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Liu D, Ye Y, Tang R, Gong Y, Chen S, Zhang C, Mei P, Chen J, Chen L, Ma C. High-density genetic map construction and QTL mapping of a zigzag-shaped stem trait in tea plant (Camellia sinensis). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:382. [PMID: 38724900 PMCID: PMC11080114 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05082-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The highly unique zigzag-shaped stem phenotype in tea plants boasts significant ornamental value and is exceptionally rare. To investigate the genetic mechanism behind this trait, we developed BC1 artificial hybrid populations. Our genetic analysis revealed the zigzag-shaped trait as a qualitative trait. Utilizing whole-genome resequencing, we constructed a high-density genetic map from the BC1 population, incorporating 5,250 SNP markers across 15 linkage groups, covering 3,328.51 cM with an average marker interval distance of 0.68 cM. A quantitative trait locus (QTL) for the zigzag-shaped trait was identified on chromosome 4, within a 61.2 to 97.2 Mb range, accounting for a phenotypic variation explained (PVE) value of 13.62%. Within this QTL, six candidate genes were pinpointed. To better understand their roles, we analyzed gene expression in various tissues and individuals with erect and zigzag-shaped stems. The results implicated CsXTH (CSS0035625) and CsCIPK14 (CSS0044366) as potential key contributors to the zigzag-shaped stem formation. These discoveries lay a robust foundation for future functional genetic mapping and tea plant genetic enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingding Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Rongjin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Yang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Si Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Chenyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Piao Mei
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Jiedan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - Chunlei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
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Kaya C, Uğurlar F, Adamakis IDS. Molecular Mechanisms of CBL-CIPK Signaling Pathway in Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance and Hormone Crosstalk. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5043. [PMID: 38732261 PMCID: PMC11084290 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25095043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Abiotic stressors, including drought, salt, cold, and heat, profoundly impact plant growth and development, forcing elaborate cellular responses for adaptation and resilience. Among the crucial orchestrators of these responses is the CBL-CIPK pathway, comprising calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs) and CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs). While CIPKs act as serine/threonine protein kinases, transmitting calcium signals, CBLs function as calcium sensors, influencing the plant's response to abiotic stress. This review explores the intricate interactions between the CBL-CIPK pathway and plant hormones such as ABA, auxin, ethylene, and jasmonic acid (JA). It highlights their role in fine-tuning stress responses for optimal survival and acclimatization. Building on previous studies that demonstrated the enhanced stress tolerance achieved by upregulating CBL and CIPK genes, we explore the regulatory mechanisms involving post-translational modifications and protein-protein interactions. Despite significant contributions from prior research, gaps persist in understanding the nuanced interplay between the CBL-CIPK system and plant hormone signaling under diverse abiotic stress conditions. In contrast to broader perspectives, our review focuses on the interaction of the pathway with crucial plant hormones and its implications for genetic engineering interventions to enhance crop stress resilience. This specialized perspective aims to contribute novel insights to advance our understanding of the potential of the CBL-CIPK pathway to mitigate crops' abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cengiz Kaya
- Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Department, Agriculture Faculty, Harran University, Sanliurfa 63200, Turkey; (C.K.); (F.U.)
| | - Ferhat Uğurlar
- Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Department, Agriculture Faculty, Harran University, Sanliurfa 63200, Turkey; (C.K.); (F.U.)
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Qi C, Wang Q, Niu Y, Zhang Y, Liu M, Liu Z, Wang L. Characteristics of ZjCIPKs and ZjbHLH74-ZjCIPK5 regulated cold tolerance in jujube. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130429. [PMID: 38428762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
CIPKs are kind of serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) protein kinases which play important roles in response to biotic and abiotic stresses, and in plant growth and development. However, CIPKs in jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) had limited information, especially regarding their response to cold stress. In the current study, a total of 18 ZjCIPKs were identified in jujube genome which unevenly distributed on seven chromosomes. Conserved motif and gene structural analysis depicted them with conserved DEGLSA and APE motifs and similar structures. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that CIPKs were classified into five subgroups (I-V). In addition, three pairs of ZjCIPKs exhibited tandem duplication while the segmental duplication of ZjCIPKs was not identified. Study on the cis-acting elements indicted that stress or hormone related cis-acting elements were distributed unevenly on ZjCIPKs promoters and most ZjCIPKs were down- or up-regulated by the cold stress. VIGS induced silencing of ZjCIPK5 decreased the cold tolerance of sour jujube. Subcellular location analysis showed ZjCIPK5 located in nucleus. Moreover, transcription factor ZjbHLH74 which was induced at 6 h under cold stress could interact with the promoter of ZjCIPK5 to regulate jujube cold tolerance. These findings provided insights to a molecular basis of CIPK5 in jujube cold tolerance breeding for future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofeng Qi
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Qingfang Wang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Yahong Niu
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Mengjun Liu
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, Hebei, China.
| | - Lixin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, Hebei, China.
