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Kendil W, Dergal F, Tefiani I, Mahdad YM, Benladghem Z, Ziani-Cherif C, Seddiki SML. Improvement of a low-cost protocol for a simultaneous comparative evaluation of hydrolytic activity between sessile and planktonic cells: Candida albicans as a study model. BIOFOULING 2024; 40:431-445. [PMID: 38973173 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2024.2376637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Candida albicans is often implicated in nosocomial infections with fatal consequences. Its virulence is contributed to hydrolytic enzymes and biofilm formation. Previous research focused on studying these virulence factors individually. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of biofilm formation on the hydrolytic activity using an adapted low-cost method. Eleven strains of C. albicans were used. The biofilms were formed on pre-treated silicone discs using 24-well plates and then deposited on the appropriate agar to test each enzyme, while the planktonic cells were conventionally seeded. Biofilms were analysed using Raman spectroscopy, fluorescent and scanning electron microscopy. The adapted method provided an evaluation of hydrolytic enzymes activity in C. albicans biofilm and showed that sessile cells had a higher phospholipase and proteinase activities compared with planktonic cells. These findings were supported by spectroscopic and microscopic analyses, which provided valuable insights into the virulence mechanisms of C. albicans during biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa Kendil
- Antifungal Antibiotic: Physico-Chemical Synthesis and Biological Activity Laboratory (LAPSAB), Biology Department, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Fayçal Dergal
- Scientific and Technical Research Center in Physico-Chemical Analysis (CRAPC), Tipaza, Algeria
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Synthesis in Organic Chemistry (LCSCO), Faculty of Sciences, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Ikram Tefiani
- Antifungal Antibiotic: Physico-Chemical Synthesis and Biological Activity Laboratory (LAPSAB), Biology Department, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Yassine Moustafa Mahdad
- Laboratory for Sustainable Management of Natural Resources in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas, University Center of Naâma, Naâma, Algeria
- Laboratory of Applied Genetic in Agriculture, Ecology and Public Health, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Zakaria Benladghem
- Antifungal Antibiotic: Physico-Chemical Synthesis and Biological Activity Laboratory (LAPSAB), Biology Department, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
- Department of Biology, University of Tamanrasset, Tamanrasset, Algeria
| | - Chewki Ziani-Cherif
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Synthesis in Organic Chemistry (LCSCO), Faculty of Sciences, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Sidi Mohammed Lahbib Seddiki
- Antifungal Antibiotic: Physico-Chemical Synthesis and Biological Activity Laboratory (LAPSAB), Biology Department, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
- Laboratory for Sustainable Management of Natural Resources in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas, University Center of Naâma, Naâma, Algeria
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Barbosa PF, Gonçalves DS, Ramos LS, Mello TP, Braga-Silva LA, Pinto MR, Taborda CP, Branquinha MH, Santos ALS. Saps1-3 Antigens in Candida albicans: Differential Modulation Following Exposure to Soluble Proteins, Mammalian Cells, and Infection in Mice. Infect Dis Rep 2024; 16:572-586. [PMID: 39051243 PMCID: PMC11270244 DOI: 10.3390/idr16040043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The secreted aspartic peptidases (Saps) of Candida albicans play crucial roles in various steps of fungal-host interactions. Using a flow cytometry approach, this study investigated the expression of Saps1-3 antigens after (i) incubation with soluble proteins, (ii) interaction with mammalian cells, and (iii) infection in immunosuppressed BALB/c mice. Supplementation strategies involving increasing concentrations of bovine serum albumin (BSA) added to yeast carbon base (YCB) medium as the sole nitrogenous source revealed a positive and significant correlation between BSA concentration and both the growth rate and the percentage of fluorescent cells (%FC) labeled with anti-Saps1-3 antibodies. Supplementing the YCB medium with various soluble proteins significantly modulated the expression of Saps1-3 antigens in C. albicans. Specifically, immunoglobulin G, gelatin, and total bovine/human sera significantly reduced the %FC, while laminin, human serum albumin, fibrinogen, hemoglobin, and mucin considerably increased the %FC compared to BSA. Furthermore, co-cultivating C. albicans yeasts with either live epithelial or macrophage cells induced the expression of Saps1-3 antigens in 78% (mean fluorescence intensity [MFI] = 152.1) and 82.7% (MFI = 178.2) of the yeast cells, respectively, compared to BSA, which resulted in 29.3% fluorescent cells (MFI = 50.9). Lastly, the yeasts recovered from the kidneys of infected immunosuppressed mice demonstrated a 4.8-fold increase in the production of Saps1-3 antigens (MFI = 246.6) compared to BSA, with 95.5% of yeasts labeled with anti-Saps1-3 antibodies. Altogether, these results demonstrated the positive modulation of Saps' expression in C. albicans by various key host proteinaceous components, as well as by in vitro and in vivo host challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro F. Barbosa
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil; (P.F.B.); (D.S.G.); (L.S.R.); (T.P.M.); (L.A.B.-S.)
