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Zhang Z, Zhang A, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Wang Y, Zhang L, Zhang S. Ectopic expression of HaPEPC1 from the desert shrub Haloxylon ammodendron confers drought stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 208:108536. [PMID: 38507839 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) plays a crucial role in the initial carbon fixation process in C4 plants. However, its nonphotosynthetic functions in Haloxylon ammodendron, a C4 perennial xerohalophytic shrub, are still poorly understood. Previous studies have reported the involvement of PEPC in plant responses to abiotic stresses such as drought and salt stress. However, the underlying mechanism of PEPC tolerance to drought stress has not been determined. In this study, we cloned the C4-type PEPC gene HaPEPC1 from H. ammodendron and investigated its biological function by generating transgenic Arabidopsis plants with ectopic expression of HaPEPC1. Our results showed that, compared with WT (wild-type) plants, ectopic expression of HaPEPC1 plants exhibited significantly greater germination rates and chlorophyll contents. Furthermore, under drought stress, the transgenic plants presented increased root length, fresh weight, photosynthetic capacity, and antioxidant enzyme activities, particularly ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase. Additionally, the transgenic plants exhibited reduced levels of malondialdehyde, H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide), and O2- (superoxide radical). Transcriptome analysis indicated that ectopic expression of HaPEPC1 primarily regulated the expression of genes associated with the stress defence response, glutathione metabolism, and abscisic acid (ABA) synthesis and signalling pathways in response to drought stress. Taken together, these findings suggest that the ectopic expression of HaPEPC1 enhances the reduction of H2O2 and O2- in transgenic plants, thereby improving reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capacity and enhancing drought tolerance. Therefore, the HaPEPC1 gene holds promise as a candidate gene for crop selection aimed at enhancing drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Anna Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yaru Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Behera D, Swain A, Karmakar S, Dash M, Swain P, Baig MJ, Molla KA. Overexpression of Setaria italica phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene in rice positively impacts photosynthesis and agronomic traits. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 194:169-181. [PMID: 36417836 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
C4 plants have the inherent capacity to concentrate atmospheric CO2 in the vicinity of RuBisCo, thereby increasing carboxylation, and inhibiting photorespiration. Carbonic anhydrase (CA), the first enzyme of C4 photosynthesis, converts atmospheric CO2 to HCO3-, which is utilized by PEPC to produce C4 acids. Bioengineering of C4 traits into C3 crops is an attractive strategy to increase photosynthesis and water use efficiency. In the present study, we isolated the PEPC gene from the C4 plant Setaria italica and transferred it to C3 rice. Overexpression of SiPEPC resulted in a 2-6-fold increment in PEPC enzyme activity in transgenic lines with respect to non-transformed control. Photosynthetic efficiency was enhanced in transformed plants, which was associated with increased ФPSII, ETR, lower NPQ, and higher chlorophyll accumulation. Water use efficiency was increased by 16-22% in PEPC transgenic rice lines. Increased PEPC activity enhanced quantum yield and carboxylation efficiency of PEPC transgenic lines. Transgenic plants exhibited higher light saturation photosynthesis rate and lower CO2 compensation point, as compared to non-transformed control. An increase in net photosynthesis increased the yield by (23-28.9%) and biomass by (24.1-29%) in transgenic PEPC lines. Altogether, our findings indicate that overexpression of C4-specific SiPEPC enzyme is able to enhance photosynthesis and related parameters in transgenic rice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alaka Swain
- ICAR- National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, 753006, Odisha, India
| | - Subhasis Karmakar
- ICAR- National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, 753006, Odisha, India
| | - Manaswini Dash
- ICAR- National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, 753006, Odisha, India
| | - Padmini Swain
- ICAR- National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, 753006, Odisha, India
| | - Mirza J Baig
- ICAR- National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, 753006, Odisha, India.
