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Ahmetov II, John G, Semenova EA, Hall ECR. Genomic predictors of physical activity and athletic performance. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2024; 111:311-408. [PMID: 38908902 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Physical activity and athletic performance are complex phenotypes influenced by environmental and genetic factors. Recent advances in lifestyle and behavioral genomics led to the discovery of dozens of DNA polymorphisms (variants) associated with physical activity and allowed to use them as genetic instruments in Mendelian randomization studies for identifying the causal links between physical activity and health outcomes. On the other hand, exercise and sports genomics studies are focused on the search for genetic variants associated with athlete status, sports injuries and individual responses to training and supplement use. In this review, the findings of studies investigating genetic markers and their associations with physical activity and athlete status are reported. As of the end of September 2023, a total of 149 variants have been associated with various physical activity traits (of which 42 variants are genome-wide significant) and 253 variants have been linked to athlete status (115 endurance-related, 96 power-related, and 42 strength-related).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildus I Ahmetov
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Sports Genetics Laboratory, St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, St. Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Genetics of Aging and Longevity, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia; Department of Physical Education, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
| | - George John
- Transform Specialist Medical Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ekaterina A Semenova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia; Research Institute of Physical Culture and Sport, Volga Region State University of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, Kazan, Russia
| | - Elliott C R Hall
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
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Bulgay C, Cepicka L, Dalip M, Yıldırım S, Ceylan Hİ, Yılmaz ÖÖ, Ulucan K, Badicu G, Cerit M. The relationships between ACTN3 rs1815739 and PPARA-α rs4253778 gene polymorphisms and athletic performance characteristics in professional soccer players. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:121. [PMID: 37749582 PMCID: PMC10518950 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00733-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current research on athletic performance focuses on genetic variants that contribute significantly to individuals' performance. ACTN3 rs1815739 and PPARA-α rs4253778 gene polymorphisms are variants frequently associated with athletic performance among different populations. However, there is limited research examining the pre-and post-test results of some variants of athletic performance in soccer players. Therefore, the presented research is to examine the relationships between the ACTN3 rs1815739 and PPARA-α rs4253778 gene polymorphisms and athletic performance improvement rates in adaptations to six weeks of training in elite soccer players using some athletic performance tests. METHODOLOGY Twenty-two soccer players between the ages of 18 and 35 voluntarily participated in the study. All participants were actively engaged in a rigorous six-day-a-week training program during the pre-season preparation period. Preceding and following the training program, a battery of diverse athletic performance tests was administered to the participants. Moreover, Genomic DNA was extracted from oral epithelial cells using the Invitrogen DNA isolation kit (Invitrogen, USA), following the manufacturer's protocol. Genotyping was conducted using real-time PCR. To assess the pre- and post-test performance differences of soccer players, the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was employed. RESULTS Upon analyzing the results of the soccer players based on the ACTN3 genotype variable, it was observed that there were no statistically significant differences in the SJ (Squat Jump), 30m sprint, CMJ (Counter Movement Jump), and DJ (Drop Jump) performance tests (p > 0.05). However, a statistically significant difference was identified in the YOYO IRT 2 (Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 2) and 1RM (One Repetition Maximum) test outcomes (YOYO IRT 2: CC, CT, and TT, p = 0.028, 0.028, 0.008, 0.000, respectively; 1RM: CC, CT, and TT, p = 0.010, 0.34, 0.001, respectively). Regarding the PPARA-α genotype variable, the statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in the SJ, 30m sprint, CMJ, and DJ performance tests (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, a statistically significant difference was observed in the YOYO IRT 2 and 1RM test results (YOYO IRT 2: CC, CG p = 0.001, 0.020; 1RM: CC, p = 0.000) CONCLUSIONS: The current study demonstrated significant enhancements in only YOYO INT 2 and 1RM test outcomes across nearly all gene variants following the six-day-a-week training program. Other performance tests, such as the 30m sprint, SJ, CMJ, and DJ tests did not exhibit statistically significant differences. These findings contribute novel insights into the molecular processes involving PPARA-α rs4253778 and ACTN3 rs1815739 that underpin enhancements in endurance (YOYO INT 2) and maximal strength (1RM) aspects of athletic performance. However, to comprehensively elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the association between these polymorphisms and athletic performance, further investigations are warranted. It is thought that the use of field and genetic analyses together to support each other will be an important detail for athletes to reach high performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celal Bulgay