| | - Diego S. Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil; (P.F.B.); (D.S.G.); (L.S.R.); (T.P.M.); (L.A.B.-S.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica (PPGBq), Instituto de Química (IQ), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Lívia S. Ramos
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil; (P.F.B.); (D.S.G.); (L.S.R.); (T.P.M.); (L.A.B.-S.)
| | - Thaís P. Mello
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil; (P.F.B.); (D.S.G.); (L.S.R.); (T.P.M.); (L.A.B.-S.)
| | - Lys A. Braga-Silva
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil; (P.F.B.); (D.S.G.); (L.S.R.); (T.P.M.); (L.A.B.-S.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica (PPGBq), Instituto de Química (IQ), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Marcia R. Pinto
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói 24210-130, Brazil;
| | - Carlos P. Taborda
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-060, Brazil;
| | - Marta H. Branquinha
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil; (P.F.B.); (D.S.G.); (L.S.R.); (T.P.M.); (L.A.B.-S.)
- Rede Micologia RJ—Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - André L. S. Santos
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil; (P.F.B.); (D.S.G.); (L.S.R.); (T.P.M.); (L.A.B.-S.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica (PPGBq), Instituto de Química (IQ), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
- Rede Micologia RJ—Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
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Abstract
In the last decades, Candida albicans has served as the leading causal agent of life-threatening invasive infections with mortality rates approaching 40% despite treatment. Candida albicans (C. albicans) exists in three biological phases: yeast, pseudohyphae, and hyphae. Hyphae, which represent an important phase in the disease process, can cause tissue damage by invading mucosal epithelial cells then leading to blood infection. In this review, we summarized recent results from different fields of fungal cell biology that are instrumental in understanding hyphal growth. This includes research on the differences among C. albicans phases; the regulatory mechanism of hyphal growth, extension, and maintaining cutting-edge polarity; cross regulations of hyphal development and the virulence factors that cause serious infection. With a better understanding of the mechanism on mycelium formation, this review provides a theoretical basis for the identification of targets in candidiasis treatment. It also gives some reference to the study of antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Upregulation of secreted aspartyl proteinase genes of fluconazole-sensitive Candida albicans isolates. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:6147-6154. [PMID: 31602591 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans infection development depends on several factors associated with this etiological agent, including secreted aspartyl protease (Sap) production. Sap expression commonly occurs under selective pressure caused by the presence of antifungals. Fluconazole is the main antifungal drug used for treatment or prophylaxis. This study investigated the influence of inhibitory and sub-inhibitory fluconazole concentrations on Sap activity and their gene transcription for three clinical C. albicans isolates. Two isolates presented significant increases in Sap activity and transcription of SAP 1-8 genes in the presence of 1 MIC80 of fluconazole compared to the absence of the antifungal agent. The results suggest that the increase in Sap activity occurs due to an upregulation of the SAP gene transcription influenced by fluconazole. This suggests the importance of all SAP genes in the progression of bloodstream infections compared to primary tissue infection. However, this phenomenon does not occur everywhere, and it is multifactorial. This may be related to the selective pressure effect on transcription modulators. Although preliminary, these results open a new perspective for the study of virulence factors.
