1
|
Batista-Duharte A, Téllez-Martínez D, Portuondo DL, Carlos IZ. Selective depletion of regulatory T cells enhances the immunogenicity of a recombinant-based vaccine against Sporothrix spp. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1084526. [PMID: 36846549 PMCID: PMC9951613 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1084526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been shown to limit the protective immune response against pathogenic species of the fungus Sporothrix spp, the causal agent of sporotrichosis. However, the specific function of Tregs during vaccination against these fungi is known. Methods We evaluated the effect of Tregs depletion on the immunogenicity of an experimental recombinant anti-Sporothrix vaccine, using the DEREG mice. In this model, only Foxp3(+) Tregs express eGFP and diphtheria toxin (DT) receptors, and transient Tregs depletion is achieved by DT administration. Results Tregs depletion enhanced the frequency of specific IFNγ+ T cells (Th1 lymphocytes) and cytokine production after either the first or second vaccine dose. However, depletion of Tregs during the second dose caused greater stimulation of specific Th1 lymphocytes than depletion during the first dose. Similarly, the highest production of IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a anti rSsEno antibody was detected after Tregs depletion during boost immunization compared to the other immunized groups. Importantly, vaccine immunogenicity improvement after Tregs depletion also had an impact on the more efficient reduction of fungal load in the skin and liver after the challenge with S. brasiliensis in an experimental infection model. Interestingly, the reduction in fungal load was greatest in the Tregs depleted group during boosting. Discussion Our results illustrate that Tregs restrict vaccine-induced immune response and their transient depletion could enhance anti-Sporothrix vaccine immunogenicity. Further studies are required to elucidate whether Tregs depletion may be a way to improve the efficacy of vaccination against Sporothrix spp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lin P, Zhang J, Xie G, Li J, Guo C, Lin H, Zhang Y. Innate Immune Responses to Sporothrix schenckii: Recognition and Elimination. Mycopathologia 2022; 188:71-86. [PMID: 36329281 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-022-00683-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii (S. schenckii), a ubiquitous thermally dimorphic fungus, is the etiological agent of sporotrichosis, affecting immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. Despite current antifungal regimens, sporotrichosis results in prolonged treatment and significant mortality rates in the immunosuppressed population. The innate immune system forms the host's first and primary line of defense against S. schenckii, which has a bi-layered cell wall structure. Many components act as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in pathogen-host interactions. PAMPs are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as toll-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, and complement receptors, triggering innate immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells to phagocytize or produce mediators, contributing to S. schenckii elimination. The ultrastructure of S. schenckii and pathogen-host interactions, including PRRs and innate immune cells, are summarized in this review, promoting a better understanding of the innate immune response to S. schenckii and aiding in the development of protective and therapeutic strategies to combat sporotrichosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lin
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Guinan Xie
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Junchen Li
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenqi Guo
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Haiyue Lin
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhao SN, Qi RQ, Gao XH, Chen HD. Sporothrix schenckii regulates macrophage inflammatory responses via the c-JUN-induced Dab2 transcription. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:1330-1340. [PMID: 35441732 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages, which serve as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, play an important role in sporotrichosis. Sporothrix schenckii infections can produce immune responses such as macrophage polarization and inflammatory factor secretion. In the early stages of inflammation, the expression of DAB2 in macrophages is increased, which controls the secretion of inflammatory factors and affects the polarization of macrophages. However, the expressions and mechanisms of DAB2 in sporotrichosis are not clear. In this study, we examined the expression of DAB2 and its regulation of inflammatory factors under conditions of Sporothrix schenckii infection. Our results indicated that the Sporothrix schenckii infection increased the expression of DAB2 and revealed a mixed M1/M2-like type of gene expression in BMDMs with the inhibited Il6, Il1β and Arg1, and induced Tnfα, Il10 and Mgl1. The deficiency of Dab2 gene suspended the changes of cytokines. In addition, JNK activity in BMDMs was inhibited by Sporothrix schenckii infection, leading to an increase in c-JUN. We also identified c-JUN as a transcription factor for Dab2 through chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assays. In an in vivo mouse model, sporotrichosis induced skin lesions were accompanied with an upregulation of c-JUN and inhibition of JNK activity, which were in accord with findings from in vitro experiments. Taken together, these findings indicate that in the early stages of Sporothrix schenckii infection there is a promotion of DAB2 expression through the JNK/c-JUN pathway, effects which can then control the expression of inflammatory factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S N Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Immunodermatoloigcal Theranostics, Shenyang, China
| | - R Q Qi
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Immunodermatoloigcal Theranostics, Shenyang, China
| | - X H Gao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Immunodermatoloigcal Theranostics, Shenyang, China
| | - H D Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Immunodermatoloigcal Theranostics, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Melanin of Sporothrix globosa affects the function of THP-1 macrophages and modulates the expression of TLR2 and TLR4. Microb Pathog 2021; 159:105158. [PMID: 34454025 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanin is an important virulence factor for Sporothrix globosa, the causative agent of sporotrichosis, a subcutaneous mycosis that occurs worldwide. Although previous research suggests that melanin is involved in the pathogenesis of sporotrichosis, little is known about its influence on the macrophages that represent the frontline components of innate immunity. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of melanin on phagocytic activity and the expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 during S. globosa infection of macrophages in vitro. METHODS To compare phagocytic activity and survival rates, THP-1 macrophages and primary mouse peritoneal macrophages were co-cultured with a wild-type S. globosa strain (Mel+), an albino mutant strain (Mel-), a tricyclazole-treated Mel + strain (TCZ-Mel+), or melanin ghosts extracted from S. globosa conidia. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) generation, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 were assayed in THP-1 cells infected with S. globosa conidia. Quantitative PCR and western blotting were used to observe the effect of melanin on TLR2 and TLR4 expression. Knockdown of TLR2/4 expression with small interfering RNA was performed to further verify the role of these receptors during infection. RESULTS Macrophages infected with Mel + conidia showed a lower phagocytosis index and a higher survival rate than TCZ-Mel+ and Mel- in vitro. After incubation with S. globosa, the release of ROS, NO, TNF-α and IL-6 by THP-1 were decreased in the presence of melanin. Increased mRNA and protein expression of TLR2 and TLR4 occurred upon S. globosa infection in THP-1, whereas the presence of melanin suppressed TLR2 and TLR4. Moreover, TLR2 or TLR4 knockdown showed a trend toward reducing the pernicious effect of S. globosa conidia on THP-1 cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our results indicated that melanin inhibits the phagocytosis of S. globosa and guards against macrophage attack by providing protection from oxygen- and nitrogen-derived radicals, as well as suppressing the host pro-inflammatory cytokine response (TNF-α and IL-6). Melanin was also involved in modulating TLR2 and TLR4 receptor expression, weakening the killing efficiency of S. globosa.
Collapse
|
5
|
The Role of Macrophages in the Host's Defense against Sporothrix schenckii. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070905. [PMID: 34358055 PMCID: PMC8308788 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of immune cells associated with sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix schenckii is not yet fully clarified. Macrophages through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) can recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of Sporothrix, engulf it, activate respiratory burst, and secrete pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory biological mediators to control infection. It is important to consider that the characteristics associated with S. schenckii and/or the host may influence macrophage polarization (M1/M2), cell recruitment, and the type of immune response (1, 2, and 17). Currently, with the use of new monocyte-macrophage cell lines, it is possible to evaluate different host-pathogen interaction processes, which allows for the proposal of new mechanisms in human sporotrichosis. Therefore, in order to contribute to the understanding of these host-pathogen interactions, the aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the immune responses induced by macrophage-S. schenckii interactions, as well as the PRRs and PAMPs involved during the recognition of S. schenckii that favor the immune evasion by the fungus.
Collapse
|
6
|
Batista-Duharte A, Sendra L, Herrero MJ, Portuondo DL, Téllez-Martínez D, Olivera G, Fernández-Delgado M, Javega B, Herrera G, Martínez A, Costa PI, Zeppone Carlos I, Aliño SF. Foxp3 Silencing with Antisense Oligonucleotide Improves Immunogenicity of an Adjuvanted Recombinant Vaccine against Sporothrix schenckii. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3470. [PMID: 33801683 PMCID: PMC8037512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, there has been great interest in developing molecular adjuvants based on antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) targeting immunosuppressor pathways with inhibitory effects on regulatory T cells (Tregs) to improve immunogenicity and vaccine efficacy. We aim to evaluate the immunostimulating effect of 2'OMe phosphorothioated Foxp3-targeted ASO in an antifungal adjuvanted recombinant vaccine. METHODS The uptake kinetics of Foxp3 ASO, its cytotoxicity and its ability to deplete Tregs were evaluated in murine splenocytes in vitro. Groups of mice were vaccinated with recombinant enolase (Eno) of Sporothix schenckii in Montanide Gel 01 adjuvant alone or in combination with either 1 µg or 8 µg of Foxp3 ASO. The titers of antigen-specific antibody in serum samples from vaccinated mice (male C57BL/6) were determined by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Cultured splenocytes from each group were activated in vitro with Eno and the levels of IFN-γ and IL-12 were also measured by ELISA. The results showed that the anti-Eno antibody titer was significantly higher upon addition of 8 µM Foxp3 ASO in the vaccine formulation compared to the standard vaccine without ASO. In vitro and in vivo experiments suggest that Foxp3 ASO enhances specific immune responses by means of Treg depletion during vaccination. CONCLUSION Foxp3 ASO significantly enhances immune responses against co-delivered adjuvanted recombinant Eno vaccine and it has the potential to improve vaccine immunogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Batista-Duharte
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, São Paulo, Brazil; (D.L.P.); (D.T.-M.); (P.I.C.); (I.Z.C.)
| | - Luis Sendra
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.J.H.); (G.H.); (S.F.A.)