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Shi F, Zhang X, Wang Z, Wang X, Zou C. Unveiling molecular mechanisms of pepper resistance to Phytophthora capsici through grafting using iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4789. [PMID: 38413819 PMCID: PMC10899238 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55596-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora blight severely threatens global pepper production. Grafting bolsters plant disease resistance, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we used P. capsici-resistant strain 'ZCM334' and susceptible strain 'Early Calwonder' for grafting. Compared to self-rooted 'Early Calwonder' plants, 'ZCM334' grafts exhibited delayed disease onset, elevated resistance, and reduced leaf cell damage, showcasing the potential of grafting in enhancing pepper resistance to P. capsici. Proteomic analysis via the iTRAQ technology unveiled 478 and 349 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the leaves and roots, respectively, between the grafts and self-rooted plants. These DEPs were linked to metabolism and cellular processes, stimulus responses, and catalytic activity and were significantly enriched in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, carbon fixation in photosynthetic organizations, and pyruvate metabolism pathways. Twelve DEPs exhibiting consistent expression trends in both leaves and roots, including seven related to P. capsici resistance, were screened. qRT-PCR analysis confirmed a significant correlation between the protein and transcript levels of DEPs after P. capsici inoculation. This study highlights the molecular mechanisms whereby grafting enhances pepper resistance to Phytophthora blight. Identification of key genes provides a foundation for studying the regulatory network governing the resistance of pepper to P. capsici.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyan Shi
- Vegetable Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 84 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Vegetable Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 84 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Zhidan Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Xiuxue Wang
- Vegetable Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 84 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Chunlei Zou
- Vegetable Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 84 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110161, China.
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Gusain S, Joshi S, Joshi R. Sensing, signalling, and regulatory mechanism of cold-stress tolerance in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 197:107646. [PMID: 36958153 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cold stress is a crucial environmental factor influencing growth and distribution and possessing yield penalties. To survive in the cold, plants have evolved to use a range of molecular mechanisms. The major regulatory pathway under low-temperature stress involves the conversion of external stimulus into an internal signal that triggers a defence mechanism through a transcriptional cascade to counter stress. Cold-receptive mechanism and cell signalling involve cold-related signalling molecules, sensors, calcium signals, MAPK cascade, and ICE-COR-CBF pathway that modulate signal transduction in plants. Of these, the ICE-CBF-COR signalling is considered to be an important regulator for cold-stress acclimation. ICE stimulates acclimation to cold and plays a pivotal role in regulating CBF-mediated cold-tolerance mechanism. Thus, CBFs regulate COR gene expression by binding to its promoter. Similarly, the C-repeat binding factor-dependent signalling cascade also stimulates osmotic stress-regulatory gene expression. This review elucidates the regulatory mechanism underlying cold stress, i.e., signal molecules, cold receptors, signal-transduction pathways, metabolic regulation under cold stress, and crosstalk of regulatory pathways with other abiotic stresses in plants. The results may pave the way for crop improvement in low-temperature environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Gusain
- Division of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shubham Joshi
- Division of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Rohit Joshi
- Division of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Imtiaz K, Ahmed M, Annum N, Tester M, Saeed NA. AtCIPK16, a CBL-interacting protein kinase gene, confers salinity tolerance in transgenic wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1127311. [PMID: 37008481 PMCID: PMC10060804 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1127311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Globally, wheat is the major source of staple food, protein, and basic calories for most of the human population. Strategies must be adopted for sustainable wheat crop production to fill the ever-increasing food demand. Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses involved in plant growth retardation and grain yield reduction. In plants, calcineurin-B-like proteins form a complicated network with the target kinase CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs) in response to intracellular calcium signaling as a consequence of abiotic stresses. The AtCIPK16 gene has been identified in Arabidopsis thaliana and found to be significantly upregulated under salinity stress. In this study, the AtCIPK16 gene was cloned in two different plant expression vectors, i.e., pTOOL37 having a UBI1 promoter and pMDC32 having a 2XCaMV35S constitutive promoter transformed through the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocol, in the local wheat cultivar Faisalabad-2008. Based on their ability to tolerate different levels of salt stress (0, 50, 100, and 200 mM), the transgenic wheat lines OE1, OE2, and OE3 expressing AtCIPK16 under the UBI1 promoter and OE5, OE6, and OE7 expressing the same gene under the 2XCaMV35S promoter performed better at 100 mM of salinity stress as compared with the wild type. The AtCIPK16 overexpressing transgenic wheat lines were further investigated for their K+ retention ability in root tissues by utilizing the microelectrode ion flux estimation technique. It has been demonstrated that after 10 min of 100 mM NaCl application, more K+ ions were retained in the AtCIPK16 overexpressing transgenic wheat lines than in the wild type. Moreover, it could be concluded that AtCIPK16 functions as a positive elicitor in sequestering Na+ ions into the cell vacuole and retaining more cellular K+ under salt stress to maintain ionic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Imtiaz
- Wheat Biotechnology Lab, Agriculture Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Moddassir Ahmed
