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Rodrigues JFV, dos Santos JML, Frota GA, Vieira LDS, Teixeira M, Monteiro MS, Monteiro JP. Expression of transporter genes in anthelmintic resistant isolates of Haemonchus contortus. Genet Mol Biol 2024; 47:e20230350. [PMID: 39158377 PMCID: PMC11331566 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2023-0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, including P-glycoproteins (PGP), have been implicated in drug resistance in different organisms including Haemonchus contortus. This study confirmed the resistance status of H. contortus isolates selected for ivermectin (IVM) and oxfendazole (OXF) resistances using the fecal egg count reduction test and evaluated the gene expression of seven ABC transporters using RT-qPCR for two biological scenarios: the effect of selection for anthelmintic resistance and the effect of drug exposure on gene expression. Gene expression results showed that selection for IVM resistance led to the significant upregulation of Hco-pgp-9a (1.5-fold), Hco-pgp-11 (3-fold) and Hco-haf-9 (1.5-fold) (p < 0.05). Similarly, selection for OXF resistance led to the significant upregulation of Hco-pgp-9a (3-fold), Hco-pgp-11 (4-fold) and Hco-haf-9 (2-fold) when comparing with the unselected ISE isolate (p < 0.05). Exposure of selected isolates to anthelmintics lead to no significant upregulation of the studied transporter genes. We also observed instances where there was strong intragroup variation regarding samples originating from parasites obtained from different individual hosts pointing that the interactions of the animal host with the tested anthelmintics may also play a role in the expression of the studied nematode genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gracielle Araújo Frota
- Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú (UVA), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Sobral, CE, Brazil
| | - Luiz da Silva Vieira
- Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú (UVA), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Sobral, CE, Brazil
- Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos, Sobral, CE, Brazil
| | - Marcel Teixeira
- Centro universitário INTA (UNINTA), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Sobral, CE, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú (UVA), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Sobral, CE, Brazil
- Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos, Sobral, CE, Brazil
| | - Magaly Sales Monteiro
- Centro universitário INTA (UNINTA), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Sobral, CE, Brazil
| | - Jomar Patrício Monteiro
- Centro universitário INTA (UNINTA), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Sobral, CE, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú (UVA), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Sobral, CE, Brazil
- Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos, Sobral, CE, Brazil
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Souza JLN, Lopes CDA, Leal-Silva T, Vieira-Santos F, Amorim CCO, Padrão LDLS, Antunes Porto AR, Fujiwara RT, Russo RC, Bueno LL. Evaluation of reference genes for gene expression analysis by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) in different tissues from mice infected by Ascaris suum. Microb Pathog 2024; 189:106567. [PMID: 38364877 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Human ascariasis is the most prevalent helminth infection, affecting 445 million people worldwide. To better understand the impact of the immune system on the pathophysiology of individuals infected with Ascaris suum, mice have been used as experimental models. The RT-qPCR technique is a critical auxiliary tool of investigation used to quantify mRNA levels. However, proper normalization using reference genes is essential to ensure reliable outcomes to avoid analytical errors and false results. Despite the importance of reference genes for experimental A. suum infection studies, no specific reference genes have been identified yet. Therefore, we conducted a study to assess five potential reference genes (GAPDH, 18s, ACTB, B2M, and HPRT1) in different tissues (liver, lungs, small and large intestines) affected by A. suum larval migration in C57BL/6j mice. Tissue collection was carried out to analyze parasite burden and confirm the presence of larvae during the peak of migration in each tissue. Upon confirmation, we analyzed different genes in the tissues and found no common gene with stable expression. Our results highlight the importance of analyzing different genes and using different software programs to ensure reliable relative expression results. Based on our findings, B2M was ranked as the ideal reference gene for the liver, while 18S was the most stable gene in the lung and small intestine. ACTB, or a combination of ACTB with GAPDH, was deemed suitable as reference genes for the large intestine due to their stable expression and less variation between the control and infected groups. To further demonstrate the impact of using different reference genes, we normalized the expression of a chemokine gene (CXCL9) in all tissues. Significant differences in CXCL9 expression levels were observed between different groups in all tissues except for the large intestine. This underscores the importance of selecting appropriate reference genes to avoid overestimating target gene expression levels and encountering normalization-related issues that can lead to false results. In conclusion, our study highlights the significance of using reliable reference genes for accurate RT-qPCR analysis, especially in the context of A. suum infection studies in different tissues. Proper normalization is crucial to ensure the validity of gene expression data and avoid potential pitfalls in interpreting results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Lucas Nascimento Souza