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Singh J, Garai S, Das S, Thakur JK, Tripathy BC. Role of C4 photosynthetic enzyme isoforms in C3 plants and their potential applications in improving agronomic traits in crops. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2022; 154:233-258. [PMID: 36309625 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-022-00978-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As compared to C3, C4 plants have higher photosynthetic rates and better tolerance to high temperature and drought. These traits are highly beneficial in the current scenario of global warming. Interestingly, all the genes of the C4 photosynthetic pathway are present in C3 plants, although they are involved in diverse non-photosynthetic functions. Non-photosynthetic isoforms of carbonic anhydrase (CA), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), the decarboxylating enzymes NAD/NADP-malic enzyme (NAD/NADP-ME), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and finally pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) catalyze reactions that are essential for major plant metabolism pathways, such as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, maintenance of cellular pH, uptake of nutrients and their assimilation. Consistent with this view differential expression pattern of these non-photosynthetic C3 isoforms has been observed in different tissues across the plant developmental stages, such as germination, grain filling, and leaf senescence. Also abundance of these C3 isoforms is increased considerably in response to environmental fluctuations particularly during abiotic stress. Here we review the vital roles played by C3 isoforms of C4 enzymes and the probable mechanisms by which they help plants in acclimation to adverse growth conditions. Further, their potential applications to increase the agronomic trait value of C3 crops is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitender Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Sampurna Garai
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Shubhashis Das
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Thakur
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India.
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Shen Q, Xie Y, Qiu X, Yu J. The era of cultivating smart rice with high light efficiency and heat tolerance has come of age. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1021203. [PMID: 36275525 PMCID: PMC9585279 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1021203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
How to improve the yield of crops has always been the focus of breeding research. Due to the population growth and global climate change, the demand for food has increased sharply, which has brought great challenges to agricultural production. In order to make up for the limitation of global cultivated land area, it is necessary to further improve the output of crops. Photosynthesis is the main source of plant assimilate accumulation, which has a profound impact on the formation of its yield. This review focuses on the cultivation of high light efficiency plants, introduces the main technical means and research progress in improving the photosynthetic efficiency of plants, and discusses the main problems and difficulties faced by the cultivation of high light efficiency plants. At the same time, in view of the frequent occurrence of high-temperature disasters caused by global warming, which seriously threatened plant normal production, we reviewed the response mechanism of plants to heat stress, introduced the methods and strategies of how to cultivate heat tolerant crops, especially rice, and briefly reviewed the progress of heat tolerant research at present. Given big progress in these area, the era of cultivating smart rice with high light efficiency and heat tolerance has come of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuping Shen
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yujun Xie
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinzhe Qiu
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinsheng Yu
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
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Lian L, Lin Y, Wei Y, He W, Cai Q, Huang W, Zheng Y, Xu H, Wang F, Zhu Y, Luo X, Xie H, Zhang J. PEPC of sugarcane regulated glutathione S-transferase and altered carbon-nitrogen metabolism under different N source concentrations in Oryza sativa. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:287. [PMID: 34167489 PMCID: PMC8223297 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03071-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) plays an important role in the primary metabolism of higher plants. Several studies have revealed the critical importance of PEPC in the interaction of carbon and nitrogen metabolism. However, the function mechanism of PEPC in nitrogen metabolism is unclear and needs further investigation. RESULTS This study indicates that transgenic rice expressing the sugarcane C4-PEPC gene displayed shorter primary roots and fewer crown roots at the seedling stage. However, total nitrogen content was significantly higher in transgenic rice than in wild type (WT) plants. Proteomic analysis revealed that there were more differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) responding to nitrogen changes in transgenic rice. In particular, the most enriched pathway "glutathione (GSH) metabolism", which mainly contains GSH S-transferase (GST), was identified in transgenic rice. The expression of endogenous PEPC, GST and several genes involved in the TCA cycle, glycolysis and nitrogen assimilation changed in transgenic rice. Correspondingly, the activity of enzymes including GST, citrate synthase, 6-phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase and ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase significantly changed. In addition, the levels of organic acids in the TCA cycle and carbohydrates including sucrose, starch and soluble sugar altered in transgenic rice under different nitrogen source concentrations. GSH that the substrate of GST and its components including glutamic acid, cysteine and glycine accumulated in transgenic rice. Moreover, the levels of phytohormones including indoleacetic acid (IAA), zeatin (ZT) and isopentenyladenosine (2ip) were lower in the roots of transgenic rice under total nutrients. Taken together, the phenotype, physiological and biochemical characteristics of transgenic rice expressing C4-PEPC were different from WT under different nitrogen levels. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed the possibility that PEPC affects nitrogen metabolism through regulating GST, which provide a new direction and concepts for the further study of the PEPC functional mechanism in nitrogen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lian