- Pharmacogenetics Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Maria José Herrero
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.J.H.); (G.H.); (S.F.A.)
- Pharmacogenetics Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Deivys Leandro Portuondo
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, São Paulo, Brazil; (D.L.P.); (D.T.-M.); (P.I.C.); (I.Z.C.)
| | - Damiana Téllez-Martínez
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, São Paulo, Brazil; (D.L.P.); (D.T.-M.); (P.I.C.); (I.Z.C.)
| | - Gladys Olivera
- Pharmacogenetics Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Manuel Fernández-Delgado
- Service of Hematology and Hemotherapy, Hospital General Universitario de Castellón, 12004 Castelló de la Plana, Spain;
| | - Beatriz Javega
- Cytometry Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Guadalupe Herrera
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.J.H.); (G.H.); (S.F.A.)
| | - Alicia Martínez
- Cytomics Unit, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Paulo Inacio Costa
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, São Paulo, Brazil; (D.L.P.); (D.T.-M.); (P.I.C.); (I.Z.C.)
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, São Paulo, Brazil; (D.L.P.); (D.T.-M.); (P.I.C.); (I.Z.C.)
| | - Salvador Francisco Aliño
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.J.H.); (G.H.); (S.F.A.)
- Pharmacogenetics Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain;
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Medicine Clinical Area, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zu J, Yao L, Song Y, Cui Y, Guan M, Chen R, Zhen Y, Li S. Th2 Biased Immunity With Altered B Cell Profiles in Circulation of Patients With Sporotrichosis Caused by Sporothrix globosa. Front Immunol 2020; 11:570888. [PMID: 33281813 PMCID: PMC7691245 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.570888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycotic infection, and Sporothrixglobosa is one of the causative agents with a worldwide distribution, notably in Asia. However, the immune profile in human sporotrichosis caused by S. globosa still remains obscure. Here, we demonstrated enhanced Th2 response in circulation with significant increases in Th2 frequency, Th2/Tregs as well as IL-4 seretion in patients. Elevated IL-17A+Th17 percentage was accompanied with reduced IL-17A level in serum, which may imply a dysfunction of this CD4+T subset in S. globosa infection. In addition, Th2 percentage, the ratios of Th2/Tregs and Th17/Tregs were all raised in patients with fixed cutaneous form, while only Th2/Tregs displayed increment in lymphocutaneous form. Meanwhile, the percentage of double negative B cells was significantly increased and positively correlated with Th2 and Tregs in whole patients. Except naïve B cells, all memory B cells together with Th2 cells increased in patients with short duration (less than 6 months), which may suggest a collaboration of T cells with altered B cell profile in human sporotrichosis caused by S. globosa. In consistent with the changes of IFN-γ+Th1, IL-4+Th2 and IL-17A+Th17 in patients with short duration, the percentages of these effector T cells all expanded when cocultured with S. globosa yeast cells in vitro. These data shed light on the potential involvement of peripheral T and B cell immunity against this mycotic infection and indicated that different immune responses existed in different stages of sporotrichosis; meanwhile different immune profile may contribute to different clinical manifestations of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjiao Zu
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Yao
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mengqi Guan
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruili Chen
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Zhen
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Batista-Duharte A, Téllez-Martínez D, de Andrade CR, Polesi MC, Portuondo DL, Carlos IZ. Transient Foxp3(+) regulatory T-cell depletion enhances protective Th1/Th17 immune response in murine sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix schenckii. Immunobiology 2020; 225:151993. [PMID: 32962813 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.151993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) on protective immunity in fungal infections, is controversial. Sporotrichosis is an emerging and worldwide-distributed subcutaneous mycosis caused by various related thermodimorphic fungi of the genus Sporothrix. Previously, we showed an elevated percent of Tregs around 21 days post-infection (dpi) in C57BL/6 mice infected with either Sporothrix schenckii or Sporothrix brasiliensis, but the effect of these cells in the ongoing infection was not evaluated. Here, we aim to characterize the role of Foxp3+ Tregs in a subcutaneous S. schenckii infection model. The flow cytometric analyses showed that S. schenckii infection elicited an expansion of a splenic CD4+Foxp3+ population, including a subset of Helioslow+ after ex vivo stimulation with S. schenckii-heat killed yeast. Depletion of Tregs in DEREG mice revealed a reduction of fungal burden in the skin and systemically in liver and kidneys, associated with enhanced Th1 and Th17 responses. Altogether, our results reveal for the first time that Tregs depletion in ongoing S. schenckii infection improves the protective antifungal immunity and these data suggest that Tregs modulation could be explored as a potential therapeutic strategy in sporotrichosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Batista-Duharte
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Damiana Téllez-Martínez
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Cleverton Roberto de Andrade
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Department of Physiology & Pathology, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Marisa Campos Polesi
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Deivys Leandro Portuondo
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Parreiras de Jesus AC, Grossi de Oliveira AL, Sernizon Guimarães N, Mendoza L, Toshio Fujiwara R, Alves da Silva Menezes C, Rocha Vilela RV. Serological tests using Sporothrix species antigens for the accurate diagnosis of sporotrichosis: a meta-analysis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 98:115131. [PMID: 32805583 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Some species of the fungus Sporothrix cause a chronic granulomatous infection in humans and animals called sporotrichosis. In the last decades, some research into serological tests has been carried out by different groups for the rapid detection of this infection. We performed a systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis to evaluate studies using Sporothrix spp. antigens and to evaluate their accuracy for sporotrichosis diagnostic. We searched Scopus, MEDLINE, Web of Science, GALE, Technology Research Database, DOA, Elsevier, SciELO, and Google Scholar Databases. The united results of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios, and diagnostic odds ratio with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were assessed. A total of 15 assays from 8 studies using 7 different serological methods and 8 different antigens were analyzed. The studies were performed in the USA, Brazil, and Venezuela from 1973 until 2015 and presented good quality. A high heterogeneity for sensitivity [I2 = 90.7%; 87% CI = (84-89), P < 0.001] and specificity [I2 = 89.2%; 93% CI = (92-95), P < 0.001] was observed. The performance of diagnostic tests was 0.93. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was the main tool used, and the ConA-binding fraction antigen of the strain 1099-18 appears as a promising diagnostic biomarker candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Augusto César Parreiras de Jesus
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, 30130-10.
| | - Ana Laura Grossi de Oliveira
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, 30130-10.
| | - Nathalia Sernizon Guimarães
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, 30130-10.
| | - Leonel Mendoza
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, 322 North Kedzie Hall, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA, 48824.
| | - Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, 30130-10; Department of Parasitology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, 31270-901.
| | - Cristiane Alves da Silva Menezes
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, 31270-901.
