placenta remain highly expressed until term, and analyzed their expression in term placentas from normal and complicated pregnancies [preeclampsia (PE), n = 12; gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), n = 12; small- and large-for-gestational-age newborns (SGA, LGA), n = 12+12]. STC1 (stanniocalcin 1) exhibited increased mRNA levels in all studied complications, with the most significant effect in PE- and SGA-groups (t-test, FDR P<0.05). In post-partum maternal plasma, the highest STC1 hormone levels (ELISA, n = 129) were found in women who had developed PE and delivered a SGA newborn (median 731 vs 418 pg/ml in controls; ANCOVA, P = 0.00048). Significantly higher expression (t-test, FDR P<0.05) of CCNG2 and LYPD6 accompanied with enhanced immunostaining of the protein was detected in placental sections of PE and GDM cases (n = 15). Our study demonstrates the importance of temporal dynamics of placental transcriptional regulation across three trimesters of gestation. Interestingly, many genes with high expression in mid-gestation placenta have also been implicated in adult complex disease, promoting the discussion on the role of placenta in developmental programming. The discovery of elevated maternal plasma STC1 in pregnancy complications warrants further investigations of its potential as a biomarker.
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Chen H, Palmer JS, Thiagarajan RD, Dinger ME, Lesieur E, Chiu H, Schulz A, Spiller C, Grimmond SM, Little MH, Koopman P, Wilhelm D. Identification of novel markers of mouse fetal ovary development. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41683. [PMID: 22844512 PMCID: PMC3406020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the developing testis, molecular pathways driving fetal ovarian development have been difficult to characterise. To date no single master regulator of ovarian development has been identified that would be considered the female equivalent of Sry. Using a genomic approach we identified a number of novel protein-coding as well as non-coding genes that were detectable at higher levels in the ovary compared to testis during early mouse gonad development. We were able to cluster these ovarian genes into different temporal expression categories. Of note, Lrrc34 and AK015184 were detected in XX but not XY germ cells before the onset of sex-specific germ cell differentiation marked by entry into meiosis in an ovary and mitotic arrest in a testis. We also defined distinct spatial expression domains of somatic cell genes in the developing ovary. Our data expands the set of markers of early mouse ovary differentiation and identifies a classification of early ovarian genes, thus providing additional avenues with which to dissect this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Chen
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - James S. Palmer
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rathi D. Thiagarajan
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marcel E. Dinger
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Emmanuelle Lesieur
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Hansheng Chiu
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alexandra Schulz
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Cassy Spiller
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sean M. Grimmond
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Melissa H. Little
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter Koopman
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dagmar Wilhelm
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
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