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Control of Parasites, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Mechanics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Camila de Almeida Lopes
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Control of Parasites, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Thais Leal-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Control of Parasites, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Flaviane Vieira-Santos
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Control of Parasites, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Chiara Cássia Oliveira Amorim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Control of Parasites, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luiza de Lima Silva Padrão
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Control of Parasites, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Rafaela Antunes Porto
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Control of Parasites, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Control of Parasites, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Remo Castro Russo
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Mechanics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lilian Lacerda Bueno
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Control of Parasites, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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Lucas Nascimento Souza J, Cavalcante Silva F, da Silva CG, Maria Fortaleza Neves Bomfim I, Rocha de Medeiros H, Giotto Zaros L. Analysis of the stability of the reference genes GAPDH, SDHA and RPL-19 in sheep from a semi-arid region infected by gastrointestinal nematodes. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:147. [PMID: 37679739 PMCID: PMC10483723 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03709-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Analyzing the stability of reference genes already described as universal is an important methodology to lead gene expression analysis because different studies have shown that the expression of universal reference genes may vary between experimental treatments. In this sense, the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), Succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit A (SDHA) and Ribosomal Protein L-19 (RPL-19) reference genes (already described in other studies with sheep from different regions, breeds and infectious agents or in organisms evolutionarily close to sheep) were investigated in the abomasum, small and large intestines of resistant and susceptible crossbred sheep groups to gastrointestinal nematode infections in the Semi-arid region in Northeast of Brazil. The animals were naturally infected to determine the resistance or susceptibility status by counting eggs per gram (EPG) of feces from the gastrointestinal tract after 33 weeks of observations of infection evolution. Relative gene expression was performed by RT-qPCR methodology using Sybr green and relative gene expression stability was tested by different software programs such as REST, BestKeeper, geNorm and Normfinder. Our results showed the susceptible animals had increase in egg counts per gram of feces than resistant animals (p < 0.001), and both groups showed a mixed infection by nematodes of the genus Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Oesophagostomum and Trichuris. Furthermore, we show the importance of analyzing different genes in different software programs and the importance to choose ideal reference genes. In this sense, GAPDH was the most stable gene in the abomasum, whereas SDHA was the most stable in the small and large intestines. In addition, we discuss about variables which can interfere in relative expression such as breed, species, climate and tissue. However, utilizing other reference genes already described in other studies with the same and different variables should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Lucas Nascimento Souza
- Graduate Program in Parasitary Biology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Cavalcante Silva
- Graduate Program in Animal Production, Jundiaí Agricultural School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Macaíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Carlikelly Gleicy da Silva
- Graduate Program in Parasitary Biology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | - Henrique Rocha de Medeiros
- Jundiaí Agricultural School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Macaíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Lilian Giotto Zaros