- Sports Science Faculty, Bingol University, Bingöl, 12000 Türkiye
| | - Ladislav Cepicka
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, 30100 Czech Republic
| | - Metin Dalip
- Faculty of Physical Culture and Health, University in Tetovo, Tetova, 1200 Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Selin Yıldırım
- Sports Science Faculty, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, 06510 Türkiye
| | - Halil İ. Ceylan
- Kazim Karabekir Faculty of Education, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240 Türkiye
| | - Özlem Ö. Yılmaz
- Institute of Health Sciences Marmara University, İstanbul, 34722 Türkiye
| | - Korkut Ulucan
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Marmara University, İstanbul, 34722 Türkiye
| | - Georgian Badicu
- Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, Brasov, 500068 Romania
| | - Mesut Cerit
- Sports Science Faculty, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, 06510 Türkiye
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Semenova EA, Hall ECR, Ahmetov II. Genes and Athletic Performance: The 2023 Update. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1235. [PMID: 37372415 PMCID: PMC10298527 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypes of athletic performance and exercise capacity are complex traits influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. This update on the panel of genetic markers (DNA polymorphisms) associated with athlete status summarises recent advances in sports genomics research, including findings from candidate gene and genome-wide association (GWAS) studies, meta-analyses, and findings involving larger-scale initiatives such as the UK Biobank. As of the end of May 2023, a total of 251 DNA polymorphisms have been associated with athlete status, of which 128 genetic markers were positively associated with athlete status in at least two studies (41 endurance-related, 45 power-related, and 42 strength-related). The most promising genetic markers include the AMPD1 rs17602729 C, CDKN1A rs236448 A, HFE rs1799945 G, MYBPC3 rs1052373 G, NFIA-AS2 rs1572312 C, PPARA rs4253778 G, and PPARGC1A rs8192678 G alleles for endurance; ACTN3 rs1815739 C, AMPD1 rs17602729 C, CDKN1A rs236448 C, CPNE5 rs3213537 G, GALNTL6 rs558129 T, IGF2 rs680 G, IGSF3 rs699785 A, NOS3 rs2070744 T, and TRHR rs7832552 T alleles for power; and ACTN3 rs1815739 C, AR ≥21 CAG repeats, LRPPRC rs10186876 A, MMS22L rs9320823 T, PHACTR1 rs6905419 C, and PPARG rs1801282 G alleles for strength. It should be appreciated, however, that elite performance still cannot be predicted well using only genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A. Semenova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute of Physical Culture and Sport, Volga Region State University of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, 420138 Kazan, Russia
| | - Elliott C. R. Hall
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4UA, UK
| | - Ildus I. Ahmetov
- Laboratory of Genetics of Aging and Longevity, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
- Sports Genetics Laboratory, St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, 191040 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Physical Education, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 115093 Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5AF, UK
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Demirci B, Bulgay C, Ceylan Hİ, Öztürk ME, Öztürk D, Kazan HH, Ergun MA, Cerit M, Semenova EA, Larin AK, Generozov EV, Ahmetov II, Cepicka L. Association of ACTN3 R577X Polymorphism with Elite Basketball Player Status and Training Responses. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1190. [PMID: 37372374 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The α-actinin-3 (ACTN3) gene rs1815739 (C/T, R577X) polymorphism is a variant frequently associated with athletic performance among different populations. However, there is limited research on the impact of this variant on athlete status and physical performance in basketball players. Therefore, the aim of this study was twofold: (1) to determine the association of ACTN3 rs1815739 polymorphism with changes in physical performance in response to six weeks of training in elite basketball players using 30 m sprint and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 2 (IR 2) tests, and (2) to compare ACTN3 genotype and allelic frequencies between elite basketball players and controls. The study included a total of 363 individuals, comprising 101 elite basketball players and 262 sedentary individuals. Genomic DNA was isolated from oral epithelial cells or leukocytes, and genotyping was performed by real-time PCR using KASP genotyping method or by microarray analysis. We found that the frequency of the ACTN3 rs1815739 XX genotype was significantly lower in basketball players compared to controls (10.9 vs. 21.4%, p = 0.023), suggesting that RR/RX genotypes were more favorable for playing basketball. Statistically significant (p = 0.045) changes were observed in Yo-Yo IRT 2 performance measurement tests in basketball players with the RR genotype only. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the carriage of the ACTN3 rs1815739 R allele may confer an advantage in basketball.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berkay Demirci