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350019, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture/South-China Base of National Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice of China/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350003, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yuelong Lin
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350019, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture/South-China Base of National Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice of China/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350003, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yidong Wei
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350019, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture/South-China Base of National Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice of China/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350003, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wei He
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350019, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture/South-China Base of National Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice of China/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350003, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Qiuhua Cai
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350019, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture/South-China Base of National Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice of China/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350003, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350003, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yanmei Zheng
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350019, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture/South-China Base of National Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice of China/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350003, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Huibin Xu
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350019, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture/South-China Base of National Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice of China/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350003, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Fuxiang Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350019, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture/South-China Base of National Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice of China/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350003, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yongsheng Zhu
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350019, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture/South-China Base of National Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice of China/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350003, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xi Luo
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350019, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture/South-China Base of National Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice of China/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350003, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Huaan Xie
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350019, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture/South-China Base of National Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice of China/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350003, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jianfu Zhang
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350019, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture/South-China Base of National Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice of China/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350003, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
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Yadav S, Mishra A. Ectopic expression of C 4 photosynthetic pathway genes improves carbon assimilation and alleviate stress tolerance for future climate change. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 26:195-209. [PMID: 32153323 PMCID: PMC7036372 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-019-00751-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Alteration in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and other environmental factors are the significant cues of global climate change. Environmental factors affect the most fundamental biological process including photosynthesis and different metabolic pathways. The feeding of the rapidly growing world population is another challenge which imposes pressure to improve productivity and quality of the existing crops. C4 plants are considered the most productive, containing lower photorespiration, and higher water-use & N-assimilation efficiencies, compared to C3 plants. Besides, the C4-photosynthetic genes not only play an important role in carbon assimilation but also modulate abiotic stresses. In this review, fundamental three metabolic processes (C4, C3, and CAM) of carbon dioxide assimilation, the evolution of C4-photosynthetic genes, effect of elevated CO2 on photosynthesis, and overexpression of C4-photosynthetic genes for higher photosynthesis were discussed. Kranz-anatomy is considered an essential prerequisite for the terrestrial C4 carbon assimilation, but single-celled C4 plant species changed this well-established paradigm. C4 plants are insensitive to an elevated CO2 stress condition but performed better under stress conditions. Overexpression of essential C4-photosynthetic genes such as PEPC, PPDK, and NADP-ME in C3 plants like Arabidopsis, tobacco, rice, wheat, and potato not only improved photosynthesis but also provided tolerance to various environmental stresses, especially drought. The review provides useful information for sustainable productivity and yield under elevated CO2 environment, which to be explored further for CO2 assimilation and also abiotic stress tolerance. Additionally, it provides a better understanding to explore C4-photosynthetic gene(s) to cope with global warming and prospective adverse climatic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Yadav