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biosciences Centre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
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Okino CH, Niciura SCM, Giaretta PR, Melito GR, Kapritchkoff RTI, Santos IBD, Rech RR, Minho AP, Esteves SN, Chagas ACDS. Enhanced mucosal response in sheep harbouring β A beta-globin against haemonchosis. Parasite Immunol 2023; 45:e13003. [PMID: 37400087 DOI: 10.1111/pim.13003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Association between ovine β-globin polymorphisms and resistance against haemonchosis was described and related to the mechanism of high oxygen affinity βA ➔ βC switch during anaemia, but there are no studies regarding the involved local host responses. Phenotypic parameters and local responses were evaluated in sheep from two β-globin haplotypes naturally infected with Haemonchus contortus. Morada Nova lambs were monitored at 63, 84 and 105 days of age for faecal egg counts and packed cell volume (PCV) under natural infection with H. contortus. At 210 days of age, lambs of Hb-AA and Hb-BB β-globin haplotypes were euthanised, and the fundic region of abomasum was sampled for evaluation of microscopic lesions and relative expression of genes related to immune, mucin and lectin activities. Lambs harbouring the βA allele presented an improved resistance/resilience against clinical haemonchosis, showing higher PCV during infection. Hb-AA animals presented increased eosinophilia in the abomasum compared to Hb-BB animals, accompanied by higher Th2 profile, mucin and lectin activity transcripts, while the inflammatory response was increased in Hb-BB animals. This is the first report to demonstrate an enhanced local response in the primary site of H. contortus infection related to βA allele of β-globin haplotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paula Roberta Giaretta
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Isabella Barbosa Dos Santos
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Rubia Rech
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Palmioli E, Dall'Aglio C, Fagotti A, Simoncelli F, Dobrzyn K, Di Rosa I, Maranesi M, De Felice E, Scocco P, Mercati F. Leptin system is not affected by different diets in the abomasum of the sheep reared in semi-natural pastures of the Central Apennines. Ann Anat 2023; 247:152069. [PMID: 36754242 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2023.152069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The growing summer drought stress is affecting the nutritional value of pastures, no longer sufficient to support the nutritional status of sheep in extensive rearing. Adipokines affect organ and tissue functionality can be useful to evaluate animal welfare and prompt an improvement in the management of the grazing animals. Leptin (Lep) is an adipokine mainly produced by adipose tissue that regulates food intake by an anorexigenic action. Lep has also been detected in the human and rat gastrointestinal tract, where it regulates the rate of gastric emptying. In this study, Lep system was evaluated in the abomasum of 15 adult sheep reared on Apennine pastures and subjected to different diets. Until the maximum pasture flowering (MxF group), the sheep fed on fresh forage; from that moment until the maximum pasture dryness (MxD group), the experimental group (Exp group) received a feed supplementation in addition to MxD group feeding. The Lep system was investigated in the abomasum samples by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and RT-qPCR. Double-label localisation of Lep and leptin receptor (LepR) with neuroendocrine hormones was conducted to distinguish the gland cell types. The analysis performed revealed the presence of Lep and LepR in the chief and neuroendocrine cells of the fundic glands of the abomasum. RT-qPCR evidenced the transcript for Lep and LepR also identifying the long isoform (LepRb). No significant differences were observed among the three groups of sheep subjected to different diets. The abundant immunostaining observed in the fundic glands suggests that the Lep intervenes in the regulation of abomasum in sheep with a similar pattern to monogastric species while long term food supplementation seems do not influence the local function of the Lep system. A better understanding of the gastrointestinal system can contribute to improving sheep management and optimising the sustainability of livestock production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Palmioli
- Department of FISSUF, PhD Course in "Ethics of Communication, Scientific Research and Technological Innovation" Medical-Health Curriculum, University of Perugia, Piazza G. Ermini, 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Cecilia Dall'Aglio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Anna Fagotti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Francesca Simoncelli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Kamil Dobrzyn
- Department of Zoology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Ines Di Rosa
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Margherita Maranesi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Elena De Felice
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Pontoni 5, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
| | - Paola Scocco