- Sports Science Faculty, Lokman Hekim University, 06510 Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Celal Bulgay
- Sports Science Faculty, Bingol University, 12000 Bingol, Türkiye
| | - Halil İbrahim Ceylan
- Physical Education and Sports Teaching Department, Kazim Karabekir Faculty of Education, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Mehmet Ertuğrul Öztürk
- Physical Education and Sports Teaching Department, Kazim Karabekir Faculty of Education, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Deniz Öztürk
- Vocational School of Health Services, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Hasan Huseyin Kazan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Near East University, Nicosia 99138, Cyprus
- DESAM Institute, Near East University, Nicosia 99138, Cyprus
| | - Mehmet Ali Ergun
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, 06560 Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Mesut Cerit
- Sports Science Faculty, Lokman Hekim University, 06510 Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Ekaterina A Semenova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute of Physical Culture and Sport, Volga Region State University of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, 420138 Kazan, Russia
| | - Andrey K Larin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Edward V Generozov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ildus I Ahmetov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Genetics of Aging and Longevity, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
- Department of Physical Education, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 115093 Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5AF, UK
| | - Ladislav Cepicka
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, University of West Bohemia, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic
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Hall ECR, Lockey SJ, Heffernan SM, Herbert AJ, Stebbings GK, Day SH, Collins M, Pitsiladis YP, Erskine RM, Williams AG. The PPARGC1A Gly482Ser polymorphism is associated with elite long-distance running performance. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:56-62. [PMID: 37012221 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2195737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Success in long-distance running relies on multiple factors including oxygen utilisation and lactate metabolism, and genetic associations with athlete status suggest elite competitors are heritably predisposed to superior performance. The Gly allele of the PPARGC1A Gly482Ser rs8192678 polymorphism has been associated with endurance athlete status and favourable aerobic training adaptations. However, the association of this polymorphism with performance amongst long-distance runners remains unclear. Accordingly, this study investigated whether rs8192678 was associated with elite status and competitive performance of long-distance runners. Genomic DNA from 656 Caucasian participants including 288 long-distance runners (201 men, 87 women) and 368 non-athletes (285 men, 83 women) was analysed. Medians of the 10 best UK times (Top10) for 10 km, half-marathon and marathon races were calculated, with all included athletes having personal best (PB) performances within 20% of Top10 (this study's definition of "elite"). Genotype and allele frequencies were compared between athletes and non-athletes, and athlete PB compared between genotypes. There were no differences in genotype frequency between athletes and non-athletes, but athlete Ser allele carriers were 2.5% faster than Gly/Gly homozygotes (p = 0.030). This study demonstrates that performance differences between elite long-distance runners are associated with rs8192678 genotype, with the Ser allele appearing to enhance performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott C R Hall
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sarah J Lockey
- Faculty of Health, Education, Medicine and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, UK
| | - Shane M Heffernan
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Adam J Herbert
- School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Georgina K Stebbings
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Stephen H Day
- School of Medicine and Clinical Practice, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Malcolm Collins
- Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS), Department of Human Biology, and the International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS) Collaborative Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Yannis P Pitsiladis
- Centre for Stress and Age-related Disease, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
- Centre for Exercise Sciences and Sports Medicine, FIMS Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Robert M Erskine
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alun G Williams
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