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Herrera-Rodríguez SE, López-Rivera RJ, García-Márquez E, Estarrón-Espinosa M, Espinosa-Andrews H. Mexican oregano ( Lippia graveolens) essential oil-in-water emulsions: impact of emulsifier type on the antifungal activity of Candida albicans. Food Sci Biotechnol 2019; 28:441-448. [PMID: 30956856 PMCID: PMC6431336 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0499-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the impact of emulsifier type on the physicochemical characteristics and antifungal capacity of oregano oil-in-water emulsions: Tween 80, hydroxylated soy lecithin, and gum arabic. GC/MS analysis showed that the major components of the Lippia graveolens essential oils were thymol (31.7%), p-cymene (18.7%), and carvacrol (14.6%). The oil-in-water emulsions were made using ultrasonic technology in which thymol and carvacrol quantities were 12.26-13.67 g/L and 5.6-6.2 g/L, respectively. The droplet size of the emulsions followed the next descendent order: gum arabic > lecithin > T80. The zeta potential of the emulsions favored the stability against coalescence. Finally, the antifungal activity of the emulsions was evaluated, in which, 30 µL/mL of gum arabic or hydroxylated soy lecithin emulsions inhibited the growth of Candida albicans. The result suggests that Mexican oregano essential oil emulsions can be used as an antifungal against of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. E. Herrera-Rodríguez
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., 44270 Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico
| | - R. J. López-Rivera
- Tecnología Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., CIATEJ, 45019 Zapopan, Jalisco Mexico
| | - E. García-Márquez
- Unidad noreste, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Apodaca, Nuevo León Mexico
| | - M. Estarrón-Espinosa
- Tecnología Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., CIATEJ, 45019 Zapopan, Jalisco Mexico
| | - H. Espinosa-Andrews
- Tecnología Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., CIATEJ, 45019 Zapopan, Jalisco Mexico
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Tonon CC, Francisconi RS, Bordini EAF, Huacho PMM, Sardi JDCO, Spolidorio DMP. Interactions between Terpinen-4-ol and Nystatin on biofilm of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. Braz Dent J 2019; 29:359-367. [PMID: 30462762 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201802073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of Terpinen-4-ol associated with nystatin, on single and mixed species biofilms formed by Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis, as well as the effect of terpinen-4-ol on adhesion in oral cells and the enzymatic activity. The minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum fungicide concentrations of terpinen-4-ol and nystatin on Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis were determined using the microdilution broth method, along with their synergistic activity ("checkerboard" method). Single and mixed species biofilms were prepared using the static microtiter plate model and quantified by colony forming units (CFU/mL). The effect of Terpinen-4-ol in adhesion of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis in coculture with oral keratinocytes (NOK Si) was evaluated, as well as the enzymatic activity by measuring the size of the precipitation zone, after the growth agar to phospholipase, protease and hemolysin. Terpinen-4-ol (4.53 mg mL-1) and nystatin (0.008 mg mL-1) were able to inhibit biofilms growth, and a synergistic antifungal effect was showed with the drug association, reducing the inhibitory concentration of nystatin up to 8 times in single biofilm of Candida albicans, and 2 times in mixed species biofilm. A small decrease in the adhesion of Candida tropicalis in NOK Si cells was showed after treatment with terpinen-4-ol, and nystatin had a greater effect for both species. For enzymatic activity, the drugs showed no action. The effect potentiated by the combination of terpinen-4-ol and nystatin and the reduction of adhesion provide evidence of its potential as an anti-fungal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Coradi Tonon
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Serignoli Francisconi
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Ester Alves Ferreira Bordini
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Janaína de Cássia Orlandi Sardi
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, UNICAMP - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Antifungal mechanism of the combination of Cinnamomum verum and Pelargonium graveolens essential oils with fluconazole against pathogenic Candida strains. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:6993-7006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8442-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Antifungal Activity of Oleuropein against Candida albicans-The In Vitro Study. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21121631. [PMID: 27916806 PMCID: PMC6273721 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study we investigated activity of oleuropein, a complex phenol present in large quantities in olive tree products, against opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Oleuropein was found to have in vitro antifungal activity with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 12.5 mg·mL−1. Morphological changes in the nuclei after staining with fluorescent DNA-binding dyes revealed that apoptosis was a primary mode of cell death in the analyzed samples treated with subinhibitory concentrations of oleuropein. Our results suggest that this antifungal agent targets virulence factors essential for establishment of the fungal infection. We noticed that oleuropein modulates morphogenetic conversion and inhibits filamentation of C. albicans. The hydrophobicity assay showed that oleuropein in sub-MIC values has significantly decreased, in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, the cellular surface hydrophobicity (CSH) of C. albicans, a factor associated with adhesion to epithelial cells. It was also demonstrated that the tested compound inhibits the activity of SAPs, cellular enzymes secreted by C. albicans, which are reported to be related to the pathogenicity of the fungi. Additionally, we detected that oleuropein causes a reduction in total sterol content in the membrane of C. albicans cells, which might be involved in the mechanism of its antifungal activity.