| | - Raquel Virginia Rocha Vilela
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, 30130-10; Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, 31270-901.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bodhankar S, Wang J, Kandhare A, Mukherjee-Kandhare A. Chrysin ameliorates ovalbumin-induced allergic response in allergic rhinitis: Potential role of GATA-3, T-box protein expressed in T cells, nuclear factor-kappa B, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. Pharmacogn Mag 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_461_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
11
|
Téllez-Martínez D, Batista-Duharte A, Portuondo DL, Carlos IZ. Prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against sporotrichosis. Feasibility and prospects. Microbes Infect 2019; 21:432-440. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
12
|
Oliveira LCD, Almeida-Paes R, Pizzini CV, Gutierrez-Galhardo MC, Freitas DFS, Zancopé-Oliveira RM. Diagnostic performance of mycologic and serologic methods in a cohort of patients with suspected sporotrichosis. Rev Iberoam Micol 2019; 36:61-65. [PMID: 31078386 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gold standard for the sporotrichosis diagnosis is culture; however, serologic approaches have been recently implemented to aid in the sporotrichosis diagnosis. Nevertheless, the clinical consequences of the introduction of serologic tests are poorly addressed. AIMS To correlate the results of culture and serology of patients with suspected sporotrichosis. METHODS A retrospective study of 198 patients with suspected sporotrichosis was conducted. Information about culture isolation of Sporothrix from clinical samples and antibody detection by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were obtained from the medical records of the patients. RESULTS Positive culture and antibody detection was observed in the samples of 84 patients (42.4%). Forty-one samples (20.7%) showed negative results with both techniques and divergent results were obtained in the samples of 73 patients (36.9%). False negative results in the ELISA were observed with 23 patients (31.5%), 78.3% of them with less than 30 days of infection (p=0.0045). Among the initial false positive ELISA in the sera of 50 patients, four samples in culture yielded the growth of Sporothrix, and 27 improved with itraconazole. At the end of follow-up, a diagnosis of proven or probable sporotrichosis was established in 139 patients, and possible sporotrichosis in 11 patients. The treatment of the patients with probable sporotrichosis with antifungal drugs resulted in clinical cure for these individuals. CONCLUSIONS These two techniques are complementary in the diagnosis of sporotrichosis, making diagnosis and clinical decision more precise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luã Cardoso de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Almeida-Paes
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Claudia Vera Pizzini
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Clara Gutierrez-Galhardo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatologia Infecciosa, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Dayvison Francis Saraiva Freitas
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatologia Infecciosa, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Téllez-Martínez D, Leandro Portuondo D, Loesch ML, Batista-Duharte A, Zeppone Carlos I. A Recombinant Enolase-Montanide™ PetGel A Vaccine Promotes a Protective Th1 Immune Response against a Highly Virulent Sporothrix schenckii by Toluene Exposure. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E144. [PMID: 30934594 PMCID: PMC6471120 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11030144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of vaccination in fungal strains that suffered changes in their virulence by exposure to environmental contaminants is largely known. Growing reports of resistance to antifungal drugs and the emergence of new highly virulent strains, possibly acquired in the environment, prompt the design of new vaccines able to prevent and combat emerging mycotic diseases. In this study, we evaluated the protective capacity of an enolase-based vaccine and Montanide PetGel A (PGA) as an adjuvant against S. schenckii with increased virulence by exposure to toluene. The adjuvanted vaccine induced a strong specific Th1 response and protective immunity against a challenge with either wildtype or toluene-adapted S. schenckii in Balb/c mice. This study highlights the role of the adjuvant PGA driving the quality of the anti-sporothrix immunity and the key component in the vaccine efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damiana Téllez-Martínez
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Deivys Leandro Portuondo
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria Luiza Loesch
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alexander Batista-Duharte
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chaturvedi V, Bouchara JP, Hagen F, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Badali H, Bocca AL, Cano-Lira JF, Cao C, Chaturvedi S, Chotirmall SH, van Diepeningen AD, Gangneux JP, Guinea J, de Hoog S, Ilkit M, Kano R, Liu W, Martinez-Rossi NM, de Souza Carvalho Melhem M, Ono MA, Ran Y, Ranque S, de Almeida Soares CM, Sugita T, Thomas PA, Vecchiarelli A, Wengenack NL, Woo PCY, Xu J, Zancope-Oliveira RM. Eighty Years of Mycopathologia: A Retrospective Analysis of Progress Made in Understanding Human and Animal Fungal Pathogens. Mycopathologia 2018; 183:859-877. [PMID: 30506286 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-018-0306-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycopathologia was founded in 1938 to 'diffuse the understanding of fungal diseases in man and animals among mycologists.' This was an important mission considering that pathogenic fungi for humans and animals represent a tiny minority of the estimated 1.5-5 million fungal inhabitants on Earth. These pathogens have diverged from the usual saprotrophic lifestyles of most fungi to colonize and infect humans and animals. Medical and veterinary mycology is the subdiscipline of microbiology that dwells into the mysteries of parasitic, fungal lifestyles. Among the oldest continuing scientific publications on the subject, Mycopathologia had its share of 'classic papers' since the first issue was published in 1938. An analysis of the eight decades of notable contributions reveals many facets of host-pathogen interactions among 183 volumes comprising about 6885 articles. We have analyzed the impact and relevance of this body of work using a combination of citation tools (Google Scholar and Scopus) since no single citation metric gives an inclusive perspective. Among the highly cited Mycopathologia publications, those on experimental mycology accounted for the major part of the articles (36%), followed by diagnostic mycology (16%), ecology and epidemiology (15%), clinical mycology (14%), taxonomy and classification (10%), and veterinary mycology (9%). The first classic publication, collecting nearly 200 citations, appeared in 1957, while two articles published in 2010 received nearly 150 citations each, which is notable for a journal covering a highly specialized field of study. An empirical analysis of the publication trends suggests continuing interests in novel diagnostics, fungal pathogenesis, review of clinical diseases especially with relevance to the laboratory scientists, taxonomy and classification of fungal pathogens, fungal infections and carriage in pets and wildlife, and changing ecology and epidemiology of fungal diseases around the globe. We anticipate that emerging and re-emerging fungal pathogens will continue to cause significant health burden in the coming decades. It remains vital that scientists and physicians continue to collaborate by learning each other's language for the study of fungal diseases, and Mycopathologia will strive to be their partner in this increasingly important endeavor to its 100th anniversary in 2038 and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Chaturvedi
- New York State Department of Health and University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA.
| | | | - Ferry Hagen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hamid Badali
- Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | | | - Cunwei Cao
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Sudha Chaturvedi
- New York State Department of Health and University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Sybren de Hoog
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rui Kano
- Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Weida Liu
- Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Philip A Thomas
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Joseph Eye Hospital, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Batista-Duharte A, Téllez-Martínez D, Roberto de Andrade C, Portuondo DL, Jellmayer JA, Polesi MC, Carlos IZ. Sporothrix brasiliensis induces a more severe disease associated with sustained Th17 and regulatory T cells responses than Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto in mice. Fungal Biol 2018; 122:1163-1170. [PMID: 30449354 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the differences in the CD4+ T-cell response induced by Sporothrix schenckii and Sporothrix brasiliensis, the most virulent species that cause sporotrichosis. Here, the helper (Th) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) responses were evaluated comparatively in a murine model of sporotrichosis on days 7, 21 and 35 after subcutaneous infection with either S. schenckii or S. brasiliensis conidia. The fungal load was measured at the site of infection, as well as in the liver and spleen. The Th1/Th17/Tregs responses were analyzed in the spleen, while the level of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IFN-ɣ, IL-17A and IL-10 cytokines were measured at the local site of infection on 24 h postinfections and in sera on the indicated days. S. brasiliensis caused a longer-lasting infection in the skin and chronic systemic dissemination associated to more severe granulomatous lesions. Similar Th1/Th1-Th17/Tregs responses were induced by both S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii on 7th and 21st d.p.i but on 35 d.p.i a reduction of Th1 and Th1-Th17 cells, associated to higher values of Th17/Tregs cells was observed only in S. brasiliensis-infected mice. In summary, S. brasiliensis caused a more severe disease associated with sustained Th17/Tregs responses than S. schenckii in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Batista-Duharte
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Damiana Téllez-Martínez
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Cleverton Roberto de Andrade
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Department of Physiology & Pathology, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Deivys Leandro Portuondo
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Aparecida Jellmayer
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Marisa Campos Polesi
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Conceição-Silva F, Morgado FN. Immunopathogenesis of Human Sporotrichosis: What We Already Know. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4030089. [PMID: 30065160 PMCID: PMC6162489 DOI: 10.3390/jof4030089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a subacute/chronic mycosis caused by dimorphic fungus of the genus Sporothrix. This mycosis may affect both human and domestic animals and in the last few years, the geographic dispersion and increase of sporotrichosis worldwide has been observed. The occurrence of cases related to scratching/bites of domestic felines have increased, characterizing the disease as predominantly a zoonosis. In humans, sporotrichosis mainly involves the cutaneous tegument of infected patients, but other tissues may also present the infection. The main forms of clinical presentation are lymphocutanous sporotrichosis (LC) and fixed sporotrichosis (F). Although less common, mucosal, cutaneous disseminated, and extracutaneous forms have also been described. Multiple factors from the fungus and host can play a role in driving the clinical evolution of sporotrichosis to benign or severe disease. In this review, we discuss the immunopathological aspects involved in human sporotrichosis. Putting together the two branches of knowledge—host immune response and fungal evading mechanisms—we may perceive new possibilities in understanding the fungus–host interaction in order to be in a position to go further in the control of sporotrichosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Conceição-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, IOC/Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil 4365 Pavilhão 26 sala 408-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Nazaré Morgado
- Laboratory of Leishmaniasis Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, IOC/Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil 4365 Pavilhão 26 sala 509-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