- Division of Applied Phycology and Biotechnology, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat India
| | - Avinash Mishra
- Division of Applied Phycology and Biotechnology, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat India
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Giuliani R, Karki S, Covshoff S, Lin HC, Coe RA, Koteyeva NK, Evans MA, Quick WP, von Caemmerer S, Furbank RT, Hibberd JM, Edwards GE, Cousins AB. Transgenic maize phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase alters leaf-atmosphere CO 2 and 13CO 2 exchanges in Oryza sativa. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2019; 142:153-167. [PMID: 31325077 PMCID: PMC6848035 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00655-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The engineering process of C4 photosynthesis into C3 plants requires an increased activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) in the cytosol of leaf mesophyll cells. The literature varies on the physiological effect of transgenic maize (Zea mays) PEPC (ZmPEPC) leaf expression in Oryza sativa (rice). Therefore, to address this issue, leaf-atmosphere CO2 and 13CO2 exchanges were measured, both in the light (at atmospheric O2 partial pressure of 1.84 kPa and at different CO2 levels) and in the dark, in transgenic rice expressing ZmPEPC and wild-type (WT) plants. The in vitro PEPC activity was 25 times higher in the PEPC overexpressing (PEPC-OE) plants (~20% of maize) compared to the negligible activity in WT. In the PEPC-OE plants, the estimated fraction of carboxylation by PEPC (β) was ~6% and leaf net biochemical discrimination against 13CO2[Formula: see text] was ~ 2‰ lower than in WT. However, there were no differences in leaf net CO2 assimilation rates (A) between genotypes, while the leaf dark respiration rates (Rd) over three hours after light-dark transition were enhanced (~ 30%) and with a higher 13C composition [Formula: see text] in the PEPC-OE plants compared to WT. These data indicate that ZmPEPC in the PEPC-OE rice plants contributes to leaf carbon metabolism in both the light and in the dark. However, there are some factors, potentially posttranslational regulation and PEP availability, which reduce ZmPEPC activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Giuliani
- School of Biological Sciences, Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA
| | - Shanta Karki
- C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Sarah Covshoff
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Hsiang-Chun Lin
- C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Robert A Coe
- C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Nuria K Koteyeva
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Morphology, V.L. Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Popov Street 2, St. Petersburg, Russia, 197376
| | - Marc A Evans
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-3113, USA
| | - W Paul Quick
- C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Susanne von Caemmerer
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
| | - Robert T Furbank
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
| | - Julian M Hibberd
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Gerald E Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA
| | - Asaph B Cousins
- School of Biological Sciences, Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA.
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Verma I, Roopendra K, Sharma A, Chandra A, Kamal A. Expression analysis of genes associated with sucrose accumulation and its effect on source-sink relationship in high sucrose accumulating early maturing sugarcane variety. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 25:207-220. [PMID: 30804643 PMCID: PMC6352523 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-018-0627-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose synthesis/accumulation in sugarcane depends on the source-sink communication wherein source responds to sink demand for photoassimilate supply. Sucrose in stalk (sink) acts as signal, and sends feedback to restrain further synthesis of sucrose by regulating photosynthetic efficiency of leaves (source). Hence sucrose synthesis/accumulation is controlled by many genes and regulatory sequences including 3 invertases (SAI, CWI, NI), sucrose synthase (SuSy) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS). SPS and invertase play key role in enhancing sink strength which ultimately promotes greater sucrose accumulation in the sink tissues. In present study, a significant positive correlation was found between sucrose% of source and sink tissues which was greater in the top (R 2 = 0.679) than middle (R 2 = 0.580) and bottom (R 2 = 0.518) internodes, depicting that sucrose accumulation in the stalk bears a direct relation with sucrose translocation efficiency from source. Results indicated an increased sucrose% with maturity, while reducing sugar content decreased with crop growth. qRT-PCR results exhibited an elevated expression of invertase in immature sink tissues depicting increased sink requirement, which declined with maturity. Similarly, increased PEP carboxylase gene expression as observed supported the fact that higher sink demand results in enhanced photosynthetic rate and thus influences the source activity. SPS was found active at initial stage of cane development indicating its role in sucrose synthesis. Thus by studying expression patterns of the different genes both, in source and sink tissues, a better understanding of the sucrose accumulation pathway in sugarcane is possible, which in turn can help in elucidating ways to enhance sucrose concentration in sink.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Verma