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Comparison of proteolytic activity of Candida sp. strains depending on their origin. J Mycol Med 2016; 26:138-147. [PMID: 26922385 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Khan MSA, Ahmad I, Cameotra SS, Botha F. Sub-MICs of Carum copticum and Thymus vulgaris influence virulence factors and biofilm formation in Candida spp. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:337. [PMID: 25220750 PMCID: PMC4177179 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergence of drug-resistant strains of Candida and inefficiency of conventional antifungal therapy has necessitated the search for alternative and new antifungal agents. Inhibition of virulence and biofilm are the potential drug targets. In this study, the oils of Carum copticum, Thymus vulgaris and their major active compound thymol as revealed by Gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-GC/MS) analysis were tested for their inhibitory activity against growth to determine sub-MIC values against 27 drug-resistant strains of Candida spp. METHODS Brothmacrodilution method was used for determination of MIC of test oils against Candida strains. The spectrophotometric methods were used for detection and inhibition assays for virulence factors in Candida spp. Light and electron microscopy was performed to observe morphological effects of oils on biofilms. GC-GC/MS were used to evaluate the major active compounds of test oils. RESULTS Virulence factors like proteinase and haemolysin were detected in 18 strains, both in solid and liquid media. A 70% of the test strains exhibited hydrophobicity and formed moderate to strong biofilms (OD280 0.5- > 1.0). Test oils exhibited MICs in the range of 45-360 μg.mL(-1) against the majority of test strains. All the oils at 0.25× and 0.5× MICs induced >70% reduction in the cell surface hydrophobicity, proteinase and haemolysin production. At 0.5× MIC, thymol and T. vulgaris were most inhibitory against biofilm formation. At sub-MICs electron microscopic studies revealed the deformity of complex structures of biofilms formed and cell membranes appeared to be the target site of these agents. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, our findings have highlighted the concentration dependent activity of oils of C. copticum and T. vulgaris against virulence factors and biofilms in proteinase and haemolysin producing drug-resistant strains of Candida spp. The above activities of test oils are supposed to be mainly contributed due to their major active compound thymol. Further mechanism involving anti-proteinase, anti-haemolysin and anti-biofilm activities of these oils and compounds are to be explored for possible exploitation in combating Candida infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd SA Khan
- />Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0110 South Africa
- />Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 India
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- />Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 India
| | - Swaranjit S Cameotra
- />Environmental Biotechnology and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, 160036 India
| | - Francien Botha
- />Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0110 South Africa
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Hernández-Solís SE, Rueda-Gordillo F, Rojas-Herrera RA. Actividad de la proteinasa en cepas de Candida albicans aisladas de la cavidad oral de pacientes inmunodeprimidos, con candidiasis oral y sujetos sanos. Rev Iberoam Micol 2014; 31:137-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Silva NC, Nery JM, Dias ALT. Aspartic proteinases of Candida spp.: role in pathogenicity and antifungal resistance. Mycoses 2013; 57:1-11. [PMID: 23735296 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections represent a serious health risk as they are particularly prevalent in immunocompromised individuals. Candida spp. pathogenicity depends on several factors and secreted aspartic proteinases (Sap) are considered one of the most critical factors as they are associated with adhesion, invasion and tissue damage. The production of proteinases is encoded by a family of 10 genes known as SAP, which are distributed differently among the species. The expression of these genes may be influenced by environmental conditions, which generally result in a higher fungal invasive potential. Non-pathogenic Candida spp. usually have fewer SAP genes, which are not necessarily expressed in the genome. Exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of antifungal agents promotes the development of resistant strains with an increased expression of SAP genes. In general, Candida spp. isolates that are resistant to antifungals show a higher secretion of Sap than the susceptible isolates. The relationship between Sap secretion and the susceptibility profile of the isolates is of great interest, although the role of SAPs in the development of resistance to antifungal agents remains still unclear. This review is the first one to address these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara C Silva