García-Lozano A, Toriello C, Antonio-Herrera L, Bonifaz LC. Sporothrix schenckii Immunization, but Not Infection, Induces Protective Th17 Responses Mediated by Circulating Memory CD4 + T Cells. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1275. [PMID: 29946313 PMCID: PMC6005866 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a chronic subcutaneous mycosis caused by the Sporothrix schenckii species complex and it is considered an emerging opportunistic infection in countries with tropical and subtropical climates. The host’s immune response has a main role in the development of this disease. However, it is unknown the features of the memory cellular immune response that could protect against the infection. Our results show that i.d. immunization in the ears of mice with inactivated S. schenckii conidia (iC) combined with the cholera toxin (CT) induces a cellular immune response mediated by circulating memory CD4+ T cells, which mainly produce interleukin 17 (IL-17). These cells mediate a strong delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction. Systemic and local protection against S. schenckii was mediated by circulating CD4+ T cells. In contrast, the infection induces a potent immune response in the skin mediated by CD4+ T cells, which have an effector phenotype that preferentially produce interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and mediate a transitory DTH reaction. Our findings prove the potential value of the CT as a potent skin adjuvant when combined with fungal antigens, and they also have important implications for our better understanding of the differences between the memory immune response induced by the skin immunization and those induced by the infection; this knowledge enhances our understanding of how a protective immune response against a S. schenckii infection is developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto García-Lozano
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Conchita Toriello
- Laboratorio de Micología Básica, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Antonio-Herrera
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura C Bonifaz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Batista-Duharte A, Téllez-Martínez D, Aparecida Jellmayer J, Leandro Portuondo Fuentes D, Campos Polesi M, Martins Baviera A, Zeppone Carlos I. Repeated Exposition to Mercury (II) Chloride Enhances Susceptibility to S. schenckii sensu stricto Infection in Mice. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4020064. [PMID: 29799450 PMCID: PMC6023541 DOI: 10.3390/jof4020064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis that has re-emerged in several tropical and subtropical regions over the last decades. Growing findings suggest that the interplay of host, pathogen, and environment has a determinant effect on the diversity, local distribution, and virulence of Sporothrix schenckii sensu lato, the etiologic agent. Among the environmental factors, we have studied the potential role of repeated exposures to mercury (Hg), a known immunotoxic xenobiotic that is widely used in gold mining regions where sporotrichosis outbreaks are frequently reported. In this study, male Swiss mice received subcutaneous injections of either 300 or 1200 µg/kg of mercury (II) chloride (HgCl2) for 14 days, three times a week. A control group was injected with the vehicle Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS). Treatment with HgCl2 impaired several immunologic parameters that are involved in host response to Sporothrix infection, such as the production of TNFα, IL-1, and nitric oxide by macrophages, and Th1/Th2/Th17 populations and their respective cytokines. The consequences of these effects on the host resistance to S. schenckii infection were subsequently evaluated. Hg-exposed mice exhibited a higher fungal load in the fungal inoculation site associated to systemic dissemination to spleen and liver on 14 days post-infection and a higher production of specific IgG1 and mild reduction of IgG2a. These findings suggest that repeated exposition to Hg enhances susceptibility to S. schenckii infection in mice and can be a factor associated to sporotrichosis outbreaks in endemic and highly Hg-polluted areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Batista-Duharte
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Damiana Téllez-Martínez
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Aparecida Jellmayer
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Deivys Leandro Portuondo Fuentes
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Marisa Campos Polesi
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Amanda Martins Baviera
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lopes-Bezerra LM, Mora-Montes HM, Zhang Y, Nino-Vega G, Rodrigues AM, de Camargo ZP, de Hoog S. Sporotrichosis between 1898 and 2017: The evolution of knowledge on a changeable disease and on emerging etiological agents. Med Mycol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leila M Lopes-Bezerra
- Laboratory of Cellular Mycology and Proteomics, Department of Cell Biology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hector M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Gustavo Nino-Vega
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Cell Biology Division, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Cell Biology Division, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sybren de Hoog
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, and Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboudumc/CWZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Manente FA, Quinello C, Ferreira LS, de Andrade CR, Jellmayer JA, Portuondo DL, Batista-Duharte A, Carlos IZ. Experimental sporotrichosis in a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice model. Med Mycol 2017; 56:711-722. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Camila Quinello
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University – UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Souza Ferreira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University – UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Alexander Batista-Duharte
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University – UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University – UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University – UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Portuondo DL, Batista-Duharte A, Ferreira LS, de Andrade CR, Quinello C, Téllez-Martínez D, de Aguiar Loesch ML, Carlos IZ. Comparative efficacy and toxicity of two vaccine candidates against Sporothrix schenckii using either Montanide™ Pet Gel A or aluminum hydroxide adjuvants in mice. Vaccine 2017; 35:4430-4436. [PMID: 28687406 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is an important zoonosis in Brazil and the most frequent subcutaneous mycosis in Latin America, caused by different Sporothrix species. Currently, there is no effective vaccine available to prevent this disease. In this study, the efficacy and toxicity of the adjuvant Montanide™ Pet Gel A (PGA) formulated with S. schenckii cell wall proteins (ssCWP) was evaluated and compared with that of aluminum hydroxide (AH). Balb/c mice received two subcutaneous doses (1st and 14th days) of either the unadjuvanted or adjuvanted vaccine candidates. On the 21st day, anti-ssCWP antibody levels (ELISA), the phagocytic index, as well as the ex vivo release of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 by splenocytes and IL-12 by peritoneal macrophages were assessed. Cytotoxicity of the vaccine formulations was evaluated in vitro and by histopathological analysis of the inoculation site. Both adjuvanted vaccine formulations increased anti-ssCWP IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG3 levels, although IgG2a levels were higher in response to PGA+CWP100, probably contributing to the increase in S. schenckii yeast phagocytosis by macrophages in the opsonophagocytosis assay when using serum from PGA+CWP100-immunized mice. Immunization with AH+CWP100 led to a mixed Th1/Th2/Th17 ex vivo cytokine release profile, while PGA+CWP100 stimulated a preferential Th1/Th2 profile. Moreover, PGA+CWP100 was less cytotoxic in vitro, caused less local toxicity and led to a similar reduction in fungal load in the liver and spleen of S. schenckii- or S. brasiliensis-challenged mice as compared with AH+CWP100. These results suggest that PGA may be an effective and safe adjuvant for a future sporotrichosis vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deivys Leandro Portuondo
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alexander Batista-Duharte
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Souza Ferreira
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Cleverton Roberto de Andrade
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Department of Physiology & Pathology, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Camila Quinello
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Damiana Téllez-Martínez
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria Luiza de Aguiar Loesch
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gonçalves AC, Ferreira LS, Manente FA, de Faria CMQG, Polesi MC, de Andrade CR, Zamboni DS, Carlos IZ. The NLRP3 inflammasome contributes to host protection during Sporothrix schenckii infection. Immunology 2017; 151:154-166. [PMID: 28140444 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a mycosis caused by fungi from the Sporothrix schenckii species complex, whose prototypical member is Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize and respond to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and shape the following adaptive immune response. A family of PRRs most frequently associated with fungal recognition is the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR). After PAMP recognition, NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) binds to apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) and caspase-1 to form the NLRP3 inflammasome. When activated, this complex promotes the maturation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 and cell death through pyroptosis. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the importance of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the outcome of S. schenckii infection using the following three different knockout (KO) mice: NLRP3-/- , ASC-/- and caspase-1-/- . All KO mice were more susceptible to infection than the wild-type, suggesting that NLRP3-triggered responses contribute to host protection during S. schenckii infection. Furthermore, the NLRP3 inflammasome appeared to be critical for the ex vivo release of IL-1β, IL-18 and IL-17 but not interferon-γ. Additionally, a role for the inflammasome in shaping the adaptive immune response was suggested by the lower frequencies of type 17 helper T (Th17) cells and Th1/Th17 but not Th1 cells in S. schenckii-infected KO mice. Overall, our results indicate that the NLRP3 inflammasome links the innate recognition of S. schenckii to the adaptive immune response, so contributing to protection against this infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Costa Gonçalves
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, São Paulo State University (FCF/UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Lucas Souza Ferreira
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, São Paulo State University (FCF/UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Francine Alessandra Manente
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, São Paulo State University (FCF/UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | | | - Marisa Campos Polesi
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, São Paulo State University (FCF/UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Cleverton Roberto de Andrade
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry of Araraquara, São Paulo State University (FOAR/UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Dario Simões Zamboni
- Department of Cell Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (FMRP/USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, São Paulo State University (FCF/UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chen F, Jiang R, Wang Y, Zhu M, Zhang X, Dong S, Shi H, Wang L. Recombinant Phage Elicits Protective Immune Response against Systemic S. globosa Infection in Mouse Model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42024. [PMID: 28165018 PMCID: PMC5292741 DOI: 10.1038/srep42024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix globosa is a type of fungus that typically infects immunocompromised patients. Its prevention continues to pose a challenge. A 70-KDa glycoprotein (Gp70) of Sporothrix has been previously reported to protect host against infection from this fungus. Here, we displayed an epitope peptide (kpvqhalltplgldr) of Gp70 on the major coat protein (pIII), and investigated its efficiency as a vaccine for preventing S. globosa infection. The recombinant phage and the heat-killed S. globosa were used to immunize mice separately. In this study, we evaluated the humoral and cellular immune responses in the mice and demonstrated that recombinant phage could induce mice to produce a stronger immune response and generate antibodies to inhibit S. globosa infection. Furthermore, immunization with recombinant phage could increase the survival rate of S. globosa infection in mice. All these results together indicated that recombinant phages displaying kpvqhalltplgldr are a potential vaccine candidate against S. globosa infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Dermatology Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126Xiantai Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Rihua Jiang
- Dermatology Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126Xiantai Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Yicun Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingji Zhu
- Dermatology Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126Xiantai Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Hang Surgery, Second Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066600, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Dong
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxi Shi