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Flack KD, Vítek L, Fry CS, Stec DE, Hinds TD. Cutting edge concepts: Does bilirubin enhance exercise performance? Front Sports Act Living 2023; 4:1040687. [PMID: 36713945 PMCID: PMC9874874 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.1040687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise performance is dependent on many factors, such as muscular strength and endurance, cardiovascular capacity, liver health, and metabolic flexibility. Recent studies show that plasma levels of bilirubin, which has classically been viewed as a liver dysfunction biomarker, are elevated by exercise training and that elite athletes may have significantly higher levels. Other studies have shown higher plasma bilirubin levels in athletes and active individuals compared to general, sedentary populations. The reason for these adaptions is unclear, but it could be related to bilirubin's antioxidant properties in response to a large number of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that originates from mitochondria during exercise. However, the mechanisms of these are unknown. Current research has re-defined bilirubin as a metabolic hormone that interacts with nuclear receptors to drive gene transcription, which reduces body weight. Bilirubin has been shown to reduce adiposity and improve the cardiovascular system, which might be related to the adaption of bilirubin increasing during exercise. No studies have directly tested if elevating bilirubin levels can influence athletic performance. However, based on the mechanisms proposed in the present review, this seems plausible and an area to consider for future studies. Here, we discuss the importance of bilirubin and exercise and how the combination might improve metabolic health outcomes and possibly athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D. Flack
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States,Correspondence: Kyle D. Flack Terry D. Hinds
| | - Libor Vítek
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Christopher S. Fry
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States,Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - David E. Stec
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Cardiorenal, and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Terry D. Hinds
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States,Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States,Correspondence: Kyle D. Flack Terry D. Hinds
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The Effect of Selected Polymorphisms of the ACTN3, ACE, HIF1A and PPARA Genes on the Immediate Supercompensation Training Effect of Elite Slovak Endurance Runners and Football Players. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091525. [PMID: 36140693 PMCID: PMC9498790 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the effect of selected polymorphisms of the ACTN3, ACE, HIF1A and PPARA genes on the immediate supercompensation training effect of elite Slovak endurance runners and football players compared with a sedentary control group. Adaptation effect levels were evaluated by 10 s continuous vertical jump test parameters measured by Optojump. Genetic polymorphisms were determined by PCR and Sanger sequencing. We found significant differences in the effect of PPARA genotypes in the experimental group. C allele genotypes represented an advantage in immediate supercompensation (p < 0.05). We observed a significant combined effect of multiple genes on immediate supercompensation (p < 0.05): the RR genotype of the ACTN3 gene, the ID genotype of the ACE gene, the Pro/Pro genotype of HIF1A, and the GC and GG genotypes of PPARA genes. In the control group, we found a significant effect (p < 0.05) on immediate supercompensation of the II genotype of the ACE gene and the Pro/Ser genotype of the HIF1A gene. We found significant differences in genotype frequency of ACE (p < 0.01) and PPARA (p < 0.001) genes. We confirmed that individual genetic polymorphisms of ACTN3, ACE, HIF1A and PPARA genes have a different effect on the level of immediate supercompensation of the lower limbs depending on the training adaptation of the probands and the combination of genotypes.
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Abstract
Sports genomics is the scientific discipline that focuses on the organization and function of the genome in elite athletes, and aims to develop molecular methods for talent identification, personalized exercise training, nutritional need and prevention of exercise-related diseases. It postulates that both genetic and environmental factors play a key role in athletic performance and related phenotypes. This update on the panel of genetic markers (DNA polymorphisms) associated with athlete status and soft-tissue injuries covers advances in research reported in recent years, including one whole genome sequencing (WGS) and four genome-wide association (GWAS) studies, as well as findings from collaborative projects and meta-analyses. At end of 2020, the total number of DNA polymorphisms associated with athlete status was 220, of which 97 markers have been found significant in at least two studies (35 endurance-related, 24 power-related, and 38 strength-related). Furthermore, 29 genetic markers have been linked to soft-tissue injuries in at least two studies. The most promising genetic markers include HFE rs1799945, MYBPC3 rs1052373, NFIA-AS2 rs1572312, PPARA rs4253778, and PPARGC1A rs8192678 for endurance; ACTN3 rs1815739, AMPD1 rs17602729, CPNE5 rs3213537, CKM rs8111989, and NOS3 rs2070744 for power; LRPPRC rs10186876, MMS22L rs9320823, PHACTR1 rs6905419, and PPARG rs1801282 for strength; and COL1A1 rs1800012, COL5A1 rs12722, COL12A1 rs970547, MMP1 rs1799750, MMP3 rs679620, and TIMP2 rs4789932 for soft-tissue injuries. It should be appreciated, however, that hundreds and even thousands of DNA polymorphisms are needed for the prediction of athletic performance and injury risk.