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Pontoni 5, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
| | - Francesca Mercati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
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Aguiar AARM, Filho JVDA, Pinheiro HN, Campelo MDS, Ribeiro WLC, Melo ACFL, da Rocha LO, Ribeiro MENP, Ricardo NMPS, Abreu FOMDS, de Oliveira LMB, André WPP, Bevilaqua CML. In vitro anthelmintic activity of an R-carvone nanoemulsions towards multiresistant Haemonchus contortus. Parasitology 2022; 149:1631-1641. [PMID: 36052509 PMCID: PMC11010499 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022001135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed to evaluate the in vitro anthelmintic effect of carvone nanoemulsions on Haemonchus contortus. Three R-carvone nanoemulsions were prepared: uncoated R-carvone nanoemulsions homogenized in a sonicator (UNAlg-son) and homogenized in an ultrahomogenizer (UNAlg-ultra) and sodium alginate-coated R-carvone (CNAlg-ultra). The physicochemical characterizations of the nanoemulsions were carried out. The anthelmintic activity was evaluated using egg hatch test (EHT), larval development test (LDT) and adult worm motility test (AWMT). Changes in cuticle induced in adult H. contortus were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results were subjected to analysis of variance and compared using the Tukey test (P < 0.05). The effective concentration to inhibit 50% (EC50) of egg hatching and larval development was calculated. The particle sizes were 281.1 nm (UNAlg-son), 152.7 nm (UNAlg-ultra) and 557.8 nm (CNAlg-ultra), and the zeta potentials were −15 mV (UNAlg-son), −10.8 mV (UNAlg-ultra) and −24.2 mV (CNAlg-ultra). The encapsulation efficiency was 99.84 ± 0.01%. SEM of the nanoemulsions showed an increase in size. In EHT, the EC50 values of UNAlg-son, UNAlg-ultra and CNAlg-ultra were 0.19, 0.02 and 0.17 mg mL−1, respectively. In LDT, they were 0.29, 0.31 and 0.95 mg mL−1 for UNAlg-son, UNAlg-ultra and CNAlg-ultra, respectively. The adult motility inhibition was 100% after 12 h of exposure to UNAlg-ultra and CNAlg-ultra, while for UNAlg-son, it was 79.16%. SEM showed changes in the buccal capsule and cuticular damage. It was concluded that R-carvone nanoemulsions showed antiparasitic action demonstrating promise for the control of infections caused by gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Vilemar de Araújo Filho
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Henety Nascimento Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Química Analítica e Ambiental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Naturais, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Matheus da Silva Campelo
- Laboratório de Polímeros e Inovação de Materiais, Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | | | - Letícia Oliveira da Rocha
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Naturais e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Maria Elenir Nobre Pinho Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Polímeros e Inovação de Materiais, Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Nágila Maria Pontes Silva Ricardo
- Laboratório de Polímeros e Inovação de Materiais, Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Lorena Mayana Beserra de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Weibson Paz Pinheiro André
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Claudia Maria Leal Bevilaqua
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Barbosa Toscano JH, Okino CH, Barbosa Dos Santos I, Giraldelo LA, Borsch von Haehling M, Novita Esteves S, Bassetto CC, Talamini do Amarante AF, de Souza Chagas AC. Local and systemic immune mediators of Morada Nova lambs with divergent Haemonchus contortus resistance phenotypes. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12790. [PMID: 32894881 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Local and systemic immune mediators of Morada Nova lambs with divergent Haemonchus contortus resistance phenotypes were evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS Lambs were ranked through faecal egg counts (FEC) after two parasitic challenges with 4,000 H.contortus L3 . After the second challenge, the lambs underwent a third artificial infection and were euthanized 7 days later. Immune-related genes were quantified locally in abomasal mucosa and lymph nodes (CD4, IFNγ, IL4, IL5, IL13, IL2RA and MS4A2) and systemically in the whole blood (IL4 and IL13). Anti-H. contortus IgG and IgA antibodies and eosinophils and mast cells counts were also investigated. Resistant animals presented higher systemic IgG and IgA titres, both negatively correlated with FEC. Susceptible animals had higher blood levels of IL4 transcripts. At the local level, resistant lambs had higher eosinophils counts and superior MS4A2 levels in abomasal fundic mucosa, besides higher IgA levels in abomasal mucus, while susceptible lamb had superior IL4 expression in abomasal lymph nodes. CONCLUSION These data indicate that resistant lambs had an immune response mediated by antibody-mediated cytotoxicity. Also, the systemic humoral profile, particularly IgA isotype, seems to be a good resistance marker for Morada Nova sheep, as we found differences between groups even when FEC did not differ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marei Borsch von Haehling