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Morgado FN, Schubach AO, Pimentel MI, Lyra MR, Vasconcellos ÉCF, Valete-Rosalino CM, Conceição-Silva F. Is There Any Difference between the In Situ and Systemic IL-10 and IFN-γ Production when Clinical Forms of Cutaneous Sporotrichosis Are Compared? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162764. [PMID: 27622513 PMCID: PMC5021344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungus of the Sporothrix schenckii complex can produce skin lesions in humans, commonly lymphocutaneous (LC) and fixed (F) forms of sporotrichosis. Some authors have suggested that clinical forms are influenced by differences in virulence and genetic profile of isolates. But little is known about the role of immune response in determining the clinical outcome of sporotrichosis. To verify the profile of systemic and in situ IFN-γ and IL-10 expression in sporotrichosis patients, and consequently to detect any difference between the two compartments and/or clinical presentation, we quantified the number of IFN-γ and IL-10 producer peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with S. schenckii antigen (Ss-Ag) by Elispot, and quantified cytokines expression by in situ immunohistochemistry in the same patient. Three groups were formed: 1- LC (n = 9); 2- F (n = 10); 3- healthy individuals (n = 14). All sporotrichosis patients produced high amounts of systemic IFN- γ when compared to uninfected individuals. No differences were observed between LC and F groups. Regarding in situ IL-10 expression, a difference between LC and F groups was observed: LC lesions presented higher amounts of IL-10 than F lesions differently from systemic IL-10 which showed similarities. Our data suggests that LC lesions present higher IL-10 expression which could be related to regulatory mechanisms for compensating the tissue injury, however favoring fungal persistence in the lesions. Surprisingly, there were no differences in systemic and in situ IFN- γ expression between CL and F patients, although it was significantly higher expressed in these patients than in healthy individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda N. Morgado
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Armando O. Schubach
- VigiLeish-Serviço de Infectologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês Pimentel
- VigiLeish-Serviço de Infectologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcelo R. Lyra
- VigiLeish-Serviço de Infectologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Érica C. F. Vasconcellos
- VigiLeish-Serviço de Infectologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Claudia M. Valete-Rosalino
- VigiLeish-Serviço de Infectologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia-Oftalmologia/Faculdade de Medicina/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fátima Conceição-Silva
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhu M, Xu Y, An L, Jiang J, Zhang X, Jiang R. Lower percentage of CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood of patients with sporotrichosis. Hum Immunol 2016; 77:576-9. [PMID: 27181291 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the peripheral immunity and immunity response of patients with sporotrichosis, in this study we determined the lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of Chinese patients with sporotrichosis. METHODS In this retrospective study, peripheral blood was collected from 69 sporotrichosis patients (37, fixed cutaneous form; 32 lymphocutaneous) and 66 healthy controls. Lymphocyte subsets were analyzed using flow cytometry. RESULTS Compared to controls, the percentage of CD8+ T cells was lower in sporotrichosis patients. The percentage of CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood tended to become lower with disease duration and disease severity, although the difference was not statistically significant for either acute, subacute and chronic patients or fixed cutaneous and lymphocutaneous patients. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that the decrease of CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood of patients with sporotrichosis is associated with disease severity, although the difference was not statistically significant for either duration or clinical forms of the disease. Combining antifungal agents and immunomodulators in patients with long disease duration and lymphocutaneous may be more beneficial than antifungal monotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingji Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital Of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai St, Erdao, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Yaqin Xu
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital Of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai St, Erdao, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Lin An
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital Of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai St, Erdao, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Jinlan Jiang
- Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai St, Erdao, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Second Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Changli, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066600, China
| | - Rihua Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital Of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai St, Erdao, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Alba-Fierro CA, Pérez-Torres A, Toriello C, Romo-Lozano Y, López-Romero E, Ruiz-Baca E. Molecular Components of the Sporothrix schenckii Complex that Induce Immune Response. Curr Microbiol 2016; 73:292-300. [PMID: 27117164 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-016-1045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a fungal disease caused by the Sporothrix schenckii complex that includes species such as S. brasiliensis, S. schenckii sensu stricto, S. globosa, S. luriei, S. mexicana, and S. pallida, which exhibit different potentially antigenic molecular components. The immune response of susceptible hosts to control infection and disease caused by these fungi has been little studied. Besides, the fungus-host interaction induces the activation of different types of immune response. This mini-review analyzes and discusses existing reports on the identification and functional characterization of molecules from species of the S. schenckii complex with clinical relevance, and the mechanisms that mediate the type and magnitude of the immune response in experimental models in vivo and in vitro. This knowledge is expected to contribute to the development of protective and therapeutic strategies against sporotrichosis and other mycoses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Alba-Fierro
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Av. Veterinaria S/N, 34120, Durango, Dgo., Mexico
| | - Armando Pérez-Torres
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - Conchita Toriello
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - Yolanda Romo-Lozano
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad # 940, 20131, Aguascalientes, Ags., Mexico
| | - Everardo López-Romero
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta S/N, C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Estela Ruiz-Baca
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Av. Veterinaria S/N, 34120, Durango, Dgo., Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chen F, Yan BL, An L, Jiang RH. Is there a relationship between the percentage of T helper cells and prognosis for sporotrichosis? Br J Dermatol 2016; 174:1398-400. [PMID: 26708442 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Chen
- Dermatology Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, China
| | - B L Yan
- Emergency Department, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - L An
- Dermatology Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, China
| | - R H Jiang
- Dermatology Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Maia DCG, Gonçalves AC, Ferreira LS, Manente FA, Portuondo DL, Vellosa JCR, Polesi MC, Batista-Duharte A, Carlos IZ. Response of Cytokines and Hydrogen Peroxide to Sporothrix schenckii Exoantigen in Systemic Experimental Infection. Mycopathologia 2015; 181:207-15. [PMID: 26603044 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-015-9966-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The response of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and cytokines during an experimental sporotrichosis in male Swiss mice was assessed over a period of 10 weeks by monitoring macrophage activation challenged with exoantigen (ExoAg) from the fungus Sporothrix schenckii. The studied endpoints were: H2O2 production, fungal burden at spleen, apoptosis in peritoneal macrophages, and IL-1β, IL-6, IL-2, IL-10 production. During the two first weeks of infection was observed low burden of yeast in spleen and high response of H2O2, IL-2, and IL-1β. The weeks of highest fungal burden (fourth-sixth) coincided with major apoptosis in peritoneal macrophages, normal production of IL-6 and lower production of H2O2, IL-2, and IL-1β, suggesting a role for these three last in the early control of infection. On the other hand, IL-1β (but not IL-6) was recovered since the sixth week, suggesting a possible role in the late phase of infection, contributing to the fungal clearance in conjunction with the specific mechanisms. The IL-10 was elevated until the sixth, principally in the second week. These results evidences that ExoAg is involved in the host immune modulation, influencing the S. Schenckii virulence, and its role is related with the time of the infection in the model used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Cardoso Geraldo Maia
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil n° 1621, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14.801-902, Brazil
| | - Amanda Costa Gonçalves
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil n° 1621, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14.801-902, Brazil
| | - Lucas Souza Ferreira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil n° 1621, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14.801-902, Brazil
| | - Francine Alessandra Manente
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil n° 1621, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14.801-902, Brazil
| | - Deivys Leandro Portuondo
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil n° 1621, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14.801-902, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Rebuglio Vellosa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil n° 1621, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14.801-902, Brazil.,Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Setor de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa - UEPG, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Marisa Campos Polesi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil n° 1621, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14.801-902, Brazil
| | - Alexander Batista-Duharte
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil n° 1621, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14.801-902, Brazil.,Immunotoxicology Laboratory, Toxicology and Biomedicine Center (TOXIMED), Medical Science University, Autopista Nacional Km. 1 1/2, 90400, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil n° 1621, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14.801-902, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Portuondo DL, Batista-Duharte A, Ferreira LS, Martínez DT, Polesi MC, Duarte RA, de Paula E Silva ACA, Marcos CM, Almeida AMFD, Carlos IZ. A cell wall protein-based vaccine candidate induce protective immune response against Sporothrix schenckii infection. Immunobiology 2015; 221:300-9. [PMID: 26547105 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis caused by several closely related thermo-dimorphic fungi of the Sporothrix schenckii species complex, affecting humans and other mammals. In the last few years, new strategies have been proposed for controlling sporotrichosis owning to concerns about its growing incidence in humans, cats, and dogs in Brazil, as well as the toxicity and limited efficacy of conventional antifungal drugs. In this study, we assessed the immunogenicity and protective properties of two aluminum hydroxide (AH)-adsorbed S. schenckii cell wall protein (ssCWP)-based vaccine formulations in a mouse model of systemic S. schenckii infection. Fractioning by SDS-PAGE revealed nine protein bands, two of which were functionally characterized: a 44kDa peptide hydrolase and a 47kDa enolase, which was predicted to be an adhesin. Sera from immunized mice recognized the 47kDa enolase and another unidentified 71kDa protein, whereas serum from S. schenckii-infected mice recognized both these proteins plus another unidentified 9.4kDa protein. Furthermore, opsonization with the anti-ssCWP sera led to markedly increased phagocytosis and was able to strongly inhibit the fungus' adhesion to fibroblasts. Immunization with the higher-dose AH-adjuvanted formulation led to increased ex vivo release of IL-12, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17, whereas only IL-12 and IFN-γ were induced by the higher-dose non-adjuvanted formulation. Lastly, passive transference of the higher-dose AH-adjuvanted formulation's anti-ssCWP serum was able to afford in vivo protection in a subsequent challenge with S. schenckii, becoming a viable vaccine candidate for further testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deivys Leandro Portuondo
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alexander Batista-Duharte
- Immunotoxicology Laboratory, Toxicology and Biomedicine Center (TOXIMED), Medical Science University, Autopista Nacional Km. 1 1/2CP 90400, AP 4033 Santiago de Cuba, Cuba.