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Candidate Genes of Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Energy Metabolism in Athletes. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111682. [PMID: 34828287 PMCID: PMC8625318 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
All biological processes associated with high sports performance, including energy metabolism, are influenced by genetics. DNA sequence variations in such genes, single nucleotide variants (SNVs), could confer genetic advantages that can be exploited to achieve optimal athletic performance. Ignorance of these features can create genetic “barriers” that prevent professional athletes from pursuing a career in sports. Predictive Genomic DNA Profiling reveals single nucleotide variations (SNV) that may be associated with better suitability for endurance, strength and speed sports. (1) Background: To conduct a research on candidate genes associated with regulation of skeletal muscle energy metabolism among athletes. (2) Methods: We have searched for articles in SCOPUS, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Clinical keys, PubMed, e-LIBRARY databases for the period of 2010–2020 using keywords and keywords combinations; (4) Conclusions: Identification of genetic markers associated with the regulation of energy metabolism in skeletal muscles can help sports physicians and coaches develop personalized strategies for selecting children, teenagers and young adults for endurance, strength and speed sports (such as jogging, middle or long distance runs). However, the multifactorial aspect of sport performances, including impact of genetics, epigenetics, environment (training and etc.), is important for personalized strategies for selecting of athletes. This approach could improve sports performance and reduce the risk of sports injuries to the musculoskeletal system.
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Ipekoglu G, Bulbul A, Cakir HI. A meta-analysis on the association of ACE and PPARA gene variants and endurance athletic status. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:795-802. [PMID: 34028240 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12417-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetics has an important role in determining the athletic ability and endurance performance potential. This study aimed to investigate the variable results obtained from endurance athletes and control participants in terms of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA) polymorphism distributions. METHODS Multiple electronic databases were investigated independently by two researchers. A meta-analysis was conducted on the association of ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism and PPARA G/C polymorphisms with endurance athletes. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated. Twenty-six studies were identified for the ACE I/D for 2979 endurance athletes and 10048 control participants while seven studies were identified for PPARA G/C for 901 endurance athletes and 2292 control participants. RESULTS There was a significant difference in ACE genotype distribution between endurance athletes and control (II vs. ID+DD: OR=1.48; 95% CI=0.30-2.67; p=0.001). On the other hand, there was no a significant difference in PPARA G/C polymorphism genotype distribution between endurance athletes and control (GC+CC vs. GG: OR=0.93; 95% CI=-0.46-2.32; p=0.192; GC+GG vs CC: OR=0.62; 95% CI=-1.75-2.99; p=0.604). CONCLUSIONS The results have shown that ACE I/D polymorphism may be associated with endurance performance in sports and that the predominance of the ACE II genotype in a person may play an advantageous role in being an endurance athlete. However, this effect has not been observed in PPARA G/C polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alpay Bulbul
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Sinop University, Sinop, Turkey
| | - Halil I Cakir
- High School of Physical Education and Sports, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey -
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Jacob Y, Anderton RS, Cochrane Wilkie JL, Rogalski B, Laws SM, Jones A, Spiteri T, Hart NH. Association of Genetic Variances in ADRB1 and PPARGC1a with Two-Kilometre Running Time-Trial Performance in Australian Football League Players: A Preliminary Study. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:22. [PMID: 33572708 PMCID: PMC7912285 DOI: 10.3390/sports9020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants in the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) (rs4343), alpha-actinin-3 (ACTN3) (rs1815739), adrenoceptor-beta-1 (ADRB1) (rs1801253), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PPARGC1A) (rs8192678) genes have previously been associated with elite athletic performance. This study assessed the influence of polymorphisms in these candidate genes towards endurance test performance in 46 players from a single Australian Football League (AFL) team. Each player provided saliva buccal swab samples for DNA analysis and genotyping and were required to perform two independent two-kilometre running time-trials, six weeks apart. Linear mixed models were created to account for repeated measures over time and to determine whether player genotypes are associated with overall performance in the two-kilometre time-trial. The results showed that the ADRB1 Arg389Gly CC (p = 0.034) and PPARGC1A Gly482Ser GG (p = 0.031) genotypes were significantly associated with a faster two-kilometre time-trial. This is the first study to link genetic polymorphism to an assessment of endurance performance in Australian Football and provides justification for further exploratory or confirmatory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ysabel Jacob
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth 6027, Australia; (Y.J.); (J.L.C.W.); (S.M.L.); (T.S.)