- Wheat Biotechnology Lab, Agriculture Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazish Annum
- Wheat Biotechnology Lab, Agriculture Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mark Tester
- Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasir A. Saeed
- Wheat Biotechnology Lab, Agriculture Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Yang C, Yi-feng J, Yushu W, Yansong G, Qi W, Xue Y. Diverse roles of the CIPK gene family in transcription regulation and various biotic and abiotic stresses: A literature review and bibliometric study. Front Genet 2022; 13:1041078. [PMID: 36457742 PMCID: PMC9705351 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1041078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2023] Open
Abstract
CIPKs are a subclass of serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) protein kinases. CBLs are ubiquitous Ca2+ sensors that interact with CIPK with the aid of secondary Ca2+ messengers for regulation of growth and development and response to stresses faced by plants. The divergent roles of the CIPK-CBL interaction in plants include responding to environmental stresses (salt, cold, drought, pH, ABA signaling, and ion toxicity), ion homeostasis (K+, NH4 +, NO3 -, and microelement homeostasis), biotic stress, and plant development. Each member of this gene family produces distinct proteins that help plants adapt to diverse stresses or stimuli by interacting with calcium ion signals. CIPK consists of two structural domains-an N-terminal domain and a C-terminal domain-connected by a junction domain. The N-terminal domain, the site of phosphorylation, is also called the activation domain and kinase domain. The C-terminal, also known as the regulatory domain of CIPK, further comprises NAF/FISL and PPI. CBL comprises four EF domains and conserved PFPF motifs and is the site of binding with the NAF/FISL domain of CIPK to form a CBL-CIPK complex. In addition, we also performed a bibliometric analysis of the CIPK gene family of data extracted from the WoSCC. A total of 95 documents were retrieved, which had been published by 47 sources. The production over time was zigzagged. The top key terms were gene, CIPK, abiotic stress, and gene expression. Beijing Forestry University was the top affiliation, while The Plant Cell was the top source. The genomics and metabolomics of this gene family require more study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- College of Life Science, Agriculture and Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory Resistance Gene Engineering, Qiqihar, China
| | - Jin Yi-feng
- College of Life Science, Agriculture and Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory Resistance Gene Engineering, Qiqihar, China
| | - Wang Yushu
- College of Life Science, Agriculture and Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory Resistance Gene Engineering, Qiqihar, China
| | - Gao Yansong
- College of Life Science, Agriculture and Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Wang Qi
- College of Life Science, Agriculture and Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China
| | - You Xue
- College of Life Science, Agriculture and Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China
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Qiu K, Pan H, Sheng Y, Wang Y, Shi P, Xie Q, Zhang J, Zhou H. The Peach ( Prunus persica) CBL and CIPK Family Genes: Protein Interaction Profiling and Expression Analysis in Response to Various Abiotic Stresses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3001. [PMID: 36365452 PMCID: PMC9653928 DOI: 10.3390/plants11213001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The plant calcineurin B-like protein-CBL interacting protein kinase (CBL-CIPK) signaling pathway is a Ca2+-related signaling pathway that responds strongly to both biological and abiotic environmental stimuli. This study identified eight CBL and eighteen CIPK genes from peach for the first time. Their basic properties and gene structure were analyzed, and the CBL and CIPK members from Arabidopsis and apple were combined to study their evolutionary relationships. Using RT-qPCR and RNA-seq data, we detected the expression patterns of PprCBLs and PprCIPKs in different tissues and fruit development stages of peach. Among them, the expression levels of PprCBL1 and PprCIPK18 were stable in various tissues and stages. The expression patterns of other members showed specificity between cultivars and developmental stages. By treating shoots with drought and salt stress simulated using PEG6000 and NaCl, it was found that PprCIPK3, PprCIPK6, PprCIPK15 and PprCIPK16 were strongly responsive to salt stress, and PprCIPK3, PprCIPK4, PprCIPK10, PprCIPK14, PprCIPK15, PprCIPK16 and PprCIPK18 were sensitive to drought stress. Three genes, PprCIPK3, PprCIPK15 and PprCIPK16, were sensitive to both salt and drought stress. We cloned four PprCBL and several PprCIPK genes and detected their interaction by yeast two-hybrid assay (Y2H). The results of Y2H show not only the evolutionary conservation of the interaction network of CBL-CIPK but also the specificity among different species. In conclusion, CBL and CIPK genes are important in peach and play an important role in the response to various abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keli Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Ecophysiology of Horticultural Crops, Institute of Horticulture, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230001, China
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Haifa Pan
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Ecophysiology of Horticultural Crops, Institute of Horticulture, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Yu Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Ecophysiology of Horticultural Crops, Institute of Horticulture, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Yunyun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Ecophysiology of Horticultural Crops, Institute of Horticulture, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230001, China
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Pei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Ecophysiology of Horticultural Crops, Institute of Horticulture, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Qingmei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Ecophysiology of Horticultural Crops, Institute of Horticulture, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Jinyun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Ecophysiology of Horticultural Crops, Institute of Horticulture, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Ecophysiology of Horticultural Crops, Institute of Horticulture, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230001, China
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