| | - Lucas Souza Ferreira
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Damiana Téllez Martínez
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marisa Campos Polesi
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Roberta Aparecida Duarte
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Carolina Alves de Paula E Silva
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Caroline Maria Marcos
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Marisa Fusco de Almeida
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ferreira LS, Gonçalves AC, Portuondo DL, Maia DCG, Placeres MCP, Batista-Duharte A, Carlos IZ. Optimal clearance of Sporothrix schenckii requires an intact Th17 response in a mouse model of systemic infection. Immunobiology 2015; 220:985-92. [PMID: 25776919 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of Th17 cells, along with many other Th cell subsets in the recent years, has expanded the Th1/Th2 paradigm that had persisted since its proposition by Mosmann in 1986. Defined by the characteristic expression of the transcription factor retinoic-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) and production of IL-17A (IL-17), Th17 cells are powerful inducers of tissue inflammation with a recognized role against extracellular bacteria and fungi. Despite this, the interest in their study came from the pivotal role they play in the development and maintenance of major chronic inflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease, hence they have been the target of promising new anti-Th17 therapies. Accordingly, the identification of opportunistic pathogens whose clearance relies on the Th17 response is of huge prophylactic importance. As shown here for the first time, this applies to Sporothrix schenckii, a thermo-dimorphic fungus and the causative agent of sporotrichosis. Our results show that both Th17 and Th1/Th17 mixed cells are developed during the S. schenckii systemic mice infection, which also leads to augmented production of IL-17 and IL-22. Also, by using an antibody-mediated IL-23 depletion model, we further demonstrate that optimal fungal clearance, but not survival, depends on an intact Th17 response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Souza Ferreira
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Amanda Costa Gonçalves
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Deivys Leandro Portuondo
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Danielle Cardoso Geraldo Maia
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marisa Campos Polesi Placeres
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alexander Batista-Duharte
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Immunoproteomic analysis reveals a convergent humoral response signature in the Sporothrix schenckii complex. J Proteomics 2014; 115:8-22. [PMID: 25434489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Sporotrichosis is a polymorphic disease that affects both humans and animals worldwide. The fungus gains entry into a warm-blooded host through minor trauma to the skin, typically by contaminated vegetation or by scratches and bites from a diseased cat. Cellular and humoral responses triggered upon pathogen introduction play important roles in the development and severity of the disease. We investigated molecules expressed during the host-parasite interplay that elicit the humoral response in human sporotrichosis. For antigenic profiling, Sporothrix yeast cell extracts were separated by two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis and probed with pooled sera from individuals with fixed cutaneous and lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis. Thirty-five IgG-seroreactive spots were identified as eight specific proteins by MALDI-ToF/MS. Remarkable cross-reactivity among Sporothrix brasiliensis, Sporothrix schenckii, and Sporothrix globosa was noted and antibodies strongly reacted with the 70-kDa protein (gp70), irrespective of clinical manifestation. Gp70 was successfully identified in multiple spots as 3-carboxymuconate cyclase. In addition, 2D-DIGE characterization suggested that the major antigen of sporotrichosis undergoes post-translational modifications involving glycosylation and amino acid substitution, resulting in at least six isoforms and glycoforms that were present in the pathogenic species but absent in the ancestral non-virulent Sporothrix mexicana. Although a primary environmental function related to the benzoate degradation pathway of aromatic polymers has been attributed to orthologs of this molecule, our findings support the hypothesis that gp70 is important for pathogenesis and invasion in human sporotrichosis. We propose a diverse panel of new putative candidate molecules for diagnostic tests and vaccine development. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Outbreaks due to Sporothrix spp. have emerged over time, affecting thousands of patients worldwide. A sophisticated host-pathogen interplay drives the manifestation and severity of infection, involving immune responses elicited upon traumatic exposure of the skin barrier to the pathogen followed by immune evasion. Using an immunoproteomic approach we characterized proteins of potential significance in pathogenesis and invasion that trigger the humoral response during human sporotrichosis. We found gp70 to be a cross-immunogenic protein shared among pathogenic Sporothrix spp. but absent in the ancestral environmental S. mexicana, supporting the hypothesis that gp70 plays key roles in pathogenicity. For the first time, we demonstrate with 2D-DIGE that post-translational modifications putatively involve glycosylation and amino acid substitution, resulting in at least six isoforms and glycoforms, all of them IgG-reactive. These findings of a convergent humoral response highlight gp70 as an important target serological diagnosis and for vaccine development among phylogenetically related agents of sporotrichosis.
Collapse
|
32
|
Gonçalves AC, Maia DCG, Ferreira LS, Monnazzi LGS, Alegranci P, Placeres MCP, Batista-Duharte A, Carlos IZ. Involvement of major components from Sporothrix schenckii cell wall in the caspase-1 activation, nitric oxide and cytokines production during experimental sporotrichosis. Mycopathologia 2014; 179:21-30. [PMID: 25205196 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-014-9810-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a chronic infection caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii, involving all layers of skin and the subcutaneous tissue. The role of innate immune toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in the defense against this fungus has been reported, but so far, there were no studies on the effect of cell wall major components over the cytosolic oligo-merization domain (NOD)-like receptors, important regulators of inflammation and responsible for the maturation of IL-1β and IL-18, whose functions are dependents of the caspase-1 activation, that can participate of inflammasome. It was evaluated the percentage of activation of caspase-1, the production of IL-1β, IL-18, IL-17, IFN-γ and nitric oxide in a Balb/c model of S. schenckii infection. It was observed a decreased activity of caspase-1 during the fourth and sixth weeks of infection accompanied by reduced secretion of the cytokines IL-1β, IL-18 and IL-17 and high production of nitric oxide. IFN-γ levels were elevated during the entire time course of infection. This temporal reduction in caspase-1 activity coincides exactly with the reported period of fungal burden associated with a transitory immunosuppression induced by this fungus and detected in similar infection models. These results indicate the importance of interaction between caspase-1, cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 in the host defense against S. schenckii infection, suggesting a participation the inflammasome in this response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Costa Gonçalves
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Araraquara, São Paulo, 14801-902, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Flores-García A, Velarde-Félix JS, Garibaldi-Becerra V, Rangel-Villalobos H, Torres-Bugarín O, Zepeda-Carrillo EA, Ruíz-Bernés S, Ochoa-Ramírez LA. Recombinant murine IL-12 promotes a protective Th1/cellular response in Mongolian gerbils infected with Sporothrix schenckii. J Chemother 2014; 27:87-93. [PMID: 24548095 DOI: 10.1179/1973947814y.0000000174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a cutaneous fungal infection caused by Sporothrix schenckii. It is known to be mainly contained by Th1 responses. As IL-12 is crucial for Th1 response, we investigated if treatment with recombinant murine IL-12 (rmIL-12) promoted Th1 immunity and/or clinical improvement in an experimental sporotrichosis gerbil model. Gerbils were inoculated with S. schenckii in the footpad and treated with rmIL-12. Seven days post infection there was a significant increase in macrophage phagocytosis and oxidative burst, and in delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction in rmIL-12 treated gerbils, as well as a ∼10-fold increase of serum IFN-gamma and a decrease of IL-4 and IL-10. Moreover, rmIL-12 substantially decreased (∼70%) S. schenckii burden in liver and spleen and improved the clinical outcome preventing footpad ulcer and tail nodules observed in untreated gerbils. Our study demonstrates that rmIL-12 promotes Th1 immune response against S. schenckii favouring its clearance and preventing clinical symptoms.