| | - Ryan S. Anderton
- Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Perth 6160, Australia
- School of Health Science, University of Notre Dame Australia, Perth 6160, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Jodie L. Cochrane Wilkie
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth 6027, Australia; (Y.J.); (J.L.C.W.); (S.M.L.); (T.S.)
- Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Perth 6027, Australia
| | - Brent Rogalski
- West Coast Eagles Football Club, Perth 6100, Australia; (B.R.); (A.J.)
| | - Simon M. Laws
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth 6027, Australia; (Y.J.); (J.L.C.W.); (S.M.L.); (T.S.)
- Collaborative Genomics Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth 6027, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia
| | - Anthony Jones
- West Coast Eagles Football Club, Perth 6100, Australia; (B.R.); (A.J.)
| | - Tania Spiteri
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth 6027, Australia; (Y.J.); (J.L.C.W.); (S.M.L.); (T.S.)
- Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Perth 6027, Australia
| | - Nicolas H. Hart
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth 6027, Australia; (Y.J.); (J.L.C.W.); (S.M.L.); (T.S.)
- Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Perth 6160, Australia
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth 6027, Australia
- Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4059, Australia
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12
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Varillas Delgado D, Tellería Orriols JJ, Monge Martín D, Del Coso J. Genotype scores in energy and iron-metabolising genes are higher in elite endurance athletes than in nonathlete controls. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:1225-1231. [PMID: 32379996 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Information about the association of energy and iron-metabolising genes with endurance performance is scarce. The objective of this investigation was to compare the frequencies of polymorphic variations of genes involved in energy generation and iron metabolism in elite endurance athletes versus nonathlete controls. Genotype frequencies in 123 male elite endurance athletes (75 professional road cyclists and 48 elite endurance runners) and 122 male nonathlete participants were compared by assessing 4 genetic polymorphisms: AMPD1 c.34C/T (rs17602729), PPARGC1A c.1444G/A (rs8192678) HFEH63D c.187C/G (rs1799945) and HFEC282Y c.845G/A (rs1800562). A weighted genotype score (w-TGS; from 0 to 100 arbitrary units (a.u.)) was calculated by assigning a corresponding weight to each polymorphism. In the nonathlete population, the mean w-TGS value was lower (39.962 ± 14.654 a.u.) than in the group of elite endurance athletes (53.344 ± 17.053 a.u). The binary logistic regression analysis showed that participants with a w-TGS > 38.975 a.u had an odds ratio of 1.481 (95% confidence interval: 1.244-1.762; p < 0.001) for achieving elite athlete status. The genotypic distribution of polymorphic variations involved in energy generation and iron metabolism was different in elite endurance athletes vs. controls. Thus, an optimal genetic profile in these genes might contribute to physical endurance in athlete status. Novelty Genetic profile in energy generation and iron-metabolising genes in elite endurance athletes is different than that of nonathletes. There is an implication of an "optimal" genetic profile in the selected genes favouring endurance sporting performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Varillas Delgado
- Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid 28223, Spain
| | | | - Diana Monge Martín
- Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Faculty of Medicine, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid 28223, Spain
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Rey Juan Carlos University, Centre for Sport Studies, Fuenlabrada, Madrid 28933, Spain
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13
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Petr M, Maciejewska-Skrendo A, Zajac A, Chycki J, Stastny P. Association of Elite Sports Status with Gene Variants of Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors and Their Transcriptional Coactivator. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E162. [PMID: 31881714 PMCID: PMC6981913 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the scientific literature regarding sports genomics has grown during the last decade, some genes, such as peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs), have not been fully described in terms of their role in achieving extraordinary sports performance. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review was to determine which elite sports performance constraints are positively influenced by PPARs and their coactivators. METHODS The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were used, with a combination of PPAR and sports keywords. RESULTS In total, 27 studies that referred to PPARs in elite athletes were included, where the Ala allele in PPARG rs1801282 was associated with strength and power elite athlete status in comparison to subelite athlete status. The C allele in PPARA rs4253778 was associated with soccer, and the G allele PPARA rs4253778 was associated with endurance elite athlete status. Other elite status endurance alleles were the Gly allele in PPARGC1A rs8192678 and the C allele PPARD rs2016520. CONCLUSIONS PPARs can be used for estimating the potential to achieve elite status in human physical performance in strength and power, team, and aerobic sports disciplines. Carrying specific PPAR alleles can provide a partial benefit to achieving elite sports status, but does not preclude achieving elite status if they are absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Petr
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | | | - Adam Zajac
- Department of Theory and Practice of Sport, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.Z.)
| | - Jakub Chycki
- Department of Theory and Practice of Sport, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.Z.)
| | - Petr Stastny
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic;
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14
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Meta-analyses of the association between the PPARGC1A Gly482Ser polymorphism and athletic performance. Biol Sport 2019; 36:301-309. [PMID: 31938000 PMCID: PMC6945052 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2019.88752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC1α) encoded by the PPARGC1A gene is a vital regulator of glucose and fatty acid oxidation, mitochondrial biogenesis, and skeletal muscle fibre conversion. Several studies have investigated the association between PPARGC1A Gly482Ser polymorphism and athletic performance in humans. However, the results were contradictory. In the present study, two meta-analyses were performed to assess the association between the Gly482Ser polymorphism and endurance or power athletic performance to resolve this inconsistency. Ten articles were identified, including a total of 3,708 athletes and 6,228 controls. Higher frequencies of the Gly/Gly genotype (OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.11-1.42) and the Gly allele (OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.09-1.52) were observed in Caucasian endurance athletes. Furthermore, higher incidences of the Gly/Gly genotype (OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.16-1.46) and the Gly allele (OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.12-1.33) were observed in power athletes compared to controls. This finding demonstrates that the Gly/Gly genotype and the Gly allele of the PPARGC1A Gly482Ser polymorphism may facilitate athletic performance regardless of the type of sport, as well as providing solid evidence to support the possible influence of genetic factors on human athletic performance.
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15
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Association between the PPARa and PPARGCA gene variations and physical performance in non-trained male adolescents. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:2545-2553. [PMID: 30324415 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4422-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the research was to examine if some genetic variations are associated with some endurance, power and speed performances (multi-stage 20-m shuttle run, standing broad jump, 20 m sprint test and Abalakov jump) in a group of 586 non-trained male adolescents (mean ± SD age: 13.20 ± 0.25 years). Polymorphisms in PPARa and PPARGC1A implicated in physical performance traits were analyzed. DNA was extracted and the samples were genotyped for PPARa and PPARGC1A polymorphisms by a PCR based method followed by gel electrophoresis. The discrepancies in the study phenotypes among variations of the PPARa and PPARGC1A polymorphisms were analyzed by one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), after age, weight and height adjustment. To examine whether the genotype and allele frequencies between adolescents with high and low performances were different, we divided them into two groups: ≥ 90th and < 90th of the percentile. The genotype and allele frequencies between adolescents with high and low performances were compared with the Chi square test. Our analysis demonstrated the effects of the PPARa and PPARGC1A polymorphisms only on [Formula: see text] (p = 0.010 and p = 0.010 respectively). Also, we observed significant differences in PPARa and PPARGC1A genotypes (p = 0.034 and p = 0.024) or allele frequencies (p = 0.031 and p = 0.001) between groups for the multi-stage 20-m shuttle run test. Findings of this research suggest that both the PPARa and PPARGC1A polymorphisms are associated with estimating endurance-related phenotype and endurance capacity in male non-athletes adolescents.