- Division of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, 226002 India
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, 226021 India
| | - K. Roopendra
- Division of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, 226002 India
| | - A. Sharma
- Division of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, 226002 India
| | - A. Chandra
- Division of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, 226002 India
| | - A. Kamal
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, 226021 India
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Roopendra K, Sharma A, Chandra A, Saxena S. Gibberellin-induced perturbation of source-sink communication promotes sucrose accumulation in sugarcane. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:418. [PMID: 30237965 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1429-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Constant removal of sugars from the site of synthesis (i.e., leaves), in response to elevated sink (culm) demand, may perhaps prevent damping of photosynthesis, by sugar, and hence promote further sucrose accumulation in the culm. In this study, gibberellic acid (GA3) induced nearly 42.3% enlargement in cell size and about 39.3% increase in internodal length (sink capacity), 177% escalation in reducing sugar level (sink strength), amplified the expression of sucrose-metabolizing enzymes (sink demand), viz., 7.5-fold for SAI, 4.5-fold for CWI, sixfold for SPS, all demonstrating facilitation of augmented sucrose accumulation in the culm. The GA3-treated BO 91 cane (late maturing sugarcane variety) exhibited an elevated final sucrose concentration (40.54-41.6%) as compared to control (30.44-38.8%). The GA3-sprayed cane of early maturing Co J64 also showed such a boost, but it was lost by the end of maturity, perhaps due to inversion and/or the less effective GA3 treatment. Thus, results demonstrated the role of GA3 in augmenting sucrose content of cane culm, possibly by influencing source-sink dynamics in sugarcane.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Roopendra
- 1Division of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, 226002 India
- 2Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, 226025 India
| | - A Sharma
- 1Division of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, 226002 India
| | - A Chandra
- 1Division of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, 226002 India
| | - S Saxena
- 2Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, 226025 India
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Zhang C, Li X, He Y, Zhang J, Yan T, Liu X. Physiological investigation of C 4-phosphoenolpyruvate-carboxylase-introduced rice line shows that sucrose metabolism is involved in the improved drought tolerance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 115:328-342. [PMID: 28415033 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We compared the drought tolerance of wild-type (WT) and transgenic rice plants (PC) over-expressing the maize C4PEPC gene, which encodes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC, EC 4.1.1.31) gene, and evaluated the roles of saccharide and sugar-related enzymes in the drought response. Pot-grown seedlings were subjected to real drought conditions outdoors, and the yield components were compared between PC and untransformed wild-type (WT) plants. The stable yield from PC plants was associated with higher net photosynthetic rate under the real drought treatment. The physiological characters of WT and PC seedlings under a simulated drought treatment (25% (w/v) polyethylene glycol-6000 for 3 h; PEG 6000 treatment) were analyzed in detail for the early response of drought. The relative water content was higher in PC than in WT, and PEPC activity and the C4-PEPC transcript level in PC were elevated under the simulated drought conditions. The endogenous saccharide responses also differed between PC and WT under simulated drought stress. The higher sugar decomposition rate in PC than in WT under drought analog stress was related to the increased activities of sucrose phosphate synthase, sucrose synthase, acid invertase, and neutral invertase, increased transcript levels of VIN1, CIN1, NIN1, SUT2, SUT4, and SUT5, and increased activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase in the leaves. The greater antioxidant defense capacity of PC and its relationship with saccharide metabolism was one of the reasons for the improved drought tolerance. In conclusion, PEPC effectively alleviated oxidative damage and enhanced the drought tolerance in rice plants, which were more related to the increase of the endogenous saccharide decomposition. These findings show that components of C4 photosynthesis can be used to increase the yield of rice under drought conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Institute of Food and Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing 210014, PR China; College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xia Li
- Institute of Food and Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing 210014, PR China; College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Yafei He
- Institute of Food and Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing 210014, PR China
| | - Jinfei Zhang
- Institute of Food and Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing 210014, PR China
| | - Ting Yan
- Institute of Food and Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing 210014, PR China; College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- Institute of Food and Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing 210014, PR China