Collapse
|
34
|
de C Negrini T, Ferreira LS, Arthur RA, Alegranci P, Placeres MCP, Spolidorio LC, Carlos IZ. Influence of TLR-2 in the immune response in the infection induced by fungus Sporothrix schenckii. Immunol Invest 2014; 43:370-90. [PMID: 24484374 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2013.879174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in immunity, since they bind to pathogen surface antigens and initiate the immune response. However, little is known about the role of TLR-2 in the recognition of S. schenckii and in the subsequent immune response. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the involvement of TLR-2 in the immune response induced by S. schenckii. C57BL/6 mice (WT) and C57BL/6 TLR-2 knockout (TLR-2-/-) were used to evaluate, over a period of 10 weeks of sporotrichotic infection, the influence of TLR-2 over macrophages production of IL-1β, IL-12 and TNF-α, their stimulation level by NO release and the production of IFN -γ, IL-6, IL-17 and TGF-β by spleen cells. The results showed that the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and NO, TLR-2 interference is striking, since its absence completely inhibited it. IL-17 production was independent of TLR-2. The absence of Th1 response in TLR2-/- animals was concomitant with IL-17 production. Therefore, it can be suggested that TLR-2 absence interferes with the course of the infection induced by the fungus S. schenckii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thais de C Negrini
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University , SP , Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Cell wall proteins of Sporothrix schenckii as immunoprotective agents. Rev Iberoam Micol 2013; 31:86-9. [PMID: 24257472 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii is the etiological agent of sporotrichosis, an endemic subcutaneous mycosis in Latin America. Cell wall (CW) proteins located on the cell surface are inducers of cellular and humoral immune responses, potential candidates for diagnosis purposes and to generate vaccines to prevent fungal infections. This mini-review emphasizes the potential use of S. schenckii CW proteins as protective and therapeutic immune response inducers against sporotrichosis. A number of pathogenic fungi display CW components that have been characterized as inducers of protective cellular and humoral immune responses against the whole pathogen from which they were originally purified. The isolation and characterization of immunodominant protein components of the CW of S. schenckii have become relevant because of their potential in the development of protective and therapeutic immune responses against sporotrichosis. This manuscript is part of the series of works presented at the "V International Workshop: Molecular genetic approaches to the study of human pathogenic fungi" (Oaxaca, Mexico, 2012).
Collapse
|
36
|
Martínez-Álvarez JA, Pérez-García LA, Flores-Carreón A, Mora-Montes HM. The immune response against Candida spp. and Sporothrix schenckii. Rev Iberoam Micol 2013; 31:62-6. [PMID: 24252829 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the main causative agent of systemic candidiasis, a condition with high mortality rates. The study of the interaction between C. albicans and immune system components has been thoroughly studied and nowadays there is a model for the anti-C. albicans immune response; however, little is known about the sensing of other pathogenic species of the Candida genus. Sporothrix schenckii is the causative agent of sporotrichosis, a subcutaneous mycosis, and thus far there is limited information about its interaction with the immune system. In this paper, we review the most recent information about the immune sensing of species from genus Candida and S. schenckii. Thoroughly searches in scientific journal databases were performed, looking for papers addressing either Candida- or Sporothrix-immune system interactions. There is a significant advance in the knowledge of non-C. albicans species of Candida and Sporothrix immune sensing; however, there are still relevant points to address, such as the specific contribution of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) for sensing by different immune cells and the immune receptors involved in such interactions. This manuscript is part of the series of works presented at the "V International Workshop: Molecular genetic approaches to the study of human pathogenic fungi" (Oaxaca, Mexico, 2012).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José A Martínez-Álvarez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Luis A Pérez-García
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Arturo Flores-Carreón
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Alegranci P, de Abreu Ribeiro LC, Ferreira LS, Negrini TDC, Maia DCG, Tansini A, Gonçalves AC, Placeres MCP, Carlos IZ. The predominance of alternatively activated macrophages following challenge with cell wall peptide-polysaccharide after prior infection with Sporothrix schenckii. Mycopathologia 2013; 176:57-65. [PMID: 23686275 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-013-9663-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis that is caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii. This disease generally occurs within the skin and subcutaneous tissues, causing lesions that can spread through adjacent lymphatic vessels and sometimes leading to systemic diseases in immunocompromised patients. Macrophages are crucial for proper immune responses against a variety of pathogens. Furthermore, macrophages can play different roles in response to different microorganisms and forms of activation, and they can be divided into "classic" or "alternatively" activated populations, as also known as M1 and M2 macrophages. M1 cells can lead to tissue injury and contribute to pathogenesis, whereas M2 cells promote angiogenesis, tissue remodeling, and repair. The aim of this study was to investigate the roles of M1 and M2 macrophages in a sporotrichosis model. Toward this end, we performed phenotyping of peritoneal exudate cells and evaluated the concomitant production of several immunomediators, including IL-12, IL-10, TGF-β, nitric oxide, and arginase-I activity, which were stimulated ex vivo with cell wall peptide-polysaccharide. Our results showed the predominance of the M2 macrophage population, indicated by peaks of arginase-I activity as well as IL-10 and TGF-β production during the 6th and 8th weeks after infection. These results were consistent with cellular phenotyping that revealed increases in CD206-positive cells over this period. This is the first report of the participation of M2 macrophages in sporotrichosis infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Alegranci
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Expedicionários do Brasil no 1621, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14801-902, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Fernandes GF, dos Santos PO, Rodrigues AM, Sasaki AA, Burger E, de Camargo ZP. Characterization of virulence profile, protein secretion and immunogenicity of different Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto isolates compared with S. globosa and S. brasiliensis species. Virulence 2013; 4:241-9. [PMID: 23324498 DOI: 10.4161/viru.23112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A comparative study about protein secretion, immunogenicity and virulence was performed in order to characterize and to compare eight Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto isolates. For virulence characterization, a murine model, based on survival assay and CFU counting was used. S. brasiliensis and S. globosa, a highly virulent and a non-virulent isolates, respectively were used as external controls. Exoantigen profiles showed different secreted molecules; the 46- and 60-kDa molecules were commonly secreted by all three species. The S. schenckii s. str. isolates could be classified as non-virulent or presenting low, medium or high virulence, based on survival times after infection and recovery of viable fungi. The humoral response profiles of mice infected with S. schenckii s. str., S. globosa and S. brasiliensis were heterogeneous; five virulent isolates (S. schenckii s. str., n = 4 and S. brasiliensis, n = 1) had in common the recognition of the 60-kDa molecule by their respective antisera, suggesting that this antigen may be involved in virulence. Furthermore, the 110-kDa molecule was secreted and recognized by antisera from four virulent isolates (S. schenckii s. str., n = 3 and S. brasiliensis, n = 1), so there is a possibility that this molecule is also related to virulence. Our findings reveal different degrees of virulence in S. schenckii s. str. isolates and suggest the correlation of protein secretion and immunogenicity with virulence of S. schenckii complex. These findings provide new insights into the pathogenesis of S. schenckii s. str. and improve the knowledge about immunogenicity and protein profiles in S. schenckii complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geisa Ferreira Fernandes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is the most common subcutaneous mycosis. It is usually acquired by traumatic inoculation, and it is caused by one of the species of the Sporothrix schenckii complex. More than 6 species, such as S schenckii sensu stricto, Sporothrix brasiliensis, Sporothrix globosa, Sporothrix mexicana, and Sporothrix albicans, have been identified by molecular techniques. The most common presentation is cutaneous disease, which is classified into fixed and lymphocutaneous forms. Osteoarticular, pulmonary, mucosal, disseminated, and systemic infections are less common and usually occur in immunosuppressed individuals. The diagnosis is suggested by biopsy specimen and confirmed by tissue culture. Itraconazole is considered the treatment of choice, although in some undeveloped countries potassium iodide is still used, owing to its safety and low cost. For systemic or disseminated cases, amphotericin B is the treatment of choice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Vásquez-del-Mercado
- Mycology Section, Department of Dermatology, Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez General Hospital, Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, Colonia Sección XVI, Mexico, DF, Mexico.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Sassá MF, Ferreira LS, Ribeiro LCDA, Carlos IZ. Immune response against Sporothrix schenckii in TLR-4-deficient mice. Mycopathologia 2012; 174:21-30. [PMID: 22286932 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-012-9523-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
For many fungal diseases, macrophages are the major cell population implicated in host protection, primarily by their ability to eliminate the invading fungal pathogen through phagocytosis. In sporotrichosis, this remains true, because of macrophages’ ability to recognize Sporothrix schenckii through specific receptors for some of the fungus’ cellular surface constituents. Further confirmation for macrophages’ pivotal role in fungal diseases came with the identification of toll-like receptors, and the subsequent numerous associations found between TLR-4 deficiency and host susceptibility to diverse fungal pathogens. Involvement of TLR-4 in immune response against sporotrichosis has been conducted to investigate how TLR-4 signaling could affect inflammatory response development through evaluation of H2O2 production and IL-1β, IL-6 and TGF-β release during the course of S. schenckii infection on TLR-4-deficient mice. The results showed that macrophages are largely dependent on TLR-4 for inflammatory activation and that in the absence of TLR-4 signaling, increased TGF-β release may be one of the contributing factors for the abrogated inflammatory activation of peritoneal exudate cells during mice sporotrichosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micheli Fernanda Sassá
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Vera-Cabrera L, Salinas-Carmona MC, Waksman N, Messeguer-Pérez J, Ocampo-Candiani J, Welsh O. Host defenses in subcutaneous mycoses. Clin Dermatol 2012; 30:382-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
42
|
Castro VSP, Pimentel VC, Da Silva AS, Thomé GR, Wolkmer P, Castro JLC, Costa MM, da Silva CB, Oliveira DC, Alves SH, Schetinger MRC, Lopes STA, Mazzanti CM. Adenosine Deaminase Activity in Serum and Lymphocytes of Rats Infected with Sporothrix schenckii. Mycopathologia 2011; 174:31-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-011-9511-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
43
|
Tochigi M, Ochiai T, Mekata C, Nishiyama H, Anzawa K, Kawasaki M. Sporotrichosis of the face by autoinoculation in a patient undergoing tacrolimus treatment. J Dermatol 2011; 39:796-8. [PMID: 22168566 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2011.01420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
44
|
Abstract
Sporotrichosis, which is caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii, is currently distributed throughout the world, especially in tropical and subtropical zones. Infection generally occurs by traumatic inoculation of soil, plants, and organic matter contaminated with the fungus. Certain leisure and occupational activities, such as floriculture, agriculture, mining, and wood exploitation, are traditionally associated with the mycosis. Zoonotic transmission has been described in isolated cases or in small outbreaks. Since the end of the 1990s there has been an epidemic of sporotrichosis associated with transmission by cats in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. More than 2,000 human cases and 3,000 animal cases have been reported. In humans, the lesions are usually restricted to the skin, subcutaneous cellular tissue, and adjacent lymphatic vessels. In cats, the disease can evolve with severe clinical manifestations and frequent systemic involvement. The gold standard for sporotrichosis diagnosis is culture. However, serological, histopathological, and molecular approaches have been recently adopted as auxiliary tools for the diagnosis of this mycotic infection. The first-choice treatment for both humans and cats is itraconazole.