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
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Escribano C, Saravia A, Costa M, Castells D, Ciappesoni G, Riet-Correa F, Freire T. Resistance to Haemonchus contortus in Corriedale sheep is associated to high parasite-specific IgA titer and a systemic Th2 immune response. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19579. [PMID: 31862904 PMCID: PMC6925110 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55447-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematode infections, including Haemonchus contortus, are one of the main causes of economic losses to ovine farmers worldwide. In order to contribute to the control of nematode infections and avoid parasite spreading we generated divergent resistant and susceptible sheep breeds and evaluated the adaptive immunity of these animals developed upon experimental infection against H. contortus. The selection of resistant or susceptible animals from the Corriedale Breed has been based on Expected Progeny Differences for faecal egg counts per gram. Furthermore, animals from the resistant Corriedale line were inseminated with imported semen from Australian Rylington Merino rams. Thus, the objective of this work was to analyze the adaptive immune response in both susceptible and resistant obtained lambs. Our results indicate that there is a potent parasite-specific local and systemic immune response in resistant animals and that although susceptible lambs can produce high levels of IgA antibodies during the infection, their antibody response is delayed which, together with an impaired specific-Th2 response, does not contribute to initial parasite elimination. Our results shed light into the immune mechanisms that mediate resistance to H. contortus and could constitute important assets to sheep farmers, not only as a means to detect resistance, but also to enhance the efficiency of selection in stud flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Escribano
- Grupo de Inmunomodulación y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Plataforma de Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, La Estanzuela, Uruguay
| | - Anderson Saravia
- Plataforma de Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, La Estanzuela, Uruguay
| | - Monique Costa
- Grupo de Inmunomodulación y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Gabriel Ciappesoni
- Programa Carne y Lana. Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Las Brujas, Uruguay
| | - Franklin Riet-Correa
- Plataforma de Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, La Estanzuela, Uruguay
| | - Teresa Freire
- Grupo de Inmunomodulación y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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9
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Innate Immune Responses Associated with Resistance against Haemonchus contortus in Morada Nova Sheep. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:3562672. [PMID: 31815153 PMCID: PMC6877983 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3562672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response against Haemonchus contortus infections is primarily associated with the Th2 profile. However, the exact mechanisms associated with increased sheep resistance against this parasite remains poorly elucidated. The present study is aimed at evaluating mediators from the innate immune response in lambs of the Morada Nova Brazilian breed with contrasting H. contortus resistance phenotypes. Briefly, 287 lambs were characterized through fecal egg counts (FEC) and packed cell volume (PCV) after two independent experimental parasitic challenges with 4,000 H. contortus L3. 20 extreme resistance phenotypes (10 most resistant and 10 most susceptible) were selected, subjected to a third artificial infection with 4,000 L3, and euthanized 7 days later. Tissue samples were collected from abomasal fundic and pyloric mucosa and abomasal lymph nodes. Blood samples were collected at days 0 and 7 of the third parasitic challenge. RNA was extracted from tissue and blood samples for relative quantification of innate immune-related genes by RT-qPCR. For the abomasal fundic mucosa, increased TNFα and IL1β expression levels (P < 0.05) were found in the susceptible animals, while resistant animals had IL33 superiorly expressed (P < 0.05). Higher levels (P < 0.05) of TLR2 and CFI were found in the abomasal pyloric mucosa of resistant animals. TNFα was at higher levels (P < 0.05) in the blood of susceptible lambs, at day 0 of the third artificial infection. The exacerbated proinflammatory response observed in susceptible animals, at both local and systemic levels, may be a consequence of high H. contortus parasitism. This hypothesis is corroborated by the higher blood levels of TNFα before the onset of infection, which probably remained elevated from the previous parasitic challenges. On the other hand, resistant lambs had an enhanced response mediated by TLR recognition and complement activation. Nevertheless, this is the first study to directly associate sheep parasitic resistance with IL33, an innate trigger of the Th2-polarized response.
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