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Sundararaman M, Rajesh Kumar R, Venkatesan P, Ilangovan A. 1-Alkyl-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridinium bromides: inhibitory effect on virulence factors of Candida albicans and on the growth of bacterial pathogens. J Med Microbiol 2013; 62:241-248. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.050070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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In vitro Candida albicans biofilm induced proteinase activity and SAP8 expression correlates with in vivo denture stomatitis severity. Mycopathologia 2012; 174:11-19. [PMID: 22302440 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-012-9522-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Denture stomatitis is a common inflammatory disorder of the palatal mucosa amongst denture wearers. The pathological changes are induced by Candida albicans biofilm on the fitting surface of the upper denture, and different individuals experience different levels of disease. C. albicans is known to produce secreted aspartyl proteinases (SAPs) to aid adhesion, invasion and tissue destruction. We hypothesised that differential expression and activity of SAPs from denture stomatitis isolates results in different levels of disease amongst denture wearers. We selected C. albicans isolates from asymptomatic controls and three different severities of disease [Newton’s type (NT) 0, I, II and III]. We assessed biofilm formation and proteinase activity for each biofilm and investigated the transcriptional profile of SAPs 1, 2, 5, 6 and 8 from early (12 h) and mature (24 h) biofilms. There were no significant differences between isolates with respect to biofilm formation, whereas proteinase activity normalised to biofilm growth was significantly increased in the diseased groups (p < 0.0001). Proteinase activity correlated strongly with SAP expression (p < 0.0001). SAP8 expression was the greatest, followed by SAP5, 6, 2 and 1. The diseased groups showed the greatest levels of SAP expression, with significant differences also observed between the groups (p < 0.005). All SAPs except SAP5 were expressed in greater amounts in the mature biofilms compared to early biofilms. Overall, this study suggests that SAP activity in biofilms determined in vitro may help to explain differences in disease severity. SAP8 has been shown for the first time to play a prominent role in biofilms.
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Villar CC, Lin AL, Cao Z, Zhao XR, Wu LA, Chen S, Sun Y, Yeh CK. Anticandidal activity and biocompatibility of a rechargeable antifungal denture material. Oral Dis 2012; 19:287-95. [PMID: 22957799 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Candida-associated denture stomatitis is a recurrent and debilitating oral mucosal disease. Development of anticandidal denture materials represents a promising strategy to manage this condition. We have previously shown that miconazole incorporated in methacrylic acid (MAA) copolymerized diurethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) denture materials has long-term anticandidal activity. In this study, we examined the ability of culture medium conditioned with drug-free- or miconazole-MAA-UDMA discs to prevent Candida infection in an in vitro oral epithelial cell/Candida albicans coculture system. MATERIALS AND METHODS Candida albicans (C. albicans)-induced OKF6/TERT-2 cell damage was quantified by the release of lactate dehydrogenase from epithelial cells, cytokine production was quantified using protein cytokine arrays, and the expression of C. albicans genes was measured by RT-qPCR. RESULTS Candida albicans had limited growth with altered expression levels of secreted aspartyl proteinase-2 and -5 in culture medium conditioned by miconazole-MAA-UDMA discs. Significantly, the ability of C. albicans to induce oral epithelial cell damage and trigger epithelial proinflammatory cytokine production was also inhibited by miconazole disc conditioned media. CONCLUSION Miconazole released from MAA-UDMA denture materials effectively prevents the development of candidal infection in an in vitro oral epithelial system. Further characterization of this drug-rechargeable denture material is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Villar
- Department of Periodontics, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Chaieb K, Eddouzi J, Souiden Y, Bakhrouf A, Mahdouani K. Biofilm formation and virulence properties of Candida spp. isolated from hospitalised patients in Tunisia. ANN MICROBIOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-010-0066-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Amphotericin B resistance leads to enhanced proteinase and phospholipase activity and reduced germ tube formation in Candida albicans. Fungal Biol 2010; 114:189-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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