Collapse
|
45
|
Yap FBB. Disseminated cutaneous sporotrichosis in an immunocompetent individual. Int J Infect Dis 2011; 15:e727-9. [PMID: 21719337 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a subacute or chronic fungal infection caused by the ubiquitous fungus Sporothrix schenckii. Disseminated cutaneous sporotrichosis is an uncommon entity and is usually present in the immunosuppressed. Here, a case of disseminated cutaneous sporotrichosis in an immunocompetent patient is reported. This 70-year-old healthy woman presented with multiple painful ulcerated nodules on her face and upper and lower extremities of 6-month duration, associated with low-grade fever, night sweats, loss of appetite, and loss of weight. Histopathological examination of the skin biopsy revealed epidermal hyperplasia and granulomatous inflammation in the dermis, with budding yeast. Fungal culture identified S. schenckii. She had total resolution of the lesions after 2 weeks of intravenous amphotericin B and 8 months of oral itraconazole. All investigations for underlying immunosuppression and internal organ involvement were negative. This case reiterates that disseminated cutaneous sporotrichosis, although common in the immunosuppressed, can also be seen in immunocompetent patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Boon-Bin Yap
- Department of Dermatology, Kuala Lumpur Hospital, Jalan Pahang, 50586 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Sassá MF, Saturi AET, Souza LF, Ribeiro LCDA, Sgarbi DBDG, Carlos IZ. Response of macrophage Toll-like receptor 4 to a Sporothrix schenckii lipid extract during experimental sporotrichosis. Immunology 2009; 128:301-9. [PMID: 19740386 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors have been implicated in the recognition of various pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, protozoa and fungi. However, no information is available about Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) participation in Sporothrix schenckii recognition and the consequent triggering of the immune response to this fungal pathogen. Following activation of TLRs by ligands of microbial origin, several responses are provoked, including reactions in immune cells that may lead them to produce signalling factors that trigger inflammation. The present study was designed to elucidate the role of TLR4 during the host response to S. schenckii. TLR4-deficient (C3H/HeJ) and control mice (C3H/HePas) were infected with S. schenckii yeast cells and immune response was assessed over 10 weeks by assaying production of pro-inflammatory mediator (nitric oxide and tumour necrosis factor-alpha) and anti-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin-10) by peritoneal macrophages and their correlation with apoptosis in peritoneal exudate cells. We found that both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators are reduced in TLR4-deficient mice, suggesting the involvement of this receptor in the recognition of this infectious agent. Translocation into the nucleus of nuclear transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappaB, was also evaluated and showed higher levels in TLR-4 normal mice, consistent with the results found for cytokine production. We are showing here, for the first time, the involvement of TLR4 in S. schenckii recognition. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the activation of peritoneal macrophages in response to S. schenckii lipid extracts has different responses in these two mouse strains which differ in TLR4 expression, suggesting an important role for TLR4 in governing the functions of macrophages in this fungal infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micheli F Sassá
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14801-902, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Teixeira PAC, de Castro RA, Nascimento RC, Tronchin G, Pérez Torres A, Lazéra M, de Almeida SR, Bouchara JP, Loureiro Y Penha CV, Lopes-Bezerra LM. Cell surface expression of adhesins for fibronectin correlates with virulence in Sporothrix schenckii. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 155:3730-3738. [PMID: 19762444 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.029439-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The virulence of four Sporothrix schenckii isolates was compared in a murine model of sporotrichosis, together with the protein pattern of the yeast cell surface and the capacity to bind the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin. Virulence was determined by the mortality rate, fungal burden and histopathology. Two clinical isolates were more virulent for C57BL/6 mice, but no direct correlation was seen between virulence and the clinical or environmental origin of the isolates. The lowest virulence was observed for an isolate recovered from a patient with meningeal sporotrichosis. Although all isolates could effectively disseminate, the dissemination patterns were not similar. Using flow cytometry analysis, we investigated the interaction of all the strains with fibronectin, and showed that the binding capacity correlated with virulence. Western blot analysis of S. schenckii cell wall extracts revealed positive bands for fibronectin in the range of 37-92 kDa. The 70 kDa adhesin was also recognized by a protective monoclonal antibody raised against a gp70 antigen of S. schenckii (mAb P6E7). Confocal microscopy confirmed the co-localization of fibronectin and mAb P6E7 on the yeast cell surface. To our knowledge, this is the first report identifying adhesins for fibronectin on the surface of this human pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Antônio Castelo Teixeira
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Alves de Castro
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosana Cícera Nascimento
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas - Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guy Tronchin
- Groupe d'Étude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, UPRES-EA 3142, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Armando Pérez Torres
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Comparada de Piel y Mucosas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - Márcia Lazéra
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas Filho - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sandro Rogério de Almeida
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas - Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean-Philippe Bouchara
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Angers, France
- Groupe d'Étude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, UPRES-EA 3142, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Carla Veronica Loureiro Y Penha
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leila M Lopes-Bezerra
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lee JY, Lee JH, Park JH, Kim SY, Choi JY, Lee SH, Kim YS, Kang SS, Jang EC, Han Y. Liquiritigenin, a licorice flavonoid, helps mice resist disseminated candidiasis due to Candida albicans by Th1 immune response, whereas liquiritin, its glycoside form, does not. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 9:632-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 02/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
49
|
Current research on the immune response to experimental sporotrichosis. Mycopathologia 2009; 168:1-10. [PMID: 19241140 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-009-9190-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is often manifested as a chronic granulomatous infection and the monocytes/macrophages play a central role in the host defense system. Surface components of Sporothrix schenckii have been characterized and suggestions have been made as to their possible role in pathogenicity. Ergosterol peroxide, cell-wall compounds (alkali-insoluble fraction-F1 and lipid extract-LEY), and exoantigen from the yeast form of the fungus have been characterized as virulence factors, activating both innate, by cytotoxins linked to the activation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (H2O2 and NO), and adaptive immune response to produce cytokines Th1 and Th2 profile. In this study, preliminary results have demonstrated that, in systemic sporotrichosis, TLR-4 triggers the innate immune response, activating an oxidative burst. These data represent the first report of the participation of TLR-4 in murine sporotrichosis, in the presence of lipids from the cell wall of S. schenckii. These results taken together may open new perspectives of study leading to an antifungal agent that could be used to benefit the entire population.
Collapse
|
50
|
Nascimento RC, Espíndola NM, Castro RA, Teixeira PAC, Loureiro y Penha CV, Lopes-Bezerra LM, Almeida SR. Passive immunization with monoclonal antibody against a 70-kDa putative adhesin of Sporothrix schenckii induces protection in murine sporotrichosis. Eur J Immunol 2009; 38:3080-9. [PMID: 18991286 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cell-mediated and innate immunity are considered the most important mechanisms of host defense against fungus infections. However, recent studies demonstrated that specific antibodies show different degrees of protection against mycosis. In a previous study, antigens secreted by Sporothrix schenckii induced a specific humoral response in infected animals, mainly against the 70-kDa molecule, indicating a possible participation of antibodies to this antigen in infection control. In the present study, an IgG1 mAb was produced against a 70-kDa glycoprotein of S. schenckii in order to better understand the effect of passive immunization of mice infected with S. schenckii. Results showed a significant reduction in the number of CFU in organs of mice when the mAb was injected before and during S. schenckii infection. Similar results were observed when T-cell-deficient mice were used. Moreover, in a second schedule treatment, the mAb was injected after infection was established, and again we observed a significant reduction in CFU associated with an increase of IFN-gammaproduction. Also, the 70-kDa antigen is shown to be a putative adhesin present on the surface of this fungus. In conclusion, we report for the first time the protective effect of a specific antibody against S. schenckii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosana C Nascimento
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|