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16
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Wilkin T, Baoutina A, Hamilton N. Equine performance genes and the future of doping in horseracing. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1456-1471. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Wilkin
- Vet Faculty; University of Sydney; Gunn Building, Sydney University, Camperdown NSW Australia
- Bioanalysis; The National Measurement Institute; 36 Bradfield Rd, Lindfield Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Anna Baoutina
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science; The University of Sydney; Bradfield Rd West Lindfield New South Wales Australia
| | - Natasha Hamilton
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
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17
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Lopez-Leon S, Tuvblad C, Forero DA. Sports genetics: the PPARA gene and athletes' high ability in endurance sports. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Sport 2015; 33:3-6. [PMID: 26985127 PMCID: PMC4786580 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1180170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A meta-analysis was performed with the aim of re-evaluating the role of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARA) gene intron 7 G/C polymorphism (rs4253778) in athletes’ high ability in endurance sports. Design: A meta-analysis of case control studies assessing the association between the G/C polymorphisms of the PPARA gene and endurance sports was conducted. The Cochrane Review Manager software was used to compare the genotype and allele frequencies between endurance athletes and controls to determine whether a genetic variant is more common in athletes than in the general population. Five studies, encompassing 760 endurance athletes and 1792 controls, fulfilled our inclusion criteria. The pooled odds ratio (and confidence intervals, CIs) for the G allele compared to the C allele was 1.65 (95% CI 1.39-1.96). The pooled OR for the GG genotype compared to the GC genotype was 1.79 (95% CI 1.44-2.22), and for the GG genotype compared to the CC genotype 2.37 (95% CI 1.40-3.99). There was no evidence of heterogeneity (I2 =0%) or of publication bias. Athletes with high ability in endurance sports had a higher frequency of the GG genotype and G allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lopez-Leon
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover NJ, USA
| | - C Tuvblad
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, USA; School of Law, Psychology and Social Work, Örebro University, Sweden
| | - D A Forero
- Laboratory of NeuroPsychiatric Genetics, Biomedical Sciences Research Group, School of Medicine, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
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18
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Abstract
Understanding the genetic architecture of athletic performance is an important step in the development of methods for talent identification in sport. Research concerned with molecular predictors has highlighted a number of potentially important DNA polymorphisms contributing to predisposition to success in certain types of sport. This review summarizes the evidence and mechanistic insights on the associations between DNA polymorphisms and athletic performance. A literature search (period: 1997-2014) revealed that at least 120 genetic markers are linked to elite athlete status (77 endurance-related genetic markers and 43 power/strength-related genetic markers). Notably, 11 (9%) of these genetic markers (endurance markers: ACE I, ACTN3 577X, PPARA rs4253778 G, PPARGC1A Gly482; power/strength markers: ACE D, ACTN3 Arg577, AMPD1 Gln12, HIF1A 582Ser, MTHFR rs1801131 C, NOS3 rs2070744 T, PPARG 12Ala) have shown positive associations with athlete status in three or more studies, and six markers (CREM rs1531550 A, DMD rs939787 T, GALNT13 rs10196189 G, NFIA-AS1 rs1572312 C, RBFOX1 rs7191721 G, TSHR rs7144481 C) were identified after performing genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of African-American, Jamaican, Japanese, and Russian athletes. On the other hand, the significance of 29 (24%) markers was not replicated in at least one study. Future research including multicenter GWAS, whole-genome sequencing, epigenetic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic profiling and performing meta-analyses in large cohorts of athletes is needed before these findings can be extended to practice in sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildus I Ahmetov
- Sport Technology Research Center, Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, Kazan, Russia; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia.
| | - Olga N Fedotovskaya
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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