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Qi X, Xu W, Zhang J, Guo R, Zhao M, Hu L, Wang H, Dong H, Li Y. Physiological characteristics and metabolomics of transgenic wheat containing the maize C 4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) gene under high temperature stress. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:1017-1030. [PMID: 27491550 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-1010-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, two transgenic wheat lines, PC27 and PC51, containing the maize PEPC gene and its wild-type (WT) were used as experimental material to study the effects of high temperature on their photosynthetic physiological characteristics and metabolome. The results showed that transgenic wheat lines had higher photosynthetic rate (P n) than WT under non-stress treatment (NT) and high temperature stress treatment (HT), and more significantly under HT. The change trends of F v/F m, Ф PSII, and q P were similar to P n, whereas that of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) was the opposite. Compared with WT, no differences in chlorophyll content between the transgenic wheat and WT were observed under NT, but two transgenic lines had relatively higher contents than WT under HT. The change trends of Chlorophyll a/b radio, the decreased values of F m, Wk, and Vj, and the activity of the antioxidant enzyme were consistent with the chlorophyll content. Compared with WT, transgenic wheat lines exhibited lower rate of superoxide anion production, H2O2 and malondialdehyde content under HT, and no significant differences were observed under NT. The expression pattern of the ZmPEPC gene and wheat endogenous photosynthesis-related genes were in agreement with that of P n. Compared with WT, about 13 different metabolites including one organic acid, six amino acids, four sugars, and two polyols were identified under NT; 25 different metabolites including six organic acids, 12 amino acids, four sugars, and three polyols were identified under HT. Collectively, our results indicate that ZmPEPC gene can enhance photochemical and antioxidant enzyme activity, upregulate the expression of photosynthesis-related genes, delay degradation of chlorophyll, change contents of proline and other metabolites in wheat, and ultimately improves its heat tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Qi
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
- Wheat Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Weigang Xu
- Wheat Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China.
| | - Jianzhou Zhang
- Wheat Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Wheat Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Mingzhong Zhao
- Wheat Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Lin Hu
- Wheat Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Huiwei Wang
- Wheat Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Haibin Dong
- Wheat Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Yan Li
- Wheat Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
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Liu X, Li X, Zhang C, Dai C, Zhou J, Ren C, Zhang J. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase regulation in C4-PEPC-expressing transgenic rice during early responses to drought stress. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2017; 159:178-200. [PMID: 27592839 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC; EC 4.1.1.31) has important functions in C4 photosynthesis and biosynthesis of intermediate metabolites. In this study, the drought resistance of C4-PEPC-expressing transgenic rice (Oryza sativa, line PC) plants was assessed using simulated drought conditions [i.e. polyethylene glycol (PEG)-6000 treatment]. The dry weight of PC plants was higher than that of wild-type (WT) plants following treatment with 15% PEG-6000 for 16 days. Furthermore, the water use efficiency, relative water content and proline content in PC plants were higher than those of WT plants, as were C4-PEPC activity and transcript levels following treatment with 5% PEG-6000 for 2 h. The protein kinase activities and transcript levels of sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinases (SnRKs) genes, such as SnRK1a, OsK24 and OsK35 were also higher in PC plants than in WT plants following treatment with 5% PEG-6000 for 2 h. Additionally, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase (PPCK, EC 4.1.1.32) activities and transcript levels (e.g. PPCK1 and PPCK2) increased following drought treatment. These changes were regulated by signaling molecules, such as calcium, nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide. Furthermore, the -1095 to -416 region of the C4-PEPC promoter in PC plants was demethylated following exposure to drought conditions for 1 h. The demethylation coincided with an increase in C4-PEPC expression. Our data suggest that the demethylation of the C4-PEPC promoter and the phosphorylation catalyzed by PPCK have key roles in conferring drought tolerance to the transgenic rice plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Liu
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu High Quality Rice Research and Development Center, Nanjing Branch, China National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing, 210014, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xia Li
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu High Quality Rice Research and Development Center, Nanjing Branch, China National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu High Quality Rice Research and Development Center, Nanjing Branch, China National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Chuanchao Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jiayu Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chenggang Ren
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu High Quality Rice Research and Development Center, Nanjing Branch, China National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jinfei Zhang
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu High Quality Rice Research and Development Center, Nanjing Branch, China National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing, 